Article(id=1200450366346219845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711209600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-24, revisedDate=1716998400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764139270626, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764139270626, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764139270626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139270626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200450365842903349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764139270505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764139468823, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200451197711806772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200450365842903349, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200450366593683788, articleId=1200450366346219845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of the impact of coastal urbanization on sea breeze front penetration over the Hainan Island, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the mesoscale model WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Advanced Research WRF)(Version 4.0) is used to simulate a typical sea breeze front case in Hainan Island under different weather conditions with high numerical resolution. By designing sensitivity tests for local urbanization, the influence of coastal urbanization on sea breeze fronts in Hainan Island and its possible influencing mechanism are analyzed. The results show that the sea breeze front structure difference caused by urbanization is the result of thermal and dynamic effects. The friction effect of the underlying surface and the enhancement of urban heat island hinder the sea breeze from advancing inland, weaken the cooling and humidification effect of the sea breeze front, and result in a relative lagging of the sea breeze front. The high sea-land thermal difference caused by urbanization enhances the sea breeze wind speed and amplitude, and the vertical updraft and sea breeze circulation thickness in front of the sea breeze front are significantly enhanced. The influence of urbanization on the advance of sea breeze fronts varies during different stages of development. In the early stages of the development of sea breeze fronts, the driving effect of the thermal difference between land and sea is offset by the hindering effect of friction, resulting in no significant impact on the advance of sea breeze fronts. In the strong stage of development of sea breeze fronts, the thermal difference between inland cities and