Article(id=1200450369122849204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704297600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-04, revisedDate=1712592000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139271288, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139271288, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139271288, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139271288, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200450365842903349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139270505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139468823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200450369454199241, articleId=1200450369122849204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Numerical study on the effect of pore on the uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strength is one of the key properties effect the interaction between sea ice and structures. Brine pockets and air bubbles in sea ice have important effects on the strength of sea ice. In order to explore the effects of ice pore structure such as porosity, shape and size distribution on the mechanical properties of sea ice from a microscopic perspective, a numerical sea ice model including pores was established based on the discrete element method to simulate the uniaxial compression process under brittle failure of granular ice in the directions of horizontal and vertical to ice surface. In the numerical simulation, the pore size was set to conform to uniform distribution, standard normal distribution, and Gamma distribution. Results show that porosity is the main factor affecting the strength of sea ice, and sea ice uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease with the increase of porosity. When the compressive stress reaches extreme value, the cracks in sea ice develop rapidly. The cracks around circular pores develop mainly along the loading direction, and thus, the final failure of horizontally loaded ice samples exhibits large cracks. While the cracks around elliptic pores are easy to develop into crack band.When sea ice porosity is the same, the types of pore size distributions and locations of pores in ice have little effect on the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus, but the development modes of cracks in sea ice are affected.

, correspAuthors=Qingkai Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiahe Wu, Qingkai Wang, Jinzhao Li, Peng Lu, Zhijun Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200450374835491585, articleId=1200450369122849204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=孔隙对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度影响的数值模拟研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

强度是影响海冰与结构物相互作用关系的关键性质之一。海冰内部的卤水胞和气泡等孔隙结构对海冰的强度有重要影响。为从细观角度探究冰内孔隙含量、形状和尺寸等海冰结构参数对海冰力学性质的影响,基于离散元方法,建立了包含孔隙的数值海冰模型,模拟粒状冰在平行和垂直冰面方向加载脆性破坏的单轴压缩过程。孔隙尺寸设置为符合均匀分布、标准正态分布和Gamma分布等不同随机分布类型。数值模拟试验结果表明孔隙率是影响海冰强度的主要因素,海冰单轴压缩强度和弹性模量均随孔隙的增加而减小。当压缩应力达到极值时,冰内裂缝迅速扩展。对于圆形孔隙,裂缝主要沿荷载施加方向开展,因此平行冰面方向试样破坏时多表现为大裂缝;对于椭圆形孔隙,裂缝易扩展形成裂缝带。当孔隙率相同时,孔隙尺寸随机分布类型和位置对单轴压缩强度和弹性模量影响不大,但影响冰内裂缝的扩展方式。

, correspAuthors=王庆凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王庆凯(1991—),男,辽宁省本溪市人,副教授,主要从事海冰物理和力学性质研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9qKRCug6rlp+KKQRF6E3+Q==, magXml=MNhG+/2UjM4sQzsMYWxkPg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3Sv9dFCcREZIpr0RZXaDwg==, pdfFileSize=3094678, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Nulm+RkWPk2asJYVLikqSg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kU7Ed3vU/qlWr9eEdcCSGg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴家和(2001—),男,福建省龙岩市人,主要从事冰力学性质数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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吴家和(2001—),男,福建省龙岩市人,主要从事冰力学性质数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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The preliminary parameters of the model elements

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颗粒接触模型参数数值试样参数
参数取值参数取值
弹性模量3.20 GPa试样宽度0.070 m
法向、切向刚度比2.6试样高度0.175 m
黏聚力5.06 MPa颗粒密度917.9 kg/m3
最大、最小粒径比1.8阻尼系数0.7
拉伸强度2.00 MPa顶端加载速度−1.75×10−2 m/s
摩擦系数0.1底端加载速度0
摩擦角0
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模型颗粒几何构造所用参数

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颗粒接触模型参数数值试样参数
参数取值参数取值
弹性模量3.20 GPa试样宽度0.070 m
法向、切向刚度比2.6试样高度0.175 m
黏聚力5.06 MPa颗粒密度917.9 kg/m3
最大、最小粒径比1.8阻尼系数0.7
拉伸强度2.00 MPa顶端加载速度−1.75×10−2 m/s
摩擦系数0.1底端加载速度0
摩擦角0
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The laboratory test parameters and results of Bohai Sea ice

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试验条件试验结果
试样长度170 mm温度−9℃单轴压缩强度1.38 MPa
