Article(id=1200450367487078904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=1715529600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139270898, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139270898, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139270898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139270898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200450365842903349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139270505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139468823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200450367814234628, articleId=1200450367487078904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research and application of constructing a coastal erosion risk prediction model based on LSTM, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shoreline erosion prediction is one of the hot issues in coastal dynamic geomorphology research. Based on the long short term memory (LSTM), the data of shoreline, water depth, intertidal zone width , and wave and tidal current for ERA5 inversion clollected from 1985 to 2023 near Sheyang County of Jiangsu Province were used to construct a coastal erosion risk prediction model in this study. The prediction model could accurately predict the nonlinear/linear change trend of accelerated erosion, stable erosion or coastline sedimentation. The results showed that the increasing of wave and tidal currents was the main factor of coastal erosion in Sheyang area in recent 20 years under the condition of sand source reduction. Besides, an ideal experiment of coastal protection activities was conducted by using the prediction model, and the protection effects of coastal reinforcement, wave dissipation and weak current engineering were discussed. The results showed that the protection effect of coastal reinforcement is the best, and wave dissipation is better than weak current. The prediction model is reasonable, and has great application value and development potential.

, correspAuthors=Mingli Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong Liang, Na Gao, Xiaoming Ying, Zeng Zhou, Xiejun Shu, Wanming Xu, Mingli Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200450370943185587, articleId=1200450367487078904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于LSTM构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型的研究及应用, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岸线侵蚀预测是海岸动力地貌学研究的热点问题之一。本文基于长短期神经记忆网络LSTM,采用1985−2023年江苏射阳县附近海域收集到的岸线、水深和潮间带宽度数据,结合ERA5数据反演的波浪和潮流数据,构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型。该预测模型可以准确反映海岸线的加速侵蚀、稳定侵蚀、淤积的非线性变化或线性变化趋势。预测结果表明,在沙源减少条件下,波浪和潮流增强是近20年来射阳海域海岸侵蚀的主要因素。此外,利用预测模型开展了海岸加固、消浪和弱流对海岸的防护效果试验,试验结果表明,海岸加固防护效果最佳,消浪防护效果较弱流防护效果好。预测模型设置运行过程高效,具有较高的应用价值和开发潜力。

, correspAuthors=赵明利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵明利(1978—),男,山东省肥城市人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害风险评估技术方法研究。E-mail:
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梁东(1996—),男,云南省红河州人,主要从事海气浪耦合模型与神经网络融合应用的研究。E-mail:

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梁东(1996—),男,云南省红河州人,主要从事海气浪耦合模型与神经网络融合应用的研究。E-mail:

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梁东(1996—),男,云南省红河州人,主要从事海气浪耦合模型与神经网络融合应用的研究。E-mail:

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Parameter table of coastal erosion risk prediction model

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模型名称参数名称参数值
LSTMTime steps8
Layers2
Input dim5
Return sequences{True, False}
Neurous{80,88}
Dropout{ 0,0.25}
Batch size{13,8}
Epochs{8,10}
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海岸侵蚀风险预测模型参数表

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模型名称参数名称参数值
LSTMTime steps8
Layers2
Input dim5
Return sequences{True, False}
Neurous{80,88}
Dropout{ 0,0.25}
Batch size{13,8}
Epochs{8,10}
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Assessment table of shoreline vulnerability level

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岸线向陆100 m
平均高程
岸线易变性岸线组成成分岸线易损性
< 02细砂5
0 < X < 21.5中砂/粉砂4
> 21粗砂/黏土3
##砾质2
##混凝土/岩石1
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岸线易损性等级评估表

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岸线向陆100 m
平均高程
岸线易变性岸线组成成分岸线易损性
< 02细砂5
0 < X < 21.5中砂/粉砂4
> 21粗砂/黏土3
##砾质2
##混凝土/岩石1
), ArticleFig(id=1200860904578470754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450367487078904, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of projected results

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淤积稳定一般侵蚀严重侵蚀总计
2023预测断面数量1196361112921158
2023真实断面数量1247282003111363
准确率/%95.987.455.593.984.7
判断标准/m>25−25 < X < 25−100 < X < −25X < −100
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预测结果统计表