non-urban areas under urbanization conditions has increased, hindering the advance of sea breeze fronts towards inland areas, resulting in a decrease in the penetration distance of sea breeze fronts inland. The influence of urbanization on the advance of sea breeze fronts varies under different weather conditions. Compared to clear weather, the thermal difference between urban and non-urban areas under cloudy weather is slightly stronger, strengthening the hindering effect of urban heat island effect on the advance of sea breeze fronts towards inland areas, resulting in a slightly longer lag distance of sea breeze fronts. Furthermore, when land use transitions to towns occur, net radiation energy exchange with atmospheric air decreases leading to notable declines in latent heat flux alongside increases in sensible heat flux levels. This increased the underlying surface temperature, enhanced the vertical upward movement of sea breeze, and thus caused the increase in boundary layer height.

, correspAuthors=Junfeng Miao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yixuan Duan, Junfeng Miao, Wen Feng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200450372348269127, articleId=1200450366346219845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进影响的数值模拟, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用中尺度模式WRF-ARW(Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Advanced Research WRF)(Version 4.0)对海南岛不同天气条件下的典型海风锋个例进行了高分辨率数值模拟,通过设计局地城镇化的敏感性试验, 重点分析了海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进的影响及其可能机制。研究结果表明:海南岛沿海城镇化造成的海风锋结构差异是热力作用和动力作用共同影响的结果;城镇下垫面的摩擦效应与城市热岛的增强阻碍海风向内陆推进, 减弱了海风锋途经地区的降温增湿效应, 造成海风锋位置相对滞后;而城镇化所引起的高海陆热力差异增强了海风风速及海风辐合, 同时导致海风锋前的垂直上升气流和海风环流厚度也明显增强。海风锋发展不同时期,城镇化对海风锋的推进影响有所不同。海风锋发展初期, 海陆热力差异引起的推动作用与摩擦效应的阻碍作用相抵消, 导致海风锋的推进无明显影响;海风锋发展强盛阶段, 城镇化条件下内陆城市与非城市之间的热力差异有所增强, 阻碍了海风锋向内陆推进,导致海风锋内陆渗透距离减小。不同天气条件下城市化对海风锋推进的影响有所不同,相比于晴空天气, 多云天气下城市与非城市的热力差异稍强,加强了城市热岛效应对海风推进的阻碍作用,导致海风锋滞后距离稍远。此外,当土地利用类型更换为城镇后, 净辐射与陆气间交换能量减少, 导致其潜热通量显著减小, 感热通量值变大,从而升高了下垫面温度, 增强了海风的垂直上升运动, 进而造成边界层高度的升高。

, correspAuthors=苗峻峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苗峻峰(1963—),男,内蒙古托克托县人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事边界层气象学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ieCpVFIbSyaGH54RiE+acg==, magXml=/biKfXXnQCnylWOhIi24Aw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=63KV+hVoswfo0QoDt99M8w==, pdfFileSize=9198917, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QatGuHSLhUjnGeW/A/DDMg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PYaE4Y2q0MA1nmNl8i6LTA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

