Article(id=1200432928590254291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693152000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-28, revisedDate=1701100800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764135113140, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764135113140, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764135113140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135113140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200432923632595385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764135111959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135248631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200432928841912535, articleId=1200432928590254291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Forecast of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea based on multi-scale deep learning model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the most important physical variables of the ocean, which provides the basic information of the climate system. Accurately SST forecasting system has a comprehensive and essential application. In recent years, AI-based SST forecasting methods have become popular and shown great potential. Based on the convolutional long and short-term memory neural network (ConvLSTM), this paper studies the influence of multi-scale input fields on SST prediction in the northern South China Sea. Multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition method (MEEMD) is used to decompose the average daily SST into the spatial eigenmodes of differentiated scales. Input different combinations of eigenmodes into ConvLSTM for training and prediction experiments. Results show that when using all four SST eigenmodes, the RMSE of the predicted SST in 1−7 days is 0.4−0.8℃, decrease 0.2−1.2℃ compared with the original SST alone; the MAPE is 1%−6%, decrease 0.5%−10%; the spatial correlation coefficient is 99.5%−96.5%, improve 0.5%−3.5%. Moreover, the randomized experiments also further proved the method has a high universality. The prediction model based on deep learning needs to select the appropriate training data in order to further improve its prediction accuracy. This paper preliminarily explores the integration of artificial intelligence methods and physical concepts in SST prediction, which can provide some reference for future research.

, correspAuthors=Yuping Guan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu Zhang, Dazhi Xu, Shengbin Yu, Huibin Xing, Yuping Guan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200432931824062780, articleId=1200432928590254291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于多尺度深度学习对南海海表温度预报的研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海表温度是海洋最重要的物理量之一,提供了气候系统的基本信息,准确地预报海表温度有着广泛而重要的应用。近年来,基于人工智能的海温预报方法开始流行,并展现出巨大的潜力。基于卷积长短时记忆神经网络(ConvLSTM),本文研究了多尺度输入场对南海北部二维海表温度预报结果的影响。文章采用多元集合经验模态分解方法(MEEMD)将日均海表温度分解成多个尺度的空间主模态,并以不同的组合训练ConvLSTM模型进行预报实验。结果表明,采用前4个海表温度主模态数据训练模型时,预报1~7 d海表温度的均方根误差约为0.4~0.8℃,比仅用原始海表温度训练时减小了0.2~1.2℃;平均绝对百分比误差为1%~6%,减小了0.5%~10%;空间相关系数为99.5%~96.5%,提高了0.5%~3.5%。而且,随机实验也进一步证明该方法具有较高的普适性。基于深度学习的预报模型,需结合海温的物理特性,选择合适的数据进行训练,才能进一步提高其预报精度。本文初步探究了人工智能方法与物理概念在海温预报中的融合,可为以后的研究提供一定的参考。

, correspAuthors=管玉平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*管玉平,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与气候变化、海洋能量学、海洋带状流、海洋涡旋、台风研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lrU4rlm6GkDqfyg1p5I3gQ==, magXml=5XMp/rEpetIbyRVvh6Fh9w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PkX5luZhoxuhIWSmx1p2+g==, pdfFileSize=2291888, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=h/SqxyjVMoarsd2S63e3yw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FGIHdQVBHYTOMidpS1iLNA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张宇(1992—),男,安徽省和县人,主要从事海洋环流、多源海洋资料融合重构等研究。E-mail:

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张宇(1992—),男,安徽省和县人,主要从事海洋环流、多源海洋资料融合重构等研究。E-mail:

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基于多尺度深度学习对南海海表温度预报的研究
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张宇 1, 2, 3 , 许大志 1, 2 , 俞胜宾 1, 2 , 邢会斌 1, 2 , 管玉平 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(5): 27-36
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(5): 27-36
基于多尺度深度学习对南海海表温度预报的研究
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张宇1, 2, 3 , 许大志1, 2, 俞胜宾1, 2, 邢会斌1, 2, 管玉平4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部南海预报减灾中心,广东 广州,510310
  • 2.自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510310
  • 3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海,519000
  • 4.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 热带海洋环境国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 5.中国科学院大学 海洋学院,北京 100049
  • 张宇(1992—),男,安徽省和县人,主要从事海洋环流、多源海洋资料融合重构等研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*管玉平,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与气候变化、海洋能量学、海洋带状流、海洋涡旋、台风研究。E-mail:
Forecast of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea based on multi-scale deep learning model
Yu Zhang1, 2, 3 , Dazhi Xu1, 2, Shengbin Yu1, 2, Huibin Xing1, 2, Yuping Guan4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Sea Marine Forecast and Hazard Mitigation Center, Guangzhou 510310, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resource, Guangzhou 510310, China
  • 3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 5. College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024034
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海表温度是海洋最重要的物理量之一,提供了气候系统的基本信息,准确地预报海表温度有着广泛而重要的应用。近年来,基于人工智能的海温预报方法开始流行,并展现出巨大的潜力。基于卷积长短时记忆神经网络(ConvLSTM),本文研究了多尺度输入场对南海北部二维海表温度预报结果的影响。文章采用多元集合经验模态分解方法(MEEMD)将日均海表温度分解成多个尺度的空间主模态,并以不同的组合训练ConvLSTM模型进行预报实验。结果表明,采用前4个海表温度主模态数据训练模型时,预报1~7 d海表温度的均方根误差约为0.4~0.8℃,比仅用原始海表温度训练时减小了0.2~1.2℃;平均绝对百分比误差为1%~6%,减小了0.5%~10%;空间相关系数为99.5%~96.5%,提高了0.5%~3.5%。而且,随机实验也进一步证明该方法具有较高的普适性。基于深度学习的预报模型,需结合海温的物理特性,选择合适的数据进行训练,才能进一步提高其预报精度。本文初步探究了人工智能方法与物理概念在海温预报中的融合,可为以后的研究提供一定的参考。

海温预报  /  深度学习  /  ConvLSTM  /  MEEMD

Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the most important physical variables of the ocean, which provides the basic information of the climate system. Accurately SST forecasting system has a comprehensive and essential application. In recent years, AI-based SST forecasting methods have become popular and shown great potential. Based on the convolutional long and short-term memory neural network (ConvLSTM), this paper studies the influence of multi-scale input fields on SST prediction in the northern South China Sea. Multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition method (MEEMD) is used to decompose the average daily SST into the spatial eigenmodes of differentiated scales. Input different combinations of eigenmodes into ConvLSTM for training and prediction experiments. Results show that when using all four SST eigenmodes, the RMSE of the predicted SST in 1−7 days is 0.4−0.8℃, decrease 0.2−1.2℃ compared with the original SST alone; the MAPE is 1%−6%, decrease 0.5%−10%; the spatial correlation coefficient is 99.5%−96.5%, improve 0.5%−3.5%. Moreover, the randomized experiments also further proved the method has a high universality. The prediction model based on deep learning needs to select the appropriate training data in order to further improve its prediction accuracy. This paper preliminarily explores the integration of artificial intelligence methods and physical concepts in SST prediction, which can provide some reference for future research.

