Article(id=1200450366623043918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=1715788800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139270692, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139270692, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139270692, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139270692, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200450365842903349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139270505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139468823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200450366824370516, articleId=1200450366623043918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Investigation methods of submesoscale fronts at the edge of mesoscale eddies in the ocean, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are strong exchange of matter and energy and complex dynamic processes between mesoscale eddies and submesoscale fronts at their edges. At present, the investigation of mesoscale eddies has become more and more mature, but because of the small spatial scale and rapid time change of the submesoscale front, it is a great challenge to investigate its three-dimensional structure. In this paper, a new method is proposed to investigate the submesoscale front at the edge of the ocean mesoscale eddy. Firstly, the submesoscale front at the edge of the mesoscale eddies is identified using multi-source satellite remote sensing data, and then the multi-type shipborne survey equipment is used for multidisciplinary investigation. A submesoscale front at the edge of typical eddies in the Kuroshio Extension area from August 21 to August 25, 2023 is investigated by using this method. The survey method proposed in this paper can effectively identify, track and investigate the submesoscale front at the edge of mesoscale eddies.

, correspAuthors=Yongchui Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongcheng Lou, Yongchui Zhang, Deliang Jiang, Shengjun Zhang, Xingyue Xia, Yuxing Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200450369345147330, articleId=1200450366623043918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面调查方法研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋中尺度涡旋与其边缘的次中尺度锋面之间存在强烈的物质和能量交换以及复杂的动力过程。目前,对中尺度涡旋的调查研究已经日趋成熟,但由于次中尺度锋面的空间尺度小、时间变化快,对其三维结构的调查存在较大挑战。本文提出一种海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的调查方法。首先利用多源卫星遥感数据对中尺度涡旋及其边缘的次中尺度锋面进行识别,然后使用多型船载调查设备进行多学科综合调查。利用该方法对2023年8月21日至8月25日黑潮延伸体海域一个典型涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面进行调查方案设计。本文提出的调查方法可以有效地实现对中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的识别、追踪与调查。

, correspAuthors=张永垂, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张永垂(1982—),男,江苏省沭阳县人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋中小尺度过程及其应用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Kzr8PVbby5bvkoiFEhePrw==, magXml=E0vwclsTx5huAzn1k/Z2ug==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xeEDJgQO94lSQfKYQPbVIw==, pdfFileSize=16165433, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0emZBh/jnB/6FXkD/rDzmw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=a+JtHxrUEkL3RkZl6Qigeg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

楼鸿程(1997—),男,福建省邵武市人,主要从事海洋次中尺度锋面研究。E-mail:

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楼鸿程(1997—),男,福建省邵武市人,主要从事海洋次中尺度锋面研究。E-mail:

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楼鸿程(1997—),男,福建省邵武市人,主要从事海洋次中尺度锋面研究。E-mail:

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Under different sailing speeds, the corresponding MVP maximum depth, cycle time corresponding to the maximum depth, average speed, cycle time of 200 m depth, and the maximum cycle time meeting the observation resolution of 1 km

