Article(id=1200456388813124538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=1701360000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764140706494, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1722355200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764140706494, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764140706494, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764140706494, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200456384560100230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='87', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764140705480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764140847115, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200456978695844173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200456978695844174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200456389123503045, articleId=1200456388813124538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Observation and propagation velocity study of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea based on the FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study uses the data of the China’s new generation geostationary-orbit meteorological satellite FY-4B to observe the internal solitary wave (ISW) and study the propagation speed of ISW in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Firstly, the observable ISW region of the FY-4B satellite was discussed by using ARGI data of 500 m resolution, and the NSCS was confirmed as the research area. Then, the MTI method (Multitemporal Image Comparison method) was used to calculate the propagation velocity of ISWs in NSCS using GHI data of 250 m resolution, and the average propagation velocity of ISW in NSCS is about 1.78 m/s. The average velocity in the eastern deep sea was 3.02 m/s, and it decreased to 1.90 m/s after westward transmission near Dongsha Islands. After the division of Dongsha Islands, the velocity of ISW in the south was faster than the north, with 2.08 m/s and 1.54 m/s, respectively. Finally, the velocity decreases to 0.42 m/s after westward to the nearshore region, then dissipates. Compared with the results of the MTI method and theoretical propagation velocity calculated by the eKdV (extended Korteweg-de Vries) equation in the two-layer mode, and the correlation coefficient between them reached 0.89. Prove the feasibility of using the eKdV theoretical equation to invert the propagation velocity of ISW in the NSCS. Finally, the results of calculating the propagation velocity of ISW by combining measured data with remote sensing images were compared with the results of MTI method. The correlation between the two reached 0.93. This article verifies the high temporal resolution characteristics of geostationary-orbit optical remote sensing data, which have significant advantages in calculating the propagation speed of ISW. It has certain significance for research work such as inversion of ISW parameters in the NSCS.

, correspAuthors=Junmin Meng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiying Li, Junmin Meng, Li’na Sun, Hao Zhang, Kaifei He), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200456395255574604, articleId=1200456388813124538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=利用FY-4B地球静止气象卫星观测南海北部内孤立波及传播速度, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用中国新一代静止轨道气象卫星FY-4B数据开展了南海北部海域内孤立波观测及传播速度研究。首先使用500 m分辨率的全圆盘ARGI数据对FY-4B卫星可观测内波区域进行了讨论,确认了南海北部为研究区域。之后利用250 m分辨率的GHI数据使用多时相图像比较法(Multitemporal Image Comparison Method,MTI)计算了南海北部内孤立波的传播速度,其平均传播速度为1.78 m/s,东部深海区平均传播速度为3.02 m/s,向西传播至东沙群岛附近后平均速度减小至1.90 m/s,经过东沙群岛分裂后南部比北部传播速度更快,分别为2.08 m/s 和1.54 m/s;最终在向西传播到近岸区域后内孤立波传播速度减小至0.42 m/s,直至最终消散。将MTI方法与两层模式下扩展KdV方程(extended Korteweg-de Vries,eKdV)计算得到的理论传播速度进行了对比,二者相关系数达到了0.89,证明eKdV理论方程对南海北部内孤立波传播速度反演的可行性,但仍具有一定的局限。最后将实测数据与遥感影像匹配计算内孤立波传播速度的结果与单一遥感影像计算内孤立波传播速度的结果进行了比较,两者相关性达到了0.93。本文验证了静止轨道卫星光学遥感数据的高时间分辨率特点对内孤立波传播速度研究具有的较大优势,对南海北部内孤立波参数反演等研究工作具有一定意义。

, correspAuthors=孟俊敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孟俊敏(1973—),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋SAR遥感,海洋内波遥感探测等。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FPNqIjRvgquY65fDBwdBwQ==, magXml=TnggicwlcxYClP75lnI7Gw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y5/AefVN5mkILDYymaMIdA==, pdfFileSize=6399376, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=L6LULbBJ5MSnYthElD47Gg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QY8utq+3bkpfBQsXnWw18Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李熙莹(1999—),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究方向为海洋测绘与遥感。E-mail:

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李熙莹(1999—),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究方向为海洋测绘与遥感。E-mail:

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Introduction of GHI and ARGI data characteristics

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GHI ARGI
波段/μm 全色 0.55~0.75
空间分辨率/m 250 500
时间分辨率/min 1 15
探测范围 不定区域 固定区域
观测范围示意图
), ArticleFig(id=1200456402146816246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GHI数据及ARGI数据参数介绍

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GHI ARGI
波段/μm 全色 0.55~0.75
空间分辨率/m 250 500
时间分辨率/min 1 15
探测范围 不定区域 固定区域
观测范围示意图
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The optimal time period of observed internal waves in each sea area of FY-4B ARGI data

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海区 空间范围 日期 最佳时间段
南海北部 19°~22.5°N, 116°~120.5°E 2023年5月6日 03:00−07:00 UTC
苏禄海 6°~9°N, 117.5°~121.5°E 2023年5月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC
西里伯斯海 3°~6.5°N, 120°~124.5°E 2023年3月25日 04:00−07:00 UTC
弗洛勒斯海 5.5°~8.5°S, 122°~127°E 2023年3月24日 04:00−06:00 UTC
马鲁古海 0.5°~3.5°S, 123.5°~128°E 2022年6月1日 02:00−06:00 UTC
龙目海峡 6°S~9.5°S, 114°~118.5°E 2023年3月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC
), ArticleFig(id=1200456402394280187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

