Article(id=1200432927294214331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1711382400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764135112832, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764135112832, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764135112832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135112832, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200432923632595385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764135111959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135248631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200432927629758654, articleId=1200432927294214331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of plankton productivity/community structure on BP/MCP carbon storage and their interdecadal variations in a typical Antarctic waters, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Utilizing the molecular biomarkers of organic matter in marine sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula (D1-7) and adjacent waters of the South Orkney Islands (D5-6), the ecological relationships implicit in the reconstructed variations of planktonic productivity and population structure are examined in relation to the Biological Pump (BP)/Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP), as well as the efficiency of marine carbon sinks and storage. Over the past century, a series of molecular biomarkers in sediment cores has exhibited significant changes, reflecting substantial spatiotemporal evolution in upper ocean planktonic productivity/community structure and sedimentary carbon reservoirs. These changes are indeed linked to global climate variability. The research findings are as follows: (1) Based on the characteristics of molecular composition and chromatographic peak patterns of biomarker compounds, as well as parameters such as Main Peak Carbon (MH), Light Hydrocarbons/Heavy Hydrocarbons (L/H), Bacterial-Algal Ratio (nC15 + nC17 + nC19), Large Phytoplankton Ratio (nC21 + nC23 + nC25), and carbon preference index (CPI), it is evident that the primary source of sedimentary carbon is marine-derived organic carbon. Marine organisms serve as natural carbon sinks for carbon fixation and storage. (2) The sediments from the D5-6 region exhibit high organic matter enrichment, primarily influenced by factors such as higher surface water productivity, higher sedimentation rates (average of 0.19 cm/a), shallower water depths (385 m), and a reducing sedimentary environment (average Pr/Ph value of 0.95). These conditions favor the transport of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) from the ocean surface to the deep sea via the Biological Pump (BP) process, facilitating rapid burial and storage. In contrast, sediments from the D1-7 region, characterized by greater water depths (1 100 m) and lower sedimentation rates (0.07 cm/a, experience degradation of carbonaceous compounds during sedimentation processes and subsequent oxidative degradation in an oxic environment (average Pr/Ph value of 1.22). Both processes are unfavorable for carbon sequestration in sediments. However, the control factor determining carbon preservation in sediments may predominantly be sedimentation rate. (3) Over the past century, the total abundance of zooplankton, primary productivity of phytoplankton, and biomass of diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Orkney Islands have shown an increasing trend, while the biomass and proportion of coccolithophores have decreased (particularly evident near the Antarctic Peninsula). This indicates a declining trend in the effectiveness of the calcium carbonate pump while the silica pump dominated by diatoms is strengthening. The relative strengths of these two processes largely determine the structure and efficiency of the biological pump, as well as the proportion of organic and inorganic carbon transported to marine sediments. (4) The trends in molecular biomarker variations in the two sediment cores show certain comparability overall, with distinct stages. Following interdecadal shifts (since 1972), the waters near the South Orkney Islands experienced a significant increase in zooplankton abundance from a depth of 5-6 cm beginning in 1982. Particularly, during the periods of 1997 and 2012, zooplankton abundance witnessed a dramatic increase, indicating rapid changes in planktonic community structure under the backdrop of global warming. Variations in both decreased primary productivity of phytoplankton and increased zooplankton abundance contribute to significant uncertainties in the changes in the strength of the biological pump (enhancement/weakening). (5) In contrast, over the past century, the productivity of phytoplankton/diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula has gradually increased, while microbial productivity/ancient archaeal biomass has decreased. This suggests a weakening of microbial carbon sequestration intensity, indicating a decrease in the efficiency of the microbial carbon pump (MCP). This underscores the crucial role of global warming in the fluctuations of phytoplankton productivity/biomass in marine waters. The biomass and composition characteristics of planktonic communities directly affect the transport of organic carbon in the upper water column and the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the MCP. As the largest carbon sink in the global ocean, the carbon sequestration capacity of the Antarctic may be diminishing.

, correspAuthors=Haisheng Zhang, Guanghai Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dan Yang, Quanyou Fu, Zhengbing Han, Peisong Yu, Fengfeng Le, Xibin Han, Haisheng Zhang, Bing Lu, Guanghai Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200432930553188593, articleId=1200432927294214331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南极典型海域浮游生物生产力/群落结构对BP/MCP储碳影响及其年代际变率, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用南极半岛(D1-7)和南奥克尼群岛附近海域(D5-6)海洋沉积物有机质的分子生物标志物中所隐含的生态学关系,将重建的浮游生物生产力和种群结构变化与生物泵(BP)/微型生物碳泵(MCP)以及海洋碳汇和储碳效率联系起来研究。柱样沉积物中的一系列分子生物标志物在近百年里发生显著变化,上层海洋浮游生物生产力/群落结构与沉积碳库储量存在较大的时空演变,实际上均与全球气候变化相联系。研究结果如下:(1)从生物标志化合物正构烷烃分子组合特征和色谱图峰型、主峰碳(MH)、轻烃/重烃(L/H)、菌藻类-(nC15 + nC17 + nC19)、大型浮游植物-(nC21 + nC23 + nC25)和碳优势指数-(CPI)来看,沉积碳源主要是海源生物碳,海洋生物是固碳与储碳的天然碳汇。(2)D5-6柱样的有机质高富集,主要受海洋上层水体较高初级生产力、高沉积速率(平均为0.19 cm/a)、水深较浅(385 m)和还原性沉积环境(Pr/Ph值平均为0.95)这些均有利于颗粒有机碳(POC)通过BP过程从海洋表面输送到深海,快速埋藏和储存;而D1-7柱样因水深大(1 100 m)和沉积速率低(0.07 cm/a),含碳化合物沉降过程中发生降解,又被环境氧化降解(Pr/Ph值平均为1.22),二者均不利于沉积物储碳,但相比之下控制沉积物碳保存重要的因素可能是沉积速率。(3)近百年来南极半岛附近海域和南奥克尼群岛浮游动物总量、浮游植物初级生产力、硅藻和甲藻生物量趋于上升,而颗石藻生物量和所占比例呈减少趋势(南极半岛附近海域更明显),说明钙质生物泵作用在逐年下降,而硅藻主导的硅质泵作用在不断加强,这两个过程的相对强度在很大程度上决定了由生物泵结构(硅质泵/钙质泵)和效率、及其向海洋沉积物输送有机碳和无机碳的比例大小。(4)2个柱样的分子生物标志物变化趋势在整体上具有一定的可比性,均有明显的阶段性,在年代际突变后(1972年),受到显著影响的是南奥克尼群岛海域浮游动物总量从(5~6 cm)1982年开始发生明显增加,特别在1997年和2012年期间浮游动物总量开始剧增,意味着在全球变暖背景下浮游生物群落结构发生快速变化,浮游植物初级生产的降低和浮游动物总量的剧增,二者变异使得生物泵强度(增强/削弱)变化存在很大的不确定性。(5)相比之下,近百年来南极半岛附近海域浮游植物生产力/硅藻甲藻生物量逐渐提高,而微生物生产力/古菌生物量逐渐降低,意味着微生物固碳强度减弱,即MCP储碳效率在降低,揭示了全球变暖对海域浮游生物生产力/生物量的增减起到关键作用,而浮游生物群落生物量和组成特征直接影响南极海洋BP中上层水体有机碳的流动和MCP水柱固碳效率的强弱,作为全球海洋最大碳汇的南极,其储碳能力可能正在降低。

, correspAuthors=张海生, 武光海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张海生,男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
武光海,男,研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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杨丹(1976—),女,浙江省乐青市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

