Article(id=1200450368699224475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=1715270400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139271187, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139271187, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139271187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139271187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200450365842903349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139270505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139468823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200450369055740337, articleId=1200450368699224475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=An intelligent algorithm for constructing quasi-real-time sea surface wind field, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the correction model of CMA-GFS numerical model wind field is constructed based on the deep learning U-Net network, and the construction of the quasi-real-time sea surface wind field is rapidly accomplished by interpolation method using the corrected wind field with the correction model as the background field (CMA-GFS_Unet), and using the scatterometer sea surface wind data from the four satellites, namely, HY-2B/2C/2D and MetOp-B as the observation data. This intelligent algorithm can realize the generation of global sea surface fusion wind field (Fusion_QRT) with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and a temporal resolution of 6 hours in quasi-real time with a lag of 3 hours. The CMA-GFS, CMA-GFS_Unet and Fusion_QRT wind fields are evaluated using the CCMP fusion wind field data and the 10 m wind vector data from the Chinese offshore buoys, respectively.The results show that the quality of the CMA-GFS_Unet wind field has been significantly improved, and the quality of the wind speed of the Fusion_QRT wind field has been further improved but the quality of the wind direction has been slightly reduced. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of wind speed are 1.13 m/s, 0.89 m/s and 0.84 m/s for the three wind fields by using CCMP data as reference, and the CMA-GFS_Unet and Fusion_QRT wind fields have improved by 21.3% and 25.7% compared to the CMA-GFS, respectively; while the MAEs of wind direction are 17.5°, 15.5° and 16°, and have improved by11.3% and 8.6%, respectively.The MAEs of wind speed are 1.50 m/s, 1.36 m/s and 1.28 m/s for the three wind fields by using buoy data as reference, and have improved by 9.5% and 14.7% , respectively; while the MAEs of wind direction are 23.3°, 22.7° and 24.0°, and have improved by 3.0% and −3.9% , respectively.