FY-4B ARGI数据各海区可观测内波的最佳时间段

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海区 空间范围 日期 最佳时间段
南海北部 19°~22.5°N, 116°~120.5°E 2023年5月6日 03:00−07:00 UTC
苏禄海 6°~9°N, 117.5°~121.5°E 2023年5月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC
西里伯斯海 3°~6.5°N, 120°~124.5°E 2023年3月25日 04:00−07:00 UTC
弗洛勒斯海 5.5°~8.5°S, 122°~127°E 2023年3月24日 04:00−06:00 UTC
马鲁古海 0.5°~3.5°S, 123.5°~128°E 2022年6月1日 02:00−06:00 UTC
龙目海峡 6°S~9.5°S, 114°~118.5°E 2023年3月12日 04:00−07:00 UTC
), ArticleFig(id=1200456402583023871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculating internal solitary wave velocity using MTI method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8
平均距离/km 2.114 2.380 2.177 1.996 1.761 1.725 1.405 2.967
传播时间/min 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
传播速度(vi)/(m·s−1) 1.76 1.98 1.81 1.66 1.47 1.44 1.17 2.47
时间段速度(v)/(m·s−1) 1.8025 1.6375
总平均($ \bar{v} $)/(m·s−1) 1.72
), ArticleFig(id=1200456402729824514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MTI法计算内孤立波波速

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8
平均距离/km 2.114 2.380 2.177 1.996 1.761 1.725 1.405 2.967
传播时间/min 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
传播速度(vi)/(m·s−1) 1.76 1.98 1.81 1.66 1.47 1.44 1.17 2.47
时间段速度(v)/(m·s−1) 1.8025 1.6375
总平均($ \bar{v} $)/(m·s−1) 1.72
), ArticleFig(id=1200456403832926468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Time of occurrence of ISWs between FY-4B data and measured data

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日期 7月20日 8月26日 8月27日 9月3日 9月13日 9月14日 9月15日 9月16日
成像时间1 04:00:00 03:01:00 03:11:00 07:01:00 04:01:00 05:01:00 06:01:00 06:41:00
成像时间2 05:30:00 01:17:00 01:12:00 06:48:00 05:21:00 03:38:00 04:36:00 06:01:00
实测发生时间3 05:29:00 01:16:40 00:47:30 06:48:20 02:12:30 03:37:40 04:35:50 05:59:30
时间1至时间2时间差/s 5 400 6 240 7 140 780 4 800 4 980 5 100 2 400
时间1至时间3时间差/s 5 340 6 260 8 610 760 6 510 5 000 5 110 2 490
时间1至时间2距离/m 9 940 10 669 11 880 1 237 9 330 9 472 8 622 5 294
时间1至时间3距离/m 10 253 10 825 15 291 1 177 12 716 9 351 7 912 5 400
时间1至时间2平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.84 1.71 1.66 1.59 1.95 1.90 1.69 2.21
时间1至时间3平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.92 1.73 1.77 1.55 1.95 1.87 1.55 2.17
相关系数R 0.93
), ArticleFig(id=1200456403929395463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456388813124538, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FY-4B数据与实测数据ISWs发生时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 7月20日 8月26日 8月27日 9月3日 9月13日 9月14日 9月15日 9月16日
成像时间1 04:00:00 03:01:00 03:11:00 07:01:00 04:01:00 05:01:00 06:01:00 06:41:00
成像时间2 05:30:00 01:17:00 01:12:00 06:48:00 05:21:00 03:38:00 04:36:00 06:01:00
实测发生时间3 05:29:00 01:16:40 00:47:30 06:48:20 02:12:30 03:37:40 04:35:50 05:59:30
时间1至时间2时间差/s 5 400 6 240 7 140 780 4 800 4 980 5 100 2 400
时间1至时间3时间差/s 5 340 6 260 8 610 760 6 510 5 000 5 110 2 490
时间1至时间2距离/m 9 940 10 669 11 880 1 237 9 330 9 472 8 622 5 294
时间1至时间3距离/m 10 253 10 825 15 291 1 177 12 716 9 351 7 912 5 400
时间1至时间2平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.84 1.71 1.66 1.59 1.95 1.90 1.69 2.21
时间1至时间3平均速度/(m·s−1) 1.92 1.73 1.77 1.55 1.95 1.87 1.55 2.17
相关系数R 0.93
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利用FY-4B地球静止气象卫星观测南海北部内孤立波及传播速度
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李熙莹 1, 2 , 孟俊敏 1, 3, * , 孙丽娜 1, 3 , 张昊 1, 2 , 贺凯飞 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(7): 1-15
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(7): 1-15
利用FY-4B地球静止气象卫星观测南海北部内孤立波及传播速度
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李熙莹1, 2 , 孟俊敏1, 3, * , 孙丽娜1, 3, 张昊1, 2, 贺凯飞2
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.中国石油大学(华东) 海洋与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266580
  • 3.自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 李熙莹(1999—),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究方向为海洋测绘与遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*孟俊敏(1973—),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋SAR遥感,海洋内波遥感探测等。E-mail:
Observation and propagation velocity study of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea based on the FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite
Xiying Li1, 2 , Junmin Meng1, 3, * , Li’na Sun1, 3, Hao Zhang1, 2, Kaifei He2
Affiliations
  • 1. First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3. Technology Innovation Center for Ocean Telemetry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2024-07-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024036
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本文利用中国新一代静止轨道气象卫星FY-4B数据开展了南海北部海域内孤立波观测及传播速度研究。首先使用500 m分辨率的全圆盘ARGI数据对FY-4B卫星可观测内波区域进行了讨论,确认了南海北部为研究区域。之后利用250 m分辨率的GHI数据使用多时相图像比较法(Multitemporal Image Comparison Method,MTI)计算了南海北部内孤立波的传播速度,其平均传播速度为1.78 m/s,东部深海区平均传播速度为3.02 m/s,向西传播至东沙群岛附近后平均速度减小至1.90 m/s,经过东沙群岛分裂后南部比北部传播速度更快,分别为2.08 m/s 和1.54 m/s;最终在向西传播到近岸区域后内孤立波传播速度减小至0.42 m/s,直至最终消散。将MTI方法与两层模式下扩展KdV方程(extended Korteweg-de Vries,eKdV)计算得到的理论传播速度进行了对比,二者相关系数达到了0.89,证明eKdV理论方程对南海北部内孤立波传播速度反演的可行性,但仍具有一定的局限。最后将实测数据与遥感影像匹配计算内孤立波传播速度的结果与单一遥感影像计算内孤立波传播速度的结果进行了比较,两者相关性达到了0.93。本文验证了静止轨道卫星光学遥感数据的高时间分辨率特点对内孤立波传播速度研究具有的较大优势,对南海北部内孤立波参数反演等研究工作具有一定意义。