付全有(1999—),男,四川省资阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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付全有(1999—),男,四川省资阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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南极典型海域浮游生物生产力/群落结构对BP/MCP储碳影响及其年代际变率
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杨丹 1, 2 , 付全有 1, 2 , 韩正兵 1 , 于培松 1, 2 , 乐凤凤 1, 2 , 韩喜彬 1, 3 , 张海生 1, 2, * , 卢冰 1, 2 , 武光海 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(5): 37-56
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(5): 37-56
南极典型海域浮游生物生产力/群落结构对BP/MCP储碳影响及其年代际变率
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杨丹1, 2 , 付全有1, 2 , 韩正兵1, 于培松1, 2, 乐凤凤1, 2, 韩喜彬1, 3, 张海生1, 2, * , 卢冰1, 2, 武光海1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2.自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3.自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 杨丹(1976—),女,浙江省乐青市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

    付全有(1999—),男,四川省资阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张海生,男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
武光海,男,研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
Effects of plankton productivity/community structure on BP/MCP carbon storage and their interdecadal variations in a typical Antarctic waters
Dan Yang1, 2 , Quanyou Fu1, 2 , Zhengbing Han1, Peisong Yu1, 2, Fengfeng Le1, 2, Xibin Han1, 3, Haisheng Zhang1, 2, * , Bing Lu1, 2, Guanghai Wu1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024072
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利用南极半岛(D1-7)和南奥克尼群岛附近海域(D5-6)海洋沉积物有机质的分子生物标志物中所隐含的生态学关系,将重建的浮游生物生产力和种群结构变化与生物泵(BP)/微型生物碳泵(MCP)以及海洋碳汇和储碳效率联系起来研究。柱样沉积物中的一系列分子生物标志物在近百年里发生显著变化,上层海洋浮游生物生产力/群落结构与沉积碳库储量存在较大的时空演变,实际上均与全球气候变化相联系。研究结果如下:(1)从生物标志化合物正构烷烃分子组合特征和色谱图峰型、主峰碳(MH)、轻烃/重烃(L/H)、菌藻类-(nC15 + nC17 + nC19)、大型浮游植物-(nC21 + nC23 + nC25)和碳优势指数-(CPI)来看,沉积碳源主要是海源生物碳,海洋生物是固碳与储碳的天然碳汇。(2)D5-6柱样的有机质高富集,主要受海洋上层水体较高初级生产力、高沉积速率(平均为0.19 cm/a)、水深较浅(385 m)和还原性沉积环境(Pr/Ph值平均为0.95)这些均有利于颗粒有机碳(POC)通过BP过程从海洋表面输送到深海,快速埋藏和储存;而D1-7柱样因水深大(1 100 m)和沉积速率低(0.07 cm/a),含碳化合物沉降过程中发生降解,又被环境氧化降解(Pr/Ph值平均为1.22),二者均不利于沉积物储碳,但相比之下控制沉积物碳保存重要的因素可能是沉积速率。(3)近百年来南极半岛附近海域和南奥克尼群岛浮游动物总量、浮游植物初级生产力、硅藻和甲藻生物量趋于上升,而颗石藻生物量和所占比例呈减少趋势(南极半岛附近海域更明显),说明钙质生物泵作用在逐年下降,而硅藻主导的硅质泵作用在不断加强,这两个过程的相对强度在很大程度上决定了由生物泵结构(硅质泵/钙质泵)和效率、及其向海洋沉积物输送有机碳和无机碳的比例大小。(4)2个柱样的分子生物标志物变化趋势在整体上具有一定的可比性,均有明显的阶段性,在年代际突变后(1972年),受到显著影响的是南奥克尼群岛海域浮游动物总量从(5~6 cm)1982年开始发生明显增加,特别在1997年和2012年期间浮游动物总量开始剧增,意味着在全球变暖背景下浮游生物群落结构发生快速变化,浮游植物初级生产的降低和浮游动物总量的剧增,二者变异使得生物泵强度(增强/削弱)变化存在很大的不确定性。(5)相比之下,近百年来南极半岛附近海域浮游植物生产力/硅藻甲藻生物量逐渐提高,而微生物生产力/古菌生物量逐渐降低,意味着微生物固碳强度减弱,即MCP储碳效率在降低,揭示了全球变暖对海域浮游生物生产力/生物量的增减起到关键作用,而浮游生物群落生物量和组成特征直接影响南极海洋BP中上层水体有机碳的流动和MCP水柱固碳效率的强弱,作为全球海洋最大碳汇的南极,其储碳能力可能正在降低。

南极半岛和南奥克尼群岛  /  浮游生物生产力/群落结构  /  生物泵和微型生物碳泵  /  分子生物标志物  /  微生物细胞膜GDGTs  /  年代际变率

Utilizing the molecular biomarkers of organic matter in marine sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula (D1-7) and adjacent waters of the South Orkney Islands (D5-6), the ecological relationships implicit in the reconstructed variations of planktonic productivity and population structure are examined in relation to the Biological Pump (BP)/Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP), as well as the efficiency of marine carbon sinks and storage. Over the past century, a series of molecular biomarkers in sediment cores has exhibited significant changes, reflecting substantial spatiotemporal evolution in upper ocean planktonic productivity/community structure and sedimentary carbon reservoirs. These changes are indeed linked to global climate variability. The research findings are as follows: (1) Based on the characteristics of molecular composition and chromatographic peak patterns of biomarker compounds, as well as parameters such as Main Peak Carbon (MH), Light Hydrocarbons/Heavy Hydrocarbons (L/H), Bacterial-Algal Ratio (nC15 + nC17 + nC19), Large Phytoplankton Ratio (nC21 + nC23 + nC25), and carbon preference index (CPI), it is evident that the primary source of sedimentary carbon is marine-derived organic carbon. Marine organisms serve as natural carbon sinks for carbon fixation and storage. (2) The sediments from the D5-6 region exhibit high organic matter enrichment, primarily influenced by factors such as higher surface water productivity, higher sedimentation rates (average of 0.19 cm/a), shallower water depths (385 m), and a reducing sedimentary environment (average Pr/Ph value of 0.95). These conditions favor the transport of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) from the ocean surface to the deep sea via the Biological Pump (BP) process, facilitating rapid burial and storage. In contrast, sediments from the D1-7 region, characterized by greater water depths (1 100 m) and lower sedimentation rates (0.07 cm/a, experience degradation of carbonaceous compounds during sedimentation processes and subsequent oxidative degradation in an oxic environment (average Pr/Ph value of 1.22). Both processes are unfavorable for carbon sequestration in sediments. However, the control factor determining carbon preservation in sediments may predominantly be sedimentation rate. (3) Over the past century, the total abundance of zooplankton, primary productivity of phytoplankton, and biomass of diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Orkney Islands have shown an increasing trend, while the biomass and proportion of coccolithophores have decreased (particularly evident near the Antarctic Peninsula). This indicates a declining trend in the effectiveness of the calcium carbonate pump while the silica pump dominated by diatoms is strengthening. The relative strengths of these two processes largely determine the structure and efficiency of the biological pump, as well as the proportion of organic and inorganic carbon transported to marine sediments. (4) The trends in molecular biomarker variations in the two sediment cores show certain comparability overall, with distinct stages. Following interdecadal shifts (since 1972), the waters near the South Orkney Islands experienced a significant increase in zooplankton abundance from a depth of 5-6 cm beginning in 1982. Particularly, during the periods of 1997 and 2012, zooplankton abundance witnessed a dramatic increase, indicating rapid changes in planktonic community structure under the backdrop of global warming. Variations in both decreased primary productivity of phytoplankton and increased zooplankton abundance contribute to significant uncertainties in the changes in the strength of the biological pump (enhancement/weakening). (5) In contrast, over the past century, the productivity of phytoplankton/diatoms and dinoflagellates in the waters near the Antarctic Peninsula has gradually increased, while microbial productivity/ancient archaeal biomass has decreased. This suggests a weakening of microbial carbon sequestration intensity, indicating a decrease in the efficiency of the microbial carbon pump (MCP). This underscores the crucial role of global warming in the fluctuations of phytoplankton productivity/biomass in marine waters. The biomass and composition characteristics of planktonic communities directly affect the transport of organic carbon in the upper water column and the efficiency of carbon sequestration in the MCP. As the largest carbon sink in the global ocean, the carbon sequestration capacity of the Antarctic may be diminishing.

