Article(id=1200468073003217067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709740800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-07, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764143492222, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764143492222, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764143492222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143492222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200468070721508125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764143491678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143656095, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200468073309401262, articleId=1200468073003217067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the vertical migration characteristics of the acoustic scattering layer under the influence of internal waves in the northern South China Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler carried by deep-sea moorings, we investigated the diel vertical migration of the acoustic scattering layer and the impact of internal solitary waves on it in the northern South China Sea. The observational results reveal that the acoustic scattering layer, influenced by zooplankton, ascends to shallower depth within approximately an hour after sunset, remains there throughout the night, then migrates to the deeper depth within about an hour before sunrise. The average migration velocities are 4.7 cm/s (upward) and 5.8 cm/s (downward). Additionally, internal solitary waves observed in the region induce a pair of downward and upward currents, with maximum vertical velocities exceeding 50 cm/s, leading to fluctuations of tens to hundreds of meters in the acoustic scattering layer. The acoustic backscattering strength of the ocean’s upper layer reaches its maximum value at the troughs of internal solitary waves. Further research indicates that the daytime internal solitary waves exhibit a stronger correlation between the vertical velocity and the depth-averaged backscattering strength variation compared to the nighttime internal solitary waves. When the vertical velocities induced by both types of waves are equal, the depth-averaged backscattering strength variations during the day are typically greater than those at night.