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航行速度/kn最大投放
深度/m
最大投放深度单个
周期时间/min
平均速度/(m·s−1)200 m投放深度单个
周期时间/min
1 km观测分辨率最大
周期时间/min
15209.91.753.8164.79
24578.41.813.6832.40
34067.41.833.6521.60
43686.91.783.7516.20
53356.51.723.8812.96
63106.41.614.1310.80
72856.01.584.219.26
82655.91.504.458.10
92505.81.444.647.20
102355.81.354.946.48
112235.71.305.115.89
122005.61.195.605.40
), ArticleFig(id=1200860899914412786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450366623043918, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同航行速度下对应的MVP最大投放深度、最大投放深度对应的周期时间、平均速度、200 m投放深度周期时间、满足1 km观测分辨率最大周期时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航行速度/kn最大投放
深度/m
最大投放深度单个
周期时间/min
平均速度/(m·s−1)200 m投放深度单个
周期时间/min
1 km观测分辨率最大
周期时间/min
15209.91.753.8164.79
24578.41.813.6832.40
34067.41.833.6521.60
43686.91.783.7516.20
53356.51.723.8812.96
63106.41.614.1310.80
72856.01.584.219.26
82655.91.504.458.10
92505.81.444.647.20
102355.81.354.946.48
112235.71.305.115.89
122005.61.195.605.40
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海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面调查方法研究
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楼鸿程 1 , 张永垂 1, * , 姜德良 2 , 张胜军 2 , 夏星月 1 , 王雨星 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(6): 1-13
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(6): 1-13
海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面调查方法研究
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楼鸿程1 , 张永垂1, * , 姜德良2, 张胜军2, 夏星月1, 王雨星1
作者信息
  • 1.国防科技大学 气象海洋学院,湖南 长沙 410073
  • 2.91937部队,浙江 舟山 316000
  • 楼鸿程(1997—),男,福建省邵武市人,主要从事海洋次中尺度锋面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张永垂(1982—),男,江苏省沭阳县人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋中小尺度过程及其应用研究。E-mail:
Investigation methods of submesoscale fronts at the edge of mesoscale eddies in the ocean
Hongcheng Lou1 , Yongchui Zhang1, * , Deliang Jiang2, Shengjun Zhang2, Xingyue Xia1, Yuxing Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 2. 91937 Troop, Zhoushan 316000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024063
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海洋中尺度涡旋与其边缘的次中尺度锋面之间存在强烈的物质和能量交换以及复杂的动力过程。目前,对中尺度涡旋的调查研究已经日趋成熟,但由于次中尺度锋面的空间尺度小、时间变化快,对其三维结构的调查存在较大挑战。本文提出一种海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的调查方法。首先利用多源卫星遥感数据对中尺度涡旋及其边缘的次中尺度锋面进行识别,然后使用多型船载调查设备进行多学科综合调查。利用该方法对2023年8月21日至8月25日黑潮延伸体海域一个典型涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面进行调查方案设计。本文提出的调查方法可以有效地实现对中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的识别、追踪与调查。

次中尺度过程  /  海洋锋  /  调查方法  /  黑潮延伸体

There are strong exchange of matter and energy and complex dynamic processes between mesoscale eddies and submesoscale fronts at their edges. At present, the investigation of mesoscale eddies has become more and more mature, but because of the small spatial scale and rapid time change of the submesoscale front, it is a great challenge to investigate its three-dimensional structure. In this paper, a new method is proposed to investigate the submesoscale front at the edge of the ocean mesoscale eddy. Firstly, the submesoscale front at the edge of the mesoscale eddies is identified using multi-source satellite remote sensing data, and then the multi-type shipborne survey equipment is used for multidisciplinary investigation. A submesoscale front at the edge of typical eddies in the Kuroshio Extension area from August 21 to August 25, 2023 is investigated by using this method. The survey method proposed in this paper can effectively identify, track and investigate the submesoscale front at the edge of mesoscale eddies.