内孤立波  /  FY-4B地球静止气象卫星  /  多时相图像比较法(MTI)  /  eKdV方程  /  南海北部

This study uses the data of the China’s new generation geostationary-orbit meteorological satellite FY-4B to observe the internal solitary wave (ISW) and study the propagation speed of ISW in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Firstly, the observable ISW region of the FY-4B satellite was discussed by using ARGI data of 500 m resolution, and the NSCS was confirmed as the research area. Then, the MTI method (Multitemporal Image Comparison method) was used to calculate the propagation velocity of ISWs in NSCS using GHI data of 250 m resolution, and the average propagation velocity of ISW in NSCS is about 1.78 m/s. The average velocity in the eastern deep sea was 3.02 m/s, and it decreased to 1.90 m/s after westward transmission near Dongsha Islands. After the division of Dongsha Islands, the velocity of ISW in the south was faster than the north, with 2.08 m/s and 1.54 m/s, respectively. Finally, the velocity decreases to 0.42 m/s after westward to the nearshore region, then dissipates. Compared with the results of the MTI method and theoretical propagation velocity calculated by the eKdV (extended Korteweg-de Vries) equation in the two-layer mode, and the correlation coefficient between them reached 0.89. Prove the feasibility of using the eKdV theoretical equation to invert the propagation velocity of ISW in the NSCS. Finally, the results of calculating the propagation velocity of ISW by combining measured data with remote sensing images were compared with the results of MTI method. The correlation between the two reached 0.93. This article verifies the high temporal resolution characteristics of geostationary-orbit optical remote sensing data, which have significant advantages in calculating the propagation speed of ISW. It has certain significance for research work such as inversion of ISW parameters in the NSCS.