, correspAuthors=Chujin Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weichuan Bi, Chujin Liang, Feilong Lin, Zijian Cui, Junhui Tang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200468075935035624, articleId=1200468073003217067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南海北部内波作用下声散射层垂直迁移特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用深海潜标搭载的声学多普勒流速剖面仪得到的后向散射强度,研究了南海北部声散射层的昼夜垂直迁移和内孤立波对其的影响。观测结果表明:受浮游动物影响,声散射层主要表现为“昼沉夜浮”,日出前约1 h至日出期间向下移动,日落至日落后约1 h期间向上移动,平均迁移速度为4.7 cm/s(上移)和5.8 cm/s(下移)。此外,经过观测海域的内孤立波引起一对先向下后向上的垂向流,最大垂向流速超过50 cm/s,导致声散射层发生数十至上百米的起伏,海洋上层的声学后向散射强度在内孤立波波谷处达到极大值。进一步的研究显示日间出现内孤立波垂向流速与深度平均后向散射强度变化幅度相关性比夜间的内孤立波高。在两种类型波动引起的垂向流速相当时,日间的深度平均后向散射强度变化幅度通常大于夜间。

, correspAuthors=梁楚进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梁楚进(1966—),男,湖南省蓝山县人,研究员,主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wV3zTcZPnse9qLlRS8f2kQ==, magXml=TGqLbX9ZZfK++cItoES1vg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BHJGBRqZ556fxyDaa3OO8A==, pdfFileSize=18104542, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=saJIRuMxxYF26TV/OZi/6g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UiTzympi+qbsurFNH4GqZw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

毕伟传(1999—),男,山东省日照市人,研究方向为深海动力过程。E-mail:

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毕伟传(1999—),男,山东省日照市人,研究方向为深海动力过程。E-mail:

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Brest, France: ISOPE, 1999: ISOPE-I-99-253., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200860834328080815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073003217067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheriton O M, McManus M A, Stacey M T, et al. Physical and biological controls on the maintenance and dissipation of a thin phytoplankton layer[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2009, 378: 55−69., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200860834390995376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073003217067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Haney J C. Ocean internal waves as sources of small-scale patchiness in seabird distribution on the Blake Plateau[J]. The Auk, 1987, 104(1): 129−133., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200860834445521329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073003217067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Silber G K, Smultea M A. Harbor porpoises utilize tidally-induced internal waves[J]. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, 1990, 89(3): 139−142., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200860816590368863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073003217067, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200860816602951778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073003217067, companyId=1200860816590368863, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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南海北部内波作用下声散射层垂直迁移特征研究
