Article(id=1200456387391246884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705507200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-18, revisedDate=1711036800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764140706155, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1722355200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764140706155, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764140706155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764140706155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200456384560100230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='87', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764140705480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764140847115, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200456978695844173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200456978695844174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200456384560100230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200456387684848166, articleId=1200456387391246884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of Typhoon “Muifa” on the macrobenthic community of tidal flat, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Typhoons can have serious impacts on tidal flat ecosystems, particularly on the composition and distribution of macrobenthic communities. However, there is a lack of field data during typhoons, and the understanding of how typhoons affect the ecosystem is still limited. Therefore, this study conducted hydrodynamic observations and synchronous sampling of macrobenthic organisms before, during, and after Typhoon “Muifa”in September 2022, along the salt marsh-mudflat transect in the Chongming Dongtan area of the Changjiang River estuary. The study found: (1) During Typhoon “Muifa”, the effective wave height in the salt marshes was 2−4 times that of normal weather, and the combined wave-current shear stress was 10 times higher. (2) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthic organisms in the salt marshes were 1.9, 3.8, and 3.0 times higher than before the typhoon, respectively. The dominant species of the salt marsh (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Assiminea violacea, Corbicula fluminea) increased by one (Assiminea violacea) compared with that before the typhoon (Assiminea sp., Ilyoplax deschampsi, Corbicula fluminea), and the primary dominant species shifting from Assiminea sp. to Ilyoplax deschampsi. (3) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the indicators of species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthos in the salt marsh increased, while the abundance of macrobenthic organisms on the mudflats at the forefront of the salt marsh decreased. This is attributed to the macrobenthic organisms (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Corbicula fluminea) on the mudflats migrating rapidly to the relatively less hydrodynamically stressed salt marshes during the strong hydrodynamic stress caused by the typhoon. (4) Two weeks after Typhoon “Muifa”, the abundance of macrobenthos in salt marshes recovered. The results of this study indicate that salt marsh vegetation not only provides ecological services such as wave attenuation, flow reduction, and shoreline protection, but also serves as a refuge for macrobenthic organisms during typhoons.

, correspAuthors=Benwei Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingjing Li, Benwei Shi, Zhong Peng, Wenxiang Zhang, Biaobiao Peng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200456388930556474, articleId=1200456387391246884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台风“梅花”对潮滩大型底栖动物群落的影响研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

台风会对潮滩生态系统造成严重影响,特别是对大型底栖动物群落组成及分布影响显著。台风期间现场资料匮乏,导致人们对台风如何影响生态系统的认识仍十分有限。为此,本研究选取长江口崇明东滩盐沼-光滩断面于2022年9月台风“梅花”前、中、后进行水动力观测和大型底栖动物同步采样。研究发现:(1)台风“梅花”期间,盐沼中有效波高是正常天气下的2~4倍,浪流联合剪切应力是正常天气下的10倍;(2)台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中底栖动物的物种数、丰度、生物量分别是台风前的1.9倍、3.8倍、3.0倍,优势种种类(谭氏泥蟹(Ilyoplax deschampsi)、拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)、堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea))比台风过境前(拟沼螺、谭氏泥蟹、河蚬)增加了一种(堇拟沼螺),第一优势种由拟沼螺变为谭氏泥蟹;(3)台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中大型底栖动物的物种数、丰度和生物量均增加,而盐沼前缘光滩上大型底栖动物的丰度降低,原因是盐沼前缘光滩上的底栖动物(谭氏泥蟹、拟沼螺、河蚬)在台风导致的强水动力胁迫下,迅速迁移至水动力相对弱的盐沼中;(4)台风“梅花”过后2周,盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度恢复。本研究结果表明盐沼植被不仅具有消浪缓流、保滩护岸等生态服务功能,还可在台风期间为底栖动物提供避难所。