段懿轩(1998—),男,吉林省辽源市人,主要从事中尺度气象学研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450366346219845, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Settings of the main physical parameterizations

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物理过程参数化选用的参数化方案
短波辐射RRTMG
长波辐射RRTMG
微物理学Lin
积云对流(仅D1、D2)Kain-Fritsch
边界层YSU
近地面层MM5 Revised
城市冠层方案UCM
陆面过程Noah
), ArticleFig(id=1200860907002778502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200450366346219845, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模式主要物理参数化方案的设置

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物理过程参数化选用的参数化方案
短波辐射RRTMG
长波辐射RRTMG
微物理学Lin
积云对流(仅D1、D2)Kain-Fritsch
边界层YSU
近地面层MM5 Revised
城市冠层方案UCM
陆面过程Noah
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海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进影响的数值模拟
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段懿轩 1, 2, 3 , 苗峻峰 1, 4, * , 冯文 2, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(6): 66-83
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(6): 66-83
海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进影响的数值模拟
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段懿轩1, 2, 3 , 苗峻峰1, 4, * , 冯文2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 大气科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室,海南 海口 570203
  • 3.海南省气象台,海南 海口 570311
  • 4.青海理工学院 生态与环境科学学院,青海 西宁 810016
  • 段懿轩(1998—),男,吉林省辽源市人,主要从事中尺度气象学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苗峻峰(1963—),男,内蒙古托克托县人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事边界层气象学研究。E-mail:
Numerical simulation of the impact of coastal urbanization on sea breeze front penetration over the Hainan Island
Yixuan Duan1, 2, 3 , Junfeng Miao1, 4, * , Wen Feng2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China
  • 3. Hainan Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Haikou 570311, China
  • 4. School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Qinghai Institute of Technology, Xining 810016, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024069
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本文利用中尺度模式WRF-ARW(Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Advanced Research WRF)(Version 4.0)对海南岛不同天气条件下的典型海风锋个例进行了高分辨率数值模拟,通过设计局地城镇化的敏感性试验, 重点分析了海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进的影响及其可能机制。研究结果表明:海南岛沿海城镇化造成的海风锋结构差异是热力作用和动力作用共同影响的结果;城镇下垫面的摩擦效应与城市热岛的增强阻碍海风向内陆推进, 减弱了海风锋途经地区的降温增湿效应, 造成海风锋位置相对滞后;而城镇化所引起的高海陆热力差异增强了海风风速及海风辐合, 同时导致海风锋前的垂直上升气流和海风环流厚度也明显增强。海风锋发展不同时期,城镇化对海风锋的推进影响有所不同。海风锋发展初期, 海陆热力差异引起的推动作用与摩擦效应的阻碍作用相抵消, 导致海风锋的推进无明显影响;海风锋发展强盛阶段, 城镇化条件下内陆城市与非城市之间的热力差异有所增强, 阻碍了海风锋向内陆推进,导致海风锋内陆渗透距离减小。不同天气条件下城市化对海风锋推进的影响有所不同,相比于晴空天气, 多云天气下城市与非城市的热力差异稍强,加强了城市热岛效应对海风推进的阻碍作用,导致海风锋滞后距离稍远。此外,当土地利用类型更换为城镇后, 净辐射与陆气间交换能量减少, 导致其潜热通量显著减小, 感热通量值变大,从而升高了下垫面温度, 增强了海风的垂直上升运动, 进而造成边界层高度的升高。