submesoscale process  /  ocean front  /  investigation method  /  Kuroshio Extension
楼鸿程, 张永垂, 姜德良, 张胜军, 夏星月, 王雨星. 海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面调查方法研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (6) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024063
Hongcheng Lou, Yongchui Zhang, Deliang Jiang, Shengjun Zhang, Xingyue Xia, Yuxing Wang. Investigation methods of submesoscale fronts at the edge of mesoscale eddies in the ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (6) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024063
海洋次中尺度过程是一种在海洋表面分布的海洋现象,是介于小尺度和中尺度之间的海洋运动过程。海洋次中尺度过程的空间尺度在0.1~10 km之间[1],时间尺度在数小时至数天不等。海洋次中尺度过程表现为次中尺度锋面、涡丝、地形尾涡等[24]。海洋次中尺度锋面是一种典型的次中尺度过程,长度可达数百千米,但宽度仅有1~10 km。研究表明,海洋次中尺度锋面为微尺度的耗散和跨等密度面的混合提供能量级串的通道[5],影响营养物质的分布[6],改变生产力[7],对上层海洋的垂直热量及质量输运有显著的贡献[8-9],是目前物理海洋学的前沿研究方向。
海洋次中尺度锋面在大洋上混合层普遍存在。其中,由于海洋中尺度涡旋与其边缘的次中尺度锋面之间存在复杂的能量交换和动力过程,如涡旋边缘有较强的动能增强过程,利于次中尺度过程的形成与发展[10];涡旋向上的热量输送对于海洋锋的维持有重要贡献[11],且锋生过程能触发对称不稳定,对中尺度过程产生影响[12],得到了广泛关注。国内外学者综合应用多源数据,对海洋中尺度涡进行了定位识别、剖面结构、演变特征等系列研究。但对涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的三维结构刻画,仍是以数值模式和卫星遥感为主,这些数据相较于现场观测数据存在误差大、难以捕捉精细特征等问题,需要高分辨率现场观测数据予以检验和校正。
目前国内外次中尺度现象现场观测的方法主要有走航调查、拉格朗日调查及欧拉调查方法[12]。走航调查方法利用船载调测仪器采集数据[1316],其优点是采样高效,短期内可获取次中尺度锋面精细化三维结构;拉格朗日调查方法是在次中尺度锋面上游布放大量中性漂流浮标,获取次中尺度锋面强流演变特征[17],但其对水下结构的探测要素有限;欧拉调查方法利用多个系泊潜标组网对次中尺度现象进行观测[18-19],能够获取长时间变化规律,但空间分辨率较低。
海洋次中尺度锋面的精细化结构观测试验主要基于走航调查方法,由于海洋次中尺度锋面的尺度小、变化快特点,其与船载调测仪器存在测量范围与测量精度的矛盾,即如果采集足够高分辨率的数据,则无法观测到快变现象的完整结构;反之则无法捕捉其精细特征。同时,由于海洋次中尺度锋面的水平空间分辨率在公里级,而这一量级又高于卫星遥感数据,使得现场实测和数据获取的难度较大[20]
因此,观测涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面的主要挑战是如何快速发现涡旋及其边缘的次中尺度锋面,采用多型观测设备在有限时间内开展足够精细的调查。目前对于海洋次中尺度锋面调查方法的研究仍存在诸多不足,迫切需要一套科学系统、切实可行的调查方法作为指导。鉴于此,本文提出一种针对涡旋边缘的海洋次中尺度锋面调查方法,以解决海洋次中尺度锋面定位难、观测难的问题,实现对海洋次中尺度锋面调查的目的。