, correspAuthors=史本伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*史本伟(1979—),男,上海市人,研究员,主要研究沉积动力地貌过程及其与生态系统的相互作用。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rCOvJuazrm1epphp3lwNLA==, magXml=WUA9/6iyyd2MLo8kijUvDg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=z0EfXg2oi/QMTSCwRl2fRA==, pdfFileSize=1350705, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xA1xY3SGFWlQtL6vgYW3Hg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tcS7fuqpIswcYbQcwQ5SJg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李晶晶(1999—),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,研究方向为河口海岸动力沉积与生物作用过程。E-mail:

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李晶晶(1999—),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,研究方向为河口海岸动力沉积与生物作用过程。E-mail:

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李晶晶(1999—),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,研究方向为河口海岸动力沉积与生物作用过程。E-mail:

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2. Key Laboratory of Marine Space Resources Management Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
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2.自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
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Chinese Science Bulletin, 2023, 68(5): 457−468., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200784460099736289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, awardId=2023YFE0113100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作专项(2023YFE0113100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200784460175233762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, awardId=42076170, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42076170), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200784460246536932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, awardId=KF-2022-105, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室开放基金(KF-2022-105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200784460322034406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, awardId=21230750600, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市“一带一路国际联合实验室”项目(21230750600), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200784454911382110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200784454915576415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, companyId=1200784454911382110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Yangtze Delte Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee), Shanghai 202162, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200784455091737190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, companyId=1200784455079154276, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.长江三角洲河口湿地生态系统教育部/上海市野外科学观测研究站,上海 202162)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200784458430403255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Location of the study area and typhoon path (a), schematic diagram of Chongming Dongtan (within the red rectangle) (b), and the macrobenthic sampling stations A and B, as well as the hydrodynamic observation point in the salt marsh-mudflat (c), figureFileSmall=2nRI4SpSsxFvhyFsFrxwCA==, figureFileBig=acXjTclwEBqnGzUDFV3hUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458501706425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区位置和台风路径(a),崇明东滩示意图(红色矩形中)(b),盐沼−光滩大型底栖动物采样站点A、站点B和水动力观测点(c), figureFileSmall=2nRI4SpSsxFvhyFsFrxwCA==, figureFileBig=acXjTclwEBqnGzUDFV3hUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458606564027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of the arrangement of hydrodynamic observation