试样宽度70 mm密度0.74 g/cm3破坏应变3.72 × 10−3
应变率10−3 s−1盐度1.5弹性模量0.37 GPa
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渤海海冰实验室试验条件和结果

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试验条件试验结果
试样长度170 mm温度−9℃单轴压缩强度1.38 MPa
试样宽度70 mm密度0.74 g/cm3破坏应变3.72 × 10−3
应变率10−3 s−1盐度1.5弹性模量0.37 GPa
), ArticleFig(id=1200860906734343036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450369122849204, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The contact model parameters after calibration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值参数取值
弹性模量0.59 GPa拉伸强度0.70 MPa
法向、切向刚度比2.5摩擦系数0.1
黏聚力0.83 MPa摩擦角0
最大、最小颗粒径比1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1200860906881143680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450369122849204, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

率定后的接触模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值参数取值
弹性模量0.59 GPa拉伸强度0.70 MPa
法向、切向刚度比2.5摩擦系数0.1
黏聚力0.83 MPa摩擦角0
最大、最小颗粒径比1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1200860907002778501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450369122849204, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The test conditions of numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶体类型 应变速率 加载方向孔隙率孔隙尺寸分布
粒状冰10−3 s−1平行冰
面方向、
垂直冰
面方向
5%、10%、
15%、20%、
25%
均匀分布
标准正态分布
Gamma分布(I:α = 1,β = 0.5)
Gamma分布 (II:α = 3, β = 1)
), ArticleFig(id=1200860907132801927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450369122849204, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模拟试验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶体类型 应变速率 加载方向孔隙率孔隙尺寸分布
粒状冰10−3 s−1平行冰
面方向、
垂直冰
面方向
5%、10%、
15%、20%、
25%
均匀分布
标准正态分布
Gamma分布(I:α = 1,β = 0.5)
Gamma分布 (II:α = 3, β = 1)
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孔隙对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度影响的数值模拟研究
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吴家和 1 , 王庆凯 1, 2, * , 李金钊 1 , 卢鹏 1 , 李志军 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(6): 40-50
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(6): 40-50
孔隙对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度影响的数值模拟研究
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吴家和1 , 王庆凯1, 2, * , 李金钊1, 卢鹏1, 李志军1
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2.自然资源部 中国极地研究中心,上海 200136
  • 吴家和(2001—),男,福建省龙岩市人,主要从事冰力学性质数值模拟研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王庆凯(1991—),男,辽宁省本溪市人,副教授,主要从事海冰物理和力学性质研究。E-mail:
Numerical study on the effect of pore on the uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice
Jiahe Wu1 , Qingkai Wang1, 2, * , Jinzhao Li1, Peng Lu1, Zhijun Li1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2. Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024047
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强度是影响海冰与结构物相互作用关系的关键性质之一。海冰内部的卤水胞和气泡等孔隙结构对海冰的强度有重要影响。为从细观角度探究冰内孔隙含量、形状和尺寸等海冰结构参数对海冰力学性质的影响,基于离散元方法,建立了包含孔隙的数值海冰模型,模拟粒状冰在平行和垂直冰面方向加载脆性破坏的单轴压缩过程。孔隙尺寸设置为符合均匀分布、标准正态分布和Gamma分布等不同随机分布类型。数值模拟试验结果表明孔隙率是影响海冰强度的主要因素,海冰单轴压缩强度和弹性模量均随孔隙的增加而减小。当压缩应力达到极值时,冰内裂缝迅速扩展。对于圆形孔隙,裂缝主要沿荷载施加方向开展,因此平行冰面方向试样破坏时多表现为大裂缝;对于椭圆形孔隙,裂缝易扩展形成裂缝带。当孔隙率相同时,孔隙尺寸随机分布类型和位置对单轴压缩强度和弹性模量影响不大,但影响冰内裂缝的扩展方式。

海冰  /  孔隙  /  单轴压缩强度  /  弹性模量  /  离散元

Strength is one of the key properties effect the interaction between sea ice and structures. Brine pockets and air bubbles in sea ice have important effects on the strength of sea ice. In order to explore the effects of ice pore structure such as porosity, shape and size distribution on the mechanical properties of sea ice from a microscopic perspective, a numerical sea ice model including pores was established based on the discrete element method to simulate the uniaxial compression process under brittle failure of granular ice in the directions of horizontal and vertical to ice surface. In the numerical simulation, the pore size was set to conform to uniform distribution, standard normal distribution, and Gamma distribution. Results show that porosity is the main factor affecting the strength of sea ice, and sea ice uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease with the increase of porosity. When the compressive stress reaches extreme value, the cracks in sea ice develop rapidly. The cracks around circular pores develop mainly along the loading direction, and thus, the final failure of horizontally loaded ice samples exhibits large cracks. While the cracks around elliptic pores are easy to develop into crack band.When sea ice porosity is the same, the types of pore size distributions and locations of pores in ice have little effect on the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus, but the development modes of cracks in sea ice are affected.