使用哥白尼海洋环境监测中心(Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service,CMEMS)发布的近实时(Near-Real-Time,NRT)网格化海表面高度异常(Sea Level Anomaly,SLA)数据。该数据融合了多源卫星高度计资料,包括TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason-1和ERS/Envisat等,时间分辨率为逐日,空间分辨率为0.25°,要素包括SLA以及衍生的地转流经向和纬向分量。
使用多尺度超高分辨率(Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution,MUR)海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)数据,其通过融合AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS)、AMSR-2(Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II)、MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)、WindSat以及AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)等多个Level-2卫星创建的全球数据集,时间范围为2002年至今。时间分辨率为逐日,空间分辨率为1 km[21]
为了阐述使用超高分辨率数据识别海洋次中尺度锋面的优势,将MUR与CoralTemp、OSTIA(Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis)、OISST(Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature)3种逐日SST数据做对比。其中CoralTemp是由美国国家海洋大气管理局珊瑚礁观测计划制作的SST数据,时间范围是1985年至今,空间分辨率为0.05°[22];OSTIA是由英国气象局制作的业务化海表面温度和海冰分析数据,时间范围是1981年至今,空间分辨率是0.05°[23];OISST是由美国国家海洋大气管理局制作的最佳插值数据,时间范围是1981年至今,空间分辨率为0.25°[24]
中性漂流浮标是一种自主式拉格朗日浮标,其搭载压力、盐度及温度等传感器,通过对浮力进行计算,通过液压系统调整自身体积,进而调节所受浮力,实现自动往复沉浮,使大规模长期海洋观测和水下安全监视成为可能[25-26]。定位中性浮标主要有两种方式:一是利用声学定位,在中性浮标上安装声学应答器,通过船载声学定位系统对中性浮标进行追踪,但由于系统构成复杂,在部署前需做大量校准工作,且定位精度会随着探测距离和深度的增大而降低;二是利用卫星定位,浮标布放后会自动潜入指定水深达到中性浮力,在该深度对应的等密度层保持中性漂浮,经过预设时间后自动上浮,利用卫星定位与数据传输系统将数据传输至船载接收机,而后重新下沉至预定深度继续随海流运动[27]
将中性漂流浮标布放于调查海区混合层内,通过卫星定位其运动轨迹,能够实现对混合层内海流的观测,满足对次中尺度锋面(主轴一般对应于强流)定位跟踪的需求。在调查方案设计时,可以根据中性漂流浮标在锋面的位置及移动速度调整调查航线,使得调查船经过主轴时,浮标位于调查船的下游且两者保持适当的距离,确保调查船始终能够追随浮标,以对锋面主轴剖面进行观测。
走航式拖曳多参数剖面测量系统(Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP),主要由拖鱼、数据采集单元、绞车液压系统、远程控制单元等组成[28],是一种航行中进行观测的方式。MVP系统能够预设好工作状态,具有人工手动操作和计算机自动控制等多种工作模式,通过搭载不同传感器对物理、化学和生物参数等进行剖面测量[29]。MVP为海洋调查提供了高效且成本较低的观测途径,能够实现海洋上层多要素、多层次、多尺度的连续走航观测。
声学多普勒流速剖面仪(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,ADCP)是目前国内外测量海流最有效的途径之一[30]。ADCP利用声学多普勒原理,通过测量分层水介质散射信号的频移信息,并利用矢量合成方法获取海流垂直剖面,即水流的垂直剖面分布,能够测得剖面上多层流速的三维分量和绝对方向。