, correspAuthors=Xiaojiang Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoyan Liu, Xiaojiang Song, Anboyu Guo, Sai Hao, Wei Peng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200450373430399635, articleId=1200450368699224475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=构建准实时海面风场的一种智能算法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于深度学习U-Net网络构建了CMA-GFS数值模式风场订正模型,并以此订正模型订正后的风场为背景场(CMA-GFS_Unet),以HY-2B/2C/2D以及MetOp-B 4颗卫星的散射计海面风资料为观测资料,采用插补法快速完成准实时海面风场的构建。此智能算法可实现滞后3 h准实时生成空间分辨率为0.25°、时间分辨率为6 h的全球海面融合风场(Fusion_QRT)。分别使用CCMP融合风场数据和中国近海浮标10 m风矢量数据对CMA-GFS、CMA-GFS_Unet和Fusion_QRT 3组风场资料进行了评估,结果表明,CMA-GFS_Unet风场质量得到显著提升,Fusion_QRT风场风速质量得到进一步改善,但风向质量略有降低:相较于CCMP,3组风场的风速平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为1.13 m/s、0.89 m/s和0.84 m/s,CMA-GFS_Unet和Fusion_QRT相较于CMA-GFS分别提升了21.3%和25.7%;风向MAE分别为17.5°、15.5°和16°,分别提升了11.3%和8.6%;而相较于浮标,风速MAE分别为1.50 m/s、1.36 m/s和1.28 m/s,分别提升了9.3%和14.7%;风向MAE分别为23.3°、22.7°和24.0°,分别提升了3.0%和−3.9%。

, correspAuthors=宋晓姜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宋晓姜(1981—),女,北京市人,正高级工程师,从事海洋气象预报研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oyTBjIMNsQNLsCcdSiHN4Q==, magXml=tRrPqoGeK/LqAXwpMBxvJA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bFAS+hhrmXAygXnfzp9x6w==, pdfFileSize=9199736, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vwQ8G4vKcOgdSnZynOC4yg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/4rTi2qwtPbEtmTqlvEqaA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘晓燕(1988—),女,山东省日照市人,从事海面风场资料同化与融合研究。E-mail:

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刘晓燕(1988—),女,山东省日照市人,从事海面风场资料同化与融合研究。E-mail:

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Average coverage of satellite scatterometer data

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时间00 UTC06 UTC12 UTC18 UTC
覆盖率33.05%42.88%28.38%16.51%
), ArticleFig(id=1200860900530975494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450368699224475, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

卫星散射计数据平均覆盖率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间00 UTC06 UTC12 UTC18 UTC
覆盖率33.05%42.88%28.38%16.51%
), ArticleFig(id=1200860900627444489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450368699224475, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of wind speed and direction for four sets of wind field data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验数据风速风向
ME/(m·s−1)MAE/(m·s−1)RMSE/(m·s−1)CCME/(°)MAE/(°)RMSE/(°)
CMA-GFS−0.061.131.530.9250.517.531.2
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.060.891.210.9550.215.528.1
Fusion_QRT−0.060.841.160.9580.316.028.8
Fusion−0.050.781.090.9630.316.429.5
), ArticleFig(id=1200860900740690697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450368699224475, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4组风场数据风速风向检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验数据风速风向
ME/(m·s−1)MAE/(m·s−1)RMSE/(m·s−1)CCME/(°)MAE/(°)RMSE/(°)
CMA-GFS−0.061.131.530.9250.517.531.2
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.060.891.210.9550.215.528.1
Fusion_QRT−0.060.841.160.9580.316.028.8
Fusion−0.050.781.090.9630.316.429.5
), ArticleFig(id=1200860901898318605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450368699224475, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of wind speed and direction for five sets of wind field data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区检验数据风速风向