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毕伟传 1 , 梁楚进 1, 2, 3, * , 蔺飞龙 1 , 崔子健 3 , 汤俊辉 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(8): 37-49
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(8): 37-49
南海北部内波作用下声散射层垂直迁移特征研究
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毕伟传1 , 梁楚进1, 2, 3, * , 蔺飞龙1, 崔子健3, 汤俊辉1
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 3.浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 杭州 310058
  • 毕伟传(1999—),男,山东省日照市人,研究方向为深海动力过程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*梁楚进(1966—),男,湖南省蓝山县人,研究员,主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
Study on the vertical migration characteristics of the acoustic scattering layer under the influence of internal waves in the northern South China Sea
Weichuan Bi1 , Chujin Liang1, 2, 3, * , Feilong Lin1, Zijian Cui3, Junhui Tang1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2. School of Ocean Science, Nanjing University of Information and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 3. School of Ocean Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024073
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利用深海潜标搭载的声学多普勒流速剖面仪得到的后向散射强度,研究了南海北部声散射层的昼夜垂直迁移和内孤立波对其的影响。观测结果表明:受浮游动物影响,声散射层主要表现为“昼沉夜浮”,日出前约1 h至日出期间向下移动,日落至日落后约1 h期间向上移动,平均迁移速度为4.7 cm/s(上移)和5.8 cm/s(下移)。此外,经过观测海域的内孤立波引起一对先向下后向上的垂向流,最大垂向流速超过50 cm/s,导致声散射层发生数十至上百米的起伏,海洋上层的声学后向散射强度在内孤立波波谷处达到极大值。进一步的研究显示日间出现内孤立波垂向流速与深度平均后向散射强度变化幅度相关性比夜间的内孤立波高。在两种类型波动引起的垂向流速相当时,日间的深度平均后向散射强度变化幅度通常大于夜间。

声学多普勒流速剖面仪  /  内孤立波  /  声散射层  /  昼夜垂直迁移  /  南海

Based on the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler carried by deep-sea moorings, we investigated the diel vertical migration of the acoustic scattering layer and the impact of internal solitary waves on it in the northern South China Sea. The observational results reveal that the acoustic scattering layer, influenced by zooplankton, ascends to shallower depth within approximately an hour after sunset, remains there throughout the night, then migrates to the deeper depth within about an hour before sunrise. The average migration velocities are 4.7 cm/s (upward) and 5.8 cm/s (downward). Additionally, internal solitary waves observed in the region induce a pair of downward and upward currents, with maximum vertical velocities exceeding 50 cm/s, leading to fluctuations of tens to hundreds of meters in the acoustic scattering layer. The acoustic backscattering strength of the ocean’s upper layer reaches its maximum value at