选择海洋中尺度涡边缘锋面进行调查主要有两个原因:一是由于次中尺度锋面往往发生在中尺度涡边缘,两者有强烈的相互作用;二是可以利用较为成熟的中尺度涡旋观测数据和识别方法对其进行定位,提高次中尺度锋面识别的准确性。
海洋涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面调查分为识别和调查两个步骤(图1),其中识别包含中尺度涡识别和其边缘次中尺度锋面识别两个步骤,调查包含次中尺度锋面追踪和次中尺度锋面多学科调查两个步骤。具体流程为:(1)获取指定海域的卫星高度计数据,根据卫星高度计观测的SLA及其导出的地转流场数据,绘制SLA和地转流场分布图,利用SLA闭合等值线法识别出中尺度涡;(2)获取MURSST数据,绘制SST及其梯度图,在识别出的中尺度涡及地转流场分布基础上,根据指定锋面阈值识别出次中尺度锋面的主轴和锋区;(3)依据次中尺度锋面的主轴位置及锋区范围,综合考虑设备工作状况、气象水文环境等影响因素,选定一条次中尺度特征明显,且满足海洋调查条件的典型锋面,投放中性漂流浮标对次中尺度锋面进行定位追踪;(4)运用多型设备对次中尺度锋面开展水文、大气波导及声学等多学科综合调查。
识别中尺度涡的方法有SLA闭合等值线[31]、OW数(Okubo-Weiss parameter)[32]、WA(Wavelet analysis)[33]、流矢量[34]等。其中,SLA闭合等值线法避免了差分计算出现的噪声放大问题,在识别涡旋的持续时间和传播速度上具有优势[35]
SLA闭合等值线法的基本原理是反气旋涡(气旋涡)伴随的辐聚(辐散)导致SLA升高(降低),出现局部高值(低值)中心,即定义为涡旋中心。由中心出发,将包含单一SLA极值点的最外层闭合SLA等值线作为涡旋边界。
利用SLA闭合等值线法开展中尺度涡识别的步骤如图2所示,具体分为:(1)利用逐日数据绘制SLA图,并叠加地转流;(2)基于SLA和流场图,识别极值点,以此作为涡旋中心;(3)从每一个SLA极值点向外递增或递减指定的SLA(一般为1 cm)绘制闭合等值线,极值点需满足与最外围的闭合等值线数值的差值不小于某个设定值(如3 cm),闭合等值线内的极值点唯一且格点数大于1,排除将单一极值点识别为涡旋中心的情况;(4)针对每一个涡旋中心,根据水体旋转的方向确定涡旋类型:在北半球,若水体旋转为气旋式则判定涡旋的类型为冷涡,若水体旋转为反气旋式则判定涡旋的类型为暖涡,南半球情况相反;(5)基于卫星高度计数据的空间分辨率,针对冷涡和暖涡的大小进行筛选,确保涡旋的等效半径介于某个区间(如55~400 km),从而得到筛选后的中尺度涡。
使用卫星高度计数据识别出中尺度涡旋后,可以获得伴随涡旋分布的次中尺度锋面的大致位置。为了更加准确识别出海洋次中尺度锋面的分布情况,需要使用卫星遥感SST数据作为识别次中尺度锋面的主要依据。识别次中尺度锋面的SST卫星遥感数据应满足更新频率快、分辨率高的要求。因此本文使用更新频率为逐日、空间分辨率为1 km的MURSST数据绘制SST及其梯度图,对锋面进行判别。
利用SST梯度对锋面进行判别,其计算函数表达式为
$ \left|\nabla {\mathrm{SST}}\right|=\sqrt{{\left(\frac{\partial {\mathrm{SST}}}{\partial x}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{\partial {\mathrm{SST}}}{\partial y}\right)}^{2}}, $
式中,$\left|\nabla {{{\mathrm{SST}}}}\right| $表示SST的梯度绝对值,$ x $$ y $分别为纬向和经向。
识别步骤为:(1)选取适当的SST梯度阈值,以确保阈值内的次中尺度锋面特征显著,阈值范围利于调查观测,将SST梯度($\left|\nabla {\mathrm{SST}}\right| $)大于设定梯度阈值包围区域视为锋区;(2)每条经线上$\left|\nabla {\mathrm{SST}}\right| $最大值所在的位置视为主轴位置,对应的水平$\left|\nabla {\mathrm{SST}}\right| $值为锋面主轴强度;(3)将中尺度涡边缘识别得到的锋面作为拟调查的次中尺度锋面。
通过对锋面主轴上游投放的中性漂流浮标的定位,实现对次中尺度锋面主轴的追踪,以此开展次中尺度锋面的多学科调查。