ISWs  /  FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite  /  MTI  /  eKdV equation  /  northern South China Sea
李熙莹, 孟俊敏, 孙丽娜, 张昊, 贺凯飞. 利用FY-4B地球静止气象卫星观测南海北部内孤立波及传播速度. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (7) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024036
Xiying Li, Junmin Meng, Li’na Sun, Hao Zhang, Kaifei He. Observation and propagation velocity study of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea based on the FY-4B geostationary meteorological satellite[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (7) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024036
内孤立波(Internal Solitary Wave,ISW)是一种发生在海洋内部重要的中尺度海洋动力现象,具有振幅大、周期短、速度快的特点[1]。2021年4月发生在龙目岛海峡附近的印度尼西亚潜艇沉没事件便与ISW有关[2]。由此可见ISW研究具有重要的科学意义和军事应用价值[3]。南海北部海底地形起伏变化大,具有明显的海水垂直层化结构[4],导致ISW活动异常频繁,最大振幅达240 m[5],波峰线长度从几百米至几百千米,传播时间从几十分钟到几十小时不等[6]。由于内孤立波对潜艇航行等具有一定的威胁,因此对其传播速度的研究具有必要性。Jackson等[7]利用卫星影像提出了参数化模型函数,根据该函数建立了南海二维相位速度图并得到了传播时间;Zhang等[8]将基于KdV方程、准同步雷达测高采样数据及MODIS数据得到的ISW传播速度进行比较,得到了相近的相位速度;2022年Zhang等[9]建立了13个ISW发生热点区域的综合数据集,并在其基础上建立了全球ISW速度模型。
目前多时相图像比较法(Multitemporal Image Comparison Method,MTI)是计算ISW传播速度精度较高的方法之一,但常用的极轨卫星数据时间分辨率低,无法很好地观测ISW的动态变化过程及其相关特征[10],需要与其他传感器数据联合使用,这给图像对的匹配带来了较大的不便,并且可能由于不同数据源影像几何分辨率、地形校正等差异造成内波位置提取的误差,因此具有一定的局限性。而静止轨道卫星数据时间分辨率高、观测范围广、观测ISW具有较大优势,能够很好解决上述存在的问题。马志多等[11]利用FY-4A卫星计算了耀斑区位置及ISW传播速度,但其500 m的分辨率仍然不足以对ISW的传播速度进行较为全面的研究。Li等[12]利用FY-4B GHI数据展示了ISW在不同海深的传播及经过岛礁时的形态变化等动态传播过程,研究了如内孤立波与水下地形相互作用产生新的小型ISW等动态演变过程,缺乏对ISW传播速度的定量研究。由此可见,在利用MTI方法研究南海ISW动态信息时,使用静止轨道卫星数据更具优势,并且目前基于静止卫星的针对ISW传播速度的研究仍然较少。
本文首先对FY-4B卫星全圆盘模式下的可观测ISW区域进行了分析;之后使用快速成像仪数据采用多时相图像比较法计算并统计了800余条ISW的传播速度、传播方向等参数信息,并与eKdV方程及实测数据进行了对比分析,验证了静止轨道卫星数据的高时间分辨率特点对研究ISW传播速度的独特优势。本文旨在给出FY-4B静止卫星的可观测ISW海域,以及利用静止卫星的高时间分辨率优势对南海ISW的传播速度进行更为全面的研究。
FY-4B是我国新一代静止轨道气象卫星的首发业务星,定点于133°E赤道上空轨道位置,2022年6月1日开始提供观测数据。其搭载的快速成像仪(Geo High-speed Imager,GHI)空间分辨率约250 m、时间分辨率约1 min;其搭载的辐射成像仪(Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager,ARGI)提供的全圆盘数据也能够实现星下点空间分辨率500 m,时间分辨率约15 min的光学遥感观测。如表1所示为ARGI数据与GHI数据的参数介绍。
图1所示为FY-4B ARGI数据可观测ISW的区域情况,主要有南海北部、苏禄海、西里伯斯海、马鲁古海、龙目海峡及弗洛勒斯海6个区域。表2给出了图1所用ARGI全圆盘数据针对该6个海区的可用情况,列出了使用ARGI数据时每个海区可观测的最佳时间段。需要注意的是,由于光学影像会受到云雾的影响,因此即使在最佳观测时间段也可能因为云雾的影响而无法观测。图1a为经过裁剪后的单景ARGI影像,其固定观测范围大致在40°N~31°S,96°~148°E之间。图1b图1g分别给出了6个区域的ISW观测情况。每个海区均可以清晰地观测到ISW,但由于不同海区ISW发生频次、季节、强度大小等不同,夏季南海及苏禄海的ISW相较其他海区更常在遥感影像上被观测到。如图2所示为ARGI数据在夏至(6月21日)与冬至(12月21日)前一日19:00 UTC至当天11:00 UTC的耀斑分布情况。根据经验,大多数光学卫星观测到的耀斑发生在θD < 20°对应的空间区域内[13],本文将镜面反射远离角度θD < 15°的区域作为耀斑区的分布范围,镜面反射远离角度定义为反射光线与进入传感器光线的夹角,θD越小,表明像元离太阳耀斑区中心越近[10, 13]。根据图2可知耀斑区随着时间在南、北纬约21°之间变化,冬、夏至达到最南、北;因此在北半球夏季的影像更为清晰,在约4:00−6:00 UTC时刻观测效果较好,因耀斑区较为靠近ISW高发区所在的经度位置(116°~128°E)。根据以上发现,并且考虑到GHI数据在不同海区的数据丰富性有所差异,选择夏季的南海北部为研究区。