the troughs of internal solitary waves. Further research indicates that the daytime internal solitary waves exhibit a stronger correlation between the vertical velocity and the depth-averaged backscattering strength variation compared to the nighttime internal solitary waves. When the vertical velocities induced by both types of waves are equal, the depth-averaged backscattering strength variations during the day are typically greater than those at night.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler  /  internal solitary waves  /  acoustic scattering layer  /  diel vertical migration  /  South China Sea
毕伟传, 梁楚进, 蔺飞龙, 崔子健, 汤俊辉. 南海北部内波作用下声散射层垂直迁移特征研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (8) : 37 -49 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024073
Weichuan Bi, Chujin Liang, Feilong Lin, Zijian Cui, Junhui Tang. Study on the vertical migration characteristics of the acoustic scattering layer under the influence of internal waves in the northern South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (8) : 37 -49 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024073
声散射层是海洋中生物(浮游生物和鱼类)密度较高并能造成强烈声散射的水层,作为海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,普遍存在于全球海洋中,不同海域的声散射层的组成、深度和迁移模式存在不同[1]。声散射层中的生物是海洋巨型动物(如蓝鲸)的重要食物来源,它们的昼夜垂直迁移(Diel Vertical Migration, DVM)是“生物泵”的重要组成部分[23]。同时,在生物量方面被认为是地球上最大的生物迁移[4],保守估计至少有15%的浮游动物生物量参与迁移[5]。昼夜垂直迁移在全球碳循环中扮演着重要角色,促进海洋混合[6],为维持海洋层化提供能量[78],还可能对强海流的流速和湍流特征产生影响[9]
针对由浮游动物构成的声散射层的调查方法主要包括拖网采样和声学采样等方法。与传统的拖网采样方法相比,非接触的声学采样方法可以避免干扰生物,并可在更精细的分辨率下对更大区域进行调查[1012]。拖网采样方法无法克服网逃避效应[1314],体型大小不同的浮游生物捕获效率差异可导致基于声学观测的生物量估计值相差5倍[15]。通过潜标或船载的声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, ADCP)获取的声学数据可以用于研究不同环境因素影响下的生物学变化[1619]。高时间分辨率的声学数据目前被广泛用于识别小尺度现象,如研究风暴等突发事件对生物变化的影响[20]
深海中声散射层的昼夜垂直迁移主要受光照的影响[21]。许多研究认为,迁徙者在夜间停留在浅水区觅食,日间则下降到更深的水域以躲避视觉动物的捕食[2223]或有害的紫外线[21]。此外,季节交替、上升流和涡旋等都可以改变海洋环境。海洋各个尺度过程引起的海流可以将一些新物种带入观测区域,改变浮游动物的丰度,甚至影响它们的行为[2427]。内波是海洋中常见的小尺度现象,并与高湍流值相关联[2829]。内波破碎可以引起显著的垂直混合[30],提高生物生产力[31]。内波的传播还是跨陆架输运和底栖生物(如十足目甲壳动物和多种鱼类)沉降的重要机制[32]
南海作为重要边缘海,不仅生物资源丰富,同时海洋动力过程复杂,包括台风、季节性环流和内波等过程。南海的声散射层和昼夜垂直迁移受到广泛研究[3335],学者们发现了一系列影响因素,包括涡旋[3638]、台风[39]、天文大潮[40]等。Yang等人基于ADCP观测研究了南海北部的声散射层,发现昼夜垂直迁移全年均会出现,最大迁移速度可达9 cm/s,并认为台风激发的强流和降温也会影响昼夜垂直迁移[39]
南海北部的内波强度几乎是全球之最[41],在传播过程中造成的强烈混合[42]对海洋的物质能量交换、海洋生态环境有重要的影响[43]。内孤立波激发极强的垂向流动[44],将富含溶解氧和二氧化碳的表层水输送到深水层,同时将富含营养盐的深层水输送到真光层,有助于提高海洋生物生产力[4547],还可能在浮游动物的聚集和迁移中发挥重要作用[48]。已有研究表明,南海北部的内孤立波主要可以分为a型和b型两种情况[4950]。a型与b型内孤立波每日约相隔12 h出现,a波每日到达时间接近,具有显著的规律性,常以波列的形式出现,而b波的到达时间则每日延后约1 h,常以单个孤立子的形式出现[49]。由于两类内孤立波通常相隔12 h出现,在一个站位同一天的日间和夜间分别出现两类内孤立波。然而,目前对于南海昼夜分别出现的两类内孤立波影响声散射层垂直迁移的研究仍较少。特别是,在声散射层昼夜不同分布的背景下,两类内孤立波激发的强流对声散射层垂直分布的影响差异缺少定性和定量的认识。本文基于南海北部东沙海域两个潜标站位中ADCP的4个月观测数据,开展声散射层迁移的特征分析,并重点探讨两类内孤立波对声散射层的影响作用。