sea ice  /  pore  /  uniaxial compressive strength  /  elastic modulus  /  DEM
吴家和, 王庆凯, 李金钊, 卢鹏, 李志军. 孔隙对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度影响的数值模拟研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (6) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024047
Jiahe Wu, Qingkai Wang, Jinzhao Li, Peng Lu, Zhijun Li. Numerical study on the effect of pore on the uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (6) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024047
海冰是地球气候系统的重要组成部分,影响气候变化、生态环境和人类活动。近年来,随着全球气候变暖,海冰厚度和分布等宏观特征发生了明显变化[12]。渤海作为我国重要的结冰海域,研究发现渤海冰情发生了由重到轻的转变[3],且表现出明显的年际变化特征。事实上,除了外界环境因素引起的宏观变化外,海冰的变化也反映在细观尺度,即海冰内部成分和结构特征的改变。
以往对海冰孔隙结构的观测多作为海冰光学性质研究的背景而开展,常用的观察方法包括对冰切片进行光学放大观测或者利用计算机断层扫描技术对冰样进行无损扫描[45]。Light等[6]对北极一年冰孔隙结构进行切片观测,发现冰内卤水胞呈细长的椭圆形,短轴在0.01~10 mm之间,且长轴可达短轴长度的15倍,而气泡呈圆形,直径约0.2 mm。Perovich和Gow[7]的观测发现海冰内卤水胞横截面积为0.0012~1.0 mm2,等效半径为0.02~0.56 mm。
从材料力学角度出发,孔隙会破坏材料的完整性,使得材料更容易发生断裂或变形,导致材料强度下降[8]。因此,海冰内部孔隙的存在会引起应力集中和裂缝开展,从而降低海冰的力学强度[9]。海冰强度的降低,一方面会导致冰层在波浪作用下更容易断裂[10],更多的太阳辐射被海洋吸收,加速海冰的融化[11];另一方面,减小破冰船冰区航行受到的冰载荷[12],有利于北极航行的开展。以往常开展海冰材料力学强度试验,利用冰内卤水体积分数和孔隙率(卤水与气体体积分数之和)来量化冰内孔隙含量对海冰强度的影响。Timco和O’Brien[13]给出了基于卤水体积分数的低温海冰弯曲强度计算公式。Wang等[14]开展三点弯曲试验,利用孔隙率评价融化期海冰的弯曲强度。李志军等[15]对渤海海冰进行单轴压缩测试,提出用分段函数描述海冰单轴压缩强度随孔隙率的变化。陈晓东等[16]采用巴西圆盘试验分析海冰拉伸强度,发现海冰拉伸强度随孔隙率的增加而降低。Wang等[17]开展海冰单轴压缩试验,并在海冰试样上喷涂散斑,利用数字图像相关法观测压缩试样的全场应变和表面裂缝的扩展。
实验室材料力学试验可以获得海冰的宏观力学行为,但难以定量探究冰内孔隙结构对海冰力学性质的影响。近年来,数值模拟技术的不断发展,实现了模拟包含不同孔隙含量、形状和尺寸的岩石等脆性材料的破坏过程[18]。张岩等[19]利用离散元方法探究了包含不同倾角和长度的单裂隙岩石在单轴压缩下的力学特性和裂纹扩展规律。牛永朕等[20]利用有限元方法探究了空孔位置和尺寸对岩石巴西劈裂时力学特性和裂缝扩展的影响。海冰在高应变速率加载下表现与岩石相似的脆性力学行为,但鲜有关于孔隙结构对海冰力学性质的数值模拟研究报道。Zong[21]曾利用有限元方法在100 cm × 100 cm的方形平板上生成尺寸为1 mm、5 mm和8 mm的圆形孔隙,建立包含孔隙的柱状海冰模型,并分析了孔隙对海冰单轴压缩强度的影响。
