Article(id=1200432924156883385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692806400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-24, revisedDate=1715270400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764135112083, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764135112083, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764135112083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135112083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200432923632595385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764135111959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764135248631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200433496922641252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200432923632595385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=68, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200432924383375803, articleId=1200432924156883385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Meiofaunal community and eco-environment quality evaluation in mangroves off Chaoshan coastal zone, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mangroves are a crucial ecological barrier for coastal zones, and sensitive areas to climate change and human activities, where benthic fauna responds directly to the sedimentary environment because of their intimate contact and relatively fixed settlement habitats. In-situ observations and sample collections were carried out at 7 stations in the mangrove area off the Chaoshan coastal zone, in April 2021, for further analysis of the sedimentary environment, meiofaunal communities, and eco-environment quality evaluation. A total of 15 meiofauna groups were identified. Free-living marine nematodes were the most dominant group, accounting for 90.32% of the total abundance of meiofauna; while polychaetes were the first in biomass (58.44%). The average abundance of meiofauna was slightly higher than that of the other mangrove forests. The spatial pattern of the meiofaunal abundance exhibited a similar distribution trend to that of the abundance of nematodes and the content of chlorophyll a (Chl a), phaeophorbide, organic carbon, and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Hg): all the parameters showed the highest values in the northern of the Lianyang River, and decreased towards the south and north. Meiofaunal communities in different patches shared a high similarity of 70%, and the best explanation factor for the differences in the meiofauna community was the content of heavy metal Pb. The abundance ratio of marine nematodes to copepods (N/C), the possible ecological risk index, and the sediment quality grading all indicated a poor environmental state in the area investigated.

, correspAuthors=Yongfen Du, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weifeng Fan, Rongye Tang, Yue Yu, yang Wang, Le Geng, Jianwei Dong, Yongfen Du), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200432927432634873, articleId=1200432924156883385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=潮汕海岸带红树林小型底栖动物的群落特征及生态环境质量评价, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

红树林是海岸带的重要生态屏障,也是气候变化和人类活动的敏感区;底栖动物是对环境变化最直接的响应群体。基于2021年4月在潮汕海岸带红树林分布区7个站位的现场观测和样品采集,对沉积物环境、小型底栖动物的群落特征、空间分布及生态环境质量进行了分析。研究区共发现15个小型底栖动物类群,自由生活海洋线虫占丰度上的绝对优势(90.32%);多毛类在生物量上居首(58.44%)。小型底栖动物平均丰度较其他红树林略高,其丰度分布和海洋线虫丰度,叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿酸、有机碳和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg)含量具有相似的空间格局:中部区域莲阳河北岸最高,向南向北均降低。不同斑块间的动物群落相似性较高(70%),解释其群落结构差异分布的最佳环境因子是重金属Pb。海洋线虫与桡足类的丰度比(N/C)、潜在生态风险指数和沉积物质量分级结果均表明研究区环境质量整体较差。

, correspAuthors=杜永芬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜永芬,副教授,研究方向为海洋底栖生物与生态。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gtq7hS9fAgdKfouSu6WVOA==, magXml=qV/29uf3VU1D1m7RTyBI3w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CJE1cT31O161oagi2JdYFg==, pdfFileSize=2976357, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uQtcynTBwWNOMysFFYZdWA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p3ReHAlObjcp/of5KRF6aA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

范魏丰(1997—),女,贵州省安顺市人,主要从事海洋底栖生物与生态研究。E-mail:

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范魏丰(1997—),女,贵州省安顺市人,主要从事海洋底栖生物与生态研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200760895195443456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各指标评价沉积物质量结果, figureFileSmall=ok+AY10QMQQfN69MlvO9EA==, figureFileBig=/KS++XzgHkW4IUEX97tWoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200760895296106753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geochemical background values ($ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $) and toxicity response coefficients ($ {{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $) of heavy metals

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CdPbZnCuCrHgAs
${ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}}} $/(mg·kg−1)0.0719.0023.0015.0060.000.037.30
$ {{{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $30.005.001.005.002.0040.0010.00
), ArticleFig(id=1200760895367409923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重金属地球化学背景值($ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $)和毒性响应系数($ {{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CdPbZnCuCrHgAs
${ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}}} $/(mg·kg−1)0.0719.0023.0015.0060.000.037.30
$ {{{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $30.005.001.005.002.0040.0010.00
), ArticleFig(id=1200760895451296006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The potential Ecological Risk Index and Ecological Risk Relationship

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻微中等较强强烈极强
${ {{C}}_{{d}} }$$ {{{C}}_{{d}} }$ < 11 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 88 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 16$ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ > 16
$ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} }$$ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 4040 ≤ $ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 8080 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 160160 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 320$ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ ≥ 320
$ {{{\mathrm{RI}}}} $RI < 150150 ≤ RI < 300300 ≤ RI < 600RI ≥ 600
), ArticleFig(id=1200760895535182089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在生态风险指数与生态风险关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻微中等较强强烈极强
${ {{C}}_{{d}} }$$ {{{C}}_{{d}} }$ < 11 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 88 < $ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ < 16$ {{{C}}_{{d}}} $ > 16
$ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} }$$ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 4040 ≤ $ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 8080 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 160160 ≤ $ { {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ < 320$ {{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}} $ ≥ 320
$ {{{\mathrm{RI}}}} $RI < 150150 ≤ RI < 300300 ≤ RI < 600RI ≥ 600
), ArticleFig(id=1200760898597024012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The environmental factors at the sampling sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子义丰溪黄厝草溪莲阳河莲阳河口外砂河
YFXHCC1HCC2LYH1LYH2LYH3WSH
盐度12.39 ± 1.9010.16 ± 1.7310.99 ± 2.3225.89 ± 1.1423.47 ± 1.7426.4916.91
pH8.00 ± 0.087.72 ± 0.147.34 ± 0.217.19 ± 0.207.43 ± 0.138.177.83
溶解氧含量/(mg·L−1)5.06 ± 0.703.79 ± 1.301.04 ± 0.222.05 ± 1.220.81 ± 0.385.613.71
中值粒径7.02 ± 0.116.12 ± 0.096.46 ± 0.116.56 ± 0.236.70 ± 0.311.994.40
砾含量/%0.282.310.460.330.150.820.13
砂含量/%S11.9722.5113.8412.479.0873.3942.89
粉砂含量/%T63.6665.8669.8574.0775.4019.6947.34
粘土含量/%24.099.3215.8613.1315.376.109.64
沉积物类型YTTTTTSST
叶绿素a含量/(mg·kg−1)4.25 ± 2.8233.96 ± 10.0831.67 ± 26.357.92 ± 3.563.81 ± 3.215.6711.21
脱镁叶绿酸含量/(mg·kg−1)11.26 ± 2.9628.35 ± 6.6330 ± 15.7313.29 ± 3.6510.93 ± 4.755.248.49
石油类含量/(mg·kg−1)320 ± 96.402792 ± 21083237 ± 15063533 ± 2493.361038 ± 361.35513273
总有机碳含量/%1.94 ± 0.483.83 ± 0.557.17 ± 1.943.85 ± 1.685.10 ± 1.232.111.71
重金属含量/(mg·kg−1)Cd0.19 ± 0.010.79 ± 0.431.11 ± 0.430.15 ± 0.020.30 ± 0.060.140.13
Pb90.10 ± 4.7669.00 ± 1.2166.97 ± 5.1070.37 ± 8.2668.83 ± 6.6778.7076.20
Zn172.67 ± 3.77264.67 ± 81.71302.00 ± 55.31167.33 ± 25.70183.33 ± 5.73127.00108.00
Cu47.63 ± 1.0063.53 ± 13.4282.77 ± 2.5152.03 ± 2.2349.03 ± 2.7433.9025.50
Cr72.90 ± 1.8791.67 ± 13.89125.33 ± 6.3471.37 ± 4.6068.53 ± 10.7762.3050.40
Hg0.10 ± 0.020.13 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.030.11 ± 00.11 ± 00.100.07
As17.13 ± 3.9213.23 ± 0.3912.60 ± 1.3414.17 ± 1.9214.27 ± 2.498.7811.20
), ArticleFig(id=1200760898727047441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

调查站位环境因子数据

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环境因子义丰溪黄厝草溪莲阳河莲阳河口外砂河
YFXHCC1HCC2LYH1LYH2LYH3WSH
盐度12.39 ± 1.9010.16 ± 1.7310.99 ± 2.3225.89 ± 1.1423.47 ± 1.7426.4916.91
pH8.00 ± 0.087.72 ± 0.147.34 ± 0.217.19 ± 0.207.43 ± 0.138.177.83
溶解氧含量/(mg·L−1)5.06 ± 0.703.79 ± 1.301.04 ± 0.222.05 ± 1.220.81 ± 0.385.613.71
中值粒径7.02 ± 0.116.12 ± 0.096.46 ± 0.116.56 ± 0.236.70 ± 0.311.994.40
砾含量/%0.282.310.460.330.150.820.13
砂含量/%S11.9722.5113.8412.479.0873.3942.89
粉砂含量/%T63.6665.8669.8574.0775.4019.6947.34
粘土含量/%24.099.3215.8613.1315.376.109.64
沉积物类型YTTTTTSST
叶绿素a含量/(mg·kg−1)4.25 ± 2.8233.96 ± 10.0831.67 ± 26.357.92 ± 3.563.81 ± 3.215.6711.21
脱镁叶绿酸含量/(mg·kg−1)11.26 ± 2.9628.35 ± 6.6330 ± 15.7313.29 ± 3.6510.93 ± 4.755.248.49
石油类含量/(mg·kg−1)320 ± 96.402792 ± 21083237 ± 15063533 ± 2493.361038 ± 361.35513273
总有机碳含量/%1.94 ± 0.483.83 ± 0.557.17 ± 1.943.85 ± 1.685.10 ± 1.232.111.71
重金属含量/(mg·kg−1)Cd0.19 ± 0.010.79 ± 0.431.11 ± 0.430.15 ± 0.020.30 ± 0.060.140.13