ME/(m·s−1)MAE/(m·s−1)RMSE/(m·s−1)CCME/(°)MAE/(°)RMSE/(°)
渤海CCMP−0.511.191.550.92−14.724.632.9
CMA-GFS0.711.531.990.85−2.72637.1
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.421.371.870.87−4.325.636.3
Fusion_QRT−0.761.441.850.89−9.62839.1
Fusion−0.761.411.810.90−12.228.739.1
黄海CCMP0.651.431.910.83−2.119.525.9
CMA-GFS1.061.722.20.86.621.330.7
CMA-GFS_Unet0.641.552.050.793.221.129.5
Fusion_QRT0.51.41.860.81−1.223.131.2
Fusion0.481.361.820.82−2.423.531.6
东海CCMP0.041.011.310.894.323.637.7
CMA-GFS0.161.331.740.829.825.438.7
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.121.241.610.856.523.736.7
Fusion_QRT−0.241.131.50.872.624.337.3
Fusion−0.211.091.450.883.424.537.6
南海CCMP0.080.971.440.86−7.119.728
CMA-GFS0.031.361.840.75−0.522.834.3
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.141.21.60.82−5.222.132.4
Fusion_QRT−0.261.151.540.85−5.222.834.1
Fusion−0.201.121.500.86−6.722.634.0
), ArticleFig(id=1200860902053507854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450368699224475, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5组数据风速风向检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区检验数据风速风向
ME/(m·s−1)MAE/(m·s−1)RMSE/(m·s−1)CCME/(°)MAE/(°)RMSE/(°)
渤海CCMP−0.511.191.550.92−14.724.632.9
CMA-GFS0.711.531.990.85−2.72637.1
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.421.371.870.87−4.325.636.3
Fusion_QRT−0.761.441.850.89−9.62839.1
Fusion−0.761.411.810.90−12.228.739.1
黄海CCMP0.651.431.910.83−2.119.525.9
CMA-GFS1.061.722.20.86.621.330.7
CMA-GFS_Unet0.641.552.050.793.221.129.5
Fusion_QRT0.51.41.860.81−1.223.131.2
Fusion0.481.361.820.82−2.423.531.6
东海CCMP0.041.011.310.894.323.637.7
CMA-GFS0.161.331.740.829.825.438.7
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.121.241.610.856.523.736.7
Fusion_QRT−0.241.131.50.872.624.337.3
Fusion−0.211.091.450.883.424.537.6
南海CCMP0.080.971.440.86−7.119.728
CMA-GFS0.031.361.840.75−0.522.834.3
CMA-GFS_Unet−0.141.21.60.82−5.222.132.4
Fusion_QRT−0.261.151.540.85−5.222.834.1
Fusion−0.201.121.500.86−6.722.634.0
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构建准实时海面风场的一种智能算法
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刘晓燕 1, 2 , 宋晓姜 1, 2, * , 郭安博宇 1, 2 , 郝赛 1, 2 , 彭炜 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(6): 51-65
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(6): 51-65
构建准实时海面风场的一种智能算法
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刘晓燕1, 2 , 宋晓姜1, 2, * , 郭安博宇1, 2, 郝赛1, 2, 彭炜1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 2.自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 刘晓燕(1988—),女,山东省日照市人,从事海面风场资料同化与融合研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*宋晓姜(1981—),女,北京市人,正高级工程师,从事海洋气象预报研究。E-mail:
An intelligent algorithm for constructing quasi-real-time sea surface wind field