instruments, figureFileSmall=PGUdrpUGZDT+MyNDggVeMQ==, figureFileBig=7NHi74jHioFRYQVaTMEEyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458682061503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水动力观测仪器布置示意图, figureFileSmall=PGUdrpUGZDT+MyNDggVeMQ==, figureFileBig=7NHi74jHioFRYQVaTMEEyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458770141889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Hydrodynamic variation diagram of Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before, during and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022, figureFileSmall=ek/8l8xffn+h8lEcL1LD7Q==, figureFileBig=h4M7kMQQm/hOzi5nvGzBJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458845639363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2022年台风“梅花”前、中、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A水动力变化, figureFileSmall=ek/8l8xffn+h8lEcL1LD7Q==, figureFileBig=h4M7kMQQm/hOzi5nvGzBJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784458963079880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Species number (A), abundance (B) and biomass (C) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022, figureFileSmall=OHHuJJww4ChxLr3wsqeIhw==, figureFileBig=l5GlbEkt+xEH2V8HkySMFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784459072131786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A大型底栖动物的物种数(A)、丰度(B)、生物量(C), figureFileSmall=OHHuJJww4ChxLr3wsqeIhw==, figureFileBig=l5GlbEkt+xEH2V8HkySMFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200784459160212172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Setting parameters of hydrodynamic observation instruments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器距底床
高度/cm
频率/Hz测量物理
参数
间隔/min每burst
采样数量
ADV2564流速53 840
RBR-wave1016水深、波高51 024
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459260875471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水动力观测仪器的设置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器距底床
高度/cm
频率/Hz测量物理
参数
间隔/min每burst
采样数量
ADV2564流速53 840
RBR-wave1016水深、波高51 024
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459336372945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Wind speed, maximum water depth, effective wave height, flow-induced shear stress, wave-induced shear stress, and combined wave-current shear stress for different tidal cycles before, during, and after Typhoon Muifa in 2022 at Site A in the Chongming Dongtan salt marsh

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m∙s−1)最大水深/m有效波高/m流致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)浪致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)浪流联合剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)
变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均
台风前T13.4~5.84.70.0~1.10.70.0~0.10.10~102~840~20
T23.9~5.74.60.0~0.40.30.0~0.10.1002~840~10
T31.7~5.13.10.0~1.30.80.0~0.10.10~313~1270~41
T43.2~4.53.70.0~0.70.40.0~0.10.10~102~1360~21
T53.4~6.04.40.0~1.40.90.0~0.20.10~822~950~92
T63.8~4.94.40.0~1.00.60.0~0.20.10~102~840~11
T74.0~5.34.50.0~1.40.90.0~0.20.10~523~24150~82
T84.0~5.94.60.0~1.10.70.0~0.20.10~212~26170~31
台风期间T92.6~12.35.50.0~1.30.90.0~0.40.20~415~38190~63
T1011.0~12.011.50.0~1.30.80.0~0.40.20~310~44190~52
T112.9~12.48.60.0~1.40.90.0~0.40.30~314~73370~63
T121.1~6.14.20.0~1.20.70.0~0.40.20~313~24150~42
T138.6~29.621.20.0~1.81.10.0~0.80.42~24121~1280~2513
台风后T146.9~9.68.40.0~0.70.30.0~0.20.10~424~1070~53
T153.3~6.14.80.0~0.40.20.0~0.10.10~310~31
T161.0~3.12.00.0~0.60.40.0~0.10.10~101~1580~10
T171.5~3.22.20.0~0.10.10.00.0
T185.4~6.86.00.0~0.60.30.0~0.20.10~111~1070~21
T1912~13.913.10.0~0.30.20.0~0.10.10~612~1260~62
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459437036244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022年台风“梅花”前、中、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A各潮周期风速、最大水深、有效波高、流致剪切应力、浪致剪切应力、浪流联合剪切应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m∙s−1)最大水深/m有效波高/m流致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)浪致剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)浪流联合剪切应力/(10−2 N∙m−2)
变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均变化范围平均
台风前T13.4~5.84.70.0~1.10.70.0~0.10.10~102~840~20
T23.9~5.74.60.0~0.40.30.0~0.10.1002~840~10
T31.7~5.13.10.0~1.30.80.0~0.10.10~313~1270~41
T43.2~4.53.70.0~0.70.40.0~0.10.10~102~1360~21