2022年4−8月在南海东沙群岛东侧陆坡区布放2个全剖面海流连续观测站(图1a,GEBCO 2023水深数据来自www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/),分别为S1观测站(21.1°N,117.6°E,水深约707 m)和S2观测站(20.5°N,117.3°E,水深约734 m)。S1站位在水深315 m处、S2站位在水深405 m处各安装2台75 kHz ADCP,每处2台仪器分别向上和向下观测(图1b)。每个ADCP采样层厚为16 m,盲区长度为23.78 m,采样间隔为2 min。S1站位在水深270 m处、S2站位在水深370 m处各安装1台深海温深仪(TD),采样间隔为2 min。
为了估算内孤立波引起的等温线深度变化,同时使用由现场实测的单点深海温深仪(TD)获取的温度、深度数据和再分析数据集CMEMS(https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00016)中的全水深温度数据。由于S1站位TD所在的深度与13℃等温线平均深度接近,文中通过式(1)估算13℃等温线所在深度,以更全面地了解研究海域的热力结构。
$ D=d+(13-T)/k, $
式中,D为13℃等温线的深度,d为TD所在深度,T为TD测得的温度,k是由CMEMS全水深温度数据计算得到的温度梯度。
本文观测站位的日出/日落时刻通过MATLAB工具包SUNRISE: sunrise and sunset time输入日期和经纬度计算得到(https://github.com/beaudu/sunrise/releases/tag/v1.4.1)。
ADCP以固定频率发射声波并接收从海水中的声散射体返回的回声,运用多普勒效应测量流速。海水中的声散射体主要为浮游生物和悬浮沉积物等,ADCP接收到的回波强度随声散射体浓度增大而增强[51]。由于海水的声吸收效应,测量层与换能器距离越远,回波强度衰减越严重。为了避免回波强度随距离的衰减,将回波强度转换为后向散射强度(Mean Volume Backscattering Strength, MVBS),可以更加真实地反映海水中的声散射体浓度[52]。研究表明,可以将后向散射强度作为表征生物量的指标[27]。后向散射强度SV(单位为dB)通过式(2)计算[5253]
$ \begin{split}{S}_{\mathrm{V}}=&\; C+10\,{\text{log}}_{10}\left[\right({T}_{x}+273.16{R}^{2}\left)\right]-{L}_{\mathrm{DBM}}-{P}_{\mathrm{DBW}}+\\&2\alpha R+10\,{\text{log}}_{10}[1{0}^{{K}_{c}(E-{E}_{\text{r}})/10}-1] ,\end{split}$
$ R=\frac{B+(L+D)/2+\left(N-1\right)\times D+D/4}{\mathrm{cos}\,\theta }\times \frac{c{\text{′}}}{{c}_{1}}, $
$ 2\alpha R=2{\alpha }_{\mathrm{p}}B/\mathrm{cos}\,\theta +{\sum }_{n\,=\,1}^{b}{\alpha }_{n} ,$
$ {K}_{\text{c}}=127.3/({T}_{{\text{x}}}+273), $
式中,C是ADCP系统常数,本文ADCP工作频率为76.8 kHz,该值为−159.1 dB;Tx是传感器实时温度(℃);R是到一个水层单元的斜距(单位为m),该值是沿波束至相关散射层的距离;B为ADCP的盲区长度;D为水层单元长度,本研究所用仪器设置为16 m;L为ADCP的发射脉冲长度,与D相等;N为层数;θ为换能器波束与垂直方向的夹角。式(3)中的项D/4考虑到ADCP在每个水层单元的最后四分之一进行回波强度采样,而非在中部;c′是传感器至水层单元的平均声速。c1是仪器使用的声速,该比值影响很小,故本文中两者取相同值LDBM是10 log10(L),L为ADCP的发射脉冲长度,与D相等;PDBW是10 log10(发射功率,W),本文PDBW为24;α是声吸收系数(单位为dB/m),每个水层单元的吸收αn为2αD/cos(θ),式(4)中α是该深度的吸收系数;αp是仪器所在处的吸收系数;b是水层单元编号。Kc是声信号强度转换系数,E是4个波束的平均回波强度,Er是本底噪声值取45。
图2给出了对观测期间每天相同时刻取平均的后向散射强度(图2ab)和垂向流速(图2cd)。在深度分布上,观测期间S1站位和S2站位的最强的声散射层主要分布于海水中层350~500 m深度。S2站位的ADCP所在深度较深,位于最强的深海散射层中,因此邻近仪器处后向散射强度最大(图2b);而S1站位的ADCP所在深度较浅,因此通过下打的ADCP观测到较完整的深海散射层(图2a)。在时间分布上,两站位S1和S2观测到的MVBS均呈现显著的昼夜变化,350 m以浅的海洋上层日间MVBS低于夜间,夜间50~130 m处的上散射层相对较强。图2中蓝色(红色)虚线代表观测期间的平均日出(日落)时刻,黎明/黄昏时可以观察到130 m至400 m之间出现向下/向上倾斜的声散射层(图2ab),反映了浮游动物昼夜垂直迁移的轨迹,其幅度在200 m以上,持续时间约1 h。从垂向流速平均的分布来看(图2cd),100~270 m范围内的垂向流速变化最为显著。在日出前1 h,深度约100 m处向下的流速增加,流速开始增加的时间随着深度增加逐渐延迟;在日落前20 min,深度约270 m处向上的流速增加,流速开始增加的时间随着深度减小逐渐延迟,流速在日落后明显增加。这一结果反映了较浅(深)层的生物对光照强度增强(减弱)的响应更为积极。由昼夜垂直迁移200 m的幅度和1 h的时长,保守估计的理论迁移速度为5.5 cm/s。黎明时的MVBS等值线斜率也略大于黄昏时(图2ab),声散射层下移平均速度比上移平均速度大,与先前的观测结果[3954]一致。在昼夜垂直迁移期间150~270 m(取较小深度范围以确保处于昼夜垂直迁移轨迹,图2c, d)的深度平均垂向流速为4.7 cm/s(上移)和5.8 cm/s(下移),与保守估计值接近。