基于识别出的中尺度涡旋分布,综合分析SST及其梯度、地转流分布,统筹考虑调查海区的次中尺度锋面强度、主轴位置、现场观测条件及其未来变化,选定一条适宜开展调查的中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面。
分析SST梯度分布得到初步的锋面主轴分布,将中性漂流浮标投放于锋面主轴的上游,中性浮标将下潜到设定深度(在海面和混合层深度之间)后随海流漂流,通过对中性浮标进行定位,追踪次中尺度锋面主轴位置的变化。中性浮标不仅可以实现对次中尺度锋面主轴的追踪,而且可以获得所在等密度层的流速和流向。
海洋次中尺度锋面主轴附近具有显著的温度、盐度等水文要素梯度变化,会显著改变水下声场,并且伴随着强烈的海气相互作用,进而对大气波导产生影响[36]。因此可以开展对次中尺度锋面的多学科综合调查,对涉及到的要素同步进行观测,从而掌握次中尺度的变化特征及其影响机制。
将中性浮标投放位置视为次中尺度锋面主轴的起始位置,沿浮标漂流轨迹方向,调查船反复横跨锋面主轴(中性浮标移动路径)走航观测,其航迹呈锯齿状。调查断面平行于经线,断面中点为锋面主轴所在位置,横跨锋面的断面互相平行。调查船走航过程中利用船载MVP连续获取次中尺度锋面的剖面数据,包括海水温度、盐度、声速等,同时利用船载ADCP,获取流速、流向数据。为了实现对次中尺度锋面的精细化观测,相邻两条垂直于锋面主轴的调查断面间距一般设置为1 km。
根据锋面主轴的长度以及1 km分辨率的空间精度要求,得到调查船绕主轴的测线数量。调查船在锋面主轴垂直方向上的航行距离根据锋区范围、强度进行确定。当锋区垂直于主轴的延伸范围较广、温度梯度较强时,可适当增加调查船在垂直方向的航行距离。
MVP单个观测周期存在自海表面下降至预设水深及自预设水深上升至海表面的观测过程,因此单次周期可获得下降及上升两条剖面数据,并且剖面间空间精度同样要满足1 km分辨率。由于次中尺度锋面主要分布在上混合层内,假定MVP投放深度为200 m。在指定深度条件下,随着航行速度的增加,MVP观测剖面达到1 km分辨率应满足的最大周期时间减少,MVP单个观测周期时间要小于1 km观测分辨率所要求的最大周期时间。
参考MVP-200型走航式拖曳多参数剖面测量系统在不同航速条件下对应的最大投放深度和周期时间[37],计算得到MVP在不同航速条件下对应最大投放深度的单个周期平均速度,假定MVP的单个周期平均速度在投放深度为200 m时与最大深度一致,计算对应200 m深度的单个周期时间。
表1所示,当航行速度小于12 kn时,MVP在200 m投放深度的单个周期时间小于对应的最大周期时间,满足1 km观测分辨率的要求。
当MVP连续工作时间过长或者绞车液压系统的油温过高时,出现故障的风险会显著提高。为确保设备使用安全,需要停止MVP作业,利用替代设备进行补充调查。可选择投放投弃式温盐深仪(expendable conductivity-temperature-depth profiler,XCTD)或投弃式温深计(expendable bathythermograph,XBT)的方式进行水文调查。XCTD的投放间隔同样需要结合船速及投放深度进行调整,以达到1 km水平分辨率。
获取海洋次中尺度锋面的海气边界层特性,能为大气波导研究提供数据支撑。鉴于船舶快速、不停船作业的方式,利用探空火箭获取锋面主轴上空的温度、湿度、气压、风向和风速等气象要素的垂直廓线。在走航调查期间,调查船每次经过次中尺度锋面主轴时发射一枚探空火箭。
为了获取海洋次中尺度锋面的声传播特性,可以设置1条声学爆炸测线和1套声学接收潜标。调查过程由调查船在锋面一侧投放声学接收潜标,而后沿垂直于主轴的方向,每千米投放1枚爆炸声源至锋面另一侧。爆炸声源可设置两种不同深度,在航行中交替投放,其水平分辨率与MVP相同,均为1 km。
为了进一步阐述上述方法的有效性,本节利用该方法对黑潮延伸体海域一个典型中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面进行识别、追踪及调查测线的设计。黑潮延伸体是亲潮和黑潮交汇区域(30°~40°N,140°~180°E),伴随着多尺度运动特征,存在诸多锋面和涡旋[38],且具有显著的海气相互作用[39]。根据多源数据分析,调查起始时间为2023年8月21日。