Xiaoyan Liu1, 2 , Xiaojiang Song1, 2, * , Anboyu Guo1, 2, Sai Hao1, 2, Wei Peng1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. National Marine Enviroment Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081 China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024051
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本文基于深度学习U-Net网络构建了CMA-GFS数值模式风场订正模型,并以此订正模型订正后的风场为背景场(CMA-GFS_Unet),以HY-2B/2C/2D以及MetOp-B 4颗卫星的散射计海面风资料为观测资料,采用插补法快速完成准实时海面风场的构建。此智能算法可实现滞后3 h准实时生成空间分辨率为0.25°、时间分辨率为6 h的全球海面融合风场(Fusion_QRT)。分别使用CCMP融合风场数据和中国近海浮标10 m风矢量数据对CMA-GFS、CMA-GFS_Unet和Fusion_QRT 3组风场资料进行了评估,结果表明,CMA-GFS_Unet风场质量得到显著提升,Fusion_QRT风场风速质量得到进一步改善,但风向质量略有降低:相较于CCMP,3组风场的风速平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为1.13 m/s、0.89 m/s和0.84 m/s,CMA-GFS_Unet和Fusion_QRT相较于CMA-GFS分别提升了21.3%和25.7%;风向MAE分别为17.5°、15.5°和16°,分别提升了11.3%和8.6%;而相较于浮标,风速MAE分别为1.50 m/s、1.36 m/s和1.28 m/s,分别提升了9.3%和14.7%;风向MAE分别为23.3°、22.7°和24.0°,分别提升了3.0%和−3.9%。

U-Net  /  CCMP  /  CMA-GFS  /  HY-2B/2C/2D  /  MetOp-B  /  准实时  /  海面风场

In this paper, the correction model of CMA-GFS numerical model wind field is constructed based on the deep learning U-Net network, and the construction of the quasi-real-time sea surface wind field is rapidly accomplished by interpolation method using the corrected wind field with the correction model as the background field (CMA-GFS_Unet), and using the scatterometer sea surface wind data from the four satellites, namely, HY-2B/2C/2D and MetOp-B as the observation data. This intelligent algorithm can realize the generation of global sea surface fusion wind field (Fusion_QRT) with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and a temporal resolution of 6 hours in quasi-real time with a lag of 3 hours. The CMA-GFS, CMA-GFS_Unet and Fusion_QRT wind fields are evaluated using the CCMP fusion wind field data and the 10 m wind vector data from the Chinese offshore buoys, respectively.The results show that the quality of the CMA-GFS_Unet wind field has been significantly improved, and the quality of the wind speed of the Fusion_QRT wind field has been further improved but the quality of the wind direction has been slightly reduced. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of wind speed are 1.13 m/s, 0.89 m/s and 0.84 m/s for the three wind fields by using CCMP data as reference, and the CMA-GFS_Unet and Fusion_QRT wind fields have improved by 21.3% and 25.7% compared to the CMA-GFS, respectively; while the MAEs of wind direction are 17.5°, 15.5° and 16°, and have improved by11.3% and 8.6%, respectively.The MAEs of wind speed are 1.50 m/s, 1.36 m/s and 1.28 m/s for the three wind fields by using buoy data as reference, and have improved by 9.5% and 14.7% , respectively; while the MAEs of wind direction are 23.3°, 22.7° and 24.0°, and have improved by 3.0% and −3.9% , respectively.

U-Net  /  CCMP  /  CMA-GFS  /  HY-2B/2C/2D  /  MetOp-B  /  quasi-real-time  /  sea surface wind field
刘晓燕, 宋晓姜, 郭安博宇, 郝赛, 彭炜. 构建准实时海面风场的一种智能算法. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (6) : 51 -65 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024051