SST prediction  /  deep learning  /  ConvLSTM  /  MEEMD
张宇, 许大志, 俞胜宾, 邢会斌, 管玉平. 基于多尺度深度学习对南海海表温度预报的研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (5) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024034
Yu Zhang, Dazhi Xu, Shengbin Yu, Huibin Xing, Yuping Guan. Forecast of sea surface temperature in the South China Sea based on multi-scale deep learning model[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (5) : 27 -36 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024034
海水温度是海洋中重要的物理变量,也是最早被关注和广泛测量的海洋要素之一。海水温度的变化不仅可以通过海−气相互作用对局地及周边地区的天气和气候有显著的影响,还决定了局地海洋环境,从而对海洋生物与生态系统有巨大的影响。在全球变暖的背景下,近年来,海水热含量增加,观测到的海表温度不断刷新记录,海洋热浪现象持续发生,对珊瑚礁生态系统、沿岸渔业资源等造成了巨大的压力。因此,高效地海温预报可以为渔业管理和海洋生态环境保护提供决策信息,具有重要的科学意义和社会价值。
海洋是一个多尺度、多要素、非线性的复杂系统,太阳辐射、平流、混合等诸多过程都可以调整海温的分布,从而给海温的预报带来了巨大挑战。传统的业务化预报方法主要是经验预报法、数理统计法和数值预报法。经验预报主要依赖于预报员长期的从业经验,基于海温的保守性,再结合其基本的周期性变化特性,进行相对主观的定性或定量的预报。数理统计法主要基于对历史资料的统计分析,进行线性/周期性的适当延拓,是自动化预报系统中的重要组成部分。广泛应用的统计方法包括回归分析、判别分析、主成分分析、聚类分析、时间序列分析、谱分析等等。数值预报方法实际是利用高性能计算机求解海水动力和热力学方程的过程,给定初始场和边界条件后即可预报出此后的海水温度。国内外研究机构基于不同的海水动力方程和模式网格,开发了一系列适应性不同的海洋数值模式,主要包括:区域海洋模式系统(ROMS)、混合坐标海洋模式(HYCOM)、欧洲海洋模式(NEMO)、有限体积海洋模式(FVCOM)等[12]。随着观测数据累积,数值模型的发展又囊括了数据同化的过程,旨在数值预报的过程中不断利用观测数据纠正模式数据,从而提高预报的准确度[3]
基于理论模型的数值预报是主流的预报手段,但受限于对物理过程的了解以及提高时空分辨率后对计算量的巨大需求,近年来的发展速度已明显地减缓。深度学习的兴起则可能改变这一困境。事实上,深度学习正是为了解决强非线性过程而诞生的一种实现人工智能的方法,这无疑契合了海温预报的难点。深度学习的主要思想是模拟人的神经元工作机制,通俗地说是在模仿人类总结经验的能力。深度学习是基于复杂神经网络算法构建的,某种程度上说是由统计分析演化而来。因此,基于深度学习的海温预报技术可以兼顾传统的经验预报法和数理统计法的优点。相比于数值预报法,深度学习法省略了复杂的数值求解过程,可以节约大量的计算资源,从而提高海温预报的效率。深度学习在模式识别、自动控制、预测估计、经济、生物等邻域已经取得了优异的成绩,表现出了良好的智能性,在大气海洋领域的应用也是大势所趋[47]。目前主要应用于3个方面:(1)基于分类问题深度学习模型的中尺度涡、内波、溢油、海冰、海藻等的识别应用[811];(2)基于回归问题深度学习模型的海表温度、海表波动、风暴潮等的预报应用[1215]。其中,海表温度的研究也可以用于预报海洋热浪、ENSO及热带不稳定波等现象[1622];(3)物理模型参数化的应用,如海洋湍流过程,大气湿度等[2325]
近年来深度学习在海表温度预报的研究中也取得了一定的进展。Zhang等[26]2017年采用了长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)加全连接层的模型进行了单点的海温预报。因为AdaBoost算法比LSTM更难过度拟合,Xiao等[12]将LSTM和AdaBoost迭代算法结合起来以提高短期和中期海表温度预报的效率。结果表明,就10 d的海温预报而言,LSTM与AdaBoost结合的效果要显著优于单独采用任何一种的效果。随后Xiao等[27]2019年基于卷积长短时记忆神经网络(ConvLSTM)构建了大范围的海温预报模型,应用于东海。该模型预报效率优于线性的支持向量机模型(SVR)和基本的LSTM模型,适用于短时或中长期的日均海温预报中。Sarkar等[28]将LSTM用于改进模型输出的精度,其效果优于线性回归和传统的神经网络模型。