Antarctic Peninsula and South Orkney Islands  /  plankton productivity/community structure  /  biological pump and microbial carbon pump  /  biomarker molecules  /  microbial cell membrane GDGTs  /  interdecadal variation
杨丹, 付全有, 韩正兵, 于培松, 乐凤凤, 韩喜彬, 张海生, 卢冰, 武光海. 南极典型海域浮游生物生产力/群落结构对BP/MCP储碳影响及其年代际变率. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (5) : 37 -56 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024072
Dan Yang, Quanyou Fu, Zhengbing Han, Peisong Yu, Fengfeng Le, Xibin Han, Haisheng Zhang, Bing Lu, Guanghai Wu. Effects of plankton productivity/community structure on BP/MCP carbon storage and their interdecadal variations in a typical Antarctic waters[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (5) : 37 -56 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024072
海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,其碳收支极大地影响了全球气候的变化。海洋生态系统可以捕获和储存大量的碳,其中海洋生物泵(Biological Pump, BP)和微型生物碳泵(Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP)是海洋生态系统生物储碳(碳汇)的两个重要途径[12],都是通过生态系统一系列生物转化过程来实现将CO2封存在海洋内部。BP的驱动力是碳的固定(主要是捕集有机碳TOC),由自养光合藻类生物、浮游动物(垂直迁移行为)、水团的物理下沉等作用,将大气CO2转变成颗粒有机碳(POC),并被沉降到海底的较深处,有机物积累或被呼吸(微生物的降解),BP过程对于海洋固碳与储碳至关重要。MCP碳泵经由数量巨大的海洋微生物、微型浮游生物等通过自身的生理生态活动过程驱动活性溶解有机碳(Labile Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC),转化为结构惰性溶解有机碳(Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon,RDOC)进入水体长期积累,形成了海洋水柱RDOC碳库,实现海洋内部碳的封存[3],并贡献于海洋碳库。
南大洋是全球海洋最重要的碳汇之一[4],它参与并影响着全球的碳循环,其强弱反映对气候变化的调节能力。南大洋主要的初级生产者为光合藻类和微生物、以及重要的次级生产者浮游动物,它们在全球变暖背景下正在发生显著变化,特别是海洋初级生产力和微生物过程及其储碳(碳汇)能力可能变得更为剧烈与复杂[56]。西南极半岛和周边海域是近百年来南极地区气候、环境变化最为显著的地区,其海温上升、冰架的快速崩塌和解体、融冰改变了浮游植物种群结构、驱动了海洋BP和MCP的变化[78],进而影响海洋碳循环,使海洋碳库(储碳潜力)发生变化。海洋中的浮游生物通过光合作用将大气中的二氧化碳注入大洋,进而通过沉降作用到达深海被埋藏,长时间尺度的积累可使海洋沉积物碳库与海洋生物生产力、大气CO2浓度及其气候变化联系在一起。当前,对南极海域生态系统的持续跟踪监测非常重视,长期的时间系列研究有助于我们在整个地质学尺度上更深入了解大洋初级生产力/海洋碳汇演变机制及未来发展趋势,相关研究是国际研究的前沿热点[911]
当前,海底沉积物中一些具有明确来源的类脂物可作为母体生物的分子标志物提供了一种重要工具,为理解现在和长时间尺度的海洋初级生产力/群落结构与海洋碳汇演变机制及其未来发展趋势的研究提供重要信息,如沉积物多参数分子生物标志物(菜籽甾醇-brassicasterol、甲藻甾醇-dinosterol、C37长链烯酮-C37alkenones和胆甾醇-chlesterol)分别是光合藻类(硅藻、甲藻、颗石藻细胞膜)的主要组成[1213],以此重建浮游植物初级生产力或某单一浮游植物生物量变化,以及它们之间的比例关系来指示种群结构变化[14]
海洋微型生物驱动各种生态过程。一类甘油二烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers, GDGTs)是海洋古菌(碳骨架以-C5H12的类异戊二烯型isoGDGTs)或细菌(碳骨架携带不同个数甲基-CH3的细菌合成的支链型brGDGTs)产生的细胞膜脂成分。微生物脂类(GDGTs)可能是海洋RDOC库的重要组成部分[15],GDGTs的脂质比碳水化合物或蛋白质(水解成氨基酸)更耐降解,在沉积物或岩石中保存可追溯到白垩纪和侏罗纪[1618],这表明GDGTs可在海洋中长期保存并贡献于海洋永久碳库。古菌在全球碳氮循环中发挥着重要作用,GDGTs特异性能(brGDGTs和isoGDGTs)可迅速区别细菌和古菌类群含量[1920];isoGDGTs能够对自然界中古菌群落结构的变化及其参与的生物地球化学过程起到很好的指示作用。
本文在岩芯沉积物210Pb定年框架下,运用藻类分子生物标志物和微生物细胞膜脂GDGTs,以及正构烷烃分子组合特征,根据数据中隐含的生态关系,重建西南极典型海域浮游植物初级生产力和群落结构、古菌生物量和古菌类群结构,以及正构烷烃-菌藻类和大型浮游植物等。重点阐述碳库中关键的碳循环参与者(作为初级生产者和次级生产者)在南极海洋生态系统中的储碳(碳汇)功能,及其浮游生物生产力/种群结构变化对BP/MCP储碳效率的影响。探究近百年来浮游植物初级生产力/群落结构和古菌/奇古菌类群的动态演替或时空变化,以及海洋内部生态过程响应(海表温度和环境氧化还原条件)的年代际变率特征。在全球变暖背景下,揭示极地海洋生态系统储碳(碳汇)效率和气候变化相互作用机制具有十分重要的科学意义。目前,藻类生物标志物和GDGTs的分子生物标志物已得到广泛应用,但与GDGTs/MCP研究相结合,是对生标地球化学研究的一种重要拓展[21],尤其在极地海域。
南极海洋性气候覆盖了南极半岛及其周围的群岛,与南极大陆相比气候较为温和,形成了比较复杂的生态系统,该地区气候相对温暖,同时也是近百年来南极地区气候、环境变化最为显著的地区,其周边海温上升、冰架的快速崩塌和解体已给全球海洋与气候变化带来了深刻影响[2224]。2015年12月在南极半岛附近海域采集D1-7沉积物柱样(62°16.163'S,56°35.457'W,水深为1 100 m),其位于海峡内的中海盆和东海盆之间的相对高地上,沉积物主要为橄榄灰色粉砂质黏土,岩性均匀,对采集的沉积柱(柱长为23.5 cm)样品以0.5 cm级切片;2011年1月底采集D5-6柱样(长度为17 cm)位于南奥克尼群岛海域(61°47.878'S,44°40.709'W,水深为385 m),沉积物主要为黏土质粉砂(见图1)。以上2个沉积柱样品均由中国南极科学考察期间在“雪龙”号破冰船上使用多管取样器取得,样品在−20℃保存,在国内实验室对样品冷冻干燥,进行同地层年代测定和分子生物标志物联合分析研究。
称取冷冻干燥后的沉积物样品5 g装入加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)的萃取池中,加入氘代正二十四烷、正十九醇和C46GDGT内标。萃取试剂二氯甲烷∶甲醇(9∶1)进行提取,收集总可萃取有机质,经浓缩吹干,加入6%KOH的甲醇溶液进行碱水解,超声后恒温静置过夜,再用正己烷多次超声萃取,合并萃取液经由氮气吹至少量,进行硅胶柱层析分离,用正己烷淋洗得到非极性组分(正构烷烃),使用安捷伦气相色谱(Agilent6890N,美国)进行测试。用二氯甲烷∶甲烷(1∶1)淋洗收集极性组分(分成两份),1份浓缩富集后加入衍生化试剂(BSTFA,70℃ 1 h),上机(Agilent6890N,美国)分析甾/酮类(在48 h内);另一份使用超高效液相色谱质谱联用仪(Waters Acquity UPLC Xevo TQ MS/MS)分析GDGTs[26]。GDGTs在质谱分析过程中按照其质量数(m)和电荷数(z)的比值质荷比(m/z)大小依次排列成谱,GDGT-n 通过不同m/z得以区分,总体上随五元环的增加质荷比减小,其中泉古菌醇结构比较特殊含有一个六元环,并通常和其位置异构体同时出现[27]。扫描离子质荷比(m/z)为1302(V)、1300(VI)、1298(VII)、1296(VIII)、1292(crenarchaeol, IV)、1050(III)、1048(IIIb)、1046(IIIc)、1036(II)、1034(IIb)、1032(IIc)、1022(I)、1020(Ib)、1018(Ic),单离子扫描停留时间237 ms,最后进行峰面积的积分定量,实验前处理和仪器分析测试在自然资源部第二海洋研究所海洋生态中心实验室完成。