Pb90.10 ± 4.7669.00 ± 1.2166.97 ± 5.1070.37 ± 8.2668.83 ± 6.6778.7076.20
Zn172.67 ± 3.77264.67 ± 81.71302.00 ± 55.31167.33 ± 25.70183.33 ± 5.73127.00108.00
Cu47.63 ± 1.0063.53 ± 13.4282.77 ± 2.5152.03 ± 2.2349.03 ± 2.7433.9025.50
Cr72.90 ± 1.8791.67 ± 13.89125.33 ± 6.3471.37 ± 4.6068.53 ± 10.7762.3050.40
Hg0.10 ± 0.020.13 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.030.11 ± 00.11 ± 00.100.07
As17.13 ± 3.9213.23 ± 0.3912.60 ± 1.3414.17 ± 1.9214.27 ± 2.498.7811.20
), ArticleFig(id=1200760898831905042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spatial distributions of geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo) of heavy metals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属YFXHCCLYHWSH平均值污染情况
12123
Cd−6.80−4.77−4.28−7.15−6.18−7.26−7.35−6.26无污染
Pb10.169.779.739.809.779.969.919.87严重
Zn11.3711.9912.1811.3311.4610.9310.6911.42严重
Cu8.909.319.699.028.948.417.998.89严重
Cr11.5111.8412.2911.4811.4211.2810.9811.54严重
Hg−8.92−8.57−8.34−8.81−8.79−9.04−9.44−8.84无污染
As6.386.015.946.116.125.425.775.96严重
), ArticleFig(id=1200760898924179733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200432924156883385, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重金属地累积指数(Igeo)分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重金属YFXHCCLYHWSH平均值污染情况
12123
Cd−6.80−4.77−4.28−7.15−6.18−7.26−7.35−6.26无污染
Pb10.169.779.739.809.779.969.919.87严重
Zn11.3711.9912.1811.3311.4610.9310.6911.42严重
Cu8.909.319.699.028.948.417.998.89严重
Cr11.5111.8412.2911.4811.4211.2810.9811.54严重
Hg−8.92−8.57−8.34−8.81−8.79−9.04−9.44−8.84无污染
As6.386.015.946.116.125.425.775.96严重
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潮汕海岸带红树林小型底栖动物的群落特征及生态环境质量评价
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范魏丰 1 , 唐荣叶 2 , 俞越 1 , 王洋 3 , 耿乐 1 , 董建玮 1 , 杜永芬 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(5): 68-80
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(5): 68-80
潮汕海岸带红树林小型底栖动物的群落特征及生态环境质量评价
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范魏丰1 , 唐荣叶2, 俞越1, 王洋3, 耿乐1, 董建玮1, 杜永芬1, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室 青岛市海洋生物多样性与保护重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3.中国地质调查局 海口海洋地质调查中心,海南 海口 571127
  • 范魏丰(1997—),女,贵州省安顺市人,主要从事海洋底栖生物与生态研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杜永芬,副教授,研究方向为海洋底栖生物与生态。Email:
Meiofaunal community and eco-environment quality evaluation in mangroves off Chaoshan coastal zone
Weifeng Fan1 , Rongye Tang2, Yue Yu1, yang Wang3, Le Geng1, Jianwei Dong1, Yongfen Du1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023
  • 2. Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3. Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 570100, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024064
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红树林是海岸带的重要生态屏障,也是气候变化和人类活动的敏感区;底栖动物是对环境变化最直接的响应群体。基于2021年4月在潮汕海岸带红树林分布区7个站位的现场观测和样品采集,对沉积物环境、小型底栖动物的群落特征、空间分布及生态环境质量进行了分析。研究区共发现15个小型底栖动物类群,自由生活海洋线虫占丰度上的绝对优势(90.32%);多毛类在生物量上居首(58.44%)。小型底栖动物平均丰度较其他红树林略高,其丰度分布和海洋线虫丰度,叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿酸、有机碳和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg)含量具有相似的空间格局:中部区域莲阳河北岸最高,向南向北均降低。不同斑块间的动物群落相似性较高(70%),解释其群落结构差异分布的最佳环境因子是重金属Pb。海洋线虫与桡足类的丰度比(N/C)、潜在生态风险指数和沉积物质量分级结果均表明研究区环境质量整体较差。

红树林  /  小型底栖动物  /  重金属污染  /  生态评价  /  潮汕海岸带

Mangroves are a crucial ecological barrier for coastal zones, and sensitive areas to climate change and human activities, where benthic fauna responds directly to the sedimentary environment because of their intimate contact and relatively fixed settlement habitats. In-situ observations and sample collections were carried out at 7 stations in the mangrove area off the Chaoshan coastal zone, in April 2021, for further analysis of the sedimentary environment, meiofaunal communities, and eco-environment quality evaluation. A total of 15 meiofauna groups were identified. Free-living marine nematodes were the most dominant group, accounting for 90.32% of the total abundance of meiofauna; while polychaetes were the first in biomass (58.44%). The average abundance of meiofauna was slightly higher than that of the other mangrove forests. The spatial pattern of the meiofaunal abundance exhibited a similar distribution trend to that of the abundance of nematodes and the content of chlorophyll a (Chl a), phaeophorbide, organic carbon, and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Hg): all the parameters showed the highest values in the northern of the Lianyang River, and decreased towards the south and north. Meiofaunal communities in different patches shared a high similarity of 70%, and the best explanation factor for the differences in the meiofauna community was the content of heavy metal Pb. The abundance ratio of marine nematodes to copepods (N/C), the possible ecological risk index, and the sediment quality grading all indicated a poor environmental state in the area investigated.