海风锋  /  城镇化  /  土地覆盖变化  /  复杂地形  /  热带海岛

In this paper, the mesoscale model WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Advanced Research WRF)(Version 4.0) is used to simulate a typical sea breeze front case in Hainan Island under different weather conditions with high numerical resolution. By designing sensitivity tests for local urbanization, the influence of coastal urbanization on sea breeze fronts in Hainan Island and its possible influencing mechanism are analyzed. The results show that the sea breeze front structure difference caused by urbanization is the result of thermal and dynamic effects. The friction effect of the underlying surface and the enhancement of urban heat island hinder the sea breeze from advancing inland, weaken the cooling and humidification effect of the sea breeze front, and result in a relative lagging of the sea breeze front. The high sea-land thermal difference caused by urbanization enhances the sea breeze wind speed and amplitude, and the vertical updraft and sea breeze circulation thickness in front of the sea breeze front are significantly enhanced. The influence of urbanization on the advance of sea breeze fronts varies during different stages of development. In the early stages of the development of sea breeze fronts, the driving effect of the thermal difference between land and sea is offset by the hindering effect of friction, resulting in no significant impact on the advance of sea breeze fronts. In the strong stage of development of sea breeze fronts, the thermal difference between inland cities and non-urban areas under urbanization conditions has increased, hindering the advance of sea breeze fronts towards inland areas, resulting in a decrease in the penetration distance of sea breeze fronts inland. The influence of urbanization on the advance of sea breeze fronts varies under different weather conditions. Compared to clear weather, the thermal difference between urban and non-urban areas under cloudy weather is slightly stronger, strengthening the hindering effect of urban heat island effect on the advance of sea breeze fronts towards inland areas, resulting in a slightly longer lag distance of sea breeze fronts. Furthermore, when land use transitions to towns occur, net radiation energy exchange with atmospheric air decreases leading to notable declines in latent heat flux alongside increases in sensible heat flux levels. This increased the underlying surface temperature, enhanced the vertical upward movement of sea breeze, and thus caused the increase in boundary layer height.