T53.4~6.04.40.0~1.40.90.0~0.20.10~822~950~92
T63.8~4.94.40.0~1.00.60.0~0.20.10~102~840~11
T74.0~5.34.50.0~1.40.90.0~0.20.10~523~24150~82
T84.0~5.94.60.0~1.10.70.0~0.20.10~212~26170~31
台风期间T92.6~12.35.50.0~1.30.90.0~0.40.20~415~38190~63
T1011.0~12.011.50.0~1.30.80.0~0.40.20~310~44190~52
T112.9~12.48.60.0~1.40.90.0~0.40.30~314~73370~63
T121.1~6.14.20.0~1.20.70.0~0.40.20~313~24150~42
T138.6~29.621.20.0~1.81.10.0~0.80.42~24121~1280~2513
台风后T146.9~9.68.40.0~0.70.30.0~0.20.10~424~1070~53
T153.3~6.14.80.0~0.40.20.0~0.10.10~310~31
T161.0~3.12.00.0~0.60.40.0~0.10.10~101~1580~10
T171.5~3.22.20.0~0.10.10.00.0
T185.4~6.86.00.0~0.60.30.0~0.20.10~111~1070~21
T1912~13.913.10.0~0.30.20.0~0.10.10~612~1260~62
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459516728022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Abundance (ind./m2) and biomass (g/m2) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan mudflat Station B before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
门类物种台风前台风后
2022年9月10日2022年9月18日
丰度生物量丰度生物量
软体动物河蚬10737.4773211.263
拟沼螺110.007//
缢蛏1667.84027162.330
节肢动物谭氏泥蟹270.277//
安氏白虾//160.673
日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚110.060130.047
环节动物背蚓虫430.133110.007
小头虫//110.007
足刺拟单指虫//50.233
疣吻沙蚕50.087110.267
总数220105.881126174.827
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459579642584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩光滩站点B大型底栖动物的丰度(ind./m2)、生物量(g/m2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
门类物种台风前台风后
2022年9月10日2022年9月18日
丰度生物量丰度生物量
软体动物河蚬10737.4773211.263
拟沼螺110.007//
缢蛏1667.84027162.330
节肢动物谭氏泥蟹270.277//
安氏白虾//160.673
日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚110.060130.047
环节动物背蚓虫430.133110.007
小头虫//110.007
足刺拟单指虫//50.233
疣吻沙蚕50.087110.267
总数220105.881126174.827
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459667722971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Abundance (unit: ind./m2), biomass (unit: g/m2) and relative importance index (IRI) of macrobenthos at Chongming Dongtan Salt Marsh Site A before and after Typhoon “Muifa” in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
门类物种台风前台风后
2022年9月8日2022年9月10日2022年9月18日2022年9月27日
丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI
软体动物绯拟沼螺640.1811 06750.00558800.0272221550.2451876
光滑狭口螺270.123489270.186376750.187235210.021252
河蚬594.0854 604437.9154 60210712.3152 4271079.4996 191
堇拟沼螺850.6561 810110.0051149607.6803 9381490.8112 112
拟沼螺3731.8196 9456724.7419 4911 6968.1336 0143362.8115 271
微小螺//////1330.005363///
节肢动物谭氏泥蟹913.8834 8681815.8514 96354429.2056 5461175.6644 298
安氏白虾///50.096106//////
环节动物多眼虫110.069214110.064145//////
白毛钩虫///50.171145//////
背蚓虫//////160.01145///
多齿围沙蚕//////50.00515///
尖叶长手沙蚕//////50.00515///
软背鳞虫//////590.021163///
小头虫//////50.00515///
), ArticleFig(id=1200784459919381214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200456387391246884, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2022年台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩盐沼站点A大型底栖动物的丰度(单位:ind./m2)、生物量(单位:g/m2)、相对重要性指数IRI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
门类物种台风前台风后
2022年9月8日2022年9月10日2022年9月18日2022年9月27日
丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI丰度生物量IRI
软体动物绯拟沼螺640.1811 06750.00558800.0272221550.2451876
光滑狭口螺270.123489270.186376750.187235210.021252
河蚬594.0854 604437.9154 60210712.3152 4271079.4996 191
堇拟沼螺850.6561 810110.0051149607.6803 9381490.8112 112
拟沼螺3731.8196 9456724.7419 4911 6968.1336 0143362.8115 271
微小螺//////1330.005363///
节肢动物谭氏泥蟹913.8834 8681815.8514 96354429.2056 5461175.6644 298
安氏白虾///50.096106//////
环节动物多眼虫110.069214110.064145//////
白毛钩虫///50.171145//////
背蚓虫//////160.01145///
多齿围沙蚕//////50.00515///
尖叶长手沙蚕//////50.00515///
软背鳞虫//////590.021163///
小头虫//////50.00515///
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台风“梅花”对潮滩大型底栖动物群落的影响研究
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李晶晶 1 , 史本伟 1, 2, 3, * , 彭忠 1 , 张文祥 1 , 彭彪彪 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(7): 29-40
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(7): 29-40
台风“梅花”对潮滩大型底栖动物群落的影响研究
