Article(id=1200432926958670009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690732800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-31, revisedDate=1700582400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764135112751, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764135112751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764135112751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135112751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200432923632595385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764135111959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135248631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200432927315185852, articleId=1200432926958670009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Refined remote sensing classification of Yancheng coastal wetland considering tide-level changes and vegetation phenological characteristics on the GEE platform, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coastal wetlands have important economic and ecological value. Rapid and accurate monitoring of the status of coastal wetlands is of great significance for the protection and management of coastal wetland resources. Due to factors such as the variability of the tide-level changes, similarity of vegetation spectra, and frequent cloud cover, remote sensing monitoring of coastal wetlands faced certain challenges. In this paper, we proposed a multi-technology coupled remote sensing classification method of coastal wetlands that considers tide-level changes and vegetation phenological characteristics. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, the Fmask (Function of mask) algorithm was first performed for cloud testing and cloud removal processing. Then, the S-G (Savitzky-Golay) filtering algorithm was used to reconstruct NDVI time series data and extract vegetation phenological characteristic parameters. In this phase, the random forest algorithm was applied for the classification of four vegetation types namely Phragmites australi, Suaeda salsa, Spartina alterniflora, and Imperata cylindrical. Finally, the Maximum Spectral Index Composite (MSIC) algorithm was used to generate composite images of the highest and lowest tide levels. The tidal flats and seawater were precisely extracted using the Otsu algorithm based on these two composite images. Combining these feature types, the refined remote sensing classification of coastal wetlands was ideally obtained. The results showed that start-of-season time, end-of-season time, length of season, base value, amplitude, and small seasonal integral were the six key vegetation phenological characteristic parameters for distinguishing different types of coastal wetland vegetation. Applying this method to classify coastal wetlands on the Yancheng coast, the overall classification accuracy was 96.50%, and the Kappa coefficient reached 0.957 1. Among the wetland vegetation, the highest user accuracy was 96.59% for Spartina alterniflora, followed by P. australi and Suaeda salsa, and the lowest was 93.55% for Imperata cylindrical. Compared with object-oriented methods, our method can extract the complete range of tidal flats, and the overall accuracy is improved by 10.25%, reflecting the potential application of vegetation phenological characteristics in remote sensing monitoring of dynamic changes in coastal wetlands.

, correspAuthors=Dong Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rong Gu, Dong Zhang, Linfeng Qian, Lin Lv, Yanyan Chen, Lingcheng Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200432930746126581, articleId=1200432926958670009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=GEE平台下考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的盐城滨海湿地精细化遥感分类, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

滨海湿地具有重要的经济价值与生态价值,快速准确地监测其现状对滨海湿地资源的保护和管理具有重要意义。由于潮汐动态变化、植被光谱相似性以及云覆盖等因素的影响,滨海湿地的遥感监测具有较大挑战。本文提出了一个综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法,基于GEE(Google Earth Engine)平台,首先引入Fmask(Function of mask)算法进行云检测与去云处理,然后利用S-G(Savitzky-Golay)滤波算法重构NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)时间序列数据,提取植被物候特征参数,采用随机森林算法实现互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)与茅草(Imperata cylindrica)4种湿地植被类型的提取;最后利用最大光谱指数合成算法 (Maximum Spectral Index Composite, MSIC) 生成最高与最低潮位合成影像,结合大津算法(Otsu)提取光滩与海水,实现滨海湿地的精细化遥感分类。研究结果表明,生长季开始时间、生长季结束时间、生长季时长、基准值、振幅、小季节积分是区分滨海湿地植被的重要植被物候特征参数。利用本方法对盐城滨海湿地进行分类,湿地总体分类精度达96.50%,Kappa系数为0.957 1,湿地植被中互花米草的使用者精度最高,为96.59%;其次是芦苇与碱蓬;茅草最低,为93.55%。与面向对象分类相比,本方法不仅能够提取完整的光滩范围,而且将总体精度提高了10.25%,体现出植被物候特征在滨海湿地动态变化遥感监测中的应用潜力。

, correspAuthors=张东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张东(1975—),男,江苏省南通市人,教授,主要从事海洋信息技术与海岸带资源环境遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Pj8hkNASANNVfNpSvuJe1Q==, magXml=Es5nXg0RJPMztY9OCD9mMA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ggpm0XYmP7c+ljV9erV6Ew==, pdfFileSize=3366524, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XKFUnQXl4NThO5aezjIAuw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tcDnL3JfxnH8gcKlSDtkkg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

顾容(1999—),女,四川省宜宾市人,主要从事海岸带盐沼湿地生态遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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顾容(1999—),女,四川省宜宾市人,主要从事海岸带盐沼湿地生态遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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顾容(1999—),女,四川省宜宾市人,主要从事海岸带盐沼湿地生态遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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Formula and threshold of Fmask algorithm

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名称 公式与阈值 公式编号
基本检测 ${ \begin{gathered} {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR2}}}} > 0.03, {\mathrm{NDSI}} < 0.8, {\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.8, \\ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{NDSI}} = ({\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}})/({\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}}) \\ {\mathrm{NDVI}} = ({\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}})/({\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}}) \\ \end{gathered} \right. \\ \end{gathered}} $ (1)