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淤积稳定一般侵蚀严重侵蚀总计
2023预测断面数量1196361112921158
2023真实断面数量1247282003111363
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基于LSTM构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型的研究及应用
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梁东 1, 2 , 高娜 1 , 英晓明 1, 2 , 周曾 3 , 舒勰俊 1 , 徐婉明 1 , 赵明利 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(6): 130-140
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(6): 130-140
基于LSTM构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型的研究及应用
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梁东1, 2 , 高娜1, 英晓明1, 2, 周曾3, 舒勰俊1, 徐婉明1, 赵明利1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部南海发展研究院,广东 广州 510300
  • 2.自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
  • 3.河海大学 江苏省海岸海洋资源开发与环境安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 梁东(1996—),男,云南省红河州人,主要从事海气浪耦合模型与神经网络融合应用的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*赵明利(1978—),男,山东省肥城市人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害风险评估技术方法研究。E-mail:
Research and application of constructing a coastal erosion risk prediction model based on LSTM
Dong Liang1, 2 , Na Gao1, Xiaoming Ying1, 2, Zeng Zhou3, Xiejun Shu1, Wanming Xu1, Mingli Zhao1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Resources Development and Environment Security, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024059
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岸线侵蚀预测是海岸动力地貌学研究的热点问题之一。本文基于长短期神经记忆网络LSTM,采用1985−2023年江苏射阳县附近海域收集到的岸线、水深和潮间带宽度数据,结合ERA5数据反演的波浪和潮流数据,构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型。该预测模型可以准确反映海岸线的加速侵蚀、稳定侵蚀、淤积的非线性变化或线性变化趋势。预测结果表明,在沙源减少条件下,波浪和潮流增强是近20年来射阳海域海岸侵蚀的主要因素。此外,利用预测模型开展了海岸加固、消浪和弱流对海岸的防护效果试验,试验结果表明,海岸加固防护效果最佳,消浪防护效果较弱流防护效果好。预测模型设置运行过程高效,具有较高的应用价值和开发潜力。

海岸侵蚀预测  /  江苏射阳  /  LSTM  /  非线性变化

Shoreline erosion prediction is one of the hot issues in coastal dynamic geomorphology research. Based on the long short term memory (LSTM), the data of shoreline, water depth, intertidal zone width , and wave and tidal current for ERA5 inversion clollected from 1985 to 2023 near Sheyang County of Jiangsu Province were used to construct a coastal erosion risk prediction model in this study. The prediction model could accurately predict the nonlinear/linear change trend of accelerated erosion, stable erosion or coastline sedimentation. The results showed that the increasing of wave and tidal currents was the main factor of coastal erosion in Sheyang area in recent 20 years under the condition of sand source reduction. Besides, an ideal experiment of coastal protection activities was conducted by using the prediction model, and the protection effects of coastal reinforcement, wave dissipation and weak current engineering were discussed. The results showed that the protection effect of coastal reinforcement is the best, and wave dissipation is better than weak current. The prediction model is reasonable, and has great application value and development potential.