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李晶晶1 , 史本伟1, 2, 3, * , 彭忠1, 张文祥1, 彭彪彪1
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3.长江三角洲河口湿地生态系统教育部/上海市野外科学观测研究站,上海 202162
  • 李晶晶(1999—),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,研究方向为河口海岸动力沉积与生物作用过程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*史本伟(1979—),男,上海市人,研究员,主要研究沉积动力地貌过程及其与生态系统的相互作用。E-mail:
Study on the influence of Typhoon “Muifa” on the macrobenthic community of tidal flat
Jingjing Li1 , Benwei Shi1, 2, 3, * , Zhong Peng1, Wenxiang Zhang1, Biaobiao Peng1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Space Resources Management Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3. Yangtze Delte Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee), Shanghai 202162, China
出版时间: 2024-07-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024068
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台风会对潮滩生态系统造成严重影响,特别是对大型底栖动物群落组成及分布影响显著。台风期间现场资料匮乏,导致人们对台风如何影响生态系统的认识仍十分有限。为此,本研究选取长江口崇明东滩盐沼-光滩断面于2022年9月台风“梅花”前、中、后进行水动力观测和大型底栖动物同步采样。研究发现:(1)台风“梅花”期间,盐沼中有效波高是正常天气下的2~4倍,浪流联合剪切应力是正常天气下的10倍;(2)台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中底栖动物的物种数、丰度、生物量分别是台风前的1.9倍、3.8倍、3.0倍,优势种种类(谭氏泥蟹(Ilyoplax deschampsi)、拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)、堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea))比台风过境前(拟沼螺、谭氏泥蟹、河蚬)增加了一种(堇拟沼螺),第一优势种由拟沼螺变为谭氏泥蟹;(3)台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中大型底栖动物的物种数、丰度和生物量均增加,而盐沼前缘光滩上大型底栖动物的丰度降低,原因是盐沼前缘光滩上的底栖动物(谭氏泥蟹、拟沼螺、河蚬)在台风导致的强水动力胁迫下,迅速迁移至水动力相对弱的盐沼中;(4)台风“梅花”过后2周,盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度恢复。本研究结果表明盐沼植被不仅具有消浪缓流、保滩护岸等生态服务功能,还可在台风期间为底栖动物提供避难所。

台风  /  水动力  /  大型底栖动物群落  /  崇明东滩

Typhoons can have serious impacts on tidal flat ecosystems, particularly on the composition and distribution of macrobenthic communities. However, there is a lack of field data during typhoons, and the understanding of how typhoons affect the ecosystem is still limited. Therefore, this study conducted hydrodynamic observations and synchronous sampling of macrobenthic organisms before, during, and after Typhoon “Muifa”in September 2022, along the salt marsh-mudflat transect in the Chongming Dongtan area of the Changjiang River estuary. The study found: (1) During Typhoon “Muifa”, the effective wave height in the salt marshes was 2−4 times that of normal weather, and the combined wave-current shear stress was 10 times higher. (2) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthic organisms in the salt marshes were 1.9, 3.8, and 3.0 times higher than before the typhoon, respectively. The dominant species of the salt marsh (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Assiminea violacea, Corbicula fluminea) increased by one (Assiminea violacea) compared with that before the typhoon (Assiminea sp., Ilyoplax deschampsi, Corbicula fluminea), and the primary dominant species shifting from Assiminea sp. to Ilyoplax deschampsi. (3) Within a week after Typhoon “Muifa”, the indicators of species number, abundance, and biomass of macrobenthos in the salt marsh increased, while the abundance of macrobenthic organisms on the mudflats at the forefront of the salt marsh decreased. This is attributed to the macrobenthic organisms (Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea sp., Corbicula fluminea) on the mudflats migrating rapidly to the relatively less hydrodynamically stressed salt marshes during the strong hydrodynamic stress caused by the typhoon. (4) Two weeks after Typhoon “Muifa”, the abundance of macrobenthos in salt marshes recovered. The results of this study indicate that salt marsh vegetation not only provides ecological services such as wave attenuation, flow reduction, and shoreline protection, but also serves as a refuge for macrobenthic organisms during typhoons.

typhoon  /  hydrodynamic force  /  microbenthic community  /  Chongming Dongtan
李晶晶, 史本伟, 彭忠, 张文祥, 彭彪彪. 台风“梅花”对潮滩大型底栖动物群落的影响研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (7) : 29 -40 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024068