沉积物样品冷冻干燥,取10 g研磨至100目左右(过100目孔筛),装入与标准源同一规格的塑料容器,蜡封1个月左右,使226Ra与210Pb处于永久衰变平衡体系,然后在自然资源部第二海洋研究所海底科学实验室使用美国EG&GORTEC公司生产的高纯锗探测器(GWL-120-15N)、数字化谱仪及多通道分析系统测定放射性核。素210Pb的含量,每个样品测量时间一般为1~3 d,以46.5 keV(210Pb)能量处的峰面积计算总210Pb比活度,以295.6 keV(214Pb,226Ra的子体)能量处的峰面积计算本底210Pb比活度,其差值即为过剩210Pb的比活度。对60Co在1.33 MeV处的能量分辨率(FWHM)≤2.4 keV,对57Co在122 keV处的能量分辨率(FWHM)≤1.4 keV,相对探测效率为62%,具有良好的稳定性(其中210Pb和226Ra标准样品由中国原子能研究所提供)。
海洋沉积有机碳库的来源,有内源和外源之分,内源性是水体生物,最根本的过程是浮游植物的光合作用产生的有机质,被称为初级生产力,而某些微生物的光合作用是一种重要的代谢过程,光将CO2和水分子转化为有机物和氧气;外源性有机质主要来源于非海洋植物生产的有机物,如陆源有机物中的腐殖酸。利用海洋沉积物定量研究不同碳数正构烷烃的分子组合特征和比例关系来指示不同来源的碳分子贡献,不同来源的海洋生物类型(菌藻类低等植物和水生大型浮游植物、浮游动物等)和陆生高等植物其碳汇意义和功效也不尽相同[2627]。一般细菌和藻类等微生物正构烷烃碳数分布范围为nC15nC20、主峰碳(MH)为nC1,5nC17nC19,水生维管束植物(大型海藻、海草等)的正构烷烃以nC23nC25为主峰[2830],而陆生维管束植物则有很高比例的长链正构烷烃,以nC27nC29nC31,具有显著的奇碳优势[31],其碳优势指数CPI值大于5[32]。从正构烷烃分子组合特征来看,南极半岛附近海域D1-7柱样(0~23.5 cm)气相色谱图碳数分布范围nC11nC37、主峰碳(MH)为nC16nC19、以低碳数同系物为主,呈低碳型单峰群,高碳烃峰群微弱存在,而南奥克尼群岛海域D5-6柱样(0~17.0 cm)气相色谱图碳数分布范围nC14nC37、MH为nC18nC19(个别nC21),色谱图呈低碳型单烃峰群,显示出藻类贡献占优势。见图2a, b,D1-7和D5-6柱样正构烷烃总量各为355.17~2726.08 ng/g(平均985.59 ng/g)和1 059.28~7 707.14 ng/g(平均3 457.18 ng/g),轻烃/重烃比值(ΣC21/ΣC+22)各在0.34~1.54(平均0.99)和0.82~6.61(平均2.54),均大于1,碳优势指数CPI[(C25 + C27 + C29 + C31 + C33)/(C26 + C28 + C30 + C32 + C34)+(C25 + C27 + C29 + C31 + C33)/(C24 + C26 + C28 + C30 + C32)/2]各为1.25~2.41(平均1.93)和1.25~3.23(平均2.07),根据主峰碳(MH)范围、轻烃/重烃比值(ΣC21/ΣC+22),以及CPI的奇碳优势,表明沉积有机碳库来源主要来自生物泵输入的生物碳沉积,还有少量的陆源植物输入特征[33]。南极半岛附近海域每年有6个月(6−11月,南极冷季)被冰雪覆盖,另外6个月(12月至翌年5月,南极暖季)为冰雪融化季节,是沉积物搬运和沉积的活跃时期,但沉积到海洋过程中的大部分都是近代有机质[34],对于大气CO2来说,充当着净碳汇的角色[3536]
生物泵输出生产力(输出通量)指的是真光层往深层海洋输出的颗粒物通量,代表了海洋生物泵的运作效率,输出通量的大小直接决定了海洋生物泵调节大气CO2的能力,而其中颗粒物大小是直接决定颗粒沉降速度的一个重要参数。D1-7和D5-6柱样沉积物中海洋菌藻类的短烃正构烷烃-(nC15 + nC17 + nC19)分别为45.89~361.53 ng/g(平均152.86 ng/g)和159.65~1 828.17 ng/g(平均687.01 ng/g),大型浮游植物的中碳烃正构烷烃-(nC21 + nC23 + nC25)为82.01~457.58 ng/g(平均182.30 ng/g)和135.07~1368.15 ng/g(平均583.39 ng/g),且从下至上呈增加趋势,南奥克尼群岛海域的小粒级的菌藻类和大大粒级的大型浮游植物均大于南极半岛附近海域。前人研究指出,南奥克尼附近海域以硅藻等较大个体的浮游植物为主导。从这个意义上讲,南奥克尼群岛生物泵作用大于南极半岛附近海域。那些大而长的硅藻物种,如南极海毛藻(Thalassiothrix antarctica)、裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)等在南奥克尼群岛以北的海域出现高值分布[37],表明海洋生物泵效率高,吸收大气CO2 的能力较强。
饱和烃中姥鲛烷/植烷比值(Pr/Ph)可用来判断沉积物有机质库当时形成环境的氧化−还原条件。一般认为Pr/Ph < 1(植烷优势)指示了还原−强还原环境,Pr/Ph > 1(姥鲛烷优势)指示了弱氧化−氧化环境,Pr/Ph值接近于1被认为出现于氧化与缺氧条件交替变化时期[3839]。D1-7柱样的Pr/Ph比值为0.60~2.41(平均1.47),很好地指示了柱样碳库保存条件从还原−氧化−强氧化条件,从下至上逐步增大,D1-7柱样沉积碳库保存效率逐年降低,有机碳库变小,作为气候的调节器作用也就减弱。D5-6柱样Pr/Ph比值为0.40~1.65(平均0.95),沉积碳库环境总体呈现出还原-或弱还原状态,缺氧的环境降低了对有机质的分解效率,有利于碳埋藏。通过对比研究表明,沉积环境变化对两个柱样的碳埋藏效率,相比低氧的影响,控制碳保存更重要的参数是沉积速率。结合姥鲛烷和植烷与邻近正构烷烃nC17nC18含量比值以及Pr/C17和Ph/C18参数变化,当Pr/C17 > 1时,有机质来源中浮游藻类贡献较大,当Ph/C18 > 1 则以古菌输入为主[4041]。D-7柱样的Ph/C18比值为0.33~2.91(平均1.32 > 1)很好地表示出沉积碳库中古菌贡献较大;D5-6柱样的Pr/C17比值为0.78~2.23(平均1.24 > 1)显示出浮游菌类输入为主。有机质的厌氧降解比有氧降解效率要差一些[42],从而导致D5-6柱样的TOC含量比有氧环境的D1-7柱样的要高一些。
海洋浮游植物初级生产力和群落结构变化在全球碳循环中起重要作用,相当程度上控制着海−气界面CO2的交换,其储碳效率在很大程度上决定了海洋和大气中的碳库变动[4344]。浮游植物群落通过光合作用将CO2转变为有机碳的过程,其初级生产强度(及浮游植物固碳能力)是生物泵的最初环节,浮游植物生产力的大小,可反映生态系统固碳能力的强弱。利用沉积物中多参数分子生物标志物中3种藻类分子标志物(菜子甾醇-brassicasterol、甲藻甾醇-dinosterol、C37长链烯酮-C37alkenones)的含量在某种程度上可以代表真光层的浮游植物(硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻)的生物量,这3种藻类分子生物标志物的累计率被认为是浮游植物初级生产力的直接标志(SUM = 菜子甾醇 + 甲藻甾醇 + 长链烯酮)[4546],它们的比值可指示浮游植物种群结构的变化[47],胆甾醇主要由各种海洋浮游动物产生,可用于反演浮游动物总量的变化[48],理论上分子生物标志物含量越多所表征的浮游植物生产量就越高。