mangrove  /  meiofauna  /  heavy metals pollution  /  ecological evaluation  /  Chaoshan coastal zone
范魏丰, 唐荣叶, 俞越, 王洋, 耿乐, 董建玮, 杜永芬. 潮汕海岸带红树林小型底栖动物的群落特征及生态环境质量评价. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (5) : 68 -80 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024064
Weifeng Fan, Rongye Tang, Yue Yu, yang Wang, Le Geng, Jianwei Dong, Yongfen Du. Meiofaunal community and eco-environment quality evaluation in mangroves off Chaoshan coastal zone[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (5) : 68 -80 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024064
红树林生态系统是生产力最高、生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一[1],是海岸带的生态屏障,在全球碳汇中发挥重要作用[2]。然而全球变化和人类活动的双重压力导致了全球红树林生态系统面临着面积锐减、结构简化和功能退化等一系列危机[3]。据《2022年全球红树林状况》报告[4],自1996年以来,全球净损失5 245 km2的红树林,其中东南亚损失最大,主要归因于人类活动。全球红树林破碎化趋势日益严重[5],因此科学家呼吁不论面积大小都要重视其保护和监测。在系列评价体系中,生物指标评估在基础研究和管理决策中均有重要意义。
底栖动物是红树林生态系统最活跃的生命中心。其中小型底栖动物是食物网的重要链接,介导了生态系统全过程[6],对多重环境变化响应直接而迅速[7],因此被广泛应用于生态监测[89]。其中海洋线虫终生底栖、物种丰富、营养结构多样,抗干扰;而桡足类为表生底栖类,藻类啃食者,具有环境变化脆弱性。有机质富集程度的增加,一般导致线虫丰度增加,而桡足类降低[10]。因此线虫与桡足丰度比(N/C)被广泛用于有机污染评估[1112]。在一些区域,如长江口,该指标与重金属污染评价具有一致性[13],特别是Cu和As元素。然而在半封闭的海湾则显示与重金属评估不同的响应模式[14]。这与区域地理独特、理化过程复杂、生物多样性等因素有关[1517]。因此,持续地跨区域综合观测,探讨不同时空下环境参数的适用性,使得数字评估更趋于客观,在地学研究中尤为重要。
潮汕海岸带泛指粤东汕尾、揭阳、汕头、潮州4市的海岸带,其红树林分布于南海地区北界,呈零散的斑块分布,在全球范围的红树林研究中具有重要意义[18]。该区红树林历经剧减、稳定和缓慢增加3个阶段,于2000年前后开始大规模造林,设立保护区,但大部分区域仍被开发利用。与大面积的保护区,如海南东寨港红树林[1920]相比,该区域的被关注度极低。其研究仅见于红树植物、浮游生物和大型底栖动物等资源调查[2123]。新近研究表明,该区水质整体较差[24];由于矿产开发等造成的重金属污染也是重要问题之一[25]。目前有关其沉积环境的直接报道仍然匮乏。虽然该区经济相对落后,但对发达地区负有重要载荷。本文立足关注极少的汕头红树林,通过小型底栖动物群落的定量刻画,结合重金属等相关环境要素,基于生物−环境综合评价,为生态系统健康监测提供基础数据和管理参考。
广东省汕头市地处南亚热带,年均气温21.3℃,属于广义的潮汕海岸带。研究区濒临台湾海峡和珠江口,位于韩江支流入海口。韩江是广东省流域面积上第二大河流,仅次于珠江。韩江北溪和南溪汇合后经义丰溪入海,莲阳河为韩江东溪主要入海口,外砂河为韩江西溪入海口之一,在入海河口处发育红树林。沿海潮汐为不正规半日潮,平均潮差约1 m。
研究站位布设在4个较为集中的红树林湿地斑块(23°23′~23°33′N,116°48′~116°53′E):义丰溪(YFX)、黄厝草溪(HCC1−2)、莲阳河( LYH1−3)、外砂河(WSH),共7个站位(图1)。植被类型主要为海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)等。
于2021年4月17−21日低潮时,选取未扰动的沉积物,用50 mL注射器改造的采样管(内径为2.9 cm)采集0~5 cm沉积物样品5份,其中3份按照0~2 cm和2~5 cm分层后分装至采样瓶,用10%福尔马林溶液现场固定后,用于小型底栖动物分析;2份密封于黑色封口袋,−20℃冷冻保存,用于叶绿素a(Chl a)、脱镁叶绿酸(Phaeo)、沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)测定;同步采集0~5 cm沉积物用于石油类和重金属等其他环境因子分析。
使用SX836-便携式pH/电导率/溶氧仪(三信SX836,上海)测定孔隙水的pH和溶氧含量;使用CTD手持式盐度计 (衡欣AZ-8371, 台湾) 测定孔隙水盐度,各重复3次,取平均值。
底栖动物的提取采用Ludox-TM密度梯度离心法进行,经31 µm孔径的网筛截留的所有后生动物,在解剖镜 (江南永新连续变倍体视显微镜JSZ6,南京) 下完成分选计数。主要类群鉴定参考Higgins和Thiel[26]、Giere[27]。采用国际通用的体积换算法估算小型底栖动物的生物量,小型底栖动物个体平均干重参考Juario[28]、Widbom[29]和张志南[30]