白度检测(Whiteness) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{Whiteness}} = \left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right|+\left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right| + \\ \left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right| < 0.7,\; {\mathrm{MeanVis}} = \left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}}} \right)/3 \end{gathered} }$ (2)
霾优化转换检测(HOT) $ {{\mathrm{HOT}} = {\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} - 0.5 \times {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} - 0.08 > 0 }$ (3)
比值检测 $ {{\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}}/{\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}} > 0.75 }$ (4)
卷云检测(Cir) ${ {\mathrm{Cir}} = {\rho _{{\mathrm{Cir}}}}/0.04 > 0.01 }$ (5)
水检测(Water) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{Water}} = ({\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.01, {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.11){\text{或}}({\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.1, {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.05) \\ {\text{或}}({\mathrm{GSWO}} > {O_{{\mathrm{water}}}}, {\mathrm{snow}}/{\mathrm{ice}} = {\mathrm{false}}) \\ \end{gathered} }$ (6)
陆地云概率(lCloudp) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{lCloudp}} = {\mathrm{lVar}} \times {\mathrm{lHOT}} + 0.5 \times {\mathrm{Cir}} > {\mathrm{lCloudt}}, \\ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{lHOT}} = \frac{{{\mathrm{HOT}} - \left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{low}}} - 0.04} \right)}}{{\left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{high}}} + 0.04} \right) - \left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{low}}}-0.04} \right)}} \\ {\mathrm{lVar}} = 1 - \max \left( {\left| {{\mathrm{NDVI}}} \right|,\left| {{\mathrm{NDSI}}} \right|,\left| {{\mathrm{Whiteness}}} \right|} \right) \\ \end{gathered} \right. \\ \end{gathered}} $ (7)
水体云概率(wCloudp) ${ {\mathrm{wCloudp}} = {\mathrm{wBright}} + 0.5 \times {\mathrm{Cir}} > {\mathrm{wCloudt}},\ {\mathrm{wBright}} = \min ({\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}},0.11)/0.11} $ (8)
云阴影检测 ${ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.25 \\ {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}} < 0.11 \\ \end{gathered} \right. }$ (9)
), ArticleFig(id=1200432937914192444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Fmask算法的公式与阈值

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名称 公式与阈值 公式编号
基本检测 ${ \begin{gathered} {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR2}}}} > 0.03, {\mathrm{NDSI}} < 0.8, {\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.8, \\ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{NDSI}} = ({\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}})/({\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}}) \\ {\mathrm{NDVI}} = ({\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}})/({\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}}) \\ \end{gathered} \right. \\ \end{gathered}} $ (1)
白度检测(Whiteness) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{Whiteness}} = \left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right|+\left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right| + \\ \left| {\left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} - {\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right)/{\mathrm{MeanVis}}} \right| < 0.7,\; {\mathrm{MeanVis}} = \left( {{\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} + {\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}}} \right)/3 \end{gathered} }$ (2)
霾优化转换检测(HOT) $ {{\mathrm{HOT}} = {\rho _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} - 0.5 \times {\rho _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} - 0.08 > 0 }$ (3)
比值检测 $ {{\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}}/{\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}} > 0.75 }$ (4)
卷云检测(Cir) ${ {\mathrm{Cir}} = {\rho _{{\mathrm{Cir}}}}/0.04 > 0.01 }$ (5)
水检测(Water) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{Water}} = ({\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.01, {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.11){\text{或}}({\mathrm{NDVI}} < 0.1, {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.05) \\ {\text{或}}({\mathrm{GSWO}} > {O_{{\mathrm{water}}}}, {\mathrm{snow}}/{\mathrm{ice}} = {\mathrm{false}}) \\ \end{gathered} }$ (6)
陆地云概率(lCloudp) ${ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{lCloudp}} = {\mathrm{lVar}} \times {\mathrm{lHOT}} + 0.5 \times {\mathrm{Cir}} > {\mathrm{lCloudt}}, \\ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{lHOT}} = \frac{{{\mathrm{HOT}} - \left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{low}}} - 0.04} \right)}}{{\left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{high}}} + 0.04} \right) - \left( {{\mathrm{HOT_{low}}}-0.04} \right)}} \\ {\mathrm{lVar}} = 1 - \max \left( {\left| {{\mathrm{NDVI}}} \right|,\left| {{\mathrm{NDSI}}} \right|,\left| {{\mathrm{Whiteness}}} \right|} \right) \\ \end{gathered} \right. \\ \end{gathered}} $ (7)
水体云概率(wCloudp) ${ {\mathrm{wCloudp}} = {\mathrm{wBright}} + 0.5 \times {\mathrm{Cir}} > {\mathrm{wCloudt}},\ {\mathrm{wBright}} = \min ({\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}},0.11)/0.11} $ (8)
云阴影检测 ${ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {\rho _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} < 0.25 \\ {\rho _{{\mathrm{SWIR1}}}} < 0.11 \\ \end{gathered} \right. }$ (9)
), ArticleFig(id=1200432938010661441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Discriminative parameters and thresholds for vegetation phenological characteristics of different vegetation types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型 植被物候特征判别参数与阈值
芦苇 120 < SOS < 150
碱蓬 SI < 50, BV > 0.22, AV < 0.4
互花米草 340 < EOS < 380
茅草 LOS < 130, AV > 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1200432938111324739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同植被类型的植被物候特征判别参数与阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型 植被物候特征判别参数与阈值
芦苇 120 < SOS < 150
碱蓬 SI < 50, BV > 0.22, AV < 0.4
互花米草 340 < EOS < 380