coastal erosion prediction  /  Sheyang, Jiangsu  /  LSTM  /  Nonlinear variation
梁东, 高娜, 英晓明, 周曾, 舒勰俊, 徐婉明, 赵明利. 基于LSTM构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型的研究及应用. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (6) : 130 -140 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024059
Dong Liang, Na Gao, Xiaoming Ying, Zeng Zhou, Xiejun Shu, Wanming Xu, Mingli Zhao. Research and application of constructing a coastal erosion risk prediction model based on LSTM[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (6) : 130 -140 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024059
海岸带是人类聚集密集的地区,同时也是经济活动最为繁荣的地区。然而海岸侵蚀是普遍存在的现象[1]。河流来沙减少、强浪、风暴潮和海平面上升等自然因素,叠加不合理海岸工程和高强度人类活动干扰等人为因素共同造成海岸侵蚀现象的发生[2]。海岸侵蚀对沿海人类经济活动、基础设施和滨海湿地都产生巨大的威胁。构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型对预测海岸线演变趋势具有重要的现实意义。
文世勇等[3]基于海岸线的线性回归变化速率(Linear Regression Rate, LRR)建立岸线趋势评估模型并对海南文昌局部岸段的未来侵蚀范围进行预测。基于海岸线变化和波浪等数据,前人分别使用了特定数学函数(如对数螺线函数、双曲函数、抛物线函数)去拟合岸线[4],提出不同的弧形海滩平衡理论[5],使用该理论预测的静态平衡岸线判断未来岸线变化[6]。Kakisina等[7]和Young等[8]基于一线(海岸线)数学模型,使用闭合水深、滩肩高度、中值粒径、波高和波向等资料构建了岸线演变模型(generalized model for simulating shoreline change,GENESIS),该模型主要关注海岸的跨岸变化,属于岸线模型。通过GENESIS的计算来预测人工护滩后海岸线的发展趋势,主要反应波浪变化对岸滩预测的影响。前人为模拟海滩对风暴潮的响应还开发了岸滩演变模型XBeach[9],该模型关注海岸的跨岸变化,属于海岸剖面模型。XBeach的核心模块包括波浪、波生流、泥沙输运和岸滩地形演变,解决了波浪传播、水流、泥沙输运和床面变化的二维水平耦合问题[10]
LRR预测岸线的方法建立在海岸线的变化为线性变化的基础上[11]。弧形海滩平衡理论对岸线形态所满足的函数关系没有明确的解释,其简单的数学函数关系不能准确描述岸线演变这一复杂的非线性动力系统问题。GENESIS一线模型能够模拟波浪变化对岸线的影响,但缺少波流相互作用对岸线的影响。XBeach中有波浪模块和波生流模块,可模拟波浪和潮流对岸线的影响[12],将底部不对称流动和非恒定流输沙的非线性特征加入XBeach模型后,可较好模拟小区域内的岸滩冲淤演化趋势[13]。但数值解对于更长周期和更大空间尺度的岸线演变则会随着时间和空间增加产生更大的误差,消耗的计算资源和时间也将增长,岸线预测的困难成倍数增长。
基于此,本文以江苏射阳县海岸作为研究对象,收集1985−2023年有记录的岸线、水深、波浪和流速数据,以及射阳县近40年的风和浪等再分析数据集,使用数值模式反演射阳县的波浪潮流数据,获取主要变化特征;其次,结合长短期神经记忆网络(Long Short Term Memory,LSTM)在非线性变化学习方面的优势[1418],对获取到的数据进行机器学习,构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型,对海岸的跨岸变化进行预测;最后,选取不同消浪率和弱流率,预测海岸防护活动后的岸线变化。预测模型可反映岸线的非线性变化特征,分析海岸侵蚀主要影响因子,为预测岸线变化提供一种新的方法和思路。