为探究孔隙结构对海冰力学性质的影响,本文以渤海粒状海冰强度为参考,建立了基于离散元方法的包含随机孔隙海冰模型,模拟平行和垂直冰面方向加载粒状海冰在高应变速率下的单轴压缩行为,探究孔隙含量、形状、尺寸和分布类型对粒状冰单轴压缩强度、弹性模量和裂缝扩展的影响。
离散元方法将宏观物体描述为具有几何属性和物理属性的细观颗粒,颗粒之间的相互作用通过颗粒之间的接触模型构建,无需满足变形协调,可以实现材料大变形和开裂的模拟。因此,本文采用离散元方法进行海冰单轴压缩试验的数值模拟。其中,颗粒之间的接触模型采用平面联结接触模型[22],该接触模型假定颗粒之间的黏结界面是一个由若干单元构成的平面,每个单元可独立传递力及力矩的作用,接触处可表现无断裂、部分断裂和完全断裂3种黏结状态,可有效实现脆性材料单轴压缩破碎过程的模拟[23]
离散元模型中的基础单元选择圆形颗粒。为保证计算效率和准确度,需选择合适的模型颗粒几何参数,包括粒径、密实度和堆积形式。通过改变上述单一参数并生成数值试样,比较数值试样的单轴压缩强度、弹性模量和破坏应变,确定模型颗粒几何参数的取值。在进行几何参数构造前,初步拟定颗粒接触模型参数和数值试样参数,如表1所示。
选取不同的试样宽度/最小颗粒半径(w/rmin)构造数值试样,进行单轴压缩过程的模拟,比较单轴压缩强度、弹性模量和破坏应变的差异。如图1所示,当w/rmin变化时,数值试样的弹性模量不变,压缩强度和破坏应变略有变化。w/rmin= 175、200和275时,上述数值试样的强度模拟结果相似,表明这3种颗粒级配对计算结果影响较小。考虑后续海冰建模时需在试样上生成孔隙结构,因此采用尺寸较小的颗粒以减少对孔隙形状的影响,取w/rmin= 275且最小颗粒半径取2.5 × 10−4 m。欧阳群安[23]曾利用离散元方法进行淡水冰单轴压缩强度的数值计算,其颗粒粒径取3.3 × 10−4 m,与本文采用的颗粒尺寸相近。
定义离散元颗粒间隙占试样的面积比为颗粒密实度(D),反映了构成数值试样基础单元的密集程度。选取不同的颗粒密实度构造数值试样,进行单轴压缩过程的模拟,比较单轴压缩强度、弹性模量和破坏应变的差异。不同颗粒密实度试样的应力−应变曲线如图2所示。随颗粒密实度的增大,数值试样单轴压缩强度、破坏应变和弹性模量均减小。综合考虑数值试样内颗粒分布、堆叠情况和数值计算效率,颗粒密实度取0.08。
数值试样构造中采用不同的随机数种子(Random)使模型颗粒的堆积形式发生变化。选取不同的随机数种子构造数值试样,进行单轴压缩过程的模拟,比较单轴压缩强度、弹性模量和破坏应变的差异。图3给出了不同随机数种子对应的试样应力−应变曲线。模型颗粒的堆积形式发生变化,但弹性模量不发生变化,且压缩强度和破坏应变的差异较小。因此,颗粒的堆积形式对数值试样力学模拟的影响较小,实际构造时任意选取随机数种子。
为使数值试样模拟得到的力学参数与实际海冰相符,需要对离散元模型中的接触模型参数进行率定。李坤蒙等[24]和Potyondy[25]对离散元接触模型参数的率定进行了详细地描述。参考上述文献工作,结合渤海海冰单轴压缩实验室试验,对本文所用的离散元接触模型参数进行率定。其中,数值试样构造所用最小颗粒半径为2.5 × 10−4 m,颗粒密实度为0.08,随机数种子为10001