茅草 LOS < 130, AV > 0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1200432938232959557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Accuracy evaluation of coastal wetland classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
芦苇 碱蓬 互花米草 茅草 内陆水体 光滩 海水 使用者精度/%
芦苇 113 1 2 1 0 0 0 96.58
碱蓬 1 52 1 1 0 0 0 94.55
互花米草 1 2 85 0 0 0 0 96.59
茅草 0 0 2 29 0 0 0 93.55
内陆水体 0 0 1 0 36 0 0 97.30
光滩 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 100.00
海水 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 97.30
生产者精度/% 98.26 94.55 93.41 93.55 100.00 97.22 100.00
总体精度/% 96.50
Kappa系数 0.957 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200432939373810251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盐城滨海湿地分类精度评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
芦苇 碱蓬 互花米草 茅草 内陆水体 光滩 海水 使用者精度/%
芦苇 113 1 2 1 0 0 0 96.58
碱蓬 1 52 1 1 0 0 0 94.55
互花米草 1 2 85 0 0 0 0 96.59
茅草 0 0 2 29 0 0 0 93.55
内陆水体 0 0 1 0 36 0 0 97.30
光滩 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 100.00
海水 0 0 0 0 0 1 36 97.30
生产者精度/% 98.26 94.55 93.41 93.55 100.00 97.22 100.00
总体精度/% 96.50
Kappa系数 0.957 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200432939482862157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of classification accuracy of different techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 面向对象方法 与本文方法相比
精度/% 芦苇 82.76 −13.82
碱蓬 88.89 −5.66
互花米草 82.02 −14.57
茅草 93.33 −0.22
内陆水体 78.57 −18.73
光滩 96.88 −3.12
海水 97.30 0.00
总体精度 86.25 −10.25
Kappa系数 0.831 6 −0.125 5
), ArticleFig(id=1200432939596108370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432926958670009, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同分类方法分类精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 面向对象方法 与本文方法相比
精度/% 芦苇 82.76 −13.82
碱蓬 88.89 −5.66
互花米草 82.02 −14.57
茅草 93.33 −0.22
内陆水体 78.57 −18.73
光滩 96.88 −3.12
海水 97.30 0.00
总体精度 86.25 −10.25
Kappa系数 0.831 6 −0.125 5
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GEE平台下考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的盐城滨海湿地精细化遥感分类
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顾容 1 , 张东 1, 2, * , 钱林峰 3 , 吕林 3 , 陈艳艳 3 , 于凌程 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(5): 103-115
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(5): 103-115
GEE平台下考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的盐城滨海湿地精细化遥感分类
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顾容1 , 张东1, 2, * , 钱林峰3, 吕林3, 陈艳艳3, 于凌程1
作者信息
  • 1.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.江苏省海域使用动态监视监测中心,江苏 南京 210017
  • 顾容(1999—),女,四川省宜宾市人,主要从事海岸带盐沼湿地生态遥感应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张东(1975—),男,江苏省南通市人,教授,主要从事海洋信息技术与海岸带资源环境遥感研究。E-mail:
Refined remote sensing classification of Yancheng coastal wetland considering tide-level changes and vegetation phenological characteristics on the GEE platform
Rong Gu1 , Dong Zhang1, 2, * , Linfeng Qian3, Lin Lv3, Yanyan Chen3, Lingcheng Yu1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. Sea Area Use Dynamic Surveillant and Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024030
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滨海湿地具有重要的经济价值与生态价值,快速准确地监测其现状对滨海湿地资源的保护和管理具有重要意义。由于潮汐动态变化、植被光谱相似性以及云覆盖等因素的影响,滨海湿地的遥感监测具有较大挑战。本文提出了一个综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法,基于GEE(Google Earth Engine)平台,首先引入Fmask(Function of mask)算法进行云检测与去云处理,然后利用S-G(Savitzky-Golay)滤波算法重构NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)时间序列数据,提取植被物候特征参数,采用随机森林算法实现互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)与茅草(Imperata cylindrica)4种湿地植被类型的提取;最后利用最大光谱指数合成算法 (Maximum Spectral Index Composite, MSIC) 生成最高与最低潮位合成影像,结合大津算法(Otsu)提取光滩与海水,实现滨海湿地的精细化遥感分类。研究结果表明,生长季开始时间、生长季结束时间、生长季时长、基准值、振幅、小季节积分是区分滨海湿地植被的重要植被物候特征参数。利用本方法对盐城滨海湿地进行分类,湿地总体分类精度达96.50%,Kappa系数为0.957 1,湿地植被中互花米草的使用者精度最高,为96.59%;其次是芦苇与碱蓬;茅草最低,为93.55%。与面向对象分类相比,本方法不仅能够提取完整的光滩范围,而且将总体精度提高了10.25%,体现出植被物候特征在滨海湿地动态变化遥感监测中的应用潜力。

GEE平台  /  潮位  /  植被物候特征  /  云检测  /  S-G滤波算法  /  最大光谱指数合成

Coastal wetlands have important economic and ecological value. Rapid and accurate monitoring of the status of coastal wetlands is of great significance for the protection and management of coastal wetland resources. Due to factors such as the variability of the tide-level changes, similarity of vegetation spectra, and frequent cloud cover, remote sensing monitoring of coastal wetlands faced certain challenges. In this paper, we proposed a multi-technology coupled remote sensing classification method of coastal wetlands that considers tide-level changes and vegetation phenological characteristics. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, the Fmask (Function of mask) algorithm was first performed for cloud testing and cloud removal processing. Then, the S-G (Savitzky-Golay) filtering algorithm was used to reconstruct NDVI time series data and extract vegetation phenological characteristic parameters. In this phase, the random forest algorithm was applied for the classification of four vegetation types namely Phragmites australi, Suaeda salsa, Spartina alterniflora, and Imperata cylindrical. Finally, the Maximum Spectral Index Composite (MSIC) algorithm was used to generate composite images of the highest and lowest tide levels. The tidal flats and seawater were precisely extracted using the Otsu algorithm based on these two composite images. Combining these feature types, the refined remote sensing classification of coastal wetlands was ideally obtained. The results showed that start-of-season time, end-of-season time, length of season, base value, amplitude, and small seasonal integral were the six key vegetation phenological characteristic parameters for distinguishing different types of coastal wetland vegetation. Applying this method to classify coastal wetlands on the Yancheng coast, the overall classification accuracy was 96.50%, and the Kappa coefficient reached 0.957 1. Among the wetland vegetation, the highest user accuracy was 96.59% for Spartina alterniflora, followed by P. australi and Suaeda salsa, and the lowest was 93.55% for Imperata cylindrical. Compared with object-oriented methods, our method can extract the complete range of tidal flats, and the overall accuracy is improved by 10.25%, reflecting the potential application of vegetation phenological characteristics in remote sensing monitoring of dynamic changes in coastal wetlands.