沉积物粒度采用激光粒度分析法测定;Chl a和Phaeo使用分光光度法测定;总有机碳(TOC)采用非色散红外吸收法测定;参照《海洋监测技术规程》(HY/T 147−2013)[31]采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr;参照《海洋监测规范》(GB 17378−2007)[32]采用冷蒸汽原子荧光光谱法测定Hg,As采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定,石油类含量用紫外分光光度法测定。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr使用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(Thermo Scientific iCAP RQ,USA)测定,Pb和As使用双道原子荧光光度计(海光AFS-9800,北京),石油类使用紫外分光光度仪(SHIMADZU UV-1750,Japan)测定。
根据Raffaelli和Mason[11] 提出的线虫和桡足类丰度比值(N/C)用于海洋底栖环境有机污染评价。N/C < 50为无污染;50 < N/C < 100为轻微有机污染;N/C > 100为较高有机污染。根据Warwick[16]的N/C评价方法,砂质沉积物中N/C > 10表明环境受到有机污染。根据《海水、海洋沉积物和海洋生物质量评价技术规范》 HJ 1300—2023[33]使用有机碳、油类和所测7个重金属指标评价红树林沉积环境质量状况。
此外,重金属污染还采用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数法进行评价,地累积指数基于单一金属方法来评估沉积物重金属污染[34],其计算公式为
$ {{I}}_{\text{geo}}\text=\;\;{\text{log}}_{\text{2}}{\left(\frac{{{C}}^{{i}}}{{1.5}\times {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}}}\right)} \text{,} $
式中,$ {{C}}^{{i}} $表示该重金属i含量实测值;$ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $为对应金属的背景值,1.5为校正系数。当$ {{I}}_{\text{geo}}\text{} $< 0,未受污染;0 < $ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $ < 1,轻度污染;1 < $ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $ < 2,偏中度污染;2 < $ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $ < 3,中度污染;3 < $ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $ < 4,偏重度污染;4 < $ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $ < 5,重度污染;$ {{I}}_{\text{geo}} $> 5,严重污染。
潜在生态风险指数(The potential ecological risk index, RI)法 [35],是一种综合考虑沉积物中重金属的种类、含量和毒性水平的评价方法。其计算公式如下:
$ {{C}}_{{f}}^{{i}}\text=\;{{C}}^{{i}}{{/C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} \text{,} $
$ {{C}}_{{d}}\text=\sum _{{i\;=\;1}}^{{m}}{{C}}_{{f}}^{{i}} \text{,} $
$ {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}\text={{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}}\text{×}\;{{C}}_{{f}}^{{i}} \text{,} $
$ {{\text R\text I}=}\sum _{{i\;=\;}\text{1}}^{{m}}{{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}}\text=\sum _{{i\;=\;}\text{1}}^{{m}}{{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}}\text{×}\;{{C}}_{{f}}^{{i}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {{C}}_{{f}}^{{i}} $表示重金属i的污染系数;$ {{C}}^{{i}} $表示该站位重金属i含量实测值;$ {{C}}_{{n}}^{{i}} $为重金属i的地球化学背景值,研究选取中国大陆沉积物浅海−粉砂背景值[36]表1);$ {{C}}_{{d}} $表示沉积物中重金属元素的综合污染程度;$ {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $表示重金属i潜在生态风险系数;$ {{T}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $表示重金属i的毒性响应系数[37];RI表示潜在生态风险指数,RI与生态风险的关系见表2