Xiaoyan Liu, Xiaojiang Song, Anboyu Guo, Sai Hao, Wei Peng. An intelligent algorithm for constructing quasi-real-time sea surface wind field[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (6) : 51 -65 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024051
海面风场是海洋上层运动的主要动力来源,海洋灾害与海面风场密切相关,海上大风是导致海上灾害的重要因素之一[16],因此海面风场的预报对海洋上的各类生产活动都有着十分重要的影响,如海洋运输导航、海上工程建设、海洋防灾减灾等[7]。目前,海面风场观测资料主要有浮标、船舶、海洋站等常规观测资料以及卫星遥感观测等非常规观测资料,卫星遥感资料的出现,极大地解决了海上观测资料匮乏的问题,尤其是随着越来越多的卫星的发射,观测资料也越来越丰富,极大地提高了海上观测资料的覆盖率,有效解决了海上观测资料稀缺的问题,但是对于单一的卫星而言,其覆盖率依然是个问题,无法提供时空连续的覆盖全场的海面风场资料,为解决这一问题,海面风场融合技术应运而生[89]
目前,国内外众多学者已经在数据融合技术方面进行了研究,许多成熟的融合算法也已被学者研究开发并利用[10]。国外对数据融合技术的研究开始较早,计算机硬件设备也较为先进,因此海面风场融合的相关研究得以快速发展[8],而国内学者对海面风场融合的研究起步相对比较晚,但对国际上各种先进的技术方法也都有研究和试验,常用的方法主要有时空加权法、克里金法、最优插值法以及变分分析法等[1117]。目前,多家机构已实现海面风场资料融合的业务化[1819],如美国国家大气研究中心的NSCAT/NCEP混合风场及其后发布的Q/N混合风场,前者是对高分辨率的NSCAT卫星数据和美国国家环境预报中心再分析数据进行空间混合的分析产品,后者是对QuikSCAT卫星散射计观测数据和NCEP再分析数据进行时空混合的分析产品,不过这两种产品均因卫星的停止运行而停产[20];而由美国宇航局物理海洋学数据分发存档中心开发的交叉检验多平台合成数据集(Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform,CCMP),是国外业务上最常用的海洋矢量风分析产品,所使用的融合方法为变分同化分析方法,该产品空间分辨率为0.25°,时间分辨率为6 h[21]。目前,该融合产品有v02.1.NRT和v03.1两个版本,其中CCMP v02.1.NRT为近实时产品,时效性较好,可获取时间滞后不超过48 h[22],而CCMP v03.1产品为每月更新[23]https://www.remss.com/measurements/ccmp/)。国家卫星海洋应用中心早在多年前就已经开始了多源卫星海面风场融合技术的研究[12],并于2023年3月正式对外发布了自主海洋卫星融合产品,其中包含了海面风场融合产品,其空间分辨率为0.25°,时间分辨率为6 h(http://www.nsoas.org.cn/news/content/2023-03/24/24_13247.html),其中00时和12时产品滞后3 h定时启动生产,06时和18时产品滞后5 h定时生产。
综上,目前已业务化的且可获得的海面风场融合产品虽已有较高的时空分辨率,但时效性均较差,无法供海洋气象日常业务值班预报作参考,而实况风场对于指导海面风场的预报和检验有着极为重要的意义,因此,研制准实时海面风场,是一个亟需解决的问题,在这样的背景下,本文提出一种基于U-Net神经网络的深度学习智能算法,此算法可实现滞后3 h准实时生成空间分辨率为0.25°、时间分辨率为6 h的全球海面融合风场,以较好地满足日常业务需要。
中国气象局全球同化预报系统(China Meteorological Administration-Global Forecast System, CMA-GFS)主要由同化分系统和全球模式分系统两部分组成,于2016年6月业务化运行,向全国实时分发产品; 2020年CMA-GFS升级为3.0版本,模式水平分辨率为0.25°;2022年CMA-GFS升级为3.3版本;2023年CMA-GFS升级为4.0版本,模式水平分辨率为0.125°(http://cemc.cma.cn/intro.html?idx=1),3.3版本也随之停产。本文采用的是CMA-GFS v3.3,该数值模式预报每天更新4次(00/06/12/18UTC),数据可覆盖全球。本文使用CMA-GFS的6 h预报结果作为构建风场订正模型的学习特征(2022年全年)和构建准实时海面风场的原始背景场(2023年4月)。
CCMP海面融合风场数据由美国航空航天局的物理海洋学分布式存档中心发布的较高时空分辨率的全球海面融合风场产品(空间分辨率为0.25°,空间范围为78.375°S~78.375°N,180°W~180°E,时间分辨率为逐6 h)。该产品是以欧洲中期天气预报中心的再分析数据为背景场,通过对卫星微波遥感和仪器观测的海面风数据进行交叉校准和同化得到的合成风场资料[14,23-24]。本文使用该数据作为背景场优化的标签数据(2022年全年)和用于评估构建的准实时海面风场的质量(2023年4月)。
HY-2B、HY-2C、HY-2D 3颗卫星均为我国自主研制的海洋动力环境卫星,分别于2018年10月25日、2020年9月21日和2021年5月19日成功发射,这3颗在轨HY-2系列卫星共同构成了我国海洋动力环境监测网,形成了全天候、全天时、高频次全球大中尺度的海洋动力环境监测体系[25-26],这3颗卫星上搭载的微波散射计可获取10 m海面风资料,风速测量范围均为2~24 m/s,风速精度为2 m/s,风向为20°(http://www.nsoas.org.cn)。本文使用的是该数据的L2B级产品,按轨道存储,每轨存储有1624 × 76个风矢量单元,其中1624是行数,76是每行的风元数,空间分辨率为25 km,时间段为2023年4月。
欧洲航天局发射的第二颗气象卫星MetOp-B业务观测卫星于2012年9月成功发射,并在轨运行至今。该卫星上搭载的微波散射计ASCAT可获取10 m海面风资料,空间分辨率有25 km和12.5 km两种,风速有效测量范围为0~25 m/s,风速精度为2 m/s[27]。本文使用的同样是该数据的L2B级产品,且选取的是分辨率为25 km的数据,时间段为2023年4月。