sea breeze front  /  urbanization  /  land cover change  /  complex terrain  /  tropical island
段懿轩, 苗峻峰, 冯文. 海南岛沿海城镇化对海风锋推进影响的数值模拟. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (6) : 66 -83 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024069
Yixuan Duan, Junfeng Miao, Wen Feng. Numerical simulation of the impact of coastal urbanization on sea breeze front penetration over the Hainan Island[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (6) : 66 -83 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024069
海风是沿海地区最常见的中尺度现象之一[12], 国内外一般将由日间较冷的海风在向陆地推进过程中遇到较热空气层形成一个类似浅冷锋的锋面称之为海风锋[36]。海风锋向内陆推进过程中,在经过城市、山地等复杂下垫面时, 可与城市热岛环流[710]、山谷风[1113]等中小尺度系统相互影响,引发短时强降水、雷暴、大风等强对流天气[1416],对当地天气预报和空气污染物的传播等方面有显著影响[1718]
海南从1988年建省经济特区到2009年升级为国际旅游岛,再到2025年将启动全岛封关运作,海南正在探索建设世界上最大的自由贸易港。伴随经济的快速发展,海南城市规模与人口迅速发展,城镇化进程不断加快,城市热岛效应日益受到关注[1923]。作为我国唯一的热带岛屿,海南全岛均处于北回归线以南, 海风锋发生频率高,其四周环水低平、中间山峰高耸的梯级结构明显,这使当地的下垫面和天气状况具有独特性和复杂性,是研究城市效应对海风锋影响的理想区域。关于海南岛海风锋的研究也日益增加[2425],王静等[26]利用海南岛常规观测资料与海口站探空资料对海风的时空演变特征进行了统计分析。Liang等[27]指出山地—平原热力差异和海陆热力差异的耦合作用对海南岛海风锋向内陆推进起促进作用,同时也揭示了不同月份海南岛海风与降水之间的密切关系。与此同时,海南岛地形对海风的影响逐渐受到人们关注,王语卉等[28]、杨秋彦等[29]、王凌梓等[30]均指出海南岛复杂地形导致的动力影响与局地热力环流对海风环流结构及其引发的强对流天气存在显著影响。综上所述,海南岛的海风(锋)研究较多关注海风(锋)本身及地形影响,而土地覆盖与土地利用等下垫面变化对海风锋的影响研究才刚刚起步[31]
近几十年来,随着沿海地区城市化进程不断加快,城市下垫面、城市热岛对海风锋的影响研究逐渐成为中尺度气象学与边界层气象学领域关注的热点。苗峻峰[32]对国内外城市热岛与海风环流相互作用的研究进行了全面的回顾,总结发现目前关于城市的影响研究主要以城市下垫面与城市热岛两方面为主。其中,城市下垫面的影响研究主要考虑粗糙度、地表反照率等地表属性改变造成的环流形势、近地面风场及湍流特征发生的相关变化[33]。张亦洲等[34]针对北京的海风提出:城市下垫面的高粗糙度减弱了海风强度和低层辐合, 导致海风锋向内陆推进距离及上升气流运动的减弱。除去粗糙度的影响研究外,梁钊明等[35]还对地表反照率的变化影响进行了分析研究,发现城市下垫面的高地表反照率会导致较高的感热通量与较低的水汽通量,进而削弱了海风锋的降温与增湿效应。此外,Shen等[36]也利用大涡模拟印证了以上结论,并指出当海风锋推进至城市附近时, 锋前上升运动显著增强,同时也出现更强的湍流混合。
城市热岛的影响研究主要考虑城市热岛环流对海风环流的同向叠加和反向阻挡作用,以及沿海城市造成的海陆热力差异影响,其主要研究方法为观测研究与数值模拟研究。早在10年前,黄利萍等[37]、许启慧等[38]就从统计方法入手,使用地面常规资料,对天津城市热岛效应与海陆风的相互作用进行了观测分析,研究结果指出:强城市热岛阻碍了海风向内陆的传播,推迟了海风的开始时间,缩短了海风的持续时间;反之,较强的海风则能使城区降温,削弱城市的热岛强度。
近年来,中尺度数值模式的不断发展和完善和城市冠层的深入研究极大助力了城市热岛对海风环流的影响研究[3435],东高红等[3940]利用TJ-WRF中尺度数值模式模拟了天津城市热岛对海风锋强度及移动速度的影响,研究发现海风锋未到城区附近时,城市热岛对其有明显的加强作用;到达城区附近则存在阻挡效应。Bauer[41]同时使用WRF中尺度模式和地面观测资料,就纽约市城市热岛及其对海风的影响进行了分析,研究结果指出热岛环流加强了大气不稳定度, 但又减弱了海风的推进距离。Wang和Shu[42]利用敏感性试验和多元回归模型,就上海市海风向内陆渗透对城市化时空不均衡的响应进行了分析研究,试验表明城市区域的扩大与海风锋向内陆的推进速度的减缓呈正相关,城市下垫面的高地表粗糙度对推进距离的影响主要为负贡献,而城市热岛对推进距离的影响主要为正贡献。