首先利用SLA闭合等值线法对中尺度涡旋进行识别。如图3所示,地转流速最大的区域对应着黑潮延伸体主轴,可以看到其自西向东呈现蜿蜒绕折的形状。在黑潮延伸体海域广泛分布着多个闭合的正/负SLA等值线,伴随着地转流呈现反气旋式和气旋式环流,分别对应着冷涡和暖涡。一般主轴北侧分布着冷涡,南侧为暖涡。
通过展示MURSST、CoralTemp、OSTIA、OISST位于黑潮延伸体海域温度梯度分布,进一步阐述利用MURSST数据识别次中尺度锋面主轴的合理性。如图4所示,与甚高分辨率卫星遥感数据CoralTemp、OSTIA相比,粗分辨率的OISST只能识别出显著的中尺度现象,无法识别出次中尺度锋面;CoralTemp和OSTIA虽能刻画出部分次中尺度锋面,但与MURSST相比,仍不能刻画出中小尺度的涡丝。超高分辨率的MURSST数据能将0.1~10 km尺度的涡旋、锋面、涡丝刻画出来,可以看到黑潮延伸体海域广泛分布着条带状的锋面,其宽度仅为数千米到数十千米,但其长轴最长可达数百千米,短的只有数十千米。因此采用MURSST能够有效增加次中尺度锋面识别的准确性。
根据MURSST图(图5)可以看到在黑潮延伸体主轴南北两侧存在明显的温度差别,南侧为暖水区,北侧为冷水区,主轴南北两侧温度差十分显著,表明该海域广泛分布着次中尺度锋。SST和SLA有较好的对应关系,温度的极值区与中尺度涡(图3)强度中心的分布较为接近。
基于涡旋识别结果(图3)及温度梯度分布(图4),由于黑潮延伸体海域西北部(图4a图5黑色方框区域)广泛分布着气旋涡及反气旋涡,冷暖流在此交汇,存在温度梯度较强的次中尺度锋面,因此选定该区域一个典型中尺度涡旋边缘的次中尺度锋面开展调查方案设计。锋面所在海域的西北及东南侧存在反气旋涡(图6),东北及西南侧存在气旋涡,且东南侧的反气旋涡中心SLA达到0.8 m。锋面南北两侧地转流向分别为东南和东北且在39°50′N附近交汇,锋面主轴处地转流呈现东偏北流动的趋势。由于冷暖流在此交汇,有显著的温度梯度,可以看到27℃和28℃两条等温线在锋区相邻且平行,呈现西南至东北的走向。
根据计算得到的温度梯度分布,其强度最大达0.3℃/km。比较不同SST梯度值,当梯度阈值为0.18℃/km时,次中尺度锋面特征显著且范围适当,因此将SST梯度大于0.18℃/km的包围区域视为锋区,将锋区内每条经线上的SST梯度最大值作为次中尺度锋面的主轴。可以看出,在144°25′E以西主轴在东西方向上较为水平,东段主轴转向东北方向弯折。锋区范围呈现出两头宽、中间窄的特点,主轴长约95 km。根据地转流的流向,自锋面主轴的西侧向东侧进行调查。
由于次中尺度锋面变化迅速,且海表面遥感数据存在迟滞性,SST与实际海温分布存在一定的偏差。因此调查航线设计时要延伸垂直于锋面主轴的测量范围,确保调查测线能覆盖到完整的锋面主轴。根据图7的锋区范围,调查断面设置为垂直于主轴南北两侧各10 km,调查站位水平间隔1 km(图8)。为追踪锋面主轴,在锋面西侧黄色端点处投放中性浮标。根据中性浮标的漂流轨迹,调查船反复横跨主轴进行走航观测,航迹呈锯齿状。主轴长度为95 km,共需观测95条断面。单条断面长度20 km,加上从当前测线到下条测线航渡的1 km,航线里程总计1995 km。假定调查船航速10 kn,并忽略调查船转向时的航速变化,共需107.72 h,根据测线长度和船速,每天可完成约21条测线的调查,因此锋面调查的时间区间为8月21日至8月25日。
根据8月22日至8月25日中性浮标的漂流情况,以及逐日更新的SLA、地转流和MURSST等多源资料(图9),分析涡旋分布形势及锋面主轴变化,并对未来4天的调查航线进行动态调整(图10)。
8月22日涡旋分布形势与8月21日基本一致,锋面主轴保持西南至东北的倾斜走向;8月23日位于锋面西南侧的反气旋涡减弱消散,受到锋面北侧反气旋式环流的南下影响,主轴东段向南移至39°50′N,主轴西段保持稳定;8月24日锋面北侧的反气旋涡强度中心向东移动,锋面南侧的气旋式环流向东南移动,位于锋面东北侧的流场由东北向逐渐转为偏东向,锋面西侧受到东北向暖流影响,位于144°E的主轴向北侧突起弯折;8月25日锋面西侧海域的SLA减小,位于39°40′N至40°10′N范围内东北向流场有所增强,主轴的弯折位置东移至144°13′E。
依据8月21日至8月25日的涡旋分布形势、锋面位置及强度变化规划得到调查航线(图10),其经向范围在39°35′N至39°52′N之间,该范围内次中尺度锋面强度较强、特征明显,调查船利用MVP设备以10 kn航速沿着预定航线观测,能够捕捉到其三维水文结构特征。