本文收集FY-4B GHI传感器在2022年6月3日至9月20日期间可观测南海北部的全部共计21 d的数据731景,其中剔除云雾及成像时间等因素造成的不可用数据后,15 d共285景观测到了内孤立波,采用人机交互式方法提取内孤立波波峰线804条。 FY-4B静止轨道卫星数据从国家卫星气象中心的风云卫星遥感数据服务网(http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn/PortalSite/)获取。实测数据为2022年位于21°15′N,117°18′E位置附近的温度链采样数据,深度间隔10或20 m,时间间隔10 s,实测点位在图3中以星型符号标记出。水深数据从GEBCO_2022(http://www.GEBCO.net)得到。海洋再分析数据使用海洋气候实验室(Ocean Climate Laboratory NCEI / NESDIS / NOAA)提供的2018世界海洋地图集(WOA2018,https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas),WOA2018可提供(1/4)°网格分辨率下的原位温度、盐度等在世界海洋标准深度下的年、季和月份的客观气候学数据[14]。根据海洋再分析数据能够得到计算海洋内孤立波传播速度、振幅等参数所必要的信息。
FY-4B采用CGMSLRIT/HRIT 全球规范定义的静止轨道标称投影,地理坐标系为WGS84 参考椭球。由于FY-4B 250 m分辨率GHI数据在不定区域成像下未提供地理定位信息文件(GEO),因此需根据经纬度查找表说明文档(https://satellite.nsmc.org.cn/)编程实现GHI数据的辐射定标、几何校正、裁剪等预处理过程。其中构建GHI影像的GEO文件较关键,其本质是标称上影像行列号转换为经纬度,得到各像元的地理位置坐标。其行列号转换为经纬度的计算步骤为:
首先求解GHI影像行列号xy
$ x=\frac{\text{π}\times \left(c-{\mathrm{COFF}}\right)}{180\times {2}^{-16}\times {\mathrm{CFAC}}}, $
$ y=\frac{\text{π}\times \left(l-{\mathrm{LOFF}}\right)}{180\times {2}^{-16}\times {\mathrm{LFAC}}}, $
式中,$ \text{π} $为圆周率;$ l $为标称上的行号;$ c $为标称上的列号;$ {\mathrm{COFF }}$为列偏移,其对应250 m分辨率的GHI影像的值为21 983.5;$ {\mathrm{CFAC}} $为列比例因子,其对应250 m分辨率的GHI影像的值为163 730 199;$ {\mathrm{LOFF}} $为行偏移,其对应250 m分辨率的GHI影像的值为21 983.5;${\mathrm{ LFAC}} $为行比例因子,其对应250 m分辨率的GHI影像的值为163 730 199。
接着进行行列号到经纬度的计算:
$ {\mathrm{lon}}=\frac{180}{\text{π}}\times \mathrm{arctan}\left(\frac{{s}_{2}}{{s}_{1}}\right)+{\lambda }_{D}\text{,} $
$ {\mathrm{lat}}=\frac{180}{\text{π}}\times \mathrm{arctan}\left(\frac{{ea}^{2}}{{eb}^{2}}\times \frac{{s}_{3}}{{s}_{xy}}\right)\text{,} $
式中,$ ea $为地球半长轴,值为6 378.137 km;$ eb $为地球短半轴,其值为6 356.752 3 km;$ {\lambda }_{D} $为卫星星下点经度,其值为133;系数$ {s}_{1} $$ {s}_{2} $$ {s}_{3} $$ {s}_{xy} $如下:
$ {s}_{1}=h-{s}_{n}\times \mathrm{cos}\left(x\right)\times \mathrm{cos}\left(y\right)\text{,} $
$ {s}_{2}={s}_{n}\times \mathrm{sin}\left(x\right)\times \mathrm{cos}\left(y\right)\text{,} $
$ {s}_{3}=-{s}_{n}\times \mathrm{sin}\left(y\right)\text{,} $
$ {s}_{xy}=\sqrt{{s}_{1}^{2}+{s}_{2}^{2}}\text{,} $
式中,$ h $为地心到卫星质心的距离,其值为42 164 km。$ {s}_{n} $计算公式如下:
$ {s}_{n}=\frac{h\times \mathrm{cos}\left(x\right)\times \mathrm{cos}\left(y\right)-{s}_{d}}{{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\left(y\right)+\dfrac{e{a}^{2}}{e{b}^{2}}\times {\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left(y\right)}\text{,} $
$\begin{split}& {s}_{d}=\\&\sqrt{(h\times \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}(x)\times \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}(y){)}^{2}-\left({\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\left(y\right)+\frac{e{a}^{2}}{e{b}^{2}}\times {\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left(y\right)\right)\times \left({h}^{2}-e{a}^{2}\right)}. \end{split}$
将式(5)至式(10)带入式(3)和式(4)可求得整景影像的经纬度信息,由此得到GEO文件后即可建立地理位置查找表文件(Geographic Lookup Table, GLT)并进行几何校正。