本文使用的浮标资料为自然资源部在中国近海布放的21个业务化的浮标观测的10 m海面风矢量数据。浮标站点从北至南跨越中国大部分近海海域,最北位于40°N左右,最南位于10°N左右(见图1),时间分辨率为逐小时,时间段为2023年4月。
准实时海面风场的构建是基于业务工作的需要,所以风场的区域范围、时空分辨率以及其生成时效性均为重要的考核指标。为满足业务工作需要,同时考虑实际情况,本文构建的准实时海面风场为0.25° ×0.25°、逐6 h的全球范围的海面风场产品,且时效上允许滞后的时间为3 h以内,综合考虑各方面因素,本文将每个时刻的风场构建时间确定在滞后2.5 h定时启动,半小时内完成。
准实时海面风场的构建主要分为3部分进行,首先是CMA-GFS风场订正模型的构建,该部分依赖于历史数据,采用深度学习U-Net网络构建之后,便可以直接用于CMA-GFS风场的订正,以获得准实时海面风场的背景场(CMA-GFS_Unet)(图2左半部分);然后对4颗卫星散射计海面风场数据进行插值处理,使其时空分辨率与背景场一致;为最大程度保留观测资料信息,同时提高风场构建速度,最后采用插补法将卫星散射计海面风场与背景场进行快速融合,最终完成准实时海面风场的构建(图2右半部分)。
其中,构建CMA-GFS风场订正模型使用的方法是U-Net,这是一种基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)发展而来的深度学习网络,因其独特的U型网络结构而得名,该方法最早应用于图像分割领域[28-29]。U-Net网络结构主要由两部分组成:编码器(Encoder)和解码器(Decoder),如图3。图中左边部分是Encoder部分,又称特征提取部分,为卷积和最大池化的堆叠,利用该部分我们可以获得5个初步有效特征层,用于后续加强特征提取部分的特征融合;Decoder又称加强特征提取部分,与编码器镜像对称,是利用主干特征提取部分获取到的5个初步有效特征层进行上采样,并且使用skip-connection进行特征融合,将浅层的位置信息与深层的语义信息进行拼接。Unet作为图像处理的经典网络结构,最初应用于医学图像分割且有较好的效果[30],现在也常被应用在气象领域[31-33]。本文利用U-net深度学习网络对CMA-GFS风场进行偏差订正,期望得到更优的融合风场背景场资料。
风场订正模型的构建是以2022年随机八成的CCMP融合风场数据为标签数据,以对应时刻的CMA-GFS数值模式6 h预报结果作为训练特征,剩余两成数据用于测试,所以在进行训练之前,需对两组数据进行格式统一处理成训练所需格式,然后基于U-Net网络分别构建U10和V10的订正模型,通过优化器的选择、学习率等参数的调整来不断优化模型,通过反复训练、验证评估,最终选定模型参数,完成模型构建。
使用构建的风场订正模型对CMA-GFS模式风场进行订正,便可以快速得到准实时海面风场的背景场(CMA-GFS_Unet),该过程只需要几秒钟时间。图4是选取了2023年4月29日00时的风场进行效果展示,其中图4a是CMA-GFS模式风场数据,图4b是CMA-GFS_Unet风场,图4c是作为真值参考的CCMP融合风场数据。对比3张图,可以明显看到,在60°S及以南的区域范围内存在多个大风区,而在这些大风区,CMA-GFS相对于CCMP的风速偏小,CMA-GFS_Unet的风速更接近CCMP,所以风场订正使得CMA-GFS风场得到优化,可以认为风场订正是有效的。
图4给出的是全球风场的订正效果展示,图5则将区域缩小至西北太平洋区域,这样可以更清晰地观察到订正效果,选取的时间为2023年4月21日12时。同样是CMA-GFS模式风场数据、 CMA-GFS_Unet风场和作为真值参考的CCMP融合风场数据3组数据的一个对比图,由图可以清晰看到,图中标注的区域,CMA-GFS风场预报出现了明显偏大的情况,而风场订正过程使得此偏差得到了有效订正,订正后的风场CMA-GFS_Unet相较于CMA-GFS更接近CCMP。
由于HY-2系列卫星和MetOp卫星散射计海面风场数据均为25 km × 25 km空间分辨率的沿轨数据,为便于与数值模式风场进行快速融合,需对这4颗卫星数据进行插值处理。对任意风场生成时刻,定时任务启动后,首先获取卫星散射计海面风数据,并对收集到的卫星散射计海面风数据进行时间判断,只保留该时刻±3 h以内的数据近似为该时刻的观测数据,然后对观测数据采用就近插值方法进行空间插值,最终处理成全球等经纬度网格数据,观测数据未覆盖的网格点使用缺省值代替。该过程需要几分钟至十几分钟的时间,主要取决于观测数据量的大小。
此外,为了解在风场构建过程中观测数据的占比,最后统计了2023年4月的逐6 h的观测数据的全球覆盖率情况(滞后两个半小时定时启动),如表1,由表中的信息可知,不同时刻的覆盖率有所差异,平均覆盖率最高的时刻为06 UTC,为42.88%,最低的时刻为18 UTC,仅为16.51%。
准实时海面风场构建的最后一步是3.2节生成的背景场与3.3节生成的观测场的融合过程:使用CMA-GFS_Unet风场数据对观测风场进行插补处理,即将观测场中的缺省值使用对应格点的CMA-GFS_Unet的风场信息进行填补,由于两种数据具有不同的属性,为有一个更好的融合效果,对插补后的融合风场采用高斯滤波法进行了滤波处理,这样便可完成准实时海面风场的构建,这个过程只需要不超过1 min的时间。
图6为准实时海面风场构建过程示意图,其中a、b、c分别为该风场构建过程中需要的卫星散射计海面风观测资料场、背景场以及构建的准实时海面风场,由图6c可以看到观测资料场和背景场很好地融合在一起,既最大程度地保留了观测数据,又很好地解决了观测数据覆盖率不足的问题。图6a中的观测数据的收集处理是滞后2.5 h定时启动的,由于传输、接收等不确定因素,会直接影响观测数据量的大小,为明确定时启动获取的数据与实际观测数据量的关系,图7给出了后补的观测数据的覆盖情况以及与同一背景场进行融合的效果图。对比图6a图7a可以明显看到定时启动获取的观测数据量会明显小于同一时刻观测数据的实际数据量,可见由于时效因素筛掉了大量的观测数据。为进一步了解覆盖率对融合风场的影响,本文在定时启动制作了2023年4月的准实时海面风场(Fusion_QRT)的同时,后补了另外一组同一时间段相同时刻的海面融合风场,即背景场一致,观测数据使用的是±3小时内的所有观测数据。该组融合风场(Fusion)的质量评估将与准实时海面风场的评估在下文中一同进行。
上述工作构建了CMA-GFS数值模式风场订正模型,期望由该模型订正后的数值模式(CMA-GFS_Unet)风场相较于原始风场更接近CCMP融合风场,即说明该模型是有效的;同时,完成卫星散射计海面风场数据与CMA-GFS_Unet风场的快速融合,同样期望该融合风场的质量得到进一步提升,则可认为,此融合过程是合理有效且经济实用的。所以本节对订正模型及融合方法开展了评估工作,包括基于CCMP融合风场的场检验和基于中国近海浮标风矢量数据的单点检验。采用的误差统计方法如下:
平均误差(Mean Error,ME):
${\mathrm{ ME}} = \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{E^i}}, $
平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE):
${\mathrm{ MAE }}= \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left| {{E^i}} \right|} ,$
均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE):
${\mathrm{ RMSE}} = \sqrt {\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{({E^i})}^2}} } ,$
相关系数(Correlation Coefficent,CC):
$ CC = \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {W_{\text{mod} }^i - {{{\overline{W}}_{\text{mod} }}} } \right)\left( {W_{\rm obs}^i - {{{\overline{W}}_{\rm obs}}} } \right)} }}{{{{\left[ {\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{\left( {W_{\text{mod} }^i - {{{\overline{W}}_{\text{mod} }}} } \right)}^2}} \displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{\left( {W_{\rm obs}^i - {{{\overline{W}}_{\rm obs}}} } \right)}^2}} } \right]}^{\tfrac{1}{2}}}}} ,$
其中,$ W_{\text{mod} }^i $是各组待检验的数据的风速/风向,$ {{\overline W_{\text{mod} }}} $是各组待检验的数据的风速/风向的平均,$ W_{{\mathrm{obs}}}^i $是作为观测值的数据的风速/风向,$ {{\overline W_{{\mathrm{obs}}}}} $是作为观测值的数据的风速/风向的平均。此外,对于风速而言,$ {E^i} $的计算公式为:$ {E^i} = W_{\text{mod} }^i - W_{{\mathrm{obs}}}^i $,对于风向而言,$ {E^i} $的计算公式为:
$ E^i=\left\{\begin{array}{l}W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i,-180^{\circ}\leqslant W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i\leqslant180^{\circ}, \\ W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i+360^{\circ},W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i < -180^{\circ}, \\ W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i-360^{\circ},W_{\mathrm{mod}}^i-W_{\rm{o}bs}^i > 180^{\circ}.\end{array}\right. $
使用CCMP数据对数值模式风场(CMA-GFS)、背景场(CMA-GFS_Unet)、准实时海面风场(Fusion_QRT)以及后补的融合风场(Fusion)分别进行了检验,表2给出了4组数据的一个整体检验结果,相较于CMA-GFS,其他3组数据的风速、风向均得到了明显改善:风速方面,Fusion风场表现最好,误差最小,相关系数最高,其次是Fusion_QRT,而风向方面,CMA-GFS_Unet风场误差最小,表现最好,其次是Fusion_QRT。以MAE为例进行量化阐述:CMA-GFS_Unet风场的风速、风向MAE分别为0.89 m/s和15.5°,相较于CMA-GFS分别提升了21.3%和11.3%,Fusion_QRT风场风速MAE进一步减小,风向MAE略有增大,相较于CMA-GFS的提升率分别为25.7%和8.6%,Fusion的风速相较于Fusion_QRT进一步得到优化,风速的提升率已超过30%,风向略有变差,提升率降低至6.3%。综上可知,风场订正模型可有效订正数值模式风场误差,使得背景场更接近于CCMP;而卫星散射计的风速质量相较于背景场,更接近于CCMP,而风向质量反之。
表2给出的是四组数据的整体误差情况,为进一步了解各组数据的误差随时间的变化特征,本文绘制了风速、风向ME、MAE和RMSE的时间序列图(图8)。图8ab分别是风速、风向的ME时间序列图,由图可知,各组风场数据的风速ME分布在−0.2~0.1 m/s之间,风向ME分布在−1.0°~1.5°之间,且各组数据之间不存在明显的优劣规律。图8cd分别是风速、风向的MAE时间序列图,由图可以看到,无论是风速还是风向,CMA-GFS的MAE在任意时刻均高于CMA-GFS_Unet,这说明了风场订正模型的稳定性。此外,风速方面,除个别时刻外,其他3组数据的MAE的大小关系为:CMA-GFS_Unet > Fusion_QRT > Fusion,这说明卫星散射计海面风观测资料的风速质量较稳定地优于背景场;而风向方面,在多数时刻其他3组数据的MAE的大小关系呈相反规律:CMA-GFS_Unet < Fusion_QRT < Fusion,这说明背景场的风向质量较稳定地优于卫星散射计海面风观测资料的风向质量。图8ef分别是风速、风向的RMSE时间序列图,由图可以看到,无论是风速还是风向, RMSE呈现的特征规律与MAE十分一致,因此不再赘述。综合表2图8可知,背景场质量稳定地优于数值模式风场,且风向质量优于两组融合风场风向质量,但风速质量不及融合风场;此外还可得知,卫星散射计海面风的风速质量优于背景场质量,风向相对略差。