上述研究多围绕美国纽约,法国巴黎,英国伦敦,中国京津冀、长江三角洲等非岛屿型沿海城市进行,并且主要强调晴空天气下的典型海风活动,对热带岛屿以及多云天气条件的研究相对较少。因此,本文利用中尺度模式 WRF-ARW(Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Advanced Research WRF)(Version 4.0)对海南岛晴空和多云天气条件下的典型海风锋个例进行高分辨率数值模拟, 旨在探讨该地区不同天气条件下城镇化对海风锋三维结构和演变特征的影响,以期理解海南岛海风锋发生发展机理,为强对流天气预警预报提供科学依据。
本文所用资料及其用途主要为:海南省气象台提供的22个地面自动气象站的逐小时气温、风向、风速资料用于个例挑选和模式评估;美国怀俄明大学天气网站提供的海口探空站(19.99°N, 110.24°E)12 h一次的气温、风向、风速资料,资料的垂直方向上为不等间距的29层(http://weather.uwyo.edu/cgi-bin/bufrraob.py?),用来证实模拟试验结果的可用性;NASA Worldview网站提供的卫星云图资料(1 km,3 h)(https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/)、ERA5再分析资料各层次风场、气压场数据(0.25° × 0.25°、1 h),用于个例的挑选;模式初始场所用资料来自NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)提供的0.25° × 0.25°逐6 h的FNL(Final Analysis)全球再分析资料。
城市化对海风锋等中小尺度过程的影响越来越受到关注,以往研究主要强调晴空天气下城市化对海风锋的影响,本研究关注不同天气条件下沿海城市化对海风锋推进过程的影响,为此选择了2020年3月22日一次晴空天气的海风锋过程及2020年7月16日一次多云天气的海风锋过程进行对比分析研究。
两次海风锋过程均发生在海南岛北部,地面20个常规气象站均未显示降水。从大尺度环流形势来看,500 hPa(图1a2a)两个天气过程均受副热带高压控制,700 hPa(图1b2b),3月22日过程海南岛受偏南风影响,环流形势稳定,风速小于6 m/s,而7月16日则是西南风控制海南岛。此外,从卫星云图(图1c2c)可以看出3月22日为晴空少云天气,7月16日为多云天气。
此外,ERA5资料也显示出这两次过程海南岛均受海风环流影响,午后低层气流由四周向海南岛中部内陆汇合(图1d2d)。
总体来看,两次海风锋过程均发生在较稳定的环流形势中,具有晴空(多云)特征,持续时间长、局地性强,是典型的海风锋事件,可以作为典型海风锋个例进行深入研究。
本文采用中尺度模式 WRF-ARW(Version 4.0)对所选个例进行数值模拟。模式采用四重双向嵌套网格,最内层区域仅包括海南岛地区(图3a)。海南岛的地形和部分气象观测站分布如图3b所示。水平网格数(纬向 × 经向)分别为 200 × 200、208 × 202、184 × 190和241 × 226,其对应分辨率分别为 27 km,9 km,3 km,1 km,模式层顶气压为100 hPa,垂直方向上设置36层不等间距的σ层。为了更好地模拟海风锋的垂直结构,2 km 以下垂直层数加密到 22 层。
我们运用WRF-ARW模式进行两组数值试验, 其中一组(下文简称为CNTL)采用了NCEP的MODIS_30s(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)土地利用类型数据,能较准确地反映出海南岛中南部复杂下垫面(图3c); 另一组(下文简称为URBAN)则将海南岛海拔100 m以下地区下垫面修改为城市下垫面(图3d)。模式主要物理参数化方案的设置如表1所示。由于模式第三、四层区域的分辨率较高(已小于5 km), 所以Kain-Fritsch积云参数化方案仅在外层区域使用。本文将陆面方案 Noah 与单层城市冠层模式(Urban Canopy Model,UCM)耦合[43]。UCM考虑了城市的地理情况和几何特征、建筑物对辐射的遮挡等, 能精准地刻画城市的热力学和动力学效应[44], 对城市的流场分布特征及辐射变化等都有较好的模拟能力, 适合建筑高度和建筑密度均较低的城镇化试验。
模式的初始场和每6 h更新一次的边界条件由0.25° × 0.25° NCEP FNL资料提供。模拟的起始时间为2020年7月15日08:00和2020年3月21日08:00, 积分48 h, 每小时输出模式结果, 前24 h为模式起转调整(spin up)时间, 后24 h的模拟结果用于分析。
为了证实模拟试验结果的可用性,我们分别将2020年3月22日、7月16日两次海风锋过程WRF-ARW模式输出的风速、风向与站点逐时观测资料进行对比,分析发现模式模拟的风场与实况的变化趋势基本相同(图4图5)。从图中可以看出,3月22日过程临高等北部近海站于11:00出现风速突然升高1~2 m/s,风向出现45°以上的偏转,并持续10 h左右,至22:00前后风向再次偏转, 变为向海风;而其余北部内陆站点向岸风出现于12:00前后。7月16日过程海风登陆较晚,临高等北部沿海气象站于14:00前后发生风向变化, 出现持续一段时间的向岸风, 至22:00前后再次发生风向偏转, 变为向海风。此外,尽管海风锋发生、消散初期风场模拟较难,会产生一定的风向或者风速误差,但两次过程的风向变化以及风向加速都能较好地模拟出来, 整体上也符合海风锋的发生发展特征。
为进一步检验模式对边界层热力和动力特征的模拟效果, 图6给出两个个例海口站08:00不同气象要素的垂直廓线图。从热力场分析,两组试验模拟均与实况的温度垂直分布日变化曲线有良好的一致性。从风场的垂直分布来分析,两组试验模拟出的风廓线与实况基本相同,但由于探空资料低层数据较少, 所以近地层风速折线显示出较大偏差;为此我们对探空资料的低层风速进行分析,发现相同海拔高度下,模式模拟结果与探空实况的风速偏差较小, 仅为2 m/s左右,在可接受范围之内;对流层中层(4~7 km)风速偏差分布情况与地面风场模拟效果较为近似, 但偏差值较大, 约2~4 m/s, 其余高度层模拟效果均较好。风向的模拟一直是模式模拟的难点之一, 由于低层风向易变等情况, 模拟出的风向一般与实况有所差别, 从图6中可以看出风向模拟在低层存在30°以内的偏差, 但整体上看风向垂直分布的模拟结果也较为符合海风锋特征。