图3a, b可见,南极半岛附近海域D1-7柱样(0~23.5 cm)和南奥克尼群岛海域D5-6柱样(0~17.0 cm)藻类分子标志物重建的硅质浮游植物(菜子甾醇含量)为215.62~925.5 ng/g(平均为494.14 ng/g)和269.67~944.32 ng/g(平均为519.79 ng/g)、菜子甾醇各占生物标志物总量的72.68%~78.08%(平均为75.51%)和72.68%~80.07%(平均为75.12%),硅质浮游植物(硅藻群落)是南极海洋初级生产力最主要的初级生产者;D1-7柱样和D5-6柱样甲藻甾醇各为43.38~242.80 ng/g(平均为115.70 ng/g)和62.35~199.14 ng/g(平均为129.68 ng/g),甲藻甾醇占生物标志物总量的14.86%~20.30%(平均为17.22%)和15.73%~20.54%(平均为18.73%),菜子甾醇/甲藻甾醇(硅藻/甲藻)比值在3.70~5.13 ng/g(平均为4.41 ng/g)和3.55~4.95 ng/g(平均为4.05 ng/g);D1-7柱样和D5-6柱样钙质浮游植物(C37-烯酮含量)各为16.07~74.78 ng/g(平均为45.59 ng/g)和26.52~56.45 ng/g(平均为40.53 ng/g),占生物标志物总量的3.82%~10.30%(平均为7.27%)和3.05%~7.61%(平均为6.15%),通过3种藻类生物量的对比,重建的颗石藻-Cocolithophorids(同属定鞭藻门)含量最低,意味着钙质生物碳对生物泵贡献很小。硅藻碳和甲藻碳是研究区沉积碳库埋藏的主要形式,南大洋的生物泵主要是由硅质泵所驱动[49]。重建的浮游植物优势种和群落占比数据与生物实测资料相吻合[5051],也说明多参数分子生物标志物应用于研究区浮游植物初级生产力和优势种群的重建具有很好的适用性。
浮游植物及其相关过程对碳汇的作用是显著的,是海洋生物碳储库的主要组成部分,通常认为海洋真光层硅质生物和钙质生物对大气CO2的吸收效用是具有明显差异的[52]。生物泵是碳垂直迁移的最主要驱动因素[53],当含硅质外壳的硅藻(非钙化浮游藻类)在海洋表层光合固碳,具有沉重外壳的硅藻沉降较快,对颗粒有机碳(POC)的输出贡献较大,形成高的生物碳汇[54],硅质泵对大气CO2有净吸收效应;当含钙质骨架的颗石藻(钙质浮游藻类)进行光合作用形成CaCO3外壳可快速沉降,但CaCO3具有碳酸盐反向泵功能[5556],则会释放CO2,因此对大气CO2的净吸收很少,这导致了钙质生物泵效率低于硅质生物泵效率。硅藻是南极半岛周边海洋和南奥克尼群岛海域丰度最高的类群,代表了高的输出生产力,以硅藻为主的生态系统其生物泵效率也较高,硅藻也是生物碳沉降及TEP(透明外聚物颗粒)凝聚网过程中对沉积碳汇(碳储库)贡献最大的硅质生物类群,由此可见浮游植物群落结构(钙质/硅藻)变化能影响西南极海洋物泵效率以及沉积碳库储碳潜力。
海洋初级生产力可直接降低海气界面CO2分压[5758],初级生产力也是海洋沉积碳库有机质的最终来源。藻类分子生物标志物总量(SUM = 菜子甾醇 + 甲藻甾醇 + C37-烯酮)可表征浮游植物生产力,南极半岛附近海域D1-7柱样和南奥克尼群岛海域D5-6柱样总量SUM分别为277.14~1 213.35 ng/g(平均为655.445 ng/g)和358.61~1 179.4 ng/g(平均为690 ng/g),重建的浮游植物初级生产力水平相近。一般来讲,生物泵效率是表征生物过程对大气CO2的去除能力,上层海洋初级生产力及海洋生物碳量大,生物泵效率相对就大。南极半岛附近海域(D1-7柱样)浮游植物的大量繁盛通常与水体浅混合层中,适当的光照水平和可利用性铁的存在维持浮游植物的繁殖有关[59],因此具有高效生物泵(BP)效率的海域[60],对沉积物碳储库的贡献就大。另外,温度是影响南极海域浮游植物分布的主要因子[61],南奥克尼群岛的D5-6柱样以北对着温暖的斯科舍海,近南极绕极流和威德尔环流交汇区,夏季海冰和冰山融化释放大量碎屑物质和营养盐,促使海域浮游植物的密集分布,硅藻高生物量和高生产力,形成富硅藻快速堆积[6263]
浮游动物包括浮游甲壳类动物、浮游微小动物。浮游动物被认为是海洋中控制浮游植物生物量和群落结构的重要因子,其很大程度上影响了浮游植物光合作用固定下来的碳流向(浮游植物固定的碳被其摄食)。浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物将有机碳转化为自身的生物质(成为自身储碳),并通过食物链的传递、促进碳的循环和转化;通过垂直迁移,代谢或生产下沉的粪便颗粒(富含碳),蜕皮或死亡后,最终进入海洋深层,参与碳储存,为POC输出做出重要贡献,也是海洋生物泵的关键过程。本文利用分子生物标志物胆甾醇-Chlesterol含量重建浮游动物总量的变化[6465],D1-7和D5-6柱样中胆甾醇-Chlesterol含量分别为218.10~949.06 ng/g(平均437.08 ng/g)和288.62~2 184.56 ng/g(平均为669.25 ng/g),D5-6柱样胆甾醇含量大于D1-7柱样的。南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)是一种喜集群的甲壳类浮游动物,南极半岛周边海域和南奥克尼群岛海区均是南极大磷虾分布密集区[6668],尤其是磷虾幼体阶段的越冬场所[69]。南奥克尼群岛海区(平均水温为(1.8 ± 0.1)℃)大磷虾分布密度高于南极半岛周边海域(平均水温为(1.4 ± 0.1)℃)[70],水温可能是影响大磷虾分布密度的因素之一,即便海洋SST微小的变化中,南极磷虾受其变化的影响也相对较大,冰山对磷虾集群具有重要影响[71]。南极磷虾是南极海域生物泵碳输出的关键类群,如在南极半岛西部大陆架上测得的POC通量主要由大型南极磷虾粪便颗粒形成,是一种主要的浮游动物介导的碳输出途径[72]
浮游动物种类组成、丰度分布以及群落结构变化直接或间接地影响海洋生态系统的稳定及其生物泵输出效率,还可能与浮游动物群落组成密切相关。在南大洋升温趋势明显的南极半岛周边海域和南奥克尼群岛海域,海冰覆盖逐渐减少,另一种重要的海生大型浮游动物类群(纽鳃樽-Saba thampsoni)在南极海域集群出现[7374],由于其较高的摄食率,是南极磷虾的主要竞争者[75,72],两者交替控制着南大洋浮游动物群落生产力[76]。从生物地化循环的角度看,垂直迁移是海洋浮游动物在夜间栖息的中层水体之间的大规模垂直运动,当垂直迁移被视为生物泵的组成部分时,它被称为主动运输;南极磷虾和纽鳃樽通过摄食及其垂直移动能够有效地将上层的初级生产量主动泵入其他水层,成为真光层颗粒有机物的沉降输出过程中的“生物泵”。许多研究发现南极磷虾和纽鳃樽分布存在空间隔离[77],在丰度上出现此消彼长的关系[78];在海冰减少、纽鳃樽向南扩展,挤压南极磷虾的生境、导致磷虾生物量下降[79],不但南极海洋食物网产生很大影响[8081],而且浮游动物群落结构的变化会降低次表层海水向下的POC通量[15]显示出南极海域生物泵/浮游生物群落结构对全球气候变化的快速响应与反馈,虽然这种改变较为缓慢,但是这种改变再反馈到全球气候系统造成的结果却是不可逆转的。
微型生物在海洋微型生物碳泵(MCP)中起着重要作用[82]。海洋微型生物(一些粒径小于20 μm的细菌、古菌和病毒等)处于生态食物链的底端,对外部环境变化响应敏感,生态系统的改变往往表现在微生物群落结构的改变,而不同种类、不同功能群及古菌类群改变必然会影响RDOC 的分子组成和生成速率及其MCP储碳效率(增强或削弱)。由微生物产生的甘油二烷基甘油四醚膜脂(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether, GDGTs)的组成能够很好指示气候环境变化[8384]。微生物细胞膜脂GDGTs)作为特定生物标志物可反映细菌和古菌生物量。
微生物固碳过程指的是微生物吸收无机碳并将其转化为生物量的过程。从图4可见,南极半岛附近海域D1-7柱样(0~23.5 cm)和南奥克尼群岛海域D5-6柱样(0~17.0 cm)地层中GDGTs含量各为754.42~1 310.77 ng/g(平均为883.50 ng/g)和168.74~375.65 ng/g范围(平均261.51ng/g);古菌细胞膜脂isoGDGTs(iGDGT-0 + iGDGT-1 + i GDGT-2 + iGDGT-3 + iGDGT-4 + GDGT-4')含量各在373.66~1 259.07 ng/g(平均为842.75 ng/g)和150.67.66~338.88 ng/g(平均为230.01 ng/g)。细菌细胞膜脂brGDGTS(GDGT-IIIa、GDGT-IIIb、GDGT-Iia + GDGT-Iib + GDGT-Iic + GDGT-Ia + GDGT-Ib + GDGT-Ic)含量在13.71~67.16 ng/g(平均为40.75 ng/g)和18.07~45.8 ng/g(平均为31.51 ng/g)。不同的海洋生境使微生物进化出不同类型和不同生态功能群,在低温生态系统里,古菌丰度会比较高[83,8586]。古菌细胞膜脂(isoGDGTs)特有的结构特征,使之成为表征古菌群落组成和丰度研究的有效指标[84],古菌类群与CO2和甲烷等温室气体密切关联,相对细菌更善于利用深海有机碳库中的DOC[8788],产生更加惰性的RDOC于海洋碳库中。