使用ArcGis 10.2绘制采样站位图。多元统计分析采用PRIMER 6.0中的相关程序,包括聚类分析(CLUSTER analysis)、多维尺度分析(MDS)和生物与环境Bio-env分析。其中CLUSTER和MDS采用基于ln(X + 1)转化的Bray-Curtis相似性矩阵进行。单因子环境要素、生物参数的差异性检验和相关性分析利用IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0。
环境因子的测定结果见表3。盐度变化较大(10.16~26.49),其中北部的HCC(10.16~10.99),YFX(12.39);南部的WSH(16.91)较低;中部莲阳河相对较高,均大于20(23.4~24.68)。pH平均值为7.67,整体呈弱碱性;溶氧含量在0.81~5.61 mg/L之间,最大值出现在LYH3,低氧(DO ≤ 2 mg/L)分布在LYH2和HCC2,分别为0.81 mg/L和1.04 mg/L,LYH1(2.05 mg/L)也接近于低氧水平。
沉积物类型自北向南依次为粘土质粉砂(YT,YFX),粉砂(T,HCC1−2, LYH1−2),砂(S,LYH3)和砂质粉砂(ST,WSH)。TOC平均含量为(3.67 ± 1.98)%,高值位于莲阳河北侧(HCC2,7.17%;LYH2,5.10%),南部和北部均较低(YFX,1.94%;WSH,1.71%)。
与有机质分布相似,石油类和重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg含量也在中部较高(HCC1−2,LYH1−2),南部和北部低。重金属Pb的分布则刚好相反:中间低,向两侧增高,在YFX达到最高(90.10 mg/kg)。As含量最高值也在YFX,自北向南整体降低。相关分析(图6)显示,重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg彼此显著相关。TOC与石油类、Pb、Cu、Hg含量显著相关。
沉积物中的Chl a和Phaeo平均含量分别为(14.07 ± 13.06) mg/kg和(15.37 ± 9.78)mg/kg,最高值均出现在HCC[Chla,(33.96 ± 10.08)mg/kg;Phaeo,(30 ± 15.73)mg/kg],最低值分别分布在莲阳河的北侧(LYH2,Chl a(3.81 ± 3.21)mg/kg))和南侧(LYH3,Phaeo,5.24 mg/kg)。Phaeo与Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr、Hg呈显著正相关(p < 0.05)。
主成分分析显示研究区生境可以明显的区分(图2)。第一主成分轴可解释差异的56.0%,两个轴累计解释环境变异的77.5%。对第一主成分贡献最大的是环境因子Zn、Cu、Phaeo、Cr、TOC、Hg等;对第二主成分影响较大的因子是沉积物组成、Hg、As等。沉积环境大致划分为4个亚区:黄厝草溪(HCC1−2)、莲阳河北侧(LYH1−2)和南侧(LYH3)、WSH和YFX,WSH和YFX沉积物组成存在一定程度的差异。粉砂质沉积环境的HCC具有较高的TOC、石油类含量、Chl a、Phaeo含量、及重金属Cr、Cd、Hg、Zn和Cu含量。
共鉴定出15个小型底栖动物类群,分别为自由生活海洋线虫(以下简称线虫Nematoda)、多毛类(Polychaeta)、桡足类(Copepod)、介形类(Ostracoda)、寡毛类(Oligochaeta)、端足类(Amphipoda)、双壳类(Bivalvia)、海螨类(Halacaroidea)、涡虫(Turbellarian)、昆虫(Insect)、动吻类(Kinorhyncha)、腔肠动物(Coelenterate)、甲壳类幼体(Crustacea)、轮虫(Rotifera)、缓步类(Tardigrada)。线虫是丰度上的最优势类群(90.32%),其次是多毛类(4.79%)和桡足类(3.86%)(图3)。在生物量占优势的是多毛类(58.44%),其次是线虫(31.52%)和桡足类(6.26%)。
小型底栖动物的平均丰度为(3 441 ± 1 802)ind./(10 cm2),最高值出现在HCC2 [6 741 ind./(10 cm2)],最低值出现在WSH [1 687 ind./(10 cm2)]。整体上中部区域丰度高,呈向南北方向降低的趋势。斑块内分布不均匀,如HCC1丰度约为HCC2的三分之一;LYH1丰度约为LYH2的一半。各站位平均生物量为(3 943.72 ± 2 491)µg/(10 cm2);最高值位于YFX [8 073.6 µg/(10 cm2)],HCC2略低,但没有显著性差异( p > 0.05);最低值在LYH1 [1567.96 µg/(10 cm2)]。Spearman相关分析显示,线虫和小型底栖动物的丰度与粘土含量、有机质含量、重金属Cd和Zn含量显著相关;小型底栖动物的生物量与多毛类的丰度显著相关( p < 0.05)。