细观参数率定时,需逐一改变弹性模量、黏聚力等细观参数,观察数值模拟得到的海冰试样宏观力学参数,直到数值模拟和实验室试验得到的试样宏观力学参数接近[2526]。本文以渤海粒状海冰实验室试验的单轴压缩结果为基准进行细观参数率定(表2)。图4对比了数值模拟和实验室试验得到的海冰单轴压缩应力−应变曲线,结果表明数模和试验的应力−应变曲线较为接近。数值模拟得到的单轴压缩强度为1.43 MPa,破坏应变为3.70 × 10−3,弹性模量为0.37 GPa,与实验室试验结果相近。此外,统计与本文数值模拟同步开展的渤海粒状海冰单轴压缩强度实验室试验结果,得到脆性破坏单轴压缩强度为(1.39 ± 0.17) MPa,破坏应变为(4.04 ± 0.60) × 10−3,弹性模量为(0.35 ± 0.03) GPa。数值模拟得到的渤海粒状海冰单轴压缩脆性破坏宏观力学参数与实验室试验得到的结果相似,因此认为数值模拟结果符合渤海粒状海冰脆性破坏的一般力学行为,可用于后续研究。最终采用的接触模型参数如表3所示。
颗粒的几何参数和模型接触参数确定后,需要在数值模型上生成孔隙结构,以模拟海冰。考虑二维情况,如图5所示,对于平行冰面加载方向试样,孔隙结构为卤水胞和气泡的横截面,以圆形代表,半径取0.5~5.0 mm;对于垂直冰面方向加载试样,孔隙结构为卤水胞和气泡的纵截面,用椭圆形来代表,以椭圆短轴描述孔隙大小,取0.5~1.0 mm,长、短轴之比描述孔隙的细长状态,取1~10。
真实海冰孔隙分布是复杂的,认为海冰孔隙的位置和尺寸是随机的,且孔隙尺寸满足随机分布。因此,在生成包含随机孔隙的数值试样时,首先生成一个尺寸符合随机分布的孔隙库,从其中随机抽取孔隙直至满足孔隙率的要求,最后将抽取的孔隙随机地安插在试样内。经检验,从对应随机分布孔隙库中随机抽取的样本总体上仍服从原有的分布类型不变。为探究孔隙尺寸分布类型对海冰力学性质的影响,参考现有文献报道的海冰孔隙尺寸分布统计结果[27],并考虑海冰内部孔隙随外界条件变化而变化的复杂特性,选择3种常用的随机分布类型(均匀分布、标准正态分布和Gamma分布)来建立海冰内部孔隙尺寸分布模型。此外,考虑荷载施加,在试样顶、底部各留出厚度为10 mm的无孔区域[21]
对于平行冰面方向加载,在数值试样内生成位置随机的圆形孔隙,且半径在限定的范围内符合上述随机分布。对于垂直冰面方向加载,在数值试样内生成随机椭圆孔隙。椭圆可由长半轴a、短半轴b和偏转角θ等参数描述。式(1)为椭圆方程F(x, y),对椭圆进行平移和旋转可得到式(2),为保证椭圆在平面内,需满足式(3)。
$ {\left( {\frac{x}{a}} \right)^2} + {\left( {\frac{y}{b}} \right)^2} = 1, $
$ \left\{\begin{split}& x' = {x_0} + a\cos (\lambda )\cos (\theta ) + b\sin (\lambda )\sin (\theta ) , \\& y' = {y_0} - a\cos (\lambda )\sin (\theta ) + b\sin (\lambda )\cos (\theta ) , \\\end{split} \right.$
$ \left\{\begin{split}& x' \in ({x_{\min }},{x_{\max }}) , \\& y' \in ({y_{\min }},{y_{\max }}) , \end{split} \right.$
式中,(x, y)为椭圆上点的坐标,x0y0为平移量,($x',y' $)为平移后的椭圆上点坐标,λ∈(0, 2π)为椭圆上任意点与横轴的夹角,xminxmaxyminymax分别为椭圆横纵坐标的最大值。根据实际观测情况,卤水胞在沿海冰厚度方向上存在角度偏转[56],因此θ取7π/16~9π/16。
为保证生成的椭圆孔隙不相交,采用入侵判定法来判定椭圆之间的关系[28]。首先判断两椭圆中心距l12和两椭圆长、短半轴的关系,如式(4):