选取观测期间垂向流速变化最为显著的100~270 m深度,进行深度平均后得到随时间变化的深度平均垂向流速分布(图3)。昼夜垂直迁移期间ADCP测得的垂向流速最大可超过9 cm/s。向下(向上)的垂向流速开始增加的时间从3月底观测开始时到6月逐渐提前(推迟),夏至日后逐渐推迟(提前),与日出/日落时刻(图3中的虚线)的变化趋势同步。S1和S2站位的日出/日落时刻(图3中的虚线)在4个月的观测期间存在近40 min的变化,每天日出前约1 h,向下的垂向流速开始增加到4 cm/s以上,日出后减小到2 cm/s以下,每天日落时,向上的垂向流速开始增加到4 cm/s以上,日落后约1 h减小到2 cm/s以下。MVBS和垂向流速的变化均与日出日落相关,表明光照是激发浮游动物昼夜垂直迁移的决定性因素。图3中还可见许多深色斑点,代表10 cm/s以上的强垂向流,主要分布于每天7点至10点和19点至22点,可能由内孤立波引起,将在下文3.2节中详细介绍。
以日出后2 h到日落前2 h作为日间,日落后2 h到日出前2 h作为夜间,得到两个时间段的平均MVBS剖面(图4ab)。S1站位的平均MVBS剖面的昼夜相交深度在300~360 m之间(两台ADCP的盲区)(图4a),S2站位的平均MVBS剖面的昼夜相交深度则位于350 m(图4b),可以视其为浮游动物昼夜聚集区的分界深度,该深度以上日间MVBS低于夜间,该深度以下则日间MVBS高于夜间。将观测期间每天相同时刻的海洋上层(50~270 m)和下层(450~650 m)的MVBS进行深度平均(图4cd),结果显示:海洋上层的深度平均MVBS昼夜差异较大,夜间比日间高约7 dB(图4c);下层的深度平均MVBS昼夜差异较小,夜间比日间低约1.5~2 dB(图4d)。
南海东北部的内孤立波主要由吕宋海峡的潮流与地形相互作用生成的[55]。本文选取了大潮期间昼夜内孤立波均较强的时间段(2022年4月1日至4日)来说明。图5给出了该时间段垂向流速(左侧)和东西向流速(右侧)分布,虚线框标出了内孤立波。每日的日间和夜间均有内孤立波出现,在单个内孤立波经过时,在垂直方向上引起一对先向下后向上的垂向流,持续时间约为20 min,垂向流速一般在15 cm/s以上,甚至可超过50 cm/s。在水平方向上,上层向西的流速一般在50 cm/s以上,甚至可超过150 cm/s,例如4月3日最大水平流速达到186 cm/s,下层流速较小,方向与上层相反,向东的流速在50 cm/s以下。在出现时间上日间和夜间的内孤立波存在不同,日间的内孤立波的几乎每天都在相同时间出现,而夜间的内孤立波每天出现时间均比前一天延后约1 h。例如4月1日至4日日间和夜间的内孤立波,日间均在09:50前后20 min内出现内孤立波,夜间则依次在19:16,19:46,20:52,21:56出现内孤立波。前人在南海北部内孤立波的研究中,将每日准时出现的内孤立波称为a型,每日后延1 h出现的称为b型波[49]。在图6的后向散射强度分布中,与内孤立波经过时的强流速时间对应,声散射层深度起伏的幅度为几十至上百米。海洋上层(50~270 m)在内孤立波经过时后向散射增强,并在内孤立波波谷处达到极大值,随后减弱至平常值。
由前文所述,受光照影响,夜间海洋上层生物量相对日间较高,强声散射层出现在较浅的深度。为探究日间与夜间的内孤立波对声散射层在深度分布的不同影响,文中选取2022年4月4日日间(图7)和夜间(图8)的两次强度接近的内孤立波进行分析。4月4日日间的内孤立波最大垂向流速为31 cm/s(图7a),最大东西向流速为202 cm/s(图7b);夜间的内孤立波最大垂向流速为28 cm/s(图8a),最大东西向流速为196 cm/s(图8b)。两者引起声散射层的起伏均为约150 m(图7c图8c)。日间和夜间内孤立波引起的13℃等温线起伏均超过110 m。日间的内孤立波引起海洋上层(50~270 m)深度平均MVBS增强为8 dB(图7d),MVBS增强的最大深度位于210 m,最大变化幅度为16.8 dB(图9);夜间的内孤立波引起海洋上层深度平均MVBS增强为6 dB(图8d),MVBS增强的最大深度位于170 m,最大变化幅度为14.3 dB(图9)。由于主散射层的下移,360~420 m处MVBS明显降低(图7c图8c),日间最大变化幅度为−18.7 dB,夜间最大变化幅度为−11.4 dB。深层海水(450 m以深)在内孤立波经过期间受影响较小,MVBS变化幅度在± 3.5 dB以下(图9)。
先前研究中浮游动物昼夜垂直迁移的平均速度一般为2~5 cm/s[205456],最大速度则可达10~15 cm/s[5758]。本文中,通过昼夜垂直迁移期间ADCP测得的垂向流速计算的平均上移(下移)速度为4.7 cm/s(5.8 cm/s),与新几内亚岛海域(4 cm/s)[59],拉扎列夫海(1.5~1.6 cm/s)[60],吕宋海峡(2.1~2.9 cm/s)[33],南海琼东南海域(3~4 cm/s)[39]和安达曼海(3.8 cm/s)[61]的结果相比较快。我们推测过去的研究可能低估了昼夜垂直迁移的实际速度,主要由于它们大多使用低于1 cph的ADCP采样频率,难以观测到最大昼夜垂直迁移速度[37]