总的来说,高低空模拟结果均较为合理,可以反映出海风锋的发生发展特征;存在的误差在可接受范围之内,可以利用WRF-ARW模式进行数值模拟和敏感性试验研究,分析城镇化对海风锋结构特征及推进情况的潜在影响。
纵观全岛温度场(图7),CNTL试验与URBAN试验呈现出相似的温度分布,岛内北部沿海均出现密集的温度梯度,受偏南背景风及中南山区地形阻挡作用的影响,海南岛北部温度较高。不同的是,城市下垫面的吸热储热能力较强,将耕地、阔叶林等土地利用类型改为城市下垫面后, 城市区域明显升温,城市热岛现象有所增强。无论是晴空天气还是多云天气,城镇化后城市热岛现象均明显加强,但晴空个例中偏冷的西北向海风造成岛西北部明显降温,弱化了城镇化的影响,从而造成多云条件下的白天增温区域更为明显。此外,不同天气下CNTL试验与URBAN试验温度高值区附近的温度差异均显示出城市下垫面减弱了海风锋对经过地区的降温效应。
图8图9为 3月22日、7月16日 CNTL试验与URBAN试验模拟的风场、温度场以及散度的水平分布。结果显示:无论晴空还是多云,两种试验均能清晰地模拟出海风锋特征, 但在锋区强度和推进距离上均存在明显差异。3月22日11:00,北部沿海各站出现向岸方向的偏北海风,并于海风前沿出现一条弱风速带,而多云天气下的海风锋开始时间则相对迟3 h左右,14:00前后岛西北部出现较明显的海风辐合线,风速也有小幅增加(图8)。晴空天气下,海风锋发展前期(12:00–14:00),CNTL试验与URBAN试验模拟的温度分布以及海风向内陆推进距离基本相同,但URBAN试验中海风风速与海风辐合均偏强,海风推进速度也较快。海风锋发展至强盛阶段(16:00–18:00),CNTL试验与URBAN试验模拟的海风锋推进出现明显偏差,相比于CNTL试验,URBAN试验海风风速与海风幅合进一步加强,但海风锋位置出现明显滞后,这种海风锋强度和推进差异在18:00前后达到最大。
相比于晴空天气,多云天气下的海风锋演变特征略有差异,虽然URBAN试验模拟出较强风速以及幅合,但海风向内陆推进的滞后距离稍微偏大。
为了更精细地分析城镇化对海风锋推进的影响, 我们将基于模型输出的海风锋向内陆推进的大致时间线绘制成图10。海风锋的定位主要综合垂直速度大值区(w >1 m/s)、弱风速区(风速<1 m/s)、温度梯度密集区以及风向辐合区5个区域的位置而定。同时,为了更明显的体现出不同天气城镇化对海风锋的影响,我们将晴空天气与多云天气下URBAN试验−CNTL试验的温度和散度分布绘制成图11。通过图10可以看出,晴空天气下, 海风锋发展初期两个试验海风锋向内陆推进距离基本一致,当海风锋发展至强盛阶段,相比于CNTL试验,URBAN试验海风向内陆推进明显滞后,滞后距离约5 km。结合图8图9图11进行分析发现这是由于不同时期的热力影响有所不同,海风锋发展初期,城镇化带来的高海陆热力差异增强了海风向内陆推进的驱动力, 从而加强了海风强度,抵消了摩擦效应的阻碍作用,从而导致海风向内陆推进距离基本相同。海风锋发展强盛阶段, 随着海风推进距离的增加,城镇化条件下高海陆热力差异对海风推进的促进作用有所减弱,而内陆城市与非城市之间的热力差异不断增强,导致从中部非城市吹向北部城市区域的风速有所增强,阻碍了海风锋向内陆的推进,直至海风锋发展最为强盛阶段,城市热岛效应处于最明显时期,城市化与非城市化条件下的海风锋差异达到最大。
相比于晴空天气, 多云天气下海风锋的推进特征不尽相同,多云天气下海风锋滞后距离略大。这是由于多云天气下城市与非城市的热力差异较大,城市热岛效应对海风向内陆推进的阻碍作用略有增强,因此导致海风锋位置滞后稍远,约为5.8 km。同时海风锋的推进与地形条件有着紧密联系,3月22日CNTL试验与URBAN试验均在17:00 模拟出海风辐合线推进至高耸密集山脉(19°N, 109.5°E)出现转折的现象,同时发现海风锋向海消退期间(19:00),城镇化对地形平缓地区的海风锋阻碍作用明显更强。此外,多云天气下,CNTL试验在岛南部三亚附近于 21:00显示出明显对称的辐合线,而城市化条件下这种辐合现象则没有出现,这也说明城市化减弱了海南岛南部“夜雨”的发生概率与强度。
城市发展使得近地面的温湿分布状况发生很大变化, 对于不同天气条件下城市化区域风速、温湿场演变及其偏差的模拟, 见图12图13。从图中可以看出,多云天气下CNTL试验与URBAN试验模拟的温湿变化趋势与晴空天气无明显差别,增湿效应的减弱程度均随着海风锋向内陆不断推进而加深,只是在海风锋发展强盛阶段(16:00–19:00),多云天气城市化对海风锋降温增湿效应的阻碍作用更显著。从风速方面分析发现, 不同天气条件下海风增速效应在海风锋消退以及陆风时段均有所增强;不同的是,多云天气下两个试验模拟的海风风速以及风速差值均较大, 带来较多湿冷水汽,增强了海风的降温作用,导致非海风锋发展强盛阶段出现较强的温湿偏差。
为更加具体地分析城镇化对海风锋环流的影响,我们沿109. 8°E、109.5°E分别做晴空天气、多云天气CNTL试验和URBAN试验风场的垂直剖面, 将其绘于图14图15。从图14可以看出,晴空天气下,海风锋发展初期(图略), 两个试验模拟出的环流形式无太大差别, 只是相比CNTL试验, URBAN试验在海风锋前沿以及高海拔山区均模拟出较强的垂直上升气流, 同时低层风速整体来看增强1 m/s左右。而海风锋发展至强盛阶段(16:00–18:00), 两个试验模拟的海风锋强度出现较大差异, URBAN试验模拟出更集中、更强的垂直上升气流, 海风锋前端气流到达的高度明显高于CNTL试验, 同时URBAN试验中出现较为滞后但较强的海风锋,这与上述水平结构海风锋的变化一致。