海洋微型生物碳泵(MCP)储碳是海洋生态系统中一系列微型生物活动的总体效应,核心驱动力是一类特殊功能的微型生物类群,微型生物是海洋生态系统生物量和能流的主要承担者,将活性溶解有机碳(Labile Dissolved Organic Carbon,LDOC)高效地转化为深海惰性的溶解有机碳(Recalcitrant Dissolved Orgajic Carbon,RDOC)[8990],从而海洋碳汇具有显著的生态环境效应。因此,确定微生物类群对MCP储碳效率的研究尤为重要。D1-7和D5-6柱样中isoGDGTs主要由生物标志物分子iGDGT-0(不含碳环的)和分子iGDGT-4(泉古菌醇-crenarchaeol)组成,iGDGT-0占主导优势,地层中其他分子iGDGT-1、iGDGT-2、iGDGT-3和重构异构体crenarchaeol的含量均很低。2个柱样地层中iGDGT-0含量各在204.17~845.52 ng/g(平均为498.82 ng/g)和79.27~190.52 ng/g(平均为119.61 ng/g);泉古菌醇-crenarchaeol含量各在148.96~492.72 ng/g(平均为314.40 ng/g)和64.45~135.00 ng/g(平均为101.23 ng/g),南极海域沉积地层中isoGDGTs微生物古菌类型是奇古菌-crenarchaeol小于产甲烷菌-iGDGT-0,有别于温暖地区沉积物中isoGDGTs微生物古菌类型(crenarchaeol大于iGDGT-0)。利用GDGT-0和泉古菌醇(crenarchaeol)特有的结构差异,可区分古菌种群,如厌氧产甲烷菌[9192]或好氧奇古菌门[9395]和生物量[96]。奇古菌是深海有机碳代谢的主要贡献者[97],同时更是深海有机碳库形成的关键贡献者[98]
利用特定古菌分子标志物(产甲烷古菌/奇古菌)比值可判断海洋环境中古菌结构变化[99],而GDGT-0/ iGDGT-4(crenarchaeol)比值变化可引起碳库组成和MCP效率改变。D1-7和D5-6柱样地层中产甲烷古菌GDGT-0/奇古菌crenarchaeol比值(指示古菌类群比例变化)各在0.93~2.31(平均为1.59)和0.78~2.42(平均为1.21)。不同环境条件下微生物的群落结构存在空间异质性,对环境响应特征亦不同,D1-7柱样微生物细胞膜脂GDGTs及isoGDGTs、GDGT-0和crenarchaeol含量远大于D5-6柱样,表明微生物数量丰富,该海域MCP储碳机制相对活跃。
图5a是D1-7柱样(0~25 cm)的210Pb分布模式,基于210Pb的垂向变化,0~1 cm的表层受混合层,1~13 cm是衰层(13 cm背景层);13.5~15 cm层的平均值为12.65 Bq/kg,以该值作为支撑的210Pb活性值,计算剩余的210Pb比活度,210Pbex活性的衰减曲线与质量深度拟合。利用CIC模式计算出该柱样的平均沉积速率,即沉积物平均沉积速率为0.07 cm/a( r = 0.96,p < 0.01,n = 26),对应沉积年代为1773−2015年。根据柱样D5-6(0~17 cm)沉积物中210Pbex与柱样深度的分布规律可以发现,沉积物中210Pbex沉积物深度随柱样深度呈指数衰减,如图2b所示,该区域沉积速率和210Pbex输入沉积物的通量稳定,并且沉积物中积累的210Pbex基本上不发生沉积后迁移,利用CIC模式计算出该柱样的平均沉积速率,即拟合210Pbex与柱样深度的衰变曲线,拟合度很好,计算平均沉积速率S = 0.19 cm/a(r = 0.96,p < 0.01,n = 17),对应沉积年代为1922−2011年的沉积序列。
为有利于2个柱样的对比研究,重点截取近百年来的沉积地层记录。南极半岛附近海域的D1-7柱样(0~8.5 cm)对应年代2015−1922年前后,平均沉积速率为0.07 cm/a;南奥克尼附近海域的D5-6柱样(0~17 cm)对应年代为2011−1922年,平均沉积速率为0.19 cm/a,显而易见D5-6柱样沉积速率远大于D1-7柱样的。有机碳(TOC)在沉积物碳库中占有相当份额,TOC可判断海洋有机质含量的高低及初级生产力状况,也可以作为海洋TOC埋藏率高低的一种替代指标。D1-7和D5-6柱样中TOC初级生产力含量各在0.38%~1.45%和0.44%~1.77%范围,正构烷烃总量(海陆来源的有机质)含量各在686.66~1 935.34 ng/g和1 416.04~7 707.14 ng/g范围,浮游植物初级生产力(3种藻类分子生物标志物总量)各在775.54~1 213.35 ng/g和358.61~1 179.40 ng/g范围,微生物总量(GDGTs)各在754.42~1 298.88 ng/g和168.74~375.65 ng/g范围。单从TOC和正构烷烃平均总量看,D5-6柱样的远大于D1-7柱样的。沉积物有机质氧化降解作用主要发生在表层几厘米范围内[100101]。通常沉积物样品中由于氧化降解程度不同会导致表层有机质含量高,越往深层有机质含量越有变低的现象,从2个柱样中TOC含量变化曲线看,表层(柱样顶部)TOC含量并不是最高的,且从表层到近60年深度的TOC含量并无明显下降,因此氧化降解不是该区域沉积物有机质变化的最主要控制因素。据此,将柱样表层沉积物中的TOC含量视为碳沉积量,下部经过降解矿化后稳定状态的TOC含量视为碳埋藏量,两者的比值(碳埋藏量/碳沉积量)即为碳埋藏率[102]。研究结果表明,D5-6柱样埋藏率远高于D1-7柱样,通常TOC埋藏率也可表征碳汇能力的大小。一般碳埋藏率越高越有利于碳汇的形成,海洋吸纳大气CO2的能力越强,故而调节气候(降温)效果越明显。
D5-6柱样所处水深(385 m)较浅,在高沉积速率区域,大量藻类和大型浮游植物在勃发后迅速沉降,当颗粒物在水体中沉降速率即便相近,相对水深浅的区域可保证有机质快速到达海底而快速埋藏[103],减少细菌降解或转化程度,因此水深浅的D5-6柱样所在区域相比深水区,具有相对高效的垂直输运的海洋生物泵和埋藏效率。D5-6柱样自底至顶沉积物颗粒逐渐由粗变细,TOC含量随粒径减小而增大,促使颗粒碳沉降并埋存于海底沉积物中,南奥克尼徽地块的中间区域大部分为泥质沉积物,具有巨大的碳储存功能。南极半岛附近海域的D1-7柱样(水深为1 100 m)沉积速率(0.07 cm/a)较低,对于海洋生物泵(BP)储碳机制依赖的是碳的垂直运输,活性TOC在低沉积速率区域发生强烈降解,发生有机质分解和溶解的时间长短主要与沉积速率有关,即沉降到水−沉积物界面作为表层沉积物开始降解矿化,水深使得有机质经历较长的沉降过程,影响沉积物的累积速率及有机碳的埋藏。同时暗示南极半岛附近上层海域的初级生产力实际上要比重建估算的(3种藻类甾醇总量)要大一些。
TOC和有机物从上层海洋输出到底层沉积物后,在沉积物中还要经历有氧降解和无氧降解,由于降解过程的本质是有机质被氧化分解,因此沉积环境的氧化或还原状态必然会影响降解作用[104],而缺氧环境有利于TOC的累积和储存,意味着TOC埋藏效率高。如图6所示,D1-7柱样的Pr/Ph比值为0.60~2.41(平均为1.47),很好地指示了柱样碳库保存条件从还原−氧化−强氧化条件,从下至上逐步增大,D1-7柱样沉积碳库保存效率逐年降低,有机碳库变小,作为气候的调节器作用也就减弱。D5-6柱样Pr/Ph比值为0.40~1.65(平均为0.95),沉积碳库环境总体呈现出还原或弱还原状态,缺氧的环境降低了对有机质的分解效率,有利于碳埋藏。通过对比研究表明,沉积环境变化对两个柱样的碳埋藏效率,相比低氧的影响,控制碳保存更重要的参数是沉积速率。
气候变化中一个很重要的现象是全球变暖。从全球陆海温度示意图来看,近百年的温度变化表现出明显的上升趋势。南极大洋海冰,上层海洋和淡水动力学发生显著变化,海冰覆盖和持续时间在冬季呈明显减少的趋势与大气变暖相一致[105106]图7是D1-7柱样(0~8.5 cm)对应于2015−1922年(前后)重建的菌藻类-(C15 + C17 + C19)和大型浮游植物-(C21 + C23 + C25)含量垂向变化规律不明显;浮游动物总量-(胆甾醇含量)、硅藻生物量-(brassicasterol)、甲藻生物量-(dinosterol)、浮游植物生产力-(SUM)垂向含量呈明显增加趋势,除了颗石藻-(C37 alkenones)以外;硅藻/甲藻、甲藻/SUM和颗石藻/SUM比值表明了甲藻占比增加,而颗石藻占比减少。D5-6柱样(0~17 cm对应于2011−1922年)重建的菌藻类-(C15 + C17 + C19)和大型浮游植物-(C21 + C23 + C25)呈现出含量明显增加;浮游动物总量、硅藻生物量、甲藻生物量和浮游植物生产力呈现一致性地增加,整体上南奥克尼群岛海域BP作用大于南极半岛附近海域。近百年来这两个海域浮游动物总量、浮游植物生产力、硅藻和甲藻生物量趋于上升,浮游植物初级生产是BP这一过程的起始环节和关键部分(浮游植物具有高度的空间变异性),而颗石藻生物量和所占比例甚微、且呈减少趋势,南极半岛附近海域更为明显,说明研究区海域钙质生物泵作用在逐年下降,即硅藻主导的硅质泵作用在不断加强,而这两个过程的相对强度在很大程度上决定了由生物泵结构(硅质泵/硅质泵)和效率、以及向海洋沉积物输送有机碳和无机碳的比例大小[12]