海洋次中尺度锋面在大洋中广泛分布,尤其是在中尺度涡旋边缘更加普遍,其对全球海洋的动力系统及能量平衡具有重要作用,是继中尺度涡旋之后的研究热点。但由于次中尺度锋面具有空间尺度小、时间变化快等特征,对其现场观测调查存在较大挑战。
目前次中尺度锋面调查存在主轴位置研判不准、观测剖面精度不高、调查学科单一等问题,本文提出的海洋中尺度涡旋边缘次中尺度锋面观测和调查方法,利用多源数据有效判别锋面主轴,基于多型设备观测三维精细结构以及开展多要素调查,并针对黑潮延伸体海域中尺度涡旋边缘的一条典型次中尺度锋面进行观测、识别、追踪及水文调查的方案设计。本文提出的方法主要具有以下3种优点。
由于次中尺度锋面存在时空变化快且尺度小的特征,难以通过设置大面站的方式停船作业,因此需要利用海洋调查船及其搭载的多型设备仪器进行走航观测。本文提出的调查方法集合运用MVP、中性浮标、ADCP等多种调测手段,对次中尺度锋面进行多方位立体观测。使用中性漂流浮标以拉格朗日方式对次中尺度锋面主轴进行跟踪,解决了次中尺度锋面跟踪难问题,有效捕捉在中尺度背景流中次中尺度锋的演变特征;调查船横跨锋面主轴以锯齿状航线航行,利用船载拖曳MVP设备对锋面进行连续采样,能够实现对次中尺度锋面精细化三维结构的观测。
本文提出的调查方法综合应用多源数据对次中尺度锋面进行观测和识别:首先使用SLA及地转流数据识别中尺度涡旋,在其边缘寻找次中尺度海洋锋,为锋面提供背景场信息;利用超高分辨率卫星遥感SST数据,结合中尺度涡特征,解决了次中尺度锋面定位难问题。
次中尺度锋面主要发生在海洋上混合层,对大气边界层内的温度、湿度、气压等要素有显著的影响;锋面还伴随着剧烈的水平温盐梯度,对水下声场的传播有很大的影响,因此对次中尺度锋面的调查研究涉及多学科、多领域的前沿问题。本文提出的调查方法通过开展水文、大气波导、声学等多学科的综合调查,以便更好地理解掌握次中尺度锋面的动力学及热力学机制,为科学研究提供多学科数据支撑。
值得注意的是中性浮标要位于调查船在锋面主轴方向的下游,若将浮标投放在中性漂流深度流速小的主轴位置,则漂流距离短,调查船无法追踪浮标对锋面进行观测。可基于三维海流分析及预报资料,研判基于预设主轴位置的中性浮标流速和漂流距离,据此调整浮标投放位置及测线长度,可考虑以下两种浮标投放策略:一是保持测线长度不变,在满足浮标最小流速条件的主轴位置投放浮标,但在投放浮标前主轴位置的研判依赖MURSST梯度;二是尽可能提前投放浮标,并根据浮标流速变化对测线长度进行动态调整,若浮标在主轴流速快,则缩短测线,浮标流速慢,则延长测线,确保浮标始终位于调查船下游位置,其优点是提前布放浮标能更准确把握主轴,缺点是测线延长导致观测时间增加。
由于次中尺度锋面时空变化快,空间位置数小时之内就会改变,仅利用逐日卫星遥感数据难以精确捕捉主轴的动态变化,需结合现场实时观测数据对主轴位置进行校正,同时基于MVP瞬时观测得到的资料难以对次中尺度锋面的演变进行探究。下一步将利用数值预报、叶绿素浓度及实际观测等多类型数据开展中尺度涡旋边缘的次中尺度锋面调查研究,进一步增强锋面识别的准确性和时效性。
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2024年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024063
  • 接收时间:2024-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-10
  • 修回日期:2024-05-16
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    1.国防科技大学 气象海洋学院,湖南 长沙 410073
    2.91937部队,浙江 舟山 316000

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*张永垂(1982—),男,江苏省沭阳县人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋中小尺度过程及其应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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