Google Earth Engine  /  tide-level  /  vegetation phenological characteristics  /  cloud testing  /  Savitzky-Golay filtering algorithm  /  Maximum Spectral Index Composite
顾容, 张东, 钱林峰, 吕林, 陈艳艳, 于凌程. GEE平台下考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的盐城滨海湿地精细化遥感分类. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (5) : 103 -115 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024030
Rong Gu, Dong Zhang, Linfeng Qian, Lin Lv, Yanyan Chen, Lingcheng Yu. Refined remote sensing classification of Yancheng coastal wetland considering tide-level changes and vegetation phenological characteristics on the GEE platform[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (5) : 103 -115 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024030
滨海湿地位于海陆过渡带,主要由湿地植被、潮间带光滩、内陆水体以及海洋水体构成,受海、陆交互作用的影响,是典型的自然环境脆弱带和生态敏感区[1]。由于其特殊的地理位置,滨海湿地在抵御海洋灾害、维护生物多样性、调节局地气候等方面发挥着重要作用[23]。江苏省拥有丰富的滨海湿地资源,潮间带滩涂面积广阔,本土湿地植被以芦苇、碱蓬、茅草等为主[4]。20世纪80年代以来,为了抵御台风暴潮,保滩护岸,互花米草被引入并在江苏海岸带地区迅速扩张[1]。互花米草虽然具有良好的消浪促淤、固碳增汇等功能,但是会危害到沿海地区本土植被的生长演替[5],并对滨海生态系统带来负面影响[6]。因此,及时、快速、精准地获取滨海湿地利用现状,了解湿地植被分布特征与变化,对有效保护湿地空间资源,维持滨海湿地生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。
滨海湿地的地理环境复杂,现场调查困难,近年来遥感技术是开展滨海湿地大范围动态监测的重要手段[7]。滨海湿地遥感监测的难点主要集中在两个方面:一是受潮汐周期性淹没的影响,光滩部分的空间范围处于动态变化中,对于水汽丰富的滨海地区,难以获得无云且处于最低潮位的遥感影像来获取潮间带光滩的完整空间分布信息[8];二是滨海湿地植被群落组成复杂,总体呈条带状分布特征,但在植被混生带存在多种植物光谱混合现象,且不同类型的植被生长周期有一定差异,利用单一时相遥感影像难以准确区分不同的植被类型及其空间分布[910]
随着GEE(Google Earth Engine)平台的发展,Landsat、Sentinel-2等卫星遥感影像的密集时间序列数据被用于解决上述难题[1113]。对于光滩的自动提取,Jia等[14]在GEE平台下基于Sentinel-2密集时间序列遥感影像集,采用最大光谱指数合成算法(Maximum Spectral Index Composite,MSIC)自动合成了全年最高和最低潮位合成影像,并根据Otsu算法实现了中国沿海光滩的快速提取。但在完整的影像集中,由于像元异常值的存在,如自然光照条件变化引入的随机噪声、云掩膜处理后的残余云或大气校正产生的光谱异常等,会干扰密集时间序列影像合成时的像元值排序。对此,Zhang等[10]提出使用经过条件筛选的影像集进行影像合成的策略,来降低合成影像噪声发生的可能性,以此来提高光滩提取的精度。
物候反映了植被生长的周期性变化,是辅助实现植被分类的重要参考依据[1516]。许多学者利用时间序列遥感影像集,通过不同的技术方法获取植被的关键物候特征参数,用于植被的精细化分类[1719]。如刘瑞清等[4]采用从欧空局数据中心网站获取的2018年度68景Sentinel-2时间序列遥感影像,在人工大气校正与去云处理的基础上,利用双Logistic拟合模型实现像元级土壤调节植被指数时间序列数据重构,提取了6种植被物候特征参数,用于盐城滨海湿地植被的遥感分类,分类总体精度达87.61%。由于GEE平台在遥感影像自动化处理与信息提取方面的巨大优势,Sun等[13]利用Landsat时间序列影像,在GEE平台下采用谐波函数重构了双波段增强植被指数时间序列数据,提取了5种植被物候特征参数,分析了江苏滨海湿地植被分布状况及其变化。从已有研究来看,在GEE平台中主要利用NDVI时间序列谐波分析(Harmonic Analysis of NDVI Time-Series,HANTS)和S-G(Savitzky-Golay)滤波算法重构植被指数时间序列数据提取植被物候特征参数,其中,S-G滤波算法能更好地反映植被在整个生长季内的真实变化,但更易受云污染等噪声的影响[18, 20]。而利用Sentinel-2影像的QA60波段进行去云处理,可靠性较低[21],平均有37.4%的遗漏误差[10, 22],使得时间序列数据中出现更多的异常值,不利于植被物候特征参数的准确提取。