图3a图3b为构建的2023年5月6日04:01 UTC GHI影像的经纬度查找表进行可视化后得到的图像,图3c为在完成辐射定标、几何校正等预处理后的影像,其中红点为实测点位,影像校正后与陆线吻合并且能看到清晰的ISW;图4为GHI数据的预处理过程流程图。
内孤立波引起的海表层的辐聚与辐散现象在遥感影像上常常表现为亮暗相间的条纹形状,根据已有研究结论,南海北部内孤立波主要来源于吕宋海峡[15],在向西传播的过程中非线性效应逐渐增强, 波峰线变长,在经过东沙群岛后发生反射和绕射现象[16],分叉后又在东沙西侧相遇,最终在大陆架上消散,整个过程持续4 d左右[17]
常见的遥感手段计算内孤立波传播速度的方法有:多时相图像比较法(MTI)、KdV方程及其改进方程、潮汐周期图像[15]等方法。MTI方法通过空间位移和时间间隔计算内孤立波的传播速度[4],该方法比单图像方法具有更高的精度,但受到图像分辨率等诸多条件的限制。KdV及其改进方程等理论方法主要将传播速度表达为长波线速度、振幅和非线性系数的函数,通过密度分层与水深计算得出[18],但KdV方程参数确定较复杂,多用于理论速度的计算[19]。以上方法中MTI方法精度最高,但目前的极轨卫星数据如MODIS等数据时间分辨率较低,难以获得同一区域相近时刻影像,需要与其他光学或SAR数据、实测数据等联合使用,因此具有一定的局限性。静止轨道卫星数据时间分辨率高、观测范围广、在使用MTI计算方法计算南海区域内孤立波传播速度时更具有优势。本节利用MTI方法及eKdV方法对内孤立波传播速度进行了计算和对比。并利用实测数据验证了MTI方法的准确性。
尽管GHI数据时间分辨率可达1 min,但对于MTI方法计算内孤立波速度而言,1 min的间隔难以在遥感图像上进行精确计算,因此本文采用的时间间隔在10~30 min范围内。如图5为MTI方法计算内孤立波传播速度的示意图,计算得到了2022年7月3日两组不同时间段提取得到的相同内孤立波的传播速度。第一段为04:41−06:01 UTC,第二段为08:21−09:41 UTC时刻提取的内孤立波,传播距离分别为d1~d8,表3中速度单位为m/s,最终利用MTI方法得到的7月3日观测到的内孤立波平均传播速度为1.72 m/s。
根据此方法计算了804条ISW的传播速度,得到南海北部研究区域平均传播速度为1.78 m/s, 这与Yang等[20]计算的南海北部ISW传播速度1.73 m/s较为接近。如图6所示箭头为ISW传播方向,颜色为速度的大小,分析图6 ISW在深海区的传播速度较大,在118°E以东的平均传播速度为3.02 m/s,与Farmer等[21]的ISW在深海区以3 m/s左右的相速度向西传播的研究结论相吻合;随着向西传播到东沙群岛以东附近,ISW平均传播速度减小至1.90 m/s,这与孙丽娜等[22]计算的2 m/s左右结果近似;经过东沙群岛后,ISW多数情况下分裂为两列,东沙群岛北侧的平均传播速度为1.54 m/s,南侧的平均传播速度为2.08 m/s,南侧更快的原因与南北水深差异有关,北侧水深较浅在300 m上下,而南侧水深较深,在450~1 000 m 间。在ISW经过东沙群岛后,北侧近岸区域的平均传播速度减小至1.18 m/s,最小达到了0.42 m/s,南侧速度为1.46 m/s,最小达到了0.60 m/s,与孙丽娜等[22]的研究结论相吻合。
KdV方程可以较好地描述弱振幅的内孤立波,但难以准确描述大振幅、强非线性的内孤立波[23],因此采用了考虑到三次非线性项的扩展KdV(eKdV)方程,表达式如下[24]
$ \frac{\partial \eta }{\partial t}+\left({c}_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}\eta +{\alpha }_{2}{\eta }^{2}\right)\frac{\partial \eta }{\partial x}+{\beta }\frac{{\partial }^{3}\eta }{\partial {x}^{3}}=0\text{,} $
式中, $ \eta (x,t) $为内波垂直位移,$ x $是波传播方向上的空间变量,$ t $为时间;$ {c}_{0} $为波的线性相速度;$ {\alpha }_{1} $$ {\alpha }_{2} $分别为一阶非线性项和二阶非线性项的系数;β是频散项系数,在两层模型下其表达式为
$ {c}_{0}=\sqrt{g\frac{2\left({\rho }_{2}-{\rho }_{1}\right)}{\left({\rho }_{1}+{\rho }_{2}\right)}\frac{{h}_{1}{h}_{2}}{\left({h}_{1}+{h}_{2}\right)}}\text{,} $
$ {\alpha }_{1}=\frac{3}{2}{c}_{0}\frac{\left({{\rho }_{2}h}_{1}^{2}-{\rho }_{1}{h}_{2}^{2}\right)}{{h}_{1}{h}_{2}\left({{\rho }_{2}h}_{1}+{\rho }_{1}{h}_{2}\right)}\text{,} $
$ \beta =\frac{{c}_{0}{h}_{1}{h}_{2}\left({{\rho }_{1}h}_{1}+{\rho }_{2}{h}_{2}\right)}{6\left({{\rho }_{2}h}_{1}+{\rho }_{1}{h}_{2}\right)}\text{,} $
$ {\alpha }_{2}=\frac{{c}_{0}}{{\left({h}_{1}{h}_{2}\right)}^{2}}\left(\frac{7}{8}{\left({h}_{1}-{h}_{2}\right)}^{2}-\left(\frac{{{h}_{1}}^{3}+{{h}_{2}}^{3}}{{h}_{1}+{h}_{2}}\right)\right)\text{,} $
式中,$ g $为重力加速度;$ {\rho }_{1} $$ {\rho }_{2} $分别为上、下层海洋流体层的密度,根据WOA2018海洋再分析密度数据及分层情况对上、下层分别进行密度积分均值得到。其公式如下:
$ {\rho }_{1}=\frac{{\displaystyle\int }_{0}^{{h}_{1}}\rho \left(z\right)\mathrm{d}z}{{h}_{1}}\text{,} $