4.1节使用CCMP海面融合风场数据对4种风场数据进行了全球范围的检验,本节则使用自然资源部在中国近海布放的21个浮标的10 m风矢量观测数据对上述4种数据进行了单点检验,评估其在中国近海的质量,此外,还加入了CCMP数据和浮标的差异性比较。图9给出了5组数据与所有浮标的风速、风向散点图,其中左列散点图为风速散点图,对比5张图可知,除CMA-GFS数据外,其他4组数据的风速与浮标风速有着很好的一致性,均较好地分布在对角线附近,且聚集性较好,只有在少数的浮标风速观测大值点出现了风速偏小的问题,而CMA-GFS数据的风速与浮标风速的聚合度相对偏低,且存在风速较小时风速偏大问题,此外还可以看出,风速分布区间主要以4~5级风为主;图9的右列5张图是对应的风向散点图,由图可以看到,相较于风速,风向的散点图的聚合度偏差,但大多数点仍然分布在对角线附近(±30°)。同时,仍以MAE为例进行量化阐述:CMA-GFS相较于浮标,风速、风向的MAE分别为1.50 m/s和23.3°,而CMA-GFS_Unet的MAE为1.36 m/s和22.7°,相较于CMA-GFS分别提升了9.3%和2.6%;而Fusion_QRT风场的风速MAE进一步减小,风向MAE有所增大,相较于CMA-GFS的提升率分别为14.7%和−3.0%;Fusion的风速相较于Fusion_QRT进一步得到优化,风速的提升率为17.3%,风向质量有所下降,提升率降至−3.9%。此外,CCMP相较于浮标的风速、风向的MAE分别为1.17 m/s和21.3°,明显优于其他4组数据,这也间接佐证了CCMP作为真值参照的合理性。
为评估5组数据风速在不同海域的质量,分别统计了这5组数据在各海域的误差情况,见表3,同时绘制了不同海域5组数据与浮标数据的泰勒图,见图10。综合表3图10分析可得,CCMP风场数据的风速除在黄海海域略差于Fusion_QRT和Fusion外,在其他海域均为最优,同时风向在所有海域均为最优。对比其他4组数据的风速,综合多个误差统计方法的结果,在任意海域,CMA-GFS的风速质量相对最差,CMA-GFS_Unet相较于CMA-GFS得到明显改善,Fusion_QRT的风速得到进一步改善,Fusion风速质量相对最高。对比这4组数据的风向发现,在渤海和黄海海域,CMA-GFS_Unet的风向质量最优,CMA-GFS次之,Fusion风向质量相对最差,而在东海和南海海域,CMA-GFS_Unet的风向质量仍为最优,Fusion_QRT次之,CMA-GFS的风向质量相对最差。
此外,本文还绘制了各个浮标站点的5组数据的风速、风向的MAE(图11),以便更直观地了解五组数据在各个浮标点位的误差情况。从图11可以看到不同的站点,各组数据的相对优劣是不固定的,尤其是风向。风速方面,由图11a可知,除03004和14002两个浮标站点外,在其他19个浮标站点位置,CMA-GFS的MAE均为最大,其次为CMA-GFS_Unet;此外,对比Fusion_QRT和Fusion两组结果,发现二者有着较好的一致性,且二者的MAE大小关系表现为Fusion_QRT ≥ Fusion。风向方面,由图11b可知,除CCMP数据外,在多数浮标站点位置,CMA-GFS_Unet的风向表现优于其他3组数据,整体表现最优;而CMA-GFS与两组融合风场数据的结果对比,优劣参半。
综上可得,风场订正模型的稳定性在单点检验中同样有着较好的表现,同时还可说明卫星散射计海面风观测资料的风速质量在中国近海较稳定地优于背景场,而风向质量不及背景场。
本文基于深度学习U-Net网络构建了CMA-GFS数值模式风场订正模型,并以此订正模型订正后的风场CMA-GFS_Unet为背景场,以HY-2B/2C/2D以及MetOp-B 4颗卫星的散射计海面风资料为观测资料,采用插补法快速完成准实时海面风场的构建。之后对订正模型及准实时海面风场质量进行了评估,得到如下结论:
(1)无论是使用CCMP海面融合风场进行的场检验,还是使用中国近海浮标10 m风矢量进行的单点检验,CMA-GFS_Unet的结果均稳定地优于CMA-GFS,这证明了此风场订正模型的有效性及稳定性,且在场检验中表现更优。
(2)通过对比CMA-GFS_Unet和Fusion_QRT两组数据的检验结果,可知Fusion_QRT的风速优于CMA-GFS_Unet,风向反之,这证明了卫星散射计风的风速更接近于观测,而风向略差。
(3)对比Fusion_QRT和Fusion两组数据的检验结果,Fusion的风速优于Fusion_QRT,风向方面两组数据质量相当,此结果再次证明了卫星散射计风的风速更接近于观测,而风向略差。
基于上述结论,本文认为文中使用的准实时海面风场构建的算法,既科学合理,又经济实用。从上述结论中还可得知,卫星散射计海面风的风向质量存在较差的可能性,所以未来计划针对卫星散射计海面风的风向质量做更为细致的评估分析,期望改善准实时海面风场风向质量;此外,上述结论证明了卫星散射计海面风覆盖率越高,融合风场风速质量越高,所以,期望未来可以进一步提升风场生成速度,这样便可以将启动时间后推以获取更多的卫星散射计海面风数据。同时,由于本文使用的CMA-GFS版本的数据已停产,所以本文的风场构建算法未能应用于更长时间段的数值模式数据中,未来计划将此算法应用于新版本的CMA-GFS数值模式数据中,尽快实现基于新版本CMA-GFS数据的准实时海面风场的构建,弥补海面风场实况数据不足的问题,供海洋气象日常业务预报参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3107901)
  • 自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用研究重点实验室开放基金(202102004)
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2024年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024051
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-10
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3107901)
自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用研究重点实验室开放基金(202102004)
作者信息
    1.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
    2.自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081

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*宋晓姜(1981—),女,北京市人,正高级工程师,从事海洋气象预报研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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