综上所述,本文以江苏中部的盐城滨海湿地为研究区,以Sentinel-2时间序列影像为数据源,在精确去云处理的基础上,提出一个综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法,基于GEE平台实现滨海湿地的精细化分类,以期为滨海湿地的大范围时空动态监测提供可行性方案,并为实现滨海湿地资源的可持续利用与生态保护提供数据支撑。
盐城滨海湿地位于中国江苏中部淤泥质海岸,本文选取盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区的核心区(33°28′~33°40′N,120°29′~120°44′E)作为研究区(图1)。该区受波流共同作用的影响,光滩处于动态变化状态并处于淤涨环境中,光滩坡度在1‰左右[2324]。研究区内植被类型多样,由陆向海依次以茅草(Imperata cylindrica)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为优势种群,呈条带状分布格局。4种植被的物候特征差别明显:芦苇生长季开始时间最早,在5月初快速生长,7−8月到达峰值;茅草生长季开始时间为6月,介于芦苇与互花米草之间;碱蓬在6−7月进入生长旺盛期,8−9月到达峰值;互花米草枯萎期最晚,在第二年的1月后完全枯萎,而其他3种植被的枯萎期集中在11月[4]
本文采用2020年1月至2021年6月的Sentinel-2卫星时间序列遥感影像数据进行滨海湿地分类实验。Sentinel-2由A与B两颗卫星组成,卫星搭载的MSI多光谱成像仪在可见光到短波红外光谱区间拥有13个波段,其中地面分辨率为10 m的蓝/绿/红/近红外波段、20 m的短波红外波段以及60 m的卷云波段被用于本文,卫星重访周期为5 d。时空分辨率较高的Sentinel-2影像能够有效增加年度内获得时间序列无云影像的概率,并能检测出较小的湿地植被斑块。在收集2020年原始时间序列影像时,预留了年后6个月的缓冲区以捕捉潮汐变化及植被完整的物候周期。因此共获取了该时间段内的104景影像,过滤掉其中云覆盖率大于90%的28景影像,剩余的76景影像用于后期的植被物候特征参数提取及潮位影像合成处理。
参考盐城滨海湿地的土地利用情况,结合实地调查及Google Earth高分影像判读,将研究区内的湿地地物类型划分为7类。根据各地物的遥感解译标志,同时考虑Sentinel-2时间序列影像提供的植被物候差异和低潮位信息,通过目视解译建立样本数据集,共获取1 332个,其中芦苇384个、碱蓬184个、互花米草302个、茅草102个、光滩120个、内陆水体120个、海水120个,样本点分布如图1b 所示。随机选取70%的样本数据作为训练数据集,另外30%的样本数据作为验证数据集,用于滨海湿地分类与精度验证。
综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地精细化遥感分类方法流程如图2所示,具体包括以下3个步骤:(1)影像去云处理与归一化差异植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)、归一化差异水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI)计算;(2)湿地植被物候特征参数提取与植被细分;(3)最高、最低潮位影像合成与光滩提取。合并步骤(2)和步骤(3)结果,实现最终的滨海湿地分类。
基于高精度的云与云阴影检测实现去云处理,是植被物候特征参数提取和潮位影像合成的基础。已有研究表明,Fmask算法对Sentinel-2影像的云检测总体精度达94.30%,具有优异的云检测效果,因此,本文将Fmask算法引入GEE平台并进行修改,来实现云与云阴影检测[2528]
云检测是通过光谱反射率、NDVI、归一化差异积雪指数(Normalized Difference Snow Index, NDSI)和其他条件(如表1 所示)来实现云像元与地物的分离。具体分为两个部分:(1)判别潜在的云像元。依次利用基本检测、白度检测、霾优化转换检测、比值检测和卷云检测(式(1)至式(5))识别潜在云像元,这类像元可能是云像元也可能是清晰像元[2526]。(2)识别正确的云像元。由于陆地和水体光谱反射率差异很大,首先通过水检测方法(式(6))分离陆地与水体;然后根据其特性分别计算对应的陆地云概率(式(7))与水体云概率(式(8)),通过阈值从潜在的云像元中识别出所有的云像元 [2728]
云阴影检测通常是在云检测之后进行。在GEE平台上排除水体像元后,先采用双波段阈值方法识别潜在云阴影[2829](式(9)),再利用云和云阴影的几何空间关系,沿太阳光线入射方向,设定云边缘的云阴影最大搜索距离,本文设置为1 km,进行云阴影搜索范围限制[30],最后,将云与云阴影合并,通过掩膜完成影像最终的去云处理。