$ {\rho }_{2}=\frac{{\displaystyle\int }_{{h}_{1}}^{{h}_{2}+{h}_{1}}\rho \left(z\right)\mathrm{d}z}{{h}_{2}}\text{,} $
式中,$ h_{1} $$ {h}_{2} $分别为上、下层厚度,eKdV方程的解之一如下。(此外eKdV方程还有其他不同的解形式[25]):
$ \eta \left(x,t\right)=\frac{{\eta }_{0}}{b+\left(1-b\right){\mathrm{cosh}}^{2}\left(\varGamma\left(x+Vt\right)\right)}\text{,} $
式中,$ b=\dfrac{-{\eta }_{0}{\alpha }_{2}}{2{\alpha }_{1}+{\eta }_{0}{\alpha }_{2}} $$ {\eta }_{0} $为振幅;$ 1/\varGamma $为内孤立波特征半宽,其理论表达式为
$ \frac{1}{\varGamma}={\left(\frac{12\beta }{{\eta }_{0}\left({\alpha }_{1}+\dfrac{{\eta }_{0}{\alpha }_{2}}{2}\right)}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{2}}. $
特征半宽与峰间距离$ l $有关,即卫星图像上内孤立波波峰线的最亮点和最暗点之间的距离,如图7所示为卫星图像上得到峰间距离的示意图,特征半宽与峰间距离$ l $的关系为
$ \frac{1}{{\varGamma}}=\frac{l}{1.32}. $
此外,特征半宽也可以采用其他方法如经验模态分解法提取得到[26]$ V $为非线性相速度,其表达式为
$ V=c_0+\frac{1}{3}\alpha_1\eta_0+\frac{1}{6}\alpha_2\eta_0^2. $
图8所示为在南海东沙群岛附近(21.70128°N,117.57385°E)位置处,上层厚度h1 = 52 m,下层厚度h2 = 374 m,不同最大振幅$ {{\eta }_{0}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $设置下的式(16)eKdV方程式的孤立波解示例。图8中波形随着$ {{|\eta }_{0}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}| $增加而逐渐变陡,这与实际观察情况相符合。然而,当最大振幅$ {{\eta }_{0}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $达到临界值($ -{\alpha }_{1}/{\alpha }_{2} $)时,开始形成平坦的波峰,超过临界值后波形消失。此时eKdV理论方程无法提供相应的平稳解,由于计算理论传播速度时需要理论振幅的参与。因此有必要对eKdV方程计算南海内孤立波的极限振幅情况进行讨论。
利用2022年在21°15′N,117°18′E位置附近获取的现场实测实验数据,实测所用仪器为由温度探头(T)、温度−压力探头(TD)和电导率−温度−深度探头(CTD)组成的温度链,深度间隔10 m或20 m(插值后为1 m),时间间隔10 s。图9为根据获取的小部分实测数据得到的各天内孤立波最大振幅与发生时刻的统计情况与使用潮汐模型驱动程序(TMD)对相应时间范围的潮流预测情况,包括了全日潮K1、O1、P1、Q1和半日潮M2、S2、N2、K2共8个分量。圆点大小代表内孤立波振幅大小。根据之前研究者们的发现,南海北部的内潮源于吕宋海峡的潮汐−地形相互作用。产生的内部潮汐向西传播到南海,并且由于非线性和弥散效应,发展为ISW[2728]
图9中可以看出此期间的混合潮具有约14 d的周期变化;而内孤立波的发生与表现出的混合潮的周期有着一定的规律性。根据图9中的最大振幅情况得到南海内孤立波在此期间的平均最大振幅约为90.32 m。由于统计的是最大振幅,因此该结果大于实际南海内孤立波的平均振幅。将此结果与图8中的各月份极限振幅得到的春、夏、秋季极限振幅平均值为87.0 m、86.7 m、87.8 m分别作比较,基本满足eKdV方程计算条件。根据Grue等[29]和Cui等[30]对eKdV方程适用条件的讨论均表明了在大多数情况下,当振幅较大(A/H > 0.1)时eKdV方程与实验结果吻合较好,较为适用,其中A为振幅,H为水深。
根据实测得到的振幅即其水深后,利用公式A/H计算得到每个实测数据对应的指标值,如图10所示为计算得到的结果,其中95.52%满足A/H>0.1的标准,A/H<0.1的情况占比4.48%,因此,对于该适用条件基本满足。由此可知,eKdV方程基本适用于南海北部区域。此外,根据Cui等 [30]在2021年的研究,还可以使用振幅参数$ \alpha $与两层厚度比$ \beta $的比值$ \alpha /\beta $以及长波参数$ {\varepsilon }^{2}\left({H}^{2}/{\lambda }^{2}\right) $之间的关系来衡量eKdV等理论公式的适用条件。
因此根据公式,获取分层数据及特征半宽即可求出内孤立波的传播速度[31]。在两层海洋模型下,通常采用寻找浮频率$ N\left(z\right) $最大值的方法确定上下分层的厚度,可通过现场的CTD测量或海洋再分析数据获得,本文$ N\left(z\right) $通过WOA 2018海洋环境数据求得,计算公式如下[32]
$ {N}^{2}\left(z\right)=-\frac{g}{\rho }\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\rho }{{\mathrm{d}}z}. $
图11为在实测位置计算得到的每月温度、盐度、密度及浮频率的计算结果,可知夏季浮频率在水深50 m上下达到最大,并且在之后的秋季浮频率逐渐减小,最大值位置的深度增加,在冬季达到最深。图12为两层模式下的上层厚度,标号为月份。分析各月份情况可知,冬季温度降低,海洋温度变化小,混合层下沉到较深位置,导致生成的内孤立波位置更深,虽经研究发现冬季甚至更易生成第二模态内孤立波[33],但由于其深度及成像的限制,使得内孤立波较少被观测到;而在夏季温度升高,温度变化加剧,混合层较浅;使得内孤立波活动能够被观测到。分析图12中出现的规则阶梯状趋势是由于所用海洋再分析数据分辨率(0.25° × 0.25°)不足导致的。