本研究区的岸线以江苏射阳县北部废黄河口为起点,南至新洋港,岸线总长度约75 km,海岸为典型的淤泥质海岸。研究区受南黄海西北部旋转潮波控制,沿岸为正规半日潮,平均潮差为1.5~2.9 m。受温带季风气候控制,研究区常浪向为NE,强浪向为N-NE,夏季以偏南浪为主,冬季以偏北浪为主。自1855年黄河改道后,泥沙供应基本断绝[19],在波浪和潮流共同作用下,研究区沉积物整体运动趋势为自北向南[20],造成北部水下三角洲冲刷严重[21],岸线变化整体状态为北冲南淤,1980年前后射阳河口海岸处于北冲南淤的过渡带上,但近10年来,射阳河口以南发生侵蚀,冲淤平衡点南移。2011−2013年在射阳河口建设完成了约6.3 km的防沙挡浪双导堤,双导堤建设完成后在射阳河口两侧形成淤积,其中北侧淤积体大于南侧淤积体。研究区岸线侵蚀与淤积共存,岸线受到自然与人类活动的共同影响,以此为研究对象构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型进行海岸侵蚀研究具有较强的代表性。
通过地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)平台获取Landsat系列卫星1985−2011年的历史遥感影像数据(影像空间分辨率为30 m),同时收集2015−2023年间的历史遥感影像数据(影像空间分辨率为5~30 m)。采用目视解译法对获取的27景卫星遥感影像开展数据提取,通过将多年平均高潮线作为海岸线,分别提取了1985年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2009年、2011年、2015年、2018年、2020年和2023年的岸线数据。
水深数据具有测量经费高且不可补测的特性。本文尽力收集了射阳海域1980年以来有记录的水深数据,包括文献、海图和报告等。主要有刘小喜文献等深线数据[22]、中国人民解放军海军司令部航海保证部海图(含1980年至今的历史纸质海图与最新电子版海图)和《射阳海洋生态保护修复项目可行性研究报告》(华设设计集团股份有限公司,2022)。对获取的数据在ArcGIS平台下进行几何校正、等深线描绘和水深点提取。射阳海域等深线变化见图1a,10 m、5 m与0 m等深线都有趋向陆地的趋势,2021年0 m线已离岸很近(图1a底图为2022年),水下岸坡冲刷严重,近岸水域变深。
为了获取射阳海域的波浪和潮流数据,本文采用mike模型进行历史数据的反演。模型边界采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代再分析数据集(ECMWF Reanalysis version5,ERA5)的波浪和风数据集。ERA5作为ECMWF最新的再分析数据集产品,提供的深水区域的波浪再分析资料数据更为精准[23]。张达恒等[24]使用该数据集分析波浪与人工岛联合作用对日月湾海滩冲淤的影响。本文ERA5数据集采用Python脚本进行批量下载,总共获取1985−2023年共38年的数据。从ERA5数据集中提取研究区3个代表点(E1、E2、E3,位置见图1b)的有效波高和波周期数据对比分析,发现射阳海域年平均有效波高以及年平均波浪周期整体上呈现逐年上升的趋势(图2),平均波浪周期上升趋势大于平均有效波高,年平均风速基本无增强趋势。模型开边界水位由mike模型自带的全球潮汐模块提供,将2021年实测水位、流速和流向数据参与mike模型的参数率定,其测量日期为2021年8月10日至8月11日(大潮),废黄河口附近水位观测站1个,射阳河口附近水位观测站1个,流速和流向观测站4个。mike模型网格为图1b,网格数量约为55000个,网格最小分辨率为5 m。在射阳河口双导堤岸段进行网格加密,网格北至中山河口,南至江苏如东县,模型水深数据见2.2.2节。综上,以ERA5数据为模型驱动,历史水深数据更新模型水深,更改模型网格反映双导堤建设和人类围填海活动,最终模拟射阳海域近岸的波浪和潮流变化特征。
随着计算资源和人工智能的发展,机器学习被应用于各个领域[1415]。机器学习的非线性预测一般被称为非线性拟合映射,非线性映射网络是通过机器学习内部复杂神经元之间的计算构造获得。多层大量的神经元组成一个高度复杂的神经网络,将激活函数的非线性特征代入,使整个系统具备非线性特征。LSTM作为非线性预测方法之一,其主要应用于时间序列特征数据的预测。LSTM是在循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Net work,RNN)基础上提出的一种新型深度学习神经网络模型[16],引入门的结构[17],通过门控状态来控制传输状态,记住需要长期记忆的信息,忘记不重要的信息,解决RNN模型短期记忆的问题[18]。引入门结构也会记录训练数据的特征,在一定程度上提高神经网络的非线性预测能力。图3为LSTM的结构图。其中,$ {X}_{t} $$ {h}_{t-1} $$ {C}_{t-1} $为当前时刻的输入值,$ {h}_{t} $$ {C}_{t} $为输出值,$ {{f}}_{{t}} $$ {{i}}_{{t}} $$ {{O}}_{{t}} $分别表示为遗忘门、输入门和输出门,用sigmoid层表示。LSTM原理如式(1)~(8)所示:
$ {{f}}_{{t}}={\sigma }({{{\boldsymbol{W}}}}_{{f}}\cdot [{{h}}_{{t}-1},{{X}}_{{t}}]+{{b}}_{{f}}) ,$