已有研究表明,NDVI是研究植被物候特征的有效指标之一[31]。根据NDVI时间序列数据的曲线形态,设定一定的阈值或者寻找曲线上曲率变化速率的极值点,可以确定植被物候特征参数 [16]。目前广泛应用的植被物候特征参数主要有生长季开始时间(Start-of-Season Time, SOS)、生长季结束时间(End-of-Season Time, EOS)、生长季中期时间(Time of Middle of Season, MOS)、生长季时长(Length of Season, LOS)、生长季开始值(Start-of-Season Value, SOSV)、生长季结束值(End-of-Season Value, EOSV)、基准值(Base Value, BV)、峰值(Maximum Value, MV)、振幅(Amplitude, AV)、季初增长率(Left Derivative, LD)、季末递减率(Right Derivative, RD)、大季节积分(Large Seasonal Integral, LI)和小季节积分(Small Seasonal Integral, SI)共13种[32]
通过去云处理后的遥感影像计算的NDVI时间序列数据,存在有异常值及空值等问题,对此,先采用线性插值法填补NDVI时间序列数据,再通过S-G滤波算法重构NDVI时间序列数据。S-G滤波算法是Savitzky和Golay于1964年提出的数据平滑方法,该方法具有捕捉局部信息突变的能力,能更好地反映植被在整个生长季内的真实变化[18,20],其计算公式如下:
$ {Y_j}^* = \sum\limits_{i = - m}^{i = m} {\frac{{{C_i}{Y_{j + i}}}}{N}} \text{,} $
式中,j为NDVI时间序列数据中的索引值;Yj*为S-G滤波后的NDVI时间序列数据值;Yj+i为NDVI时间序列数据值;Ci为第i个NDVI值的滤波系数,由最小二乘多项式拟合得到;m为滤波窗口的半宽;N为滤波窗口宽度,N = 2m + 1。通过实验发现,将滤波窗口宽度设为13,多项式阶数设为3时,能达到理想的拟合效果。
本文通过设定一定的阈值确定植被物候特征参数,阈值采用动态阈值法进行设定。动态阈值法是通过将单个像元的NDVI时间序列数据归一化,用NDVI的比值来表示该像元的植被生长状况[33],其计算方法为
$ {\mathrm{NDVI_{ratio}}} = \frac{{{\mathrm{NDVI}}_t - {\mathrm{NDVI_{min}}}}}{{{\mathrm{NDVI_{max}}} - {\mathrm{NDVI_{min}}}}} \text{,} $
式中,NDVImax、NDVImin分别为NDVI最大值、NDVI最小值,NDVIratio表示阈值,NDVIt表示生长季开始或结束时的NDVI值。本文设置NDVIratio为0.5,由该值确定的植被物候特征参数最接近滨海湿地植被生长的真实情况[4]。另外,由于重构后的NDVI时间序列数据是等时间间隔(5d)数据,生长季的积分值用生长期内NDVI平均值乘以生长季时长近似代替。
本文的光滩是指最高潮位与最低潮位之间未被植被覆盖的潮间带区域。可以利用MSIC算法进行时间序列遥感影像合成,得到最高、最低潮位合成影像,通过对比合成影像中的海水位置差异来获得光滩的最大范围。
MSIC算法是通过选定一个光谱指数波段对时间序列影像集进行逐像元排序,再利用排序后的最大值将每个像元从时间序列影像集中筛选出来,生成最终的最大光谱指数合成影像[12, 14]
由于水体的NDWI值远高于植被和光滩,NDVI值低于植被和光滩,并且光滩的NDWI值和NDVI值分别与潮高呈稳健的正相关和负相关关系[10],因此,通过计算光滩样本的NDWI、NDVI平均值,对每景Sentinel-2影像进行标记并排序,再选取部分排名靠前的影像,将NDWI、NDVI作为MSIC算法的光谱指数选定波段生成最高、最低潮位合成影像。
在实际操作时,本文分别使用光滩样本的NDWI、NDVI平均值排名前20%(该值可以根据云污染的程度动态调整)的影像,创建最高潮位合成影像(NDWI最大光谱指数合成影像)和最低潮位合成影像(NDVI最大光谱指数合成影像)。
综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征,首先,重新将湿地样本划分为芦苇、碱蓬、互花米草、茅草和其他5种类型,将植被物候特征参数作为分类特征,利用随机森林算法实现芦苇、碱蓬、互花米草、茅草的提取;其次,由于合成的潮位影像凸显了水体特征(高NDWI与低NDVI),直接将Otsu算法先应用于最高潮位合成影像,根据影像的灰度特性,自动选择类间方差最大、类内方差最小的分割阈值为最优阈值[34],保留NDWI高值部分的最大斑块得到最大海面;最后,将其他类型中属于最大海面的像元划分为光滩与海水,不属于最大海面的像元划分为内陆水体,进一步再将Otsu算法应用于仅包含光滩与海水的最低潮位合成影像,完成光滩与海水的分离,实现滨海湿地的遥感精细化分类。
图3显示了利用S-G滤波算法拟合得到的研究区内芦苇、碱蓬、互花米草和茅草4种植被类型样本点NDVI平均值的时间序列拟合曲线以及植被物候特征参数取值情况。可以看出,S-G滤波处理在保留原始NDVI时间序列特征的同时,去除了异常值,拟合效果较好。其中,茅草的拟合效果最好,均方根误差RMSE最小,为0.028 8,决定性系数R2最大,为0.971 4。此外,从图3b发现,碱蓬在7月进入生长旺盛期,9月到达峰值,时间上滞后于先前的研究[4]。分析其原因:9月土壤中的含盐量增加,碱蓬呈现深红色状态[9],在NDVI时间序列数据中表现为高值,而通过S-G滤波算法得到的拟合值与实际值更为接近,使得最终出现峰值的时间滞后,峰值更大,因此获取的生长季开始时间也滞后。