在丰度的垂直分布上,0~2 cm表层的占比为87.04%(图4b)。线虫、桡足类、多毛类等9个类群在两个沉积物层中均有分布,线虫、桡足类、多毛类在0~2 cm表层的平均占比高达84.82%。介形类、寡毛类、端足类、双壳类、海螨和腔肠动物仅在0~2 cm发现,而缓步类则只在2~5 cm中发现。
CLUSTER聚类和MDS分析显示,7个站位的小型底栖动物类群相似度较高 (图5a图5b)。在70%的水平上才开始分组,YFX独立一组,LYH2为一组,其余站位聚为一组。研究区相似性最高的是HCC1和LYH3(相似度大于 85%),SIMPROF检验显示组间差异不显著( p > 0.05),表明小型底栖动物群落结构在潮汕海岸带各红树林斑块间的相似性较高。Bio- env分析表明解释小型底栖动物类群组成微弱差异的最佳环境因子是单因子Pb,其次是粘土含量、Chl a和Pb组合,相关系数均为0.301;重金属Pb和As组合的相关系数为0.291。小型底栖动物总丰度与环境因子的Spearman相关性分析结果见图6,小型底栖动物总丰度与粘土含量总有机碳Cd和Zn呈显著正相关( p < 0.05)。
除Cd和Hg的地累积指数小于0外,其他元素的平均值均大于5,为严重污染,表明大多重金属受到人类活动的显著影响(表4)。单因子污染系数$ {C}_{f}^{i} $显示的污染趋势由大到小依次为Zn、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、As、Cr,前6种重金属均为中度污染及以上,Cr在WSH为低污染,其他区域均为中污染;综合污染指数$ {\text{C}}_{\text{d}} $指示所有站位为高污染,污染程度由大到小依次为黄厝草溪、莲阳河、义丰溪、外砂河。
各元素潜在生态危害系数($ {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $) 与潜在生态风险指数(RI)见图7。各元素的$ {{E}}_{{r}}^{{i}} $由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr,Cd、Hg元素为强生态风险。各站位的潜在生态风险均在中等风险及以上;空间格局由大到小依次为黄厝草溪、莲阳河、义丰溪、外砂河,HCC为极强生态风险。整个研究区属于较强的生态风险( RI > 150),Hg和Cd对RI的贡献率为分别为44.50%和38.60%,是潮汕红树林表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险主要来源。
线虫和桡足类的丰度比见图8。如以50为界点,只有LYH1站位存在较高有机污染,大部分站位处于正常状态。研究区沉积环境普遍为粉砂和砂质粉砂,以比值10为节点,则只有LYH3未受到有机污染,其他6个站位均受到了有机污染。根据《海水、海洋沉积物和海洋生物质量评价技术规范》HJ 1300—2023[33],有机碳和石油类仅YFX和WSH等级为优,其他为中等或差。基于生物—环境的综合评价表明潮汕红树林区域的整体环境质量较差,尤其是中部位于莲阳河两侧的粉砂质沉积区。
同大部分研究类似,红树林生态系统的小型底栖动物研究也多集中在经济发达区或保护区,如浙江西门岛[38]、福建漳江口[39]、深圳福田[40]、海南东寨港 [41]等。对经济相对落后区破碎化红树林关注极少。潮汕海岸带红树林斑块尽管破碎化,但小型底栖动物群落相似度仍然较高;丰度类群组成与其他区域基本一致,但类群数和丰度均高于大多研究,但低于广西防城港东湾[(10 364.07 ± 8 012.15)ind./(10 cm2)] [42]。这与红树林类型有关:广西防城港东湾为白骨壤单优群落,研究区以秋茄和海桑为主。不同的红树林密度、根系特征和凋落物等发育不同的沉积底质和理化环境,对底栖动物,特别是线虫的分布具有复杂的多重影响[43]。小型底栖动物的高丰度一般源于优势类型海洋线虫。研究区小型底栖动物丰度与海洋线虫丰度极显著正相关,特别是HCC2呈现线虫丰度峰值。黄厝草位于低氧区,有机质、石油类以及大部分重金属含量较高,HCC2溶氧低至1.04 mg/L,具有最高的TOC、石油类和5种重金属含量。因此,其群落的高度相似性和高丰度,主要是斑块间红树植物组成的高度相似性和区域内局部因素差异驱动的,如溶氧、重金属、有机质等环境要素。
溶氧是水生生物最重要的限制因子之一,缺氧通常与有机物增加有关[44]。低氧虽然会减少小型底栖动物的丰度、改变类群组成,但有可能刺激单一种类的迅速繁殖[45]。青岛湾有机质污染区溶氧含量几乎全年不大于4 mg/L,严重污染和污染区约为0.6~2.5 mg/L。位于半污染带的小型底栖动物丰度高达10 298 ind./(10 cm2),其次是污染带和污染边缘,严重污染带丰度最低,仅为556 ind./(10 cm2)。小型底栖动物丰度的增加主要源于线虫,特别是栈桥后瘤线虫[46]。本研究中低氧站位HCC2和LYH2的线虫丰度最高,后续研究将分析海洋线虫的多样性,以验证单一耐污种的响应机制。
研究区低氧站位分布在莲阳河北侧,包括HCC1−2 和LYH1−2;重金属的高值区也主要分布在黄厝草溪。峰值站位HCC2与HCC1相比,除溶氧低,重金属含量高外其他环境因子相似,但小型底栖动物的总丰度、海洋线虫的丰度均约为HCC1的3倍;LYH2站位溶氧最低(0.81 mg/L),其重金属含量较HCC低,其丰度高于HCC1但低于HCC2;LYH1溶氧含量居中(2.05 mg/L),重金属含量与邻近的LYH2接近,线虫丰度与HCC1接近。关于重金属对小型底栖动物群落结构的影响也多有报道,如长江口区域的重金属Cu[13]和渤海湾的重金属Ni[14];Fichet等[47]研究表明线虫和桡足类中Pb具有生物可利用性。本研究区小型底栖动物和线虫的丰度与重金属Zn和Cd具有显著相关性,除As外的6种重金属之间具有显著相关性,表明重金属具有共同的来源——养殖污水和生活排污[4849]。DO与Pb含量高度相关,而Pb是解释群落结构差异的最佳环境因子。广西防城港东湾研究中将其生物丰度过万的部分原因归于泥沙质底质,由于其环境测定仅限于温盐和pH,但在后续研究中强调了多重生态环境因子分析的必要性。因此考虑到生态过程的复杂性和关联性,生物与环境要素同步观测尤为重要,特别是有关污染评价的要素。