科学家还推测,全球温度持续变暖可能的影响之一就是喜寒性的南极棕囊藻(Phaeocystis antarctica)比例下降[107],颗石藻和南极棕囊藻都属于金藻门,定鞭藻纲(Haptophyceae),棕囊藻相对其他浮游植物,其囊体在光合作用中吸收更多的碳,即能够把更多CO2转移到水体中[108110],本文研究的C37长链烯酮重建的颗石藻生物量和比例的下降或许暗示在温度升高的大环境下南极冷水种棕囊藻比例出现下降,这种变化可能会影响南极海洋生物泵的效率。研究还发现,近百年来南极半岛附近海域虽然硅藻生物量呈上升趋势,但硅藻/甲藻(Bra/Dio)和硅藻/浮游植物生产力(Bra/SUM)比值呈下降趋势、而甲藻/浮游植物生产力(Dio/SUM)比值呈增加趋势,这意味着硅藻在浮游植物生产力中占比减小,而甲藻占比增大。全球变暖影响了南大洋浮游植物的粒级分布,浮游植物发生了由硅藻至隐藻的转变[111],驱动海洋生物泵变化[112113],浮游生物对环境变化的敏感性、可从群落的种类组成/结构等指标的长期变化以及典型气候事件作出响应。
D1-7柱样微生物生产力-(GTGDs)、古菌-(IsoGDGTs)生物量、产甲烷古菌-(GDGT-0)生物量、奇古菌(crenarchaeol)生物量和古菌类型变化(iGDGT-0/ crenarchaeol)比值均呈现出含量逐渐降低趋势,不同类群微型生物对MCP的能量代谢特征与储碳效率不同。D5-6柱样微生物生产力-(GTGDs)、古菌生产力-(IsoGDGTs)、产甲烷古菌-(GDGT-0)生物量、奇古菌-(crenarchaeol)生物量的垂向变化没有规律性。微型生物碳泵(MCP)通过微型生物将活性溶解有机碳(LDOC)和半活性溶解有机碳(SLDOC)转化为惰性溶解有机碳(RDOC)并在水体中保存,从而起到储碳的作用[114117]。相比之下,近百年来南极半岛附近海域浮游植物生产力/硅藻甲藻生物量逐渐提高,而微生物生产力/古菌生物量大大的减少,意味着MCP效率削弱,不利于储碳。全球变暖对海域浮游生物生产力/生物量的增减起到关键作用,而浮游生物群落生物量和组成分布特征直接影响南极海洋BP中上层水体有机碳的流动和MCP水柱固碳效率的强弱,作为全球海洋最大碳汇的南极,其储碳能力可能正在降低。
太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscilation, PDO)是年代际时间尺度上的气候变率强信号[118],无论大气和海洋都存在年代际变化。众多研究表明,在20世纪70年代,全球海气系统存在一次明显的年代际变化,或全球气候转变的分界点[119121],但区域影响差异较大[122]。南极地区的地理位置和自然环境非常特殊,所以它对于全球气候变化有着非常好的记录与响应[123]。结合文献[124]分析,利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)平均海平面气压资料再分析(40°S和70°S纬圈),研究认为1972年是南极地区SAM指数(正/负距平)跃变点,在跃变前(1951−1971年)以负距平为主(西风减少)、SAMI年平均值为−3.9691,跃变后(1973−2002年)以正距平为主(西风加大)、SAMI平均值为2.9107,这个跃变点要比北半球的跃变(1976/1977)早[125126]。根据我们的许多研究,如普里兹湾III-13(6~7 cm附近)沉积记录的年代际跃变点也在1972年,因此本文研究将D1-7和D5-6柱样地层的4.5 cm和8.5 cm处(1972年),作为一次气候跃变点是较为合理的。
1972年对应于气候年代际的转变(regime shift),南极半岛附近海域D1-7柱样在这一界限的上下均发生明显变化。特别是在4.5 cm层位的4个微生物参数(图7,D1-7)微生物总量为1 201.31 ng/g、古菌生物量为1 153.29 ng/g、产甲烷古菌为715.14 ng/g、奇古菌为397.23 ng/g ,以上4个参数均在这一层位突变为高值,以及GDGT-0/cren为1.80,且明显高于这一界限的上下年份,呈现出这一年份的海洋微生物生产力增加、即MCP效率加强。在突变点以前(8.5~4.5cm对应于1922−1972年前后),微生物总量为955.59~1 298.88 ng/g(平均为1 157.68 ng/g)、古菌生物量为907.8~1 259.07 ng/g(平均为1 105.15 ng/g)、产甲烷古菌生物量为528.38~845.52 ng/g(平均为669.47 ng/g)、奇古菌生物量为350.86~492.72 ng/g(平均为393.92 ng/g),由高值波动性减低;在突变点以后(0~4.5 cm对应于1972−2015年前后)时段,微生物总量为754.42~1 212.55 ng/g(平均为971.88 ng/g)、古菌生产力为724.96~1 151.86 ng/g(平均为926.68 ng/g)、产甲烷古菌423.68~675.5 ng/g(平均为568.83 ng/g)、奇古菌生物量为227.23~444.49 ng/g)(平均为330.32 ng/g),这一时段4个微生物参数重新呈现出波动性降低,说明参与MCP泵的微生物减少,意味着MCP其储碳能力可能正在降低。虽然重建的菌藻类和大型浮游植物、浮游动物总量、浮游植物生产力、浮游动物总量、硅藻、甲藻、颗石藻生物量在这一层位没有发生突变,但柱样呈现出明显的阶段性分布,在突变点以前时段,菌藻类和大型浮游植物生产力各为130.30~288.34 ng/g(平均为218.71 ng/g)和188.24~264.04 ng/g(平均为225.68 ng/g)、浮游动物总量为710~949.06 ng/g(平均为774.92 ng/g),呈增加趋势,而硅藻生物量为800.76~925.50 ng/g(平均为849.99 ng/g)、甲藻生物量为196.31~242.80 ng/g(平均为218.65 ng/g)、浮游植物生产力为1 045.18~1 213.35 ng/g(平均为1 123.29 ng/g)变化不大;在突变点以后时段,菌藻类和大型浮游植物生产力各为55.25~361.53 ng/g(平均为177.34 ng/g)和159.43~239.32 ng/g(平均为200.11 ng/g)、浮游动物生产力为470.41~615.03 ng/g(平均为509.56 ng/g)、硅藻生物量为589.97~766.49 ng/g(平均为638.70 ng/g)、甲藻生物量为126.30~188.33 ng/g(平均为149.83 ng/g)、浮游植物生产力为775.54~1 023.81 ng/g(平均为857.72 ng/g),但整体上比突变点以前大大提高,意味着生物泵效率提高(除了颗石藻明显减低,钙质生物泵降低),可见不同的浮游生物种群的响应是不相同的。以上表明这种气候跃变不仅影响了海洋各种物理要素(温度、环流和风场),其通过改变海表风应力对不同区域、不同层面的海水温度产生影响,还影响到海洋生态环境生物种群结构和生物量[127]