为了确定区分滨海湿地植被的重要植被物候特征参数,本文在分析植被物候特征参数重要性的基础上,参考了各植被类型样本点的植被物候特征参数取值差异,从13种植被物候特征参数中筛选了6种作进一步讨论,如图4所示。
对比盐城滨海湿地不同植被类型的生长季时间,从图4a可以发现,芦苇的生长季开始时间明显更早,碱蓬、互花米草与茅草的生长季开始时间集中在160~200 d;而互花米草的生长季结束时间明显滞后,芦苇、碱蓬与茅草的生长季结束时间集中在280~330 d。因此,判别芦苇的植被物候特征阈值范围为:生长季开始时间120~150 d;判别互花米草的植被物候特征参数阈值范围为:生长季结束时间340~380 d。
图4b图4c可以看出,各植被的峰值、基准值与振幅均没有与其他3种植被完全区分开,碱蓬的峰值相对最小,基准值最大,振幅最小。因此,判别碱蓬的植被物候特征参数阈值范围为:基准值大于0.22,振幅小于0.4,由于两者均与芦苇有部分重叠,故不能作为判别碱蓬的唯一参数。茅草的植被物候特征参数均与芦苇、碱蓬或互花米草有部分重叠,但相对较高的振幅与碱蓬完全分离(图4c),较短的生长季时长与芦苇和互花米草完全分离(图4d),因此,判别茅草的植被物候特征参数阈值范围为:生长季时长小于130并且振幅大于0.55。
图4e发现,碱蓬的大季节积分值小于芦苇与互花米草,但与茅草几乎完全重合,不具备判别碱蓬的能力。而碱蓬的小季节积分值明显低于其他3种植被(图4f)。因此,碱蓬的小季节积分参考阈值范围为小于50。
综上所述,在比较各植被类型的NDVI时间序列拟合曲线与植被物候特征参数的基础上,确定生长季开始时间(SOS)、生长季结束时间(EOS)、生长季时长(LOS)、基准值(BV)、振幅(AV)、小季节积分(SI)是判别芦苇、碱蓬、互花米草和茅草的重要物候特征参数,并针对4种植被类型确定了相应的植被物候特征判别参数及阈值,如表2所示。
本文提到的最高与最低潮位主要是指Sentinel-2卫星成像时对应的最高与最低潮位,并不是极端的天文潮位。通过光滩样本的NDWI、NDVI平均值标记每景影像并进行排序,能有效将一定数量的高、低潮位影像应用到最高、最低潮位影像合成中。与利用所有影像相比,仅使用光滩样本的NDWI、NDVI平均值排名前20%的影像合成的最高、最低潮位合成影像,受噪声的影响较小,有利于光滩与海水的分离(图5a);与单景无云低潮位影像相比,合成影像提取的光滩是时间序列影像观测到的最大光滩,有利于光滩的完整提取。
采用综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法,获得2020年度盐城滨海湿地分类结果,如图5所示。
表3显示了利用混淆矩阵对分类结果进行的精度评价。在综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法下,盐城滨海湿地分类精度总体较高,总体精度为96.50%,Kappa系数为0.957 1。各湿地地物类型的错分与漏分误差相对较小,使用者精度与生产者精度均超过93%。湿地植被中互花米草的使用者精度最高,为96.59%;其次是芦苇与碱蓬;茅草的使用者精度最低,为93.55%。此外,内陆水体、光滩和海水的使用者精度均高于97%。
从滨海湿地地物类型的空间分布来看,从海向陆,海水、光滩、互花米草、芦苇呈明显的条带状分布特征,与植被的生态位相符。碱蓬−互花米草、碱蓬−芦苇的植被混生带呈明显的破碎化特征,分布在芦苇与互花米草交界区域。在湿地植被混生带、植被与内陆水体相接地带、植被与光滩相接地带,容易出现错分现象(图5b图5d)。植被混生带在遥感影像上表现为多种植被组成的混合像元,难以准确区分,碱蓬的错分往往集中在这些区域(图5b);在植被与内陆水体相接地带,芦苇被错分为碱蓬(图5c),这是由于芦苇与水体形成混合像元,芦苇的NDVI值被低估,使得芦苇的物候特征与碱蓬相似;在植被与光滩相接地带,受潮涨潮落的影响,互花米草与光滩、水体形成混合像元,被错分为碱蓬或芦苇(图5d)。
面向对象方法是一种常用的滨海湿地分类方法,在Sentinel-2影像的滨海湿地植被分类中被广泛应用,并取得较好的分类效果[35]。本文采用相同的样本数据集,选取无云低潮位影像进行多尺度分割,采用光谱特征、光谱指数特征、纹理特征与几何特征等参数,结合随机森林算法进行滨海湿地分类(图6)。表4显示了面向对象的分类方法得到的盐城滨海湿地分类精度情况及与本文方法的对比。面向对象方法的总体精度与Kappa系数分别为86.25%、0.831 6,分类效果较为理想,但稍低于本文方法,分别低10.25%、0.125 5。
从不同湿地地物类型的分类精度来看(表4),由于光滩与其它地物相比,光谱与几何特征明显,斑块连续且形态相对完整,面向对象方法在对光滩的提取中表现出较高的分类精度,但是,通过单景影像提取的光滩仅代表这一影像成像时刻的光滩,不一定是时间序列影像观测到的最大光滩,只有在最低潮位时刻取得无云影像才能实现。
面向对象方法的湿地植被分类效果较差,在植被混生带,多处芦苇被错分为互花米草,部分芦苇被错分为碱蓬(图6b);在植被与内陆水体相接地带,多处芦苇被错分为互花米草(图6c);在植被与光滩相接地带,部分光滩被错分为内陆水体,多处互花米草被错分为芦苇(图6d)。最终,芦苇、碱蓬与互花米草的分类精度相对较低,分别为82.76%、88.89%和82.02%。这是由于研究区内的植被呈自然生长模式,植被混生带呈明显的破碎化分布,纹理与几何特征并不明显,仍取决于光谱与光谱指数特征,而在单景影像上表现出较高的相似性,难以准确区分。