Jingjing Li, Benwei Shi, Zhong Peng, Wenxiang Zhang, Biaobiao Peng. Study on the influence of Typhoon “Muifa” on the macrobenthic community of tidal flat[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (7) : 29 -40 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024068
台风是世界上破坏性最强的自然灾害之一。西北太平洋生成的台风数量颇多,约占全球总数的三分之一,在全球变暖背景下,西北太平洋副热带高压变率增大,登陆强台风的频率和强度显著增加[13],导致我国沿海地区受灾尤为严重[4]。潮滩位于海洋和陆地的交界地带,具有周期性淹没、暴露的特点[56],其上部通常生长耐盐性植物群落,生产力极为丰富[79]。潮滩生态环境独特[1011],是鸟类、鱼类和大型底栖动物的栖息地[1215],不仅能够维持生物多样性,还提供了重要的社会和经济价值[1618]。潮滩上大型底栖动物主要包括软体动物、环节动物以及节肢动物(水生昆虫和大型甲壳动物)。大型底栖动物作为潮滩生态系统中的消费者,在营养物质循环、能量流动、污染物净化、动植物碎屑分解、有机质降解等方面起着重要作用[1922]。大型底栖动物分布广、物种多样、生活相对稳定、对外界胁迫响应敏感,常作为环境和水生态健康的重要评价指标,对周围环境变化具有重要的指示作用,对剧烈的扰动事件响应更加敏感。台风会造成潮滩水位抬升,波浪破碎加剧,潮滩表层沉积物扰动加重,从而影响潮滩上大型底栖动物群落。研究表明台风影响下底栖动物会寻找新的栖息地,导致原栖息地生物量降低,甚至发生短期内不可恢复的死亡事件[2324]。因此,台风等极端天气事件对潮滩大型底栖动物带来怎样的影响需进行深入研究[25],如大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量发生怎样的改变,这对深刻认识潮滩底栖生态系统的稳定性和可持续性具有科学意义。
以往大量研究表明潮滩大型底栖动物的活动行为影响其周围物理环境[26],如螃蟹的掘穴行为,增加了潮滩滩面的粗糙度,影响潮滩侵蚀淤积过程和泥沙输运方式[2729]。同时,大型底栖动物周围物理环境的改变,尤其是极端天气事件引起的物理环境骤变直接影响底栖动物的生存、生活及栖息,但目前研究台风对大型底栖动物的影响多数考虑沉积物性质和水温变化等参数[3031],关于水动力变化对底栖动物影响的研究较少。潮滩大型底栖动物一般生活在潮滩沉积物表层0~15 cm范围内[3233],台风引起的强物理扰动会影响生活在沉积物中的底栖动物,可能导致它们迁移或死亡[25, 34],如波浪导致沉积物再分配[35],使得大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量减小[36];浪流联合剪切作用力引起沉积物输运和重新分配,导致台风过后光滩上文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)的丰度和生物量降低[37];双壳类动物欧洲鸟蛤(Cerastoderma edule)在侵蚀事件后浮出水面,被波浪和潮流运输转移[38]。总之,台风引起潮滩动力沉积地貌改变[3940],导致底栖动物丰度和生物量变化,进而影响濒危动物、生物多样性、生态系统功能[4142]等。
长江口崇明东滩位于西北太平洋西岸,属于开敞型潮滩,极易受到风浪的影响。当前潮滩大型底栖动物的研究局限于对底栖动物的慢性影响,如围垦、大型工程等引起的潮滩冲淤变化对大型底栖动物群落结构和分布格局的影响分析[4347]。有关短期台风引起的强水动力事件对大型底栖动物影响的研究较少,亟需进行深入探究。
本研究选取台风“梅花”影响下长江口崇明东滩盐沼-光滩断面进行水动力过程连续观测和大型底栖动物同步采样,研究内容包括:(1)分析台风“梅花”前、中、后盐沼中水动力变化的全过程;(2)剖析台风“梅花”前、后盐沼−光滩断面大型底栖动物的群落结构和优势种变化特征;(3)探究台风事件对大型底栖动物群落的影响机制。本研究可为潮滩湿地生态保护与修复、海岸防灾减灾及应对气候变化措施的制定提供科学理论支撑。
崇明东滩地处长江入海口,是长江河口规模最广、发育最完善的淤涨型潮滩[48],多年平均潮差为2.4~3.1 m,年平均风速为3.5~4.5 m/s,潮汐类型为非正规半日潮。该地属亚热带季风气候,降水主要集中在6−10月,夏、秋季受台风影响显著[49]。崇明东滩表层沉积物以粉砂为主[50],从植被带外缘向水线边缘延伸,沉积物逐渐变粗[51]。本研究于崇明东滩湿地鸟类保护区南部区域进行观测、采样,设置2个大型底栖动物采样站点,站点A位于盐沼中,周围植被以海三棱藨草为主,站点B位于光滩,水动力观测点在站点A附近(图1)。
2022年9月8日8时,台风“梅花”在17.4°N,132.9°E的西北太平洋生成,中心最大风速为18 m/s,随后向西北方向移动,台风中心最大风速提升至40 m/s,9月11日台风中心最大风速增大为42 m/s,达到强台风级别(图1)。9月14日20时30分在浙江舟山登陆,此时为强台风级别,9月15日凌晨以台风级别在上海奉贤登陆,台风中心最大风速约为35 m/s,随后中心最大风速逐渐减小,9月16日在山东、辽宁登陆,最终于9月16日晚在辽宁东北部变为温带气旋后消失(图1a)。
本研究在崇明东滩盐沼中布设水动力观测架(图1),观测台风前、中、后(2022年9月8−19日)的水动力过程。观测架上利用专用装置固定三维多普勒流速仪(Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV)和波潮仪(RBR-wave)各1台(图2)。利用ADV观测近底床三维湍流速度[52],其探头朝下置于底床上方25 cm处,以64 Hz的采样频率每隔5 min采集3840组数据(表1),得到的流速数据用来计算底部剪切应力。RBR-wave探头朝下,距离底床10 cm,采样频率为16 Hz,时间间隔为5 min,记录1 024组数据,获取的数据包括水深和波高等波浪参数(表1)。每次在观测架周围取表层沉积物3个,带回实验室后采用盐酸和过氧化氢去除碳酸盐与有机质,滴入分散剂后用超声波分散,再利用贝克曼激光粒度分析仪(LS13320)测量沉积物粒度。研究区风速数据来自于附近风速监测站。
2022年9月8日、9月10日、9月18日、9月27日的低潮位期间对光滩上和盐沼中的大型底栖动物进行取样。在站点A(距水动力观测架20 m内)附近随机选择3个采样点(图1),4次共采集12个样品。9月10日、9月18日半日潮后的低潮期间采集光滩处的大型底栖动物,在站点B附近选取3个采样点(图1),2次共采集6个样品。依据《海洋调查规范》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)进行大型底栖动物采样、室内物种鉴定和数据统计。采样样方的长、宽、高分别设置为0.25 m × 0.25 m × 0.2 m,用孔径为0.5 mm的筛网对所采沉积物进行冲洗和筛分,将底栖动物及残渣混合在一起后放入白色广口瓶,并加入75%的酒精固定保存。样品带回实验室后,所有个体在体视显微镜下分类、鉴定,记录各物种数量,利用感量为0.001 g的电子天平称重得到生物量。
近底流速剖面满足对数分布规律[53],采用平均对数流速剖面法(LP-mean)求得流致剪切应力($ {\tau }_{c} $,N/m2[54]
$ \overline{{U}_{z}}=\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{*}}}{\kappa }\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{z}{{z}_{0}}\right) \text{,} $
式中,$ \overline{{U}_{z}} $代表平均流速;$ {u}_{*} $指的是摩阻流速;高度距离表示为$ z $$ \kappa $代表卡门常数(取值为0.4);$ {z}_{0} $是指底床粗糙高度,和尼古拉斯颗粒粗糙度$ {k}_{s} $有关,$ {z}_{0}={k}_{s} $/30,$ {k}_{s}=2.5{D}_{50} $$ {D}_{50} $代表沉积物中值粒径。
$ {\tau }_{c}=\rho {u}_{\mathrm{*}}^{2} \text{,} $
式中$ ,\rho $指的是流体密度。
浪致剪切应力($ {\tau }_{w} $,N/m2)的计算采用以下公式[35]
$ {\tau }_{w}=\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{w}{f}_{w}{U}_{\delta }^{2} \text{,} $
$ {U}_{\delta }=\omega {A}_{\delta }=\frac{{\text π} H}{T\mathrm{sin}\left(kh\right)} \text{,} $
$ {A}_{\delta }=\frac{H}{2\ \mathrm{sin}\left(kh\right)} \text{,} $
式中,$ {U}_{\delta } $指的是波浪轨迹速度;$ {A}_{\delta } $指的是波浪轨迹位移;T代表波浪周期(s);H代表波浪高度(m);h代表水深(m);$ k=\left(2\mathrm{{\text π} }/L\right) $为波数;$ L=\left({g}{T}^{2}/2{\text π}\right)\mathrm{tanh}\left(kh\right)$为波长(m);$ \omega =\left(2\mathrm{{\text π}}/T\right) $为角速度(s−1);$ {g}=\left(9.8\ \mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}\right) $为重力加速度。