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {l_{12}} > {a_1} + {a_2}, \\ {l_{12}} < {b_1} + {b_2} , \\ {b_1} + {b_2} \leqslant {l_{12}} \leqslant {a_1} + {a_2} . \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
l12 > (a1 + a2)时,两个椭圆相离;当l12 < (b1 + b2)时,两椭圆相交,此时不生成椭圆。当(b1 + b2) < l12 < a1 + a2时,需进一步判定,将新生成椭圆上点的坐标带入椭圆方程F(x, y),当F(x, y) > 0时,点不在椭圆上;当F(x, y) = 0时,点在椭圆上;当F(x, y) < 0时,点在椭圆内,当所有点均在椭圆外时,则两椭圆相离。
图6给出了包含随机孔隙的数值海冰模型。根据国际水利学会对海冰单轴压缩试样的要求[29],长方形压缩试样的长度为175 mm,宽度为70 mm。海冰单轴压缩数值模拟的具体试验条件如表4所示,其中海冰孔隙率的取值参考了有关渤海和北极海冰孔隙率观测的报道[30-31]。本文平行和垂直方向加载分别都进行了5种孔隙率和4种尺寸分布的数值模拟试验。
图7给出了海冰单轴数值模拟试验得到的应力−应变曲线。定义应力−应变变曲线的峰值应力为试样单轴压缩强度,对应的应变为试样破坏应变。定义50%峰值应力点处的切线斜率为试样的弹性模量[32]
图8给出了孔隙率为5%且孔隙尺寸符合均匀分布的单轴压缩试样应力−应变变曲线和细观裂缝数量变化。其中,定义离散元单元间接触破坏所产生的裂缝数之和为细观裂缝数量。当试样加载后,应力随应变的增加而增加,但冰内几乎没有细观裂缝形成;当应力达到峰值之前,冰内细观裂缝数量略有提升,并随应力增加而持续增加;当应力达到峰值时,试样开始破坏,此时细观裂缝数量出现拐点;试样继续破坏,应力下降,但冰内细观裂缝剧烈扩展,数量迅速增加。
在应力达到峰值时,平行冰面方向加载试样内部细观裂缝数量多于垂直冰面方向加载试样。进一步统计海冰单轴压缩试样裂缝完全扩展时的细观裂缝长度,得到平行冰面加载试样裂缝总长度为644.85 mm,而垂直冰面方向加载试样裂缝总体长度为406.58 mm,表明圆形孔隙的存在使得试样在受荷载时裂缝扩展更加迅速,进而生成更多的细观裂缝,在宏观上表现为试样单轴压缩强度更低。在达到峰值应力前,相同应力下,平行冰面方向加载试样的应变大于垂直冰面方向加载试样。结合图10的裂缝扩展过程,圆形孔隙造成的应力集中表现为试样沿加载方向的裂缝,较多的纵向裂缝使得平行冰面方向加载试样在相同应力下产生的应变大于垂直冰面方向加载试样,宏观上则表现为弹性模量更小。
认为海冰单轴压缩过程中没有与外界进行热交换和声发射等能量损失,外荷载对海冰试样输入的总能量U全部转化为弹性能Ue和耗散能Ud,各部分能量的计算公式如式(5)~(7),
$ U = \int_0^\varepsilon {\sigma {\text{d}}} \varepsilon ,$
$ {U_{\text{e}}} = \frac{1}{{2{E_{\text{u}}}}}{\sigma ^{\text{2}}}, $
$ {U_d} = U - {U_{\text{e}}} ,$
式中,σ为正应力,ε为正应变,Eu为卸载弹性模量,计算时用弹性模量代替。
图9给出了孔隙率为5%且孔隙尺寸符合均匀分布的单轴压缩试样应力−应变变曲线和能量变化。在细观裂缝数量曲线出现拐点之前,外荷载施加的机械能大部分转化为弹性能储存在海冰试样内部;当冰内出现较多细观裂缝时,海冰内部耗散能逐渐增加;当试样破坏时,弹性能迅速释放,海冰试样内部的摩擦、滑移和裂缝开展导致耗散能增加,海冰试样产生大量的塑性变形,细观裂缝相互贯通导致宏观裂纹出现。