$ {{i}}_{{t}}={\sigma }({\boldsymbol{W}}_{{i}}\cdot [{{h}}_{{t}-1},{{X}}_{{t}}]+{{b}}_{{i}}) ,$
$ {O}_{t}=\sigma ({{\boldsymbol{W}}}_{o}\cdot [{h}_{t-1},{X}_{t}]+{b}_{o}) ,$
$ {\widetilde{{C}}}_{{t}}={\mathrm{{t}{a}{n}{h}}}(\boldsymbol{W}\boldsymbol{c}\cdot \left[{{h}}_{{t}-1},{{X}}_{{t}}\right]+{{b}}_{{c}}), $
$ {C}_{t}={i}_{t}\cdot {\widetilde{{C}}}_{{t}}+{f}_{t}\cdot {C}_{t-1}, $
$ {h}_{t}={O}_{t}\cdot \mathrm{tanh}\left({C}_{t}\right), $
$ \text{sigmid}\left(x\right)=\sigma\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}^{-x}}, $
$ {\mathrm{tanh}}\left(x\right)=\frac{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{x}-{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-x}}{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{x}+{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-x}} $
式中,$ {\boldsymbol{W}}_{{f}} $$ {\boldsymbol{W}}_{{i}} $$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}}_{o}\mathrm{和}\boldsymbol{W}\boldsymbol{c} $为遗忘门、输入门、输出门、细胞状态候选值的权重矩阵;$ {{b}}_{{f}} $$ {{b}}_{{i}} $$ {b}_{o}\mathrm{和}{{b}}_{{c}} $为对应的偏置系数;$ {\widetilde{{C}}}_{{t}} $为输出值;$ \sigma $为激活函数sigmoid。
基于LSTM模型框架,选择岸线变化率、平均有效波高、平均流速、岸线坚固性和潮间带宽度这5个指标构建海岸侵蚀风险预测模型。以1985−2020年数据为训练集,数据量为1363 × 10 × 5,2020−2023年数据为测试集,数据量为1363 × 5。对训练数据进行归一化,输入LSTM模型进行训练,模式设置时间步长为8,则模型输入训练数据集为4089 × 8 × 5,将训练数据拆分为4089个断面数据进行机器学习。以断面为学习单元,可不用更改模型框架,进行断面数据的扩充可提高模型预测准确性,增加其他区域的断面数据可增加模型的适应性。模型训练完成后预测下一时刻岸线变化率与2020−2023年岸线变化对比,完成模型参数调试与模型验证,模型主要参数设置见表1。将1985−2023年数据输入模型,可预测在当前情况下未来的岸线变化率。最后将2023年的部分岸段的平均有效波高、平均流速的数值乘以不同百分比,模拟不同海岸防护工程实施后取得的消浪率和弱流率,并预测未来岸线变化率;岸线坚固性的数值增大,模拟进行混凝土护岸或石料护岸,改变岸线性质,并预测未来岸线变化率,海岸侵蚀风险预测模型框架见图4。在此需要说明的是,本文不讨论具体防护措施,只考虑将采取防护措施后获得的消浪率、弱流率和岸线坚固性导入预测模型。具体的消浪率和弱流率可以通过现场测量、物模实验或者高分辨率数值实验确定。
岸线数据处理使用了美国地质调查局的数字岸线分析系统(Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS)在ArcGIS平台下自北向南以50 m为间距生成1363条断面。图5a使用DSAS计算1985−2023年的岸线线性回归变化率[25],岸线变化趋势整体为北冲南淤,但LRR不能准确刻画海岸线的变化过程。双洋港至射阳河口北部在2000−2005年间发生大面积围填海活动,海岸线向海前进了约400 m,图5b为去除人类围填海变化距离后的海岸线自然变化图(岸线实际变化除以间隔年份可以得到岸线变化率),其显示射阳河口以南在1985−2005年之间为淤积状态,在2009年左右射阳河口以南转为冲刷状态,2013年以后射阳河口开始淤积,双洋港在2010−2015年之间存在严重侵蚀,扁担港和废黄河口之间在2005年存在严重侵蚀。