南奥克尼群岛海域D5-6柱样在8.5 cm附近(1972年)的上下均发生明显变化(图7,D5-6),硅藻生产力为569.23 ng/g、甲藻生产力为137.80 ng/g、颗石藻生产力为40.64 ng/g和浮游植物生产力为747.67 ng/g,在这一层位均呈低值,明显低于这一界限的上下地层,意味着这一年份海洋生物泵效率降低。同样D5-6柱样也呈现出明显的阶段性分布,在突变点前,菌藻类和大型浮游植物生产力各在286.52~1 546.45 ng/g(平均为501.26 ng/g)和135.07~891.57 ng/g(平均为368.01 ng/g);浮游动物总量为288.62~658.87 ng/g(平均为420.52 ng/g)、硅藻生产力为269.67~579.09 ng/g(平均为404.34 ng/g)、甲藻生产力为62.35~159.22 ng/g(平均为100.84 ng/g)、颗石藻生产力为26.52~56.45 ng/g(平均为35.96 ng/g)、浮游植物初级生产力为358.61~794.76 ng/g(平均为541.13 ng/g),一致性地呈现出波动性增加;在突变点以后,菌藻类和大型浮游植物生产力各在512.22~1828.17 ng/g(平均为947.46 ng/g)和203.65~1 368.15 ng/g(平均为865.01 ng/g),浮游动物总量为546.78~2 184.56 ng/g(平均为956.16 ng/g)、硅藻生产力为560.70~944.32 ng/g(平均为658.41 ng/g)、甲藻生产力为148.86~199.14 ng/g(平均为162.65 ng/g)、颗石藻生产力为35.94~53.78 ng/g(平均为45.34 ng/g)浮游植物初级生产力为766.67~1 179.40 ng/g(平均为866.39 ng/g),整体上呈一致性提高,浮游植物不仅生物量在增加,生产力也明显提升。在年代际跃变点(1972年)以后,南奥克尼群岛海域生态系统以硅藻为绝对优势种群,这一时段生物泵过程是以硅质BP为主导实现碳捕获。另外,在1990−2000年,浮游动物总量比浮游植物生产力显著增加,它们之间产生了一种新的格局。在D5-6柱样(8.5 cm附近)这一层位微生物总量为328.40 ng/g、古菌总量为300.96 ng/g、产甲烷古菌总量为184.30 ng/g和奇古菌总量为104.83 ng/g、GDGT-0/crenarchaeol为1.44,以上参数虽没有在这一层位呈一致性的高值或低值,但这一界限的上下出现明显的阶段性分布,在突变点以前时段,微生物总量为168.74~375.65 ng/g(平均为247.88 ng/g)、古菌总量为150.67~338.88 ng/g(平均为220.72 ng/g)、产甲烷古菌总量为80.11~190.52 ng/g(平均为122.60 ng/g)、奇古菌总量为64.45~132.70 ng/g(平均为89.50 ng/g)呈现出增加趋势,而GDGT-0/crenarchaeol发生了一些变化,出现了GDGT-0/crenarchaeol小于1的情况,反映了古菌群落结构随环境变化而转变类型。在突变点以后时段,微生物总量为235.66~343.84 ng/g(平均为286.35 ng/g)、古菌总量为201.87~302.38 ng/g(平均为250.63 ng/g)、产甲烷古菌总量为98.83~154.52 ng/g(平均为125.67 ng/g)、奇古菌总量为95.78~135.00 ng/g(平均为114.81 ng/g),这4个参数整体上含量呈逐渐减少趋势,指示了南奥克尼群岛海洋MCP效率逐年降低。
研究表明,在年代际突变点前,南奥克尼群岛海域浮游植物生产力总体高于浮游动物总量,浮游植物固碳作用加强,且浮游动物总量整体变化趋势与浮游植物生产力相似;在年代际突变点(1972年)以后,大型浮游植物和硅藻占优势,对颗粒有机碳(POC)输出贡献较大,这一时段是以浮游植物硅质BP为主导实现碳的捕获,硅藻生物量的增减自然会显著影响BP效率。最为显著的影响是在年代际突变点(1972年)以后,尽管南奥克尼群岛海域浮游动物总量与硅藻生物量总体上增加,但从1982年(5~6 cm)开始,浮游动物总量发生明显增加,特别是1997年和2012年期间浮游动物总量开始剧增,其总量超过硅藻生物量和浮游植物生产力,浮游生物群落结构发生快速变化,意味着浮游动物大量繁殖摄食浮游植物,影响到生态系统的稳定性。南极海洋BP通过浮游植物初级生产力来响应气候变化,浮游植物严重下降,影响上层海洋对CO2吸收量减少,而二氧化碳是一种与全球变暖密切相关的气体。因此,海洋浮游生物群落变化至关重要。南奥克尼群岛海域长期环境变化(存在年代际变化)对不同种类的浮游生物的有明显的影响,而浮游植物群落丰度、组成和微生物类群分布特征直接影响南极海洋中上层水体有机碳的流动和水柱固碳效率的强弱,对大气中二氧化碳的含量产生重大影响。南极半岛附近海域柱样记录在2015年期间也发生相似变化,浮游动物总量剧增(或增加),说明在年代际时间尺度上大气、海表、海洋内部的变化是相互关联的,也由于气候系统中个子系统的性质不同,对外强迫的响应时间长短不一,生物泵过程存在时差,以及BP效率存在较大差异。BP的驱动力是碳的固定和沉降作用:一方面,海洋浮游植物作为海洋中主要的生产者控制着BP的效率,以上这种情况使得光合作用造碳能力减弱,从而影响BP的效率,另一方面,浮游动物对生物泵的影响主要通过自然死亡后的被动沉降[128129],摄食和代谢排便沉降这一关键过程完成将有机质打包向下输送[130],生物死亡后残体沉降并埋藏到海底沉积物中即贡献于碳汇,如磷虾是南大洋生物量最大的浮游动物,其粪便具有很高的沉降速率达309 m/d[131],打包效应(packing effect)能够阻碍微生物的降解,加速沉降,封存一部分碳在海洋中起到储碳的作用,提高了生物泵效率。因此浮游植物初级生产的降低和浮游动物总量的剧增,二者变异使得生物泵强度(增强/削弱)的变化存在很大的不确定性。
(1)从正构烷烃分子组合特征和气相色谱图峰型来看,南极半岛附近海域和南奥克尼群岛海域沉积有机碳库来源主要来自生物泵输入的生物碳沉积,伴有少量的陆源植物输入特征。南奥克尼群岛海域的菌藻类和水生大型浮游植物均大于南极半岛附近海域,从而该海域增加了BP储碳效率。
(2)近百年来南极半岛和南奥克尼群岛附近海域浮游动物总量、浮游植物生产力、硅藻和甲藻生物量趋于上升,而颗石藻生物量占比甚微、且呈现下降(南极半岛更明显),说明海洋钙质生物泵作用逐年下降,即硅藻主导的硅质泵作用在不断加强,这两个过程的相对强度在很大程度上决定了由生物泵结构(硅质泵/硅质泵)和效率、以及向海洋沉积物输送有机碳和无机碳的比例大小。
(3)在全球变暖背景下,浮游生物群落结构发生快速变化,特别在1997年和2012年期间浮游动物总量开始剧增,导致浮游植物生产力严重下降,浮游动物(南极磷虾或纽鳃樽)其粪便具有很高的沉降速率,打包效应能够阻碍微生物的降解,封存一部分碳在海洋中起到储碳的作用,提高了生物泵储碳效率。因此浮游植物初级生产的降低和浮游动物总量的剧增,二者变异使得生物泵强度(增强/削弱)的变化存在很大的不确定性。
(4)在年代际(1972年)突变后,南极半岛附近海域微型生物数量上与浮游植物群落生产力(硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻生物量)和浮游动物总量呈相反变化趋势,这种微型生物生产量整体减少可能暗示着海洋微型生物碳泵效率在削弱,将进一步导致MCP储碳能力降低,这表明全球变暖对南极地区海域浮游植物生产力/生物量、微生物总量/生物量和浮游动物总量的增减起到关键作用,而浮游生物生产力/群落结构及生物量分布特征直接影响南极海洋中上层水体有机碳的流动和海洋水柱固碳效率的强弱。
致谢:衷心感谢参加中国南极科学考察任务的全体科考人员和“雪龙”号上的全体船员。感谢南北极环境综合考察与评估专项的联合资助。
  • 国家自然科学面上基金项目(42076243)
  • 国家自然科学面上基金项目(41976227)
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2024年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024072
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-03-26
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国家自然科学面上基金项目(42076243)
国家自然科学面上基金项目(41976227)
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    1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    2.自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3.自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012

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*张海生,男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
武光海,男,研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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