图14图15进行对比分析发现,无论是晴空天气还是多云天气,城市化对海风锋垂直结构的影响都主要表现在垂直上升运动以及环流厚度上。更改土地利用类型后(旱作农地等改为城市建筑用地), 均产生更大的海陆热力差异,增强了低层位温,使大气不稳定度增大,从而在海风锋发展强盛时期(16:00–18:00)海风锋前沿出现更强烈的垂直上升气流,同时海风风速增加1~2 m/s,海风环流厚度也出现增加。此外,较强城市热岛环流阻碍了海风锋向内陆推进,造成了位置的相对滞后。
相比于晴空天气,多云天气下径向风速零线分布较为集中,城镇化后垂直速度的增值较低,最大增值可达1.1 m/s,弱于晴空天气下1.5 m/s的速度增值(图14图15),并且城镇化后海风环流出现向海方向的偏移,这是由于海风锋向内陆推进一定距离时,从内陆非城市吹向沿海城市的风在阻碍底层海风向内陆推进时,对高层海风环流也存在明显阻碍作用,同时造成垂直速度大值区偏离陆地的现象,这种现象在多云天气下更为明显。此外,多云天气下,城镇化对海风环流厚度的增强作用更为明显,18:00 城镇化后海风环流厚度从0.8 km增加至0.92 km,明显强于晴空天气下0.05 km的环流厚度增值。
多云天气与晴空天气下的主要热力差异是由不同的辐射机制决定。下面将从辐射与能量平衡角度出发进一步探究不同天气下沿海城镇化影响海风锋的可能机制。如图16为不同天气下CNTL试验和URBAN试验模拟的感热通量和潜热通量随时间的演变。
结果显示相比于晴空天气, 多云天气感热通量等辐射值较低, 潜热通量较高,但能量变化趋势基本一致。无论是有云还是无云,CNTL试验模拟的潜热通量均明显高于URBAN试验的模拟结果, 说明将森林、耕地下垫面换为城镇下垫面后植被减少, 空气动力学阻抗和下垫面表面阻抗增高, 造成了海风风速降低, 进而导致白天地面蒸发和植被蒸腾显著减弱, 入夜后则无太大差距的现象。同时,城镇下垫面较高的地表反照率导致海风锋发展时期(12:00–20:00)URBAN试验较高的感热通量值,从而升高了下垫面温度, 增强了海风的垂直上升运动, 进而造成边界层高度的增加。这也解释了垂直结构中城市化带来的强海风风速以及高海风环流, 并与陆地表面感热通量值越高, 海风越强的结论相符合[45]。此外, 由于Noah陆面过程中的土壤导热系数随植被覆盖率呈指数衰减, 土地利用类型更换为城市后土壤储热能力明显加大,增强了土壤热通量的储存与释放。总的来说,地表能量分配发生改变后, 通过陆气间一系列反馈过程,会影响温度的三维分布,从而造成海风锋结构特征的变化。
本文利用中尺度模式WRF-ARW(Version 4.0)对2020年3月22日与7月16日的两个不同天气条件下的典型海风锋个例进行了高分辨率模拟,详细讨论了海风锋的水平、垂直结构及其演变特征。通过将海南岛部分沿海地区土地覆盖类型替换为城镇的敏感性试验, 探讨了沿海城镇化对海风锋推进的影响及可能机制。分析结果显示:
(1)无论是晴空天气还是多云天气, 城镇化造成的海风锋结构差异均是动力作用和热力作用共同影响的结果。在扩大城镇土地使用后,一方面,城镇下垫面的摩擦效应与城市热岛的增强使湿冷海风向内陆推进受到更大的阻力, 减弱了海风锋途经地区的降温增湿效应, 造成海风锋位置相对滞后。另一方面, 城镇化所引起的高海陆热力差异使低层偏冷海风风速增强1~2 m/s, 增强了海风幅合, 同时海风锋前的垂直上升气流和海风环流厚度也明显增强。
(2)海风锋发展不同时期,城镇化对海风锋的推进影响有所不同。海风锋发展初期, 海陆热力差异对海风锋存在推动作用;同时摩擦效应阻碍海风锋向内陆推进, 导致海风锋的推进无明显影响;海风锋发展强盛阶段, 城镇化条件下高海陆热力差异对海风推进的促进作用有所减弱,而内陆城市与非城市之间的热力差异有所增强, 进一步阻碍了海风锋向内陆推进,导致海风锋向内陆推进距离减小。对比不同天气条件下海风锋结构和推进的演变发现,相比于晴空天气, 多云天气下城市与非城市的热力差异稍强,加强了城市热岛效应对海风向内陆推进的阻碍作用,导致海风锋滞后距离稍远。
(3)当土地利用类型更换为城镇后, 净辐射与陆气间交换能量减少, 导致潜热通量显著减小, 感热通量值与边界层高度有所增加。
  • 海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室开放基金(SCSF202305)
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(422RC803)
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2024年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024069
  • 接收时间:2024-03-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-30
基金
海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室开放基金(SCSF202305)
海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(422RC803)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学 大气科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室,海南 海口 570203
    3.海南省气象台,海南 海口 570311
    4.青海理工学院 生态与环境科学学院,青海 西宁 810016

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*苗峻峰(1963—),男,内蒙古托克托县人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事边界层气象学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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