图6a为模型模拟1985−2023年近岸1 km处平均有效波高变化图,近40年来近岸有效波高整体呈增大趋势,废黄河口有效波高最高,扁担港至喇叭港和射阳河口南部有效波高增大明显,而射阳河口因双导堤的修建有效波高减小。图6b为近岸1 km处平均流速,流速变化与有效波高变化类似,平均流速整体呈增大趋势,射阳河口平均流速在2011年后开始减小,废黄河口至运粮河口流速增大明显。
根据预测模型需要,构造以岸线易损性为底数岸线易变性为指数的幂函数,将该幂函数取倒数表示为海岸坚固性。岸线易变性以海岸线向陆100 m的平均高程来反映,表示因为高程存在不同导致岸线变动的潜在风险。岸线易损性以岸线组成成分来区分,反映黏土、砂质、粉砂质、砾质和混凝土海岸线的易损程度,本质上反映泥沙粒径与起动流速的关系。岸线易损性评价标准见表2。结合遥感影像图与射阳附近海域地质情况,研究区域内多为围海养殖,水边线大部分已经贴近养殖塘围堰,海岸高程偏低,特别是射阳河口以南的海域。废黄河口至运粮河口岸段修筑了混凝土护岸,特别是靠近公路的岸段。研究区域整体海岸坚固性见图7a,2005年以前多为自然岸线,海岸易受侵蚀,2005年后废黄河口以南修筑护岸增多,研究区域北部海岸易损性降低。岸线坚固性大部分区域为1/(41.5) = 0.125,修筑混凝土岸段的岸线坚固性为1/(11.5) = 1。
废黄河口至新洋港岸段的输沙方向为自北向南[20],与岸线北冲南淤的特征一致。2013年开始新建了东西走向的双导堤,2015年进行了延长,该工程人为干扰了射阳河口的岸滩物质收支平衡,使射阳河口北岸因双导堤拦沙发生淤积。为提高预测模型对岸线淤积预测准确率,输沙率是最有效的指标,但输沙率在一般情况下不可能求得解析解,潮间带宽度变化与输沙率密切相关,且可通过遥感数据获取。选择潮间带宽度(平均最高潮位和最低潮位间的海岸宽度)作为衡量指标,选择输沙率为正的岸段,即潮间带宽度增加的岸段,对于潮间带宽度减少的岸段忽略,赋值为0。图7b为射阳河口以北潮间带宽度变化图,2013年以后该岸段潮间带宽度开始增加,特别是2015年以后,部分潮间带宽度超过1 km,至2018年潮间带宽度呈现稳定状态。该结果与图5b的结果一致,结果显示该段岸线保持稳定,无侵蚀发生。
以2020−2023年实际岸线变化率作为验证数据,将模型预测值与真实值进行对比(图8a),预测值与真实值的散点值接近1∶1,其均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)为9.8 m。图8b反映废黄河口至新洋港岸线的预测值与真实值分布情况,废黄河口、扁担港和双洋港北部岸线基本无变化,因为该岸段为人工岸线。射阳河口以北附近岸段受泥沙淤积的影响,岸线基本无变化。射阳河口岸段受双导堤拦沙坝的影响发生淤积,淤积距离约为100 m。射阳河口至新洋港岸段多为养殖鱼塘,易受侵蚀,淤积距离在−100~−300 m之间,属于严重侵蚀岸段。运粮河口、双洋港和扁担港北部也发生侵蚀,淤积距离在−50~−200 m之间,对于运粮河口的强侵蚀岸段预测不足,与模型训练数据准确性有关,还需获取该岸段更准确的水深地形数据。表3为预测断面与真实断面对比分析表,模型在淤积、稳定和严重侵蚀断面的预测效果较好(遥感影像分辨率30 m,岸线稳定判断取±25 m),发生一般侵蚀岸段预测准确率相对较低。总体上,模型能够反映出射阳地区岸线侵蚀、淤积和稳定的变化特征,模型平均预测准确率为84.7%,模型整体性能较好。
利用海岸侵蚀风险预测模型,预测5年后射阳河口地区的海岸线变化距离(图9)。射阳河口以南至新洋港和双洋港至喇叭港将受到强侵蚀,扁担港北部受到弱侵蚀。废黄河口和双洋港北部区域的人工岸线维持稳定,射阳河口北部的淤积区域也将维持稳定,但淤积区域北部开始发生侵蚀。射阳河口岸线的淤积将维持稳定,淤积变化量有减小。根据海岸线变化趋势(图10),双洋港至喇叭港和射阳河口至新洋港岸段近10年来海岸线变化为非线性,呈加速侵蚀趋势(双洋港至射阳河口2000−2005年岸线离基线距离增加为人类围填海活动引起);扁担港南部海岸线变化为线性,呈稳定侵蚀趋势;扁担港北部和双洋港北部的海岸线变化由非线性向线性变化,从加速侵蚀向岸线稳定转变;喇叭港南部至射阳河口的海岸线变化为线性,海岸线离基线距离基本保持不变;射阳河口的海岸线变化由非线性向线性变化,从加速淤积向稳定淤积转变。总体上,海岸侵蚀风险预测模型预测的2028年岸线变化与岸线近20年的变化趋势一致,对现在海岸线的加速侵蚀、侵蚀、淤积和稳定的非线性变化或线性变化均有较好的预测。
运粮河口和射阳河口以南为主要的两个侵蚀风险区,射阳河口以南的侵蚀风险大于运粮河口。以运粮河口和射阳河口以南为研究对象,对采取不同海岸防护措施后可能面临的海岸侵蚀风险分别进行预测。利用海岸侵蚀风险预测模型,对两个岸段进行消浪率50%、弱流率50%、消浪率50%加弱流率50%和海岸加固的4个理想试验。图11左侧为运粮河口进行海岸防护后的海岸线变化距离图,进行海岸加固的防护效果最好,消浪率加弱流率组合的防护效果次之,消浪率的防护效果强于弱流率。图11右侧为射阳河口以南进行海岸防护的效果图,海岸防护活动的效果与运粮河口基本相同,但随着海岸侵蚀的增强,消浪率加弱流率组合的防护作用开始变弱,海岸加固比消浪率和弱流率起到更好的防护效果。总体上,射阳河口以南的侵蚀严重区域更适合进行海岸加固,运粮河口区域适合海岸加固或消浪率加弱流率组合的护岸工程。