Wei等[13]将LSTM用于月平均的海温预报上,但在训练前采用了自组织的特征图方法(SOM)对海表温度数据进行了归类。当该方法预报时效为1个月时,均方根误差为0.5℃,当预报时效为1年时,均方根误差为0.66℃。Xie等[29]则采用了门循环编码−解码模型(GRU)来预报海表温度的长期变化,并认为其结果要优于LSTM模型和SVR模型。Yu等[14]认为前人的海温预报模型忽略了海表温度空间上的变化,因此提出了深度门循环和卷积神经网络结合的模型(DGCnetwork)来学习海表温度时间序列中的长期依赖关系。该方法应用于东海和黄海的结果表明,平均准确率高于98%,均值绝对误差小于0.33℃。总而言之,从SVR到SOM到LSTM到ConvLSTM到DGCnetwork,以往的研究大多把重点放在了深度学习模型的构建和改进上,而忽略了海表温度本身所具有的一些物理特性,比如其季节性变化,复杂多尺度过程等。
本文计划选用ConvLSTM作为研究的基础模型,因为ConvLSTM相对于LSTM增加了卷积层,可用于二维空间场的预报,便于我们探讨不同尺度过程的影响。前人已经利用该模型做了一些相关的研究。Hao等[30]系统地讨论了ConvLSTM模型的输入长度、预报长度以及隐藏层的尺寸对预报结果的影响。这些参数都是模型重要的控制量,决定了模型的训练质量,但仍是直接将原始海表温度作为训练场,没有充分考虑其时空变化的物理性质。Wei和Guan[31]将二维的ConvLSTM拓展到了三维(3DConvLSTM),通过三维的卷积层来捕捉海表温度的时空演变特征。同样仍是在模型的黑匣子中完成的,物理概念并不十分清晰。在这些研究的基础上,本文尝试首先将不同尺度的海温过程简单地分解出来,然后再输入ConvLSTM模型中进行训练预报,从而探究多尺度输入场的选择对预报结果的影响。
南海是我国最大的边缘海,拥有丰富的自然资源,也是最重要的海岛和珊瑚礁、红树林、海草床等热带生态系统分布区。海温预报的研究对南海的自然资源和生态环境有着重要的意义。本文以南海北部为例,研究基于深度学习的大范围海温预报技术。下文将从以下几个方面阐述:第2节介绍训练模型所用的海表温度遥感观测资料;第3节介绍多尺度深度学习模型的设计思路以及模型预报结果的量化指标;第4节给出模型不同设计方案的预报结果,主要对比了多尺度输入场对于预报精度的影响;最后一节进行了总结和讨论。
本文所用的海表温度资料来自哥白尼海洋中心(Copernius Marine Service,CMEMS),官方网站为https://marine.copernicus.eu/。数据的全称是全球海洋业务化海表温度和海冰再分析资料(The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis,OSTIA),产品ID为SST_GLO_SST_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_010_011。OSTIA产品提供了无时空缺失的海表温度和海冰数据,时间分辨率为日平均,空间分辨率为0.05° × 0.05°[32]。该资料空间最高分辨尺度约为5 km,意味着其中包含了平流等海盆尺度信号、中尺度涡旋等中尺度信号以及部分次中尺度信号。该资料的起止时间为1981年10月1日至2020年12月31日,时间长度超过30 a,总天数约超过14 000 d,可以分辨影响海表温度变化的主要动力过程,例如年际−年代际尺度的ENSO、季节尺度的平流过程以及日均尺度的大气强迫过程等。因此,该数据基本上满足了日均海温预报的深度学习研究,可用于多尺度深度学习的研究。
为了将海温演变的物理知识融入到模型设计中,本文在预处理时对二维海表温度进行了空间模态的分解,然后将分解后的主模态作为模型的不同通道进行训练。分解方法采用的是多元集合经验模态分解方法(MEEMD),该方法是将集合经验模态分解方法应用于切片数据的每一个维度,本征模的选择则基于可比最小尺度组合原理[33]。如图1所示,我们将南海北部的海表温度分解成4个主要模态(IMF1、IMF2、IMF3、IMF4),每一个模态代表不同尺度的过程。其中,IMF1的特征尺度(相邻两个极大值和极小值之间的距离)大于500 km,主要受海盆尺度过程调制,例如ENSO/IOD等[3435];IMF2和IMF3的特征尺度分别约为200 km和100 km,主要由反映不同现象的中尺度过程控制,如平流、中尺度涡旋等[3637];IMF4的特征尺度只有50 km,为数据所能分辨的最小尺度,存在大量噪声,不能反映实际的物理过程。从图1各个模态随时间的变化趋势图中可以看出,IMF1存在明显的季节性振荡,并且整体呈增温趋势;IMF2仅有季节性振荡,总体变化不大;IMF3和IMF4则表现出更强的随机信号特征。