图13为两种方法计算得到的约600条内孤立波传播速度结果比较,二者能够较好吻合,平均误差为0.20 m/s,相关系数达到了0.89,均方误差为0.0605,均方根误差为0.246 0,相关系数R由式(23)定义:其中$ {y0}_{i} $为真实值,$ \overline{y0} $为真实值的均值,$ {y1}_{i} $为预测值,$ \overline{y1} $为预测值的均值。
$ R=\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left[\left({y0}_{i}-\overline{y0}\right)\left({y1}_{i}-\overline{y1}\right)\right]}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({y0}_{i}-\overline{y0}\right)}^{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({y1}_{i}-\overline{y1}\right)}^{2}}}. $
另外从图中也能看出速度随着水深增大而增大的规律。同时也可以发现,内孤立波也存在着水深较浅而传播速度较大以及水深较深但传播速度较小的特殊情况,推测该现象可能是由计算方法导致的,也有可能是内波存在这样特殊情况,而利用MTI方法更能够对这种特殊情况进行计算。
为验证FY-4B数据使用多时相法的精确性,本小节利用实测数据与遥感数据结合计算内孤立波的传播速度,与利用遥感影像得到的计算结果进行对比与分析。图9已给出2022年7月8日至9月20日在南海北部实测点位布设的温度链数据的振幅记录情况。分析其中与FY-4B数据匹配的8 d,统计得到实测点位ISW发生时间与影像观测到ISW的成像时间及距离并计算传播速度,如表4所示。图14a图14h为选取和FY-4B数据匹配到的实测数据,图中时间为当地时间,表中时间为转换后的UTC时间,图14i为匹配的内孤立波波峰线情况,其位置均靠近实测点位,波峰线颜色代表不同的观测天数。发现利用静止卫星数据计算得到的内孤立波传播速度与利用实测数据与遥感数据结合计算得到的平均传播速度相关系数达0.93,具有较高的准确性。
本文利用FY-4B地球静止气象卫星数据开展了南海北部内孤立波特征与传播速度研究。使用MTI方法计算得到了南海北部804条内孤立波的传播速度,结果表明研究区内孤立波平均传播速度为1.78 m/s,东部深海区平均传播速度为3.02 m/s,向西传播至东沙群岛附近后平均速度减小至1.90 m/s,经过东沙群岛后速度继续减小,最终在向西传播到近岸区域后速度减小至0.42 m/s。此外,采用两层模式下的eKdV方程对内孤立波进行了理论速度的计算,两种方法相比MTI方法对如浅水区传播速度较大等特殊情况具有更好的计算结果,而eKdV理论方法仅可对传播速度进行估算。体现了静止轨道卫星遥感数据所具有的高时间分辨率在使用MTI方法计算内孤立波传播速度时所具有独特优势。
本文也存在一些不足, FY-4B 的GHI数据属于不定区域成像,对于南海北部每月成像天数不固定(5~20 d),可以考虑与全圆盘数据联合使用;利用eKdV方程导出的理论速度的精度与特征半宽度的精确程度[34]有关,可以从具有更高空间分辨率的遥感影像中提取峰间距离或使用经验模态分解等方法获取特征半宽[26];另外,提高内波传播模型准确性的手段之一是提高对海洋分层情况的模拟。可以考虑使用3层或连续分层情况下的理论模型[35],或使用实测数据,以提高在应用中的精确性。
本文证明了FY-4B 地球静止气象卫星数据拥有可以观测南海北部内孤立波传播的动态过程的独特优势,尤其对于研究计算内孤立波的传播速度具有明显优势,为研究南海北部内孤立波提供了新的跟踪观测数据,拓展了气象卫星数据的应用范围,对光学遥感内孤立波研究具有一定意义。
致谢:本文实测数据的获取由自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋物理与遥感研究室支持;感谢国家卫星气象中心风云卫星遥感数据服务平台提供的250 m分辨率FY-4B 遥感影像数据及说明文档等文件,感谢海洋气候实验室提供的2018世界海洋地图集;感谢GEBCO提供海洋水深数据。最后,感谢匿名审稿人对本文的意见与帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2006207)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42006164)
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2024年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024036
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
  • 修回日期:2023-12-01
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2006207)
国家自然科学基金项目(42006164)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    2.中国石油大学(华东) 海洋与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266580
    3.自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061

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*孟俊敏(1973—),男,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋SAR遥感,海洋内波遥感探测等。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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