图10给出了孔隙率为5%且孔隙尺寸符合均匀分布的二维单轴压缩试样裂缝扩展过程。当平行冰面方向加载时(图10a),首先在部分孔隙位置生成平行加载方向的纵向裂缝,随着荷载增加,出现裂缝的孔隙数量增多,纵向裂缝进一步延展,随后在部分孔隙处出现垂直加载方向的横向裂缝。以上表明平行冰面方向加载试样在受荷载时,圆形孔隙引起的应力集中主要沿荷载施加方向,其次为平行荷载施加方向。对于平行冰面方向加载试样,在荷载作用下,裂缝将多个孔隙相连扩展形成多条大裂缝,导致试样失去承载能力而破坏。对于垂直冰面方向加载试样(图10b),在荷载作用下出现大裂缝的数量相较平行冰面方向试样较少,但出现了由许多细观裂缝组成的裂缝带。椭圆形孔隙应力主要集中于孔隙的上下两个尖端。当由一个孔隙出发的裂缝扩展至另一个孔隙时,裂缝扩展停止。在应力达到峰值后,试样内裂缝数量均迅速增加,平行冰面方向加载试样裂缝数量的增加表现为由细观裂缝连接形成的大裂缝,垂直冰面方向加载试样裂缝数量的增加表现为由细观裂缝交错分布形成的裂缝带。
孔隙尺寸呈均匀分布时的海冰单轴压缩强度随孔隙率的变化如图11a所示,海冰单轴压缩强度随孔隙率的增加而减小。施加荷载时,孔隙的存在使得孔隙附近应力集中,发生局部失效;随荷载增加,多点局部失效,导致裂缝相互连通,进而使得整体结构失效。孔隙率增大,孔隙数量增多,细观裂缝在多个孔隙附近同步扩展,且相互贯通的路径变短,使得试样单轴压缩强度和弹性模量减小。当孔隙率不超过20%时,平行冰面方向加载单轴压缩强度小于垂直冰面方向加载强度,且二者之间的强度差值随孔隙率的增加而减小;当孔隙率超过20%时,平行和垂直冰面方向单轴压缩抗压强度相似。随孔隙率增加,试样内孔隙数量增多,裂缝贯通路径变短,细观裂缝的扩展和贯通受孔隙形状的影响程度随孔隙率的增加而降低,因此垂直和平行冰面方向加载单轴压缩强度逐渐接近。图11b给出了孔隙尺寸呈均匀分布时海冰弹性模量随孔隙率的变化。平行和垂直冰面方向加载试样的弹性模量均随孔隙率的增加而降低,但二者之间的差值未发生明显变化。
不同孔隙尺寸分布类型的海冰单轴压缩强度和弹性模量随孔隙率的变化如图12所示,单轴压缩强度和弹性模量均随孔隙率的增加而降低,表明海冰孔隙尺寸分布类型不改变孔隙率对单轴压缩强度和弹性模量的影响规律。相同孔隙率下,孔隙尺寸分布类型对试样单轴压缩强度和弹性模量的影响并不一致,如当孔隙率为10%时,孔隙尺寸为Gamma分布-I的平行冰面方向加载单轴压缩强度大于孔隙尺寸分布为均匀分布的单轴压缩强度,而当孔隙率为20%时试样表现出的强度大小相反;当孔隙率为10%时,孔隙尺寸为Gamma-I分布的平行冰面方向加载弹性模量大于孔隙尺寸分布为Gamma-II分布的弹性模量,而当孔隙率为15%时试样表现出的弹性模量大小相反,表明孔隙尺寸分布类型对海冰单轴压缩强度和弹性模量的影响并无明显规律,这在宏观上也表现为海冰强度试验的离散性。
图13给出了孔隙率为10%但孔隙尺寸分布呈不同类型的平行冰面方向加载试样最终破坏时的裂缝分布。不同孔隙分布类型对裂缝分布影响的表现主要体现在孔隙数量和单个孔隙尺寸。当孔隙尺寸较小,如Gamma分布-I类型(图13c),试样内孔隙数量多且密集。一方面,数量较多的孔隙引起试样在受到荷载时裂缝扩展迅速;另一方面,密集的孔隙导致裂缝贯通路径更短,较多的细观裂缝形成裂缝带,从而引起试样破坏。当孔隙尺寸较大,如均匀分布类型(图13a),试样内孔隙数量少,且孔隙之间距离较远,裂缝扩展相互连通形成大裂缝。
图13表明了孔隙的尺寸分布影响裂缝的扩展。此外,考虑到在数值模型建立时,相同分布类型和孔隙率条件下的孔隙位置是随机安插在试样内的。因此,为探究孔隙位置对海冰单轴压缩强度的影响,建立3个孔隙率为10%且孔隙尺寸满足均匀分布的垂直冰面方向加载试样,并进行单轴压缩模拟。图14给出了3个海冰试样单轴压缩强度、弹性模量、破坏应变与最终破坏的裂缝扩展与冰内应力分布。对比发现3次计算得到的试验结果相似,表明相同孔隙率和尺寸分布下,孔隙位置对海冰单轴压缩力学性质的影响较小。但3次加载最终的裂缝扩展表现不一致,孔隙空间位置上的随机分布使得裂缝的扩展位置有所不同。结合冰内应力分布可知,裂缝的出现使试样局部发生破坏,在应力分布中表现为局部区域正应力较小;同时,孔隙导致了试样内部在破坏过程中出现复杂的应力状态,部分裂纹区域出现拉应力(单元应力为正值),试样的剪应力呈现出复杂的交错分布态势(产生顺时针扭矩时为正,逆时针扭矩时为负)。