本文采用的深度学习模型为卷积长短时记忆神经网络(ConvLSTM)[38]。ConvLSTM的提出主要用于解决时空序列预测的问题,因为长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)无法有效地捕捉时空上的关联。LSTM在输入场与状态场、状态场与状态场之间传递信息时采用的全连接,意味着对整体的二维信息直接缩放,无法提取时空信息的特征;而ConvLSTM在状态传递时采用了卷积操作,如果卷积核大,捕捉到的偏向于更快的动作,如果卷积核偏小,捕捉到的偏向于更慢的动作。
训练前对原始数据进行预处理以满足深度学习模型所需要的尺寸条件。本文采用的ConvLSTM模型需要输入5维张量,尺寸为样本数、框架长度、输出行数、输出列数、通道数/特征数。其中,样本数为该数据的长度,本文取了30年作为训练样本。框架长度取14,即采用连续两周的海表温度作为一个完整的单元。也就是说,以t − 13至t时刻共14 d已知的海温作为一个完整的框架预报下一个14 d,即t − 12至t + 1时刻的海温,从而得到t + 1时刻的预报海温。输出行数、列数分别对应海表温度场的纬度和经度。采用海表温度主模态训练模型时,需将模型的输入场由二维场(经度、纬度)变成三维场(经度、纬度、通道/特征个数),其中通道个数即为我们采用的主模态的个数。若只采用原始SST训练模型,则通道数为1。设置好训练数据和标签数据后,还需要分别对它们进行归一化和重排处理,从而提高机器学习的效率。训练数据和标签数据的占比分别80%和20%。归一化方案为z-score标准化方案,即新数据 = (原数据 − 均值)/标准差。在模型进行预测后,需逆向归一化以得到真实的结果。重排处理时随机打乱样本数序列的顺序,但需要保持时间步长序列的顺序不变。
模型的设计和超参数的选择对于最终训练的结果非常重要。模型框架如图2所示。对数据进行模态分解和预处理后,输入到ConvLSTM2D层,迭代N次后,输入Conv3D,最后进行预报。为了提高模型的效率,每个ConvLSMT2D层加入一个归一化层(BatchNormalization)。ConvLSTM2D的层数、神经元数、优化器和学习率将通过自动调参模型获得。此外,ConvLSTM2D的卷积核大小为(3,3)。Conv3D的神经元数为1,卷积核大小为(3,3,3),激活函数采用tanh。训练模型时,选用的batch_size为16,用于检验的对照组数据占总数居的20%。超参数是指控制模型结构、功能、效率等的调节旋钮。针对模型中超参数选择的问题,我们采用了Keras Tuner构建自动调参模型,进行超参数的自主选择。根据现有的计算资源(GPU性能和核数),我们针对以下几个主要的超参数进行了调优设计:(1)ConvLSTM2D层和BatchNormalizaiton层的个数,设计范围为[2,3,4];(2)ConvLSTM2D层中的神经元数,设计范围为[10,20,30];(3)优化器,选项包括[sgd, rmsprop, adadelta, adam];(4)学习率,设计范围为[10−2, 10−3, 10−4]。自主调参模型会对以上参数进行编列组合训练,计算训练结果的均方误差,然后选择其中最优的方案。自动调参模型可以避免人为选择的主观性,但同时也需要更长的计算资源和训练时间。
为了定量地比较不同模型设计方法的区别,我们选用了几个指数来表征模型预报的效果,包括均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和帕森相关系数(Pr)。具体的计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{{\displaystyle\sum }_{1}^{n}{({\mathrm{SST}}_{i}-{\mathrm{SST}}_{i}^{'})}^{2}}{n}},$
$ \mathrm{MAPE}=\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{1}^{n}\left|\frac{{\mathrm{SST}}_{i}-{\mathrm{SST}}_{i}^{'}}{{\mathrm{SST}}_{i}}\right|\times 100,$
$ Pr=\frac{\displaystyle{\sum} _{1}^{n}({\mathrm{SST}}_{i}- \overline{\mathrm{SST}}) ({\mathrm{SST}}_{i}^{'}-\overline{{\mathrm{SST}}^{'}})}{\sqrt{\displaystyle{\sum} _{1}^{n}{({\mathrm{SST}}_{i}-\overline{\mathrm{SST}})}^{2}}\sqrt{\displaystyle{\sum} _{1}^{n}{({\mathrm{SST}}_{i}^{'}-\overline{{\mathrm{SST}}^{'}})}^{2}}},$