双导堤为2013−2015年建设的防浪挡沙堤坝,为判断其对海岸侵蚀的影响,模拟2023年去除双导堤的波浪和潮流场,结果显示,波浪和潮流场都发生增强,同时去除双导堤后悬沙可自北向南输运无阻拦,射阳河口北岸淤积环境发生变化,潮间带将开始受到侵蚀减小,则潮间带宽度设置为0。将这些变化输入海岸侵蚀风险预测模型,预测移除双导堤后的海岸线变化,图12为移除双导堤后的海岸线变化距离预测图。移除双导堤后射阳河口北岸开始侵蚀,侵蚀距离为50~100 m,射阳河口由淤积向侵蚀转变。双导堤的存在一定程度保护了射阳河口附近岸段,说明射阳县海岸的侵蚀为自然因素,其中图11中消浪率防护效果大于弱流率,说明波浪是自然因素中的主要因素。黄河改道后射阳海域已经缺少泥沙供给,张长宽等[26]指出,在缺少泥沙供给的条件下波浪主导的侵蚀型岸段可以促使潮滩向凹形侵蚀剖面发展演变。近年来射阳县附近海域由潮控岸段变为波控岸段,宽滩变陡坎,潮滩剖面呈下凹形或斜坡形,这是波浪起主导作用的表现,预测模型分析结果与实际观测相符合。
本文收集江苏射阳县海域1985−2023年的岸线、水深、波浪和潮流数据,结合ERA5资料反演了射阳海域波浪主要变化特征。在黄河改道泥沙供应减少的条件下,使用LSTM对岸线变化与波浪潮流变化特征之间的非线性关系进行机器学习,构建了海岸侵蚀风险预测模型。并以运粮河口和射阳河口以南为研究对象,通过设置消浪率、弱流率和海岸加固等海岸防护措施,预测不同防护工程下的侵蚀风险。得出如下主要结论:
(1)验证结果表明LSTM可以较好地预测波浪和潮流共同作用下岸线稳定、侵蚀、加速侵蚀和淤积的非线性或线性变化趋势,能够反映海岸线跨岸变化的趋势。
(2)对射阳海岸两个侵蚀风险区进行海岸防护活动,防护效果从高到低依次为海岸加固、消浪率加弱流率组合、消浪率和弱流率。当海岸侵蚀严重时,消浪率和弱流率的防护效果呈加速下降趋势。
(3)射阳县海岸侵蚀主要为自然因素,近岸波浪增强为主要因素,潮流增强为次要因素。人为建设的双导堤对射阳县海岸侵蚀的影响有限。
射阳县海岸面临严重的侵蚀风险,本文建立LSTM模型实现海岸侵蚀风险预测,一方面为预测岸线变化提供一种新的方法,另一方面可以为射阳县海岸侵蚀防护工程提供参考。然而由于本研究的训练数据与实测数据比较不足,需要补充1985年以后每5年1个观测数据(至少1年连续观测);岸线易损性和岸线易变性的选取具有一定主观性,为减小主观性的影响,模型未来需要加入覆盖研究区域高空间分辨率的泥沙粒径数据和岸线高程数据;植被的消浪率、弱流率和植被对岸线性质的影响关系需要量化,未来需要将生态效应考虑到预测模型中;模型需要更长时间的训练集,一方面提高模型预测精度,另一方面预测更长时间尺度上的侵蚀风险。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3106203)
  • 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立课题(MESTA-2022-C005)
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2024年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024059
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-13
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3106203)
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立课题(MESTA-2022-C005)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部南海发展研究院,广东 广州 510300
    2.自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
    3.河海大学 江苏省海岸海洋资源开发与环境安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098

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*赵明利(1978—),男,山东省肥城市人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害风险评估技术方法研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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