波浪摩擦系数$ {f}_{w} $与波浪雷诺数有关,计算如下[53]
$ {f}_{w}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{2Re}_{w}^{-0.5},\;{Re}_{w}\leqslant {10}^{5}\left(层流\right)\\ {0.052\;1Re}_{w}^{-0.187},\;{Re}_{w}>{10}^{5}\left(光滑湍流\right)\\ {0.237r}^{-0.52},\;\left(粗糙湍流\right)\end{array}\right. \text{,} $
式中,$ {Re}_{w}=\left(\dfrac{{U}_{\delta }{A}_{\delta }}{v}\right) $为波浪雷诺数;$ v=\left(1.5\times {10}^{-6}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/{\mathrm{s}}\right) $为海水动黏系数;$ r=\left(\dfrac{{A}_{\delta }}{{k}_{s}}\right) $为相对糙率;$ {k}_{s}={2.5D}_{50} $为尼古拉斯粗糙系数。
依据Soulsby浪流模型[53]得到浪流联合剪切应力($ {\tau }_{cw}, $单位:N/m2):
$ {\tau }_{cw}={\tau }_{c}\left[{1+1.2\left(\frac{{\tau }_{w}}{{\tau }_{c}+{\tau }_{w}}\right)}^{3.2}\right] \text{,} $
式中,$ {\tau }_{c} $指的是流致剪切应力;$ {\tau }_{w} $指的是浪致剪切应力。
为削弱个体大小和生物量的显著差异,利用相对重要性指数(IRI)[55]确定群落的优势种,计算公式为
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{I}=F\cdot (N+W) \text{,} $
式中,$ N $W分别为各物种的丰度百分比与生物量百分比;$ F $为该物种在各采样点出现的频率百分比。当IRI > 2 000时,物种被认定为优势种。
运用IBM SPSS Statistics V23.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),检验台风前、后盐沼中大型底栖动物物种数、丰度和生物量的分布差异(p < 0.05为差异显著)。
观测期间,研究区风速变化大(图3a),台风前至后风速变化范围为1.0~29.6 m/s,各潮周期平均风速在2.0~21.2 m/s之间波动(表2)。台风前(T1−T8),风速变化范围为1.7~6.0 m/s,平均风速在3.1~4.7 m/s之间变化,以西南风和西北风为主;台风期间(T9−T13),风速大幅度增加,在1.1~29.6 m/s之间变化,最大风速出现在T13期间,该潮周期内平均风速高达21.2 m/s,风向主要为西南风;台风后(T14−T19),风速显著降低,风速变化范围为1.0~13.9 m/s,平均风速在2.0~13.1 m/s之间波动,多为西南风和偏南风(图3a表2)。
观测结果表明,台风前,盐沼中的水深在0.0~1.4 m之间变化;台风期间,水深最大值可达1.8 m,各潮周期平均水深高达0.7~1.1 m;台风后,水深减小,变化范围为0.0~0.7 m(图3b表2)。台风“梅花”过境期间属于中潮期,但水深超过了大潮期(T4−T8)(图3b表2),说明盐沼中发生的异常增水由台风过境导致。
台风前盐沼中的有效波高始终较小,变化范围为0~0.2 m,各潮周期平均波高均为0.1 m;台风期间有效波高在0~0.8 m之间波动,各潮周期的平均波高为0.2~0.4 m;台风后,有效波高恢复到台风前正常天气下的数值,在0~0.2 m范围内波动,除T17外,各潮周期有效波高的平均值均为0.1 m(图3b表2)。台风影响下的有效波高是台风前、后正常天气下的2~4倍。
台风期间,浪致剪切应力($ {\tau }_{w} $)远大于流致剪切应力($ {\tau }_{c} $),二者最大值分别为0.73 N/m2和0.24 N/m2,同时$ {\tau }_{w} $的增幅大于$ {\tau }_{c} $图3c表2),说明台风期间浪所起的作用更强。由浪流联合模型计算出的浪流联合剪切应力$ {\tau }_{cw} $变化范围为0~0.25 N/m2,台风期间各潮周期$ {\tau }_{cw} $的平均值为0.02~0.13 N/m2,T13达到最大,可达正常天气下的10倍(图3d表2)。
台风“梅花”前第一次采样(2022年9月8日)盐沼中大型底栖动物的平均物种数为5.7种,丰度为709.3 ind./m2,生物量为10.8 g/m2;台风“梅花”前第二次采样(9月10日)平均物种数、丰度和生物量分别为5.0种、960 ind./m2、19.0 g/m2,台风“梅花”过境前,两次采样得到的大型底栖动物群落差异不显著;台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中大型底栖动物的平均物种数、丰度、生物量显著增加,分别高达9.3种、3 685.3 ind./m2、57.6 g/m2,分别是台风前(9月10日)的1.9倍、3.8倍、3.0倍,与台风前形成显著差异(p < 0.05);台风“梅花”过后两周,盐沼中底栖动物的平均物种数、丰度和生物量分别为5.3种、885.3 ind./m2和19.1 g/m2图4)。台风“梅花”前光滩中大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量分别为220 ind./m2、105.9 g/m2,台风“梅花”过后为126 ind./m2、174.8 g/m2表3)。台风“梅花”过后,光滩中大型底栖动物的丰度减小近一半,生物量为台风前的1.7倍。台风“梅花”前、后,盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度始终远高于光滩中,由于缢蛏个体大,光滩中底栖动物生物量始终可达盐沼中的3倍以上。
台风“梅花”前、后,盐沼中共采集到15种大型底栖动物,包括环节动物、节肢动物、软体动物3大门类。台风“梅花”前(9月10日),盐沼中共有9种底栖动物,包括5种软体动物、2种节肢动物、2种环节动物。台风“梅花”过后1周,盐沼中共采集到12种底栖动物,包括6种软体动物、1种节肢动物、5种环节动物。相对于台风前,台风“梅花”后盐沼中的物种数增加,软体动物增加1种,环节动物增加3种,节肢动物减少1种(表4)。台风“梅花”过后2周,盐沼中采集了6种底栖动物,其中有5种软体动物和1种节肢动物(表4)。台风“梅花”前、后,光滩中共采集到10种大型底栖动物。台风“梅花”前由3种软体动物、2种节肢动物、2种环节动物共7种底栖动物组成,台风“梅花”后由2种软体动物、2种节肢动物、4种环节动物共8种底栖动物组成。与台风前对比,台风“梅花”后光滩中的物种总数增加1种,软体动物减少1种,节肢动物物种数未改变,环节动物增加2种(表3)。
台风“梅花”前、后盐沼中大型底栖动物的优势种种类和优势地位都发生改变。在盐沼中,台风“梅花”前一直是优势种(IRI > 2 000)的大型底栖动物物种共有3种,第一、第二、第三优势种分别为拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)、谭氏泥蟹(Ilyoplax deschampsi)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)。台风“梅花”后优势种增加了1种,为堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)(表4)。其他物种的丰度与生物量占比始终小于10%,最后计算出的相对重要性指数(IRI)数值低。盐沼中的优势种拟沼螺、谭氏泥蟹、河蚬在光滩中也被发现。台风“梅花”前,光滩中河蚬的丰度和生物量分别为107 ind./m2和37.477 g/m2,台风“梅花”后,其丰度和生物量锐减至32 ind./m2和11.263 g/m2。台风“梅花”前,拟沼螺和谭氏泥蟹的丰度分别为11 ind./m2和27 ind./m2,台风“梅花”后未采集到这两个物种(表3)。
研究结果表明,台风“梅花”导致潮滩水动力条件和生态系统发生剧烈变化[37]。台风“梅花”期间,其携带的能量导致盐沼的水深、波高、浪流联合剪切应力增大至正常天气下的1.2~10倍(表2)。因为盐沼具有促淤消浪功能,所以台风“梅花”前、后光滩上的水动力强度始终大于盐沼中。台风强度、路径及登陆位置的不同对潮滩水动力和生态系统造成的影响也会存在较大差异[56-57]。本研究中台风“梅花”登陆时距离研究区37 km,造成大型底栖动物群落结构发生改变(表3表4)。已有研究表明,即使台风中心距离潮滩远至1 400 km时,高能事件仍能快速改变水动力条件,致使大型底栖动物受到灾害性损失,在潮滩前沿可观察到大型底栖动物残骸[37]。随着台风路径转变和强度削弱,水深和波高随之减小,滩面逐渐恢复,大型底栖动物又重新寻求栖息地[25],潮滩生态系统趋于稳定。