近年来全球气候变暖,除海冰的厚度和密集度等宏观特征发生显著变化外,海冰的变化也反应在细观尺度上,即海冰内部孔隙形态和分布等特征的改变,进而影响海冰的力学、热力学等行为。为探究冰内孔隙的含量、尺寸和分布对海冰力学性质的影响,建立了一种基于离散元方法的随机孔隙海冰模型,对应变速率在10−3 s−1时粒状海冰单轴压缩力学行为进行了数值模拟,得出以下结论:
(1)孔隙含量是影响海冰强度的首要因素,随孔隙率的增加,海冰单轴压缩强度和弹性模量均降低。孔隙率相同时,海冰表现出的强度相似,但孔隙数量多的海冰在破坏时易形成裂缝带。孔隙尺寸的随机分布类型和分布位置对海冰单轴压缩力学性质的影响不明显。
(2)海冰单轴压缩试样内裂缝的快速扩展主要在应力达峰值时,此时试样开始破坏,细观裂缝数量增加出现拐点;应力达峰值后下降,试样继续破坏,细观裂缝充分扩展,数量剧烈增加。
(3)孔隙形状影响冰内裂缝扩展方式。平行冰面方向加载试样包含圆形孔隙,其破坏时表现大裂缝;垂直冰面方向加载试样包含椭圆形孔隙,其破坏时易形成裂缝带。
本文从海冰内部孔隙结构角度出发,丰富了以往利用实验室试验得到的海冰孔隙宏观含量对其力学性质影响的科学成果。但需要认识到,本文初步建立了包含孔隙的海冰力学性质模拟方法,其普适性仍有待进一步验证。同时海冰内部孔隙的空间分布对海冰破坏行为也有重要影响,随着工业计算机断层成像技术在海洋科学领域的发展,下一步将考虑建立海冰孔隙结构的三维模型,对海冰孔隙进行成像和统计分析,以建立孔隙空间分布的描述方法,探究孔隙的空间分布对海冰破坏行为的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52192692)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42276242)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42320104004)
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2024年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024047
  • 接收时间:2024-01-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-04
  • 修回日期:2024-04-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(52192692)
国家自然科学基金(42276242)
国家自然科学基金(42320104004)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
    2.自然资源部 中国极地研究中心,上海 200136

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*王庆凯(1991—),男,辽宁省本溪市人,副教授,主要从事海冰物理和力学性质研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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