式中,i为预报天数;$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}_{i} $表示实测的海表温度;$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}_{i}^{{'}} $表示预报的海表温度;$ \overline{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}} $$ \overline{{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}^{'}} $则分别为$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}_{i} $$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}_{i}^{'} $的时间平均值;n为二维样本的格点数。RMSE表示预测值和实测值之差的样本标准差,RMSE值越小,代表预测结果精度越高。MAPE是一种相对度量,对相对误差敏感,不会因目标变量的全局缩放而改变,MAPE值越小,代表预测精度越高。在自然科学领域,Pr被广泛地应用于度量两个变量之间的相关程度,其值介于−1~1,Pr值越高,代表预测结果精度越高。下文取2005年9月11−17日作为示例进行预报和检验。
本文首先采用原始海表温度输入ConvLSTM模型中进行训练预报,结果见图3。从空间分布图上可以看出,预报海表温度的整体分布特征与实测结果相近,但预报总体偏弱,除了南海北部沿岸海域,其余地方预报误差均为负值。而且,这种偏弱特征随着预报时效的增加有所增强。然后我们尝试了将4个不同尺度的主模态(IMF1、IMF2、IMF3、IMF4)以多通道的方式输入ConvLSTM模型进行训练预报。我们分别选择了前1至前4个主模态作为输入场进行实验,分别实验为IMF1-1(仅采用IMF1)、实验IMF1-2(采用IMF1和IMF2)、实验IMF1-3(采用IMF1、IMF2和IMF3)、实验IMF1-4(采用IMF1、IMF2、IMF3、IMF4),结果见图4。仅采用IMF1进行训练,只能预报出南部海温高,北部海温低的基本特征,且海温等值线的分布与实测结果区别明显。采用IMF1-2和IMF1-3进行训练时,将海温变化的中尺度过程引入训练后,预报海温由南至北的过渡更加平滑,也更趋于接近实测的结果,但是无法呈现出更小尺度的细节特征。采用IMF1-4进行训练时,相比于其他几组实验,预报结果明显呈现出了中小尺度过程信号;而且,与仅用原始海表温度训练时相比,预报海温量值与实测结果更加接近。从误差分布图(图5)的比较中可以清楚地看到这一点,从IMF1-1至IMF1-4,空间平均误差约为1.2℃、0.9℃、1.1℃和0.6℃。
本文选用了3个指标(RMSE、MAPE和Pr)对模型的预报效果进行了量化比较。如图6所示,持续性预报结果的3个指标量值均大于AI预报结果,尤其是采用模态分解后的方法。也就是说,本文所采用的AI预报方法比持续性预报方法具有更明显的精度优势,对于1~7 d的预报,RMSE最大能够降低0.3~0.7℃,MAPE能降低0.5%~7%。而在空间相关性上则没有。对于AI预报而言,未采用模态分解时(No IMF),RMSE由第一天的0.6℃增加到第7天的2.0℃,MAPE由第1天的2%增加到第7天的16%,可见两者均随着预报时效的增加而近似线性的变大;Pr由第1天的99%减小到第7天的93%,随着预报时效的增加而逐渐减小。采用模态分解后,7 d预报的效果均有显著的提升,而且提升的比例随着预报时效的增加而增大。其中预报效果最好的模型是IMF1-4,从第1天到第7天,其RMSE降低了0.2~1.2℃,MAPE降低了0.5%~10%,Pr提高了0.5%~3.5%。值得注意的是,IMF1-3的各项指标均略于IMF1-2,表明预报效果与所用主模态的个数并非简单的正比关系。
为了检验模型的普适性,我们在30年中随机选取了90个时段(每个时段14 d),通过计算IMF1-4与No IMF两者之间量化指标的差来进行比较,结果如图7所示。对于RMSE和MAPE而言,两者之差RMSEIMF1-4−RMSENoIMF和MAPEIMF1-4−MAPENoIMF为负值时,表示模型IMF1-4的结果优于模型No IMF,反正则劣于;对于Pr而言,PrIMF1-4PrNoIMF为正值时,表示模型IMF1-4的结果优于模型No IMF,反正则劣于。从图中可以清楚地看到,在绝大多数时段中RMSEIMF1-4−RMSENoIMF>0,MAPEIMF1-4−MAPENoIMF>0,而PrIMF1-4−PrNoIMF<0。也就是说,在ConvLSTM模型中,采用模态分解后的海表温度成分进行训练能够显著地提升预报的效果。另外图中高低值交替出现,表明在不同特征时段中预报效果的提升是不一致的。总而言之,尽管预报效果的提升程度存在着差异,但这种方法适用于不同情况下的海表温度预报。