可能受到观测海域东侧地形的(20.5°N,118°E处,图1)影响,S1站位内孤立波的数量(图3a)明显比S2站位(图3b)多,因此本文主要对S1站位内孤立波的结果进行讨论。内孤立波经过时,出现一对先向下后向上的垂向流速(图7a图8a),同时海洋上层深度平均MVBS呈现迅速增大后迅速减小的趋势,垂直向下/向上的流速分别对应于上散射层的向下/向上移动和海洋上层深度平均MVBS的增加/减弱(图7d图8d)。夜间浮游生物返回海洋上层,夜间上层MVBS显著高于日间,在夜间强背景值MVBS的“掩盖”下,夜间内孤立波引起的海洋上层声散射层变化弱于日间(图7d图8d)。内波被认为是浮游植物斑块分布的机制之一,在内波的波峰以下和波谷以上聚集浮游植物[6263],类似的效应也已经在浮游动物中得到证实[6264],在稳定层化的条件下形成的浮游动物聚集层可能会受到内波活动的影响发生几米至上百米的垂直位移[6566]。夜间的MVBS增强(图8c)最大的位置比日间的更浅(图9),150~200 m处的MVBS增强主要由于原本位于50~100 m的上散射层的下移。主散射层的下移也造成360~420 m处MVBS明显降低(图9)。值得一提的是,4月4日日间的内孤立波造成MVBS增强最大值深度达到200~250 m处(图7c图9),根据日间和夜间垂直流速的比较,本文认为可能是日间的垂向流更强,影响深度范围较大。在观测站位,无论日间和夜间,450 m以深的深层海水受内孤立波影响较小,MVBS没有明显的增强或减弱(图9)。
为了便于讨论昼夜内孤立波与MVBS变化的关系,在图10展示了昼夜内孤立波最大垂向流速与其导致的深度平均MVBS变化幅度的关系。值得注意的是,日间的内孤立波经过时,海洋上层(50~270 m)深度平均MVBS的变化幅度与最大垂向流速呈现出较强的线性相关性(R2 = 0.61,p = 2.5×10−12)。然而,夜间的内孤立波经过时,海洋上层深度平均MVBS的变化幅度与最大垂向流速的线性相关性较弱(R2 = 0.10,p = 0.12)。海洋上层深度平均MVBS在内孤立波经过期间的变化幅度平均为5.2 dB,其中夜间为4.5 dB,日间为5.6 dB。夜间海洋上层较大的MVBS背景值限制了MVBS的增强的幅度,图10中夜间内孤立波(红色点)大多分布在日间内孤立波(绿色点)下方,表明在最大垂向流速相同的情况下,日间的内孤立波造成的海洋上层MVBS变化幅度往往大于夜间的内孤立波。日间的内孤立波通常为a波,每日出现时间接近,夜间的内孤立波通常为b波,出现时间每日延后约1 h,而夜间不同时间段的海洋上层MVBS背景值存在差异,也可能解释了为何夜间的深度平均MVBS变化幅度与内孤立波的最大垂向流速相关性较弱。
为探究内孤立波对昼夜垂直迁移的影响,图11展示了6月15日至6月17日的黎明(均有内孤立波经过)昼夜垂直迁移期间的垂向流速和后向散射强度分布。声散射层在内孤立波经过前以约8 cm/s的速度下沉,而内孤立波引起垂向流速超过25 cm/s的强流(图11ac),大大超过了浮游动物昼夜垂直迁移期间垂向运动的速度,干扰浮游动物的垂直迁移:由于内孤立波波前的下沉流,浮游动物聚集的声散射层快速下沉,而波后的上升流又使其大致返回内波经过前的深度,浮游动物受到干扰后可以继续迁移(图11e)。尽管内孤立波持续的时间较短,对于捕食者和被捕食者之间的相互作用可能没有决定性的影响,但如果昼夜垂直迁移延误或提前也可能对参与迁移的浮游动物造成不利影响,而对游泳速度较快的捕食者可能有利[6768]
基于南海北部2个站位的ADCP回声数据推算的后向散射强度,本文得到的主要结论如下:
(1)声散射层在深度的分布上主要表现为“昼沉夜浮”,日出前约1 h至日出期间向下移动,日落至日落后约1 h期间向上移动,平均迁移速度为4.7 cm/s(上移)和5.8 cm/s(下移)。观测海域的最强的深海散射层分布于中层350~500 m,夜间生物聚集于海洋上层,在50~130 m的上散射层也相对较强。浮游生物夜间和日间生物聚居层的分界面深度在300~360 m之间。
(2)当内孤立波经过时,后向散射强度与垂直流速的变化是同步的,声散射层深度起伏可达几十至上百米。垂直向下和向上的流速分别对应于海洋上层深度平均后向散射强度的增加和减弱。此外,昼夜垂直迁移期间的内孤立波可能在一定程度上干扰浮游动物的迁移。
(3)日间的a型内孤立波经过潜标时,深度平均后向散射强度的变化幅度与最大垂向流速呈现出较强的线性相关性;夜间的b型内孤立波最大垂向流速与深度平均后向散射强度的变化幅度相关性较弱。在两种类型内孤立波引起的垂向流速相当时,日间的深度平均后向散射强度变化幅度往往大于夜间。
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2024年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024073
  • 接收时间:2024-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-07
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
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    1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    2.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    3.浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 杭州 310058

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*梁楚进(1966—),男,湖南省蓝山县人,研究员,主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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