台风“梅花”前、后盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度高于光滩上(图4表3),台风“梅花”导致盐沼中大型底栖动物的物种数、丰度和生物量增加(图4)。崇明东滩具有良好的自然资源条件和极其丰富的营养物质,为大型底栖动物提供了适宜的生存环境[58]。大型底栖动物的分布特征与潮滩的物理、化学性质和动力地貌密切相关[31,59],因此潮滩上不同部位的底栖动物分布特征不同。盐沼中植株的根茎为摄食植物根系的大型底栖动物提供食物来源;盐沼可提高沉积物中的氧化活性水平,为环节动物提供集聚空间;盐沼中的植物具有消浪缓流作用,为底栖动物提供稳定生境;盐沼还可以提供躲避捕食者的庇护所,因此在一般情况下光滩中底栖动物的丰度小于盐沼中[60]。台风等极端天气事件通过水动力条件变化扰动盐沼和光滩环境,强风增加了波高和光滩区域的水动力强度[34]。但由于植被具有消浪缓流作用,潮滩上部盐沼区的水动力强度在台风期间增幅小[39]。相对于光滩,盐沼具有为底栖动物提供食物、稳定生境的作用。在本研究中,台风“梅花”前(9月10日)盐沼中大型底栖动物的平均物种数、丰度和生物量分别为5.0种、960 ind./m2、19.0 g/m2,台风后(9月18日)大型底栖动物的平均物种数、丰度、生物量分别为9.3种、3 685.3 ind./m2、57.6 g/m2图4),均增加至台风前的1.5倍以上。台风“梅花”前光滩中大型底栖动物的丰度分别为220 ind./m2,台风后为126 ind./m2表3)。台风期间潮水将远处光滩上的沉积物侵蚀并输运至盐沼中,同时携带大型底栖动物中的小型个体至盐沼中[6163],引起盐沼中底栖动物的物种数、丰度和生物量增加(图4)。廖一波等[64]分析了2006年夏季发生的8号超强台风“桑美”对浙江省苍南县大渔湾海域大型底栖动物的影响,认为台风后底栖动物的丰度和生物量均明显高于正常天气,与本研究盐沼中底栖动物在台风前、后的变化规律一致(图4)。
本研究结果表明,台风“梅花”前、后崇明东滩盐沼中软体动物的丰度最高,其次是节肢动物、环节动物(表4)。在台风“梅花”的影响下,不同门类表现出不同的响应方式(表4)。本研究中个体小的软体动物(绯拟沼螺(Assiminea latericea)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、河蚬、堇拟沼螺、拟沼螺、微小螺(Elachisina sp.))容易被潮水从光滩携带到盐沼中,导致盐沼中软体动物的丰度和生物量增加;节肢动物(谭氏泥蟹)行动敏捷,向水动力相对较小的盐沼区快速移动,导致节肢动物的丰度和生物量也增加;盐沼中环节动物在台风前、后物种数变化大,但出现频率低、丰度小且生物量小,对水动力的响应不敏感(表4)。
相比于台风“梅花”前,台风“梅花”后盐沼中大型底栖动物优势种种类增加,优势地位发生变化,台风后盐沼中增加的河蚬、拟沼螺和谭氏泥蟹来自于光滩。台风“梅花”前,盐沼中两次采样得到的大型底栖动物的优势种相同(表4)。台风后,盐沼中大型底栖动物的优势种增加且优势地位改变。按照优势地位顺序,台风前优势种为拟沼螺、谭氏泥蟹、河蚬,台风后1周内优势种为谭氏泥蟹、拟沼螺、堇拟沼螺、河蚬(表4)。优势种变化的原因主要为大型底栖动物的个体大小和生活方式会影响其栖息地选择[62]。本研究中采集到的拟沼螺、堇拟沼螺、河蚬生物量小,通常生活在表层沉积物中,受潮水携带影响更大。台风“梅花”后1周内盐沼中这3种物种的丰度和生物量增加(表4),而光滩中河蚬的丰度和生物量减小至台风前的一半以上,拟沼螺消失(表3),说明台风“梅花”后盐沼中增加的河蚬和拟沼螺是受潮水冲刷作用从光滩到盐沼中。此外,台风后盐沼中优势种谭氏泥蟹丰度从181 ind./m2增大至544 ind./m2,同时生物量激增,其生物量占比达50%以上(表4)。但在台风“梅花”前发现光滩中谭氏泥蟹的丰度为27 ind./m2,台风后却没有采集到谭氏泥蟹(表3),推测台风“梅花”过境后盐沼中增加的谭氏泥蟹来自于光滩,主要原因为:第一,蟹类一般主要以浮游植物和有机碎屑为食,水动力较小的盐沼中有较多促进浮游植物生长的营养物质,如沉积物中的营养盐和有机物,更多的食物来源促进谭氏泥蟹丰度和生物量增加;第二,台风影响下,光滩水动力增幅远大于盐沼,盐沼淹水时间较短,同时沉积物相对稳定,提供了繁殖、护卵以及躲避捕食者的环境,适合穴居型蟹类生存栖息[65];第三,台风导致海水混合,不利于谭氏泥蟹生存,幼虫为增大存活几率逃离到盐沼中避难。
不同种类的大型底栖动物对台风的响应有所不同。摄食相同的物种由于移动能力差异对台风的应对策略会有所不同。同为食草动物,叉牙鲷(Sarpa salpa)移动能力强,台风扰动后逃离到更深的水域或移动到其他区域,存活率高,而青灰拟球海胆(Paracentrotus lividus)移动性差,台风导致其丰度急剧下降[66]。不是所有的物种在遭受台风事件扰动后都会迁移或死亡,有些物种甚至在极端事件中生存,如多毛纲物种小头虫(Capitella spp. )和丝异须虫(Heteromastus filiformis)在风暴后丰度增加[25]。一些底栖动物利用水流和泥沙运动来获取食物,还有的物种则表现出超强的掘穴能力,不容易受到表层沉积物改变的干扰[36, 38]
台风“梅花”过后2周,光滩中大型底栖动物的总生物量大幅度增加,这是由于缢蛏单个个体生物量较大,对总生物量产生干扰,所以本研究根据丰度判断大型底栖动物是否恢复(到台风前的水平)。研究结果发现,台风“梅花”过后2周大型底栖动物的丰度与台风“梅花”前接近,即台风“梅花”过后2周,崇明东滩盐沼中大型底栖动物的丰度恢复。风暴“梅花”过后,崇明东滩的水动力迅速恢复到正常天气下类似潮况状态,因此适应能力强的大型底栖动物在短期内恢复。与本研究一致,当大型底栖动物物种适应了高能环境时,其在极端天气事件后能够快速恢复[67]。例如,在巴西南部潮滩中,冷锋通过期间底栖动物的丰度下降,但仅仅在1天内就恢复到锋前状态[68]。潮滩上水动力变化、泥沙输运等物理过程影响潮滩地貌变化,从而影响底栖生物的生存环境。生物通过改变自身行为以适应潮滩上的潮汐淹没、动力等环境条件,调节生物−物理反馈过程,维持生态系统稳定[69]
本文探究了台风“梅花”对崇明东滩水动力过程及大型底栖动物群落结构组成和分布特征的影响。主要结论:(1)台风“梅花”期间盐沼中的有效波高是正常天气下的2~4倍,浪流联合剪切应力是正常天气下的10倍;(2)台风“梅花”过后1周内,盐沼中大型底栖动物的物种数、丰度、生物量和优势种种类均增加,优势地位也发生改变,而盐沼前缘光滩上的大型底栖动物丰度减少,其原因是盐沼前缘光滩上的底栖动物(谭氏泥蟹、拟沼螺、河蚬)在台风“梅花”导致的强水动力胁迫下,迅速迁移至水动力相对弱的盐沼中;(3)台风“梅花”过后2周,盐沼中的大型底栖动物恢复。全球变暖背景下,台风强度和频率逐渐增加,对潮滩大型底栖动物的影响可能会增加,厘清台风对大型底栖动物群落的影响过程与机制,能够更好地服务于海岸带生态系统的管理和规划。
致谢:感谢孙剑雄、马浩在作图时提供的帮助,感谢赵颖、于海升、陈仙金、朱植阳、邓珂、卢玺、李徜徉等在野外观测期间提供的帮助。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作专项(2023YFE0113100)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076170)
  • 自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室开放基金(KF-2022-105)
  • 上海市“一带一路国际联合实验室”项目(21230750600)
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2024年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024068
  • 接收时间:2024-01-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-18
  • 修回日期:2024-03-22
基金
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作专项(2023YFE0113100)
国家自然科学基金(42076170)
自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室开放基金(KF-2022-105)
上海市“一带一路国际联合实验室”项目(21230750600)
作者信息
    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.自然资源部海洋空间资源管理技术重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3.长江三角洲河口湿地生态系统教育部/上海市野外科学观测研究站,上海 202162

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*史本伟(1979—),男,上海市人,研究员,主要研究沉积动力地貌过程及其与生态系统的相互作用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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