为了探讨不同的去云处理方法以及不同时间序列数据重构方法对物候特征参数提取结果的影响,采用相同的植被样本数据集,分别进行QA60波段去云 + HANTS算法重构、QA60波段去云 + S-G滤波重构以及Fmask算法去云 + HANTS算法重构处理,再结合随机森林算法对滨海湿地植被进行分类,将其与本文的Fmask算法去云 + S-G滤波重构结果对比,分析湿地植被分类效果差异。
图7显示了不同去云处理与时间序列数据重构方法下的分类精度结果,发现通过QA60波段去云结合HANTS算法重构NDVI时间序列数据提取的植被物候特征参数能将不同植被类型很好地分离,在该方法下,互花米草、芦苇与茅草的分类精度均超过90%,但碱蓬的分类精度较低(87.50%);而结合S-G滤波算法,碱蓬的分类精度有所提升,但茅草的分类精度降低(87.55%)。将Fmask算法结合HANTS算法,各植被类型的分类精度都有一定程度的提升,但碱蓬的分类精度仍然相对较低(88.89%),而结合S-G滤波算法,各植被类型的分类精度提升效果更为明显。
对比QA60波段去云结合HANTS算法重构NDVI时间序列数据提取的基准值、振幅与小季节积分3个判别碱蓬的重要植被物候特征参数(图8),发现碱蓬与其他3种植被并未有效分离,基准值与芦苇和互花米草均有部分重叠(图8a);振幅和小季节积分均与其他3种植被重叠部分较多(图8b图8c)。
图9a图9c图5a为上述4种组合的湿地植被分类结果图。在这4种情况下,提取的植被物候特征参数都能很好地区分不同植被类型,与面向对象方法相比(图6a),植被的分类效果得到了很大的改善,未出现大面积的错分现象。Fmask算法结合S-G滤波算法与其他3种情况相比,在植被混生带的错分现象更少,尤其是互花米草与碱蓬的相互混分。由此可见,物候是滨海湿地植被分类的重要特征,通过Fmask算法结合S-G滤波算法重构NDVI时间序列数据提取的植被物候特征参数能更好地区分不同植被类型,特别是对于植被混生带有较好的处理效果,在滨海湿地植被分类中展现出良好适用性,具有精确分类的技术优势。
本文提出了一个综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征的滨海湿地遥感分类方法,基于GEE平台处理得到了2020年盐城滨海湿地空间分布结果。主要结论如下:
(1)高质量的云检测算法是构建更加可靠的NDVI时间序列数据的重要保障,有利于光滩的完整提取及植被物候特征参数的准确提取。
(2)Fmask算法结合S-G滤波算法重构NDVI时间序列数据,在此基础上提取的植被物候特征参数,能够更有效的区分滨海湿地植被类型。生长季开始时间、生长季结束时间、生长季时长、基准值、振幅、小季节积分是区分滨海湿地植被的重要植被物候特征参数。生长季开始时间120~150 d可用于判别芦苇;生长季结束时间340~380 d可用于判别互花米草;小季节积分小于50,基准值大于0.22与振幅小于0.4相结合,可用于判别碱蓬;生长季时长小于130并且振幅大于0.55可用于判别茅草。
(3)通过最低潮位合成影像提取的光滩是时间序列影像监测到的最大光滩,与单景无云低潮影像相比,有利于光滩的完整提取,提取精度高。
(4)综合考虑潮位变化及植被物候特征情况下,在盐城滨海湿地的分类实验中取得良好结果,总体分类精度达96.50%,Kappa系数为0.957 1。与面向对象方法相比,总体分类精度提高了10.25%,对不同滨海湿地地物类型的精准判别具有显著优势。
总体来看,本文提出的滨海湿地遥感分类方法在顾及滨海湿地植被复杂性的同时,也兼顾了周期性潮水淹没对光滩提取的影响,不仅将光滩完整提取,还进一步提高了植被的细分精度。后续研究考虑将本文方法进一步应用到其他区域的滨海湿地遥感分类中,检验其在滨海湿地分类监测中的适用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41771447)
  • 江苏省海洋科技创新项目(JSZRHYKJ202307)
  • 事业单位研究项目(WSW5310DY2022LJ)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024030
  • 接收时间:2023-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-31
  • 修回日期:2023-11-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41771447)
江苏省海洋科技创新项目(JSZRHYKJ202307)
事业单位研究项目(WSW5310DY2022LJ)
作者信息
    1.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京 210023
    3.江苏省海域使用动态监视监测中心,江苏 南京 210017

通讯作者:

*张东(1975—),男,江苏省南通市人,教授,主要从事海洋信息技术与海岸带资源环境遥感研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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