生态系统是各环境要素组成的有机单元,因此生态状态具有客观唯一性。有效的监测和生态评估也是对系统过程和机制深度认识的直接体现。考虑到地域性、成本、时效性等因素,对单一环境要素的测定在监测评价中广泛实施,数值化评价一直是备受关注的科学问题之一。小型底栖动物监测应用最广泛的是N/C,尽管存在诸多争议。综合N/C、重金属的潜在生态风险指数和沉积物质量分级评价,均显示汕头红树林沉积环境整体较差,尤其LYH北侧区域,其中HCC最差。与汕头红树林的水质质量评价结果一致[24]。一方面受养殖活动影响,现场观测到大量源于养殖的废弃塑料浮球、油渍和其他污染物;另一方面该区域无环境监控,累积污染严重。
与莲阳河南侧的LYH3相比,北侧LYH1和LYH2的DO含量较低,重金属和石油类含量较高。这与其周围环境有关,LYH1和LYH2东侧河口的带状沙嘴影响水交换,西侧有防潮堤且存在水产养殖,更易造成污染物质的堆积。YFX位于湿地公园内,虽然表观上相对清洁,几乎很少有肉眼可见的垃圾存在,但评价结果显示仍存在一定程度的污染;值得注意的是,该站位的Pb和As含量最高,Pb虽不是潜在生态风险的主要来源,但是解释群落结构差异最重要的贡献者,应该重点关注。YFX的相对清洁表明管理、监测和保护的有效性,但考虑到生态系统的连通性、海陆交互性和污染累积性等特征,迫切需要对养殖废水处理、陆源污染管控以及多断面布点监测。
尽管各监测指标存在一致性,评价结果仍存在一定的差异。相比较,N/C指示的污染程度要低于有机碳和石油类指示的污染程度,而基于沉积物底质类型的N/C会造成有机污染程度的高估。华尔等[13]在长江口的研究发现N/C与Cu和As指示的评价结果一致,本研究中未发现N/C与某个重金属污染指标存在一致性,但评价结果与潜在生态风险指数结果大致吻合,与Liu等[14]对半封闭海湾的研究结果相似。
另有研究认为N/C无法确切指示石油污染和有机及金属富集污染情况[50]。N/C主要取决于海洋线虫的丰度,但有机污染与丰度变化并非线性关系,如青岛有机污染带最高值出现半污染带,严重污染区反而最低。因此有学者尝试以刮食性线虫与桡足类的比值区分沉积物类型和污染种类的变化。新近基于海洋线虫提出了“咽管腔相对体积(RPV)”[51]的概念,已有系列的研究验证了RVPL在监测重金属和柴油燃料影响方面较为精确[52]。虽然环境因子直接反映环境当前状况,但是生物对环境响应更为重要;不同参数的适用性仍有待进一步研究[53- 54]。此外,随着eDNA监测被广泛应用。如何优化参数,将传统与最新技术相结合也是值得思考的问题。
(1)潮汕海岸带小型底栖动物的丰度分布和海洋线虫,Chl a、Phaeo、TOC和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Hg)含量具有相似的空间格局:中部区域莲阳河北岸最高,向南向北均降低。小型底栖动物的丰度分布受红树植物、溶氧、重金属等局部因素驱动。TOC驱动的低氧环境可能刺激了海洋线虫的单种优势暴发。红树林斑块间的群落相似性较高,解释其群落结构微弱差异的最佳环境因子是重金属Pb。
(2)研究区海洋线虫与桡足丰度比(N/C)、重金属潜在生态风险指数和沉积物质量分级结果均指示红树林区域存在污染,以黄厝草区域最为严重。这与现场调查时的实际视觉环境基本吻合,可能与该区域处于监测管控区外,没有引起环境保护重视有关。研究区N/C比值与重金属含量的相关性不显著,生物监测的分辨率及其与环境要素的耦合关系需要更多的数据支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41576154)
  • 中国地质调查局海岸带综合地质调查项目(DD20208013)
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2024年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024064
  • 接收时间:2023-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-10
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41576154)
中国地质调查局海岸带综合地质调查项目(DD20208013)
作者信息
    1.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室 青岛市海洋生物多样性与保护重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    3.中国地质调查局 海口海洋地质调查中心,海南 海口 571127

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*杜永芬,副教授,研究方向为海洋底栖生物与生态。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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