基于ConvLSTM模型,以南海东北部海表温度为研究对象,本文研究了多尺度输入场对最终预报结果的影响。我们选择了30年的日均海表温度数据,以及经MEEMD方法分解得到的4个不同尺度的海表温度空间主模态分别作为输出场进行了实验。结果表明,训练不同组合的海表温度主模态时(IMF1-1、IMF1-2、IMF1-3和IMF1-4)的7 d预报效果明显优于训练原始海表温度(No IMF)时的结果。其中,训练IMF1-4时效果最佳,预报1~7 d的RMSE为0.4~0.8℃,相比于No IMF减小了近0.2~1.2℃;MAPE为1%~6%,减小了近0.5%~10%;Pr为99.5%~96.5%,提高了0.5%~3.5%。需要注意的是,预报效果与训练的海表温度主模态数并不存在正比关系。而且90组的随机实验也进一步表明,多尺度的训练方法具有广泛地适应性。总而言之,本项目从海表温度空间分布的多尺度特性入手,初步探究了通过改变输入场,在深度学习模型中融入更多的物理概念,从而有效地提高了模型预报的效果。
影响海表温度预报精度的最主要因素是其时空变化的强非线性。尽管ConvLSTM模型可以通过卷积层捕捉空间上的相关性,也可以通过长短时记忆神经网络获得时间上的周期性变化特征。但当数据分辨率较高时,空间分布的相关特征非常复杂,包括了风生环流影响的海盆尺度过程、涡、黑潮入侵等中尺度过程以及内波、锋面等更小尺度过程。多尺度过程的叠加会对卷积层的识别产生大量的干扰,尤其是信号自身的高波数随机噪音。采用了多元集合经验模态分解方法进行模态分解,事实上是简化了海表温度空间上分布特征,保留了不同尺度上的最显著特征,降低了预报的非线性难度。模态分解与深度学习模态的结合也就是海温物理性质与数学模型结合的一种比较初级的模式,也是目前最常用的。未来如何更好地结合两者的优势,取长补短,提高深度学习模态的可解释性,发挥它的最大价值,仍有很多的工作需要去做。此外,当数据分辨率进一步提高时,如何提高模态分解的准确性和模型的运行效率也是非常重要的问题。这些也是我们今后开展的重要方向。
  • 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立研究课题(MESTA-2021-D003)
  • 广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(202201011271)
  • 国家海洋局南海预报中心自主立项项目(SCSMF-FR-2021-07)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(42206027)
  • 中国−东盟国家蓝色伙伴关系建设项目(99950410)
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2024年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024034
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
  • 修回日期:2023-11-28
基金
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立研究课题(MESTA-2021-D003)
广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(202201011271)
国家海洋局南海预报中心自主立项项目(SCSMF-FR-2021-07)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(42206027)
中国−东盟国家蓝色伙伴关系建设项目(99950410)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部南海预报减灾中心,广东 广州,510310
    2.自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510310
    3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海,519000
    4.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 热带海洋环境国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    5.中国科学院大学 海洋学院,北京 100049

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*管玉平,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与气候变化、海洋能量学、海洋带状流、海洋涡旋、台风研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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