Article(id=1200396945870148308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673971200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-18, revisedDate=1683129600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126534191, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126534191, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126534191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126534191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396947296211683, articleId=1200396945870148308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Observational analyses of a sea fog event over the northern Yellow Sea when Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) landed on Qingdao, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focuses on the physical process of a sea fog event during Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) in the northern Yellow Sea by using observation data, reanalysis data and backward trajectory model. The analysis indicates that the typhoon circulation was the decisive factor determining whether fog formed offshore and developed inland. The warm and humid southerlies from the South Yellow Sea condensed into fog on the colder sea surface besides the typhoon center, which not only provided sufficient moisture for the formation and development of the sea fog but also formed a significant inversion layer over the fog area with the downdraft in the center of the typhoon. The “stable up and turbulent down” structure in the atmospheric boundary layer improved the development of sea fog on the coast and inland area. However, the horizontal wind steering and the strengthening wind speed behind the typhoon strengthened the wind shear in the atmospheric boundary layer, resulting in the enhanced turbulent mixing and the decrease of the stability in the bottom atmospheric boundary layer, which was the main cause of the fog dissipation.

, correspAuthors=Xiaomeng Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian Wang, Xiaomeng Shi, Suping Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200396950236418961, articleId=1200396945870148308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台风“利奇马”(1909)登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用多种观测数据、再分析数据和后向追踪模式,分析了2019年9号台风“利奇马”影响黄海北部期间发生的一次海雾过程,结果表明台风影响下的环流形势是此次海雾形成并影响沿海的决定性因素。来自黄海南部的暖湿气团在台风中心右侧较冷的海面凝结成雾,台风中心右侧区域的偏南气流不仅使黄海南部的暖湿空气不断向北输送,为海雾的形成和发展提供充足的水汽,而且其从黄海西岸带来的暖气团和台风中心区域的下沉气流在雾区上空形成了显著逆温层,在大气边界层内形成了“上稳下湍”的层结结构,也有利于海雾在岸滨及内陆地区的维持和发展。而台风后部水平风转向和台风中心外围增强的水平风加强了大气边界层底部的垂直风切变,从而导致湍流混合增强和大气边界层稳定度下降,这是引发海雾消散的重要原因。

, correspAuthors=时晓曚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*时晓曚(1987—),女,山东省济南市人,高级工程师,主要从事海雾机理和预报技术研究。E-mail:
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王倩(1990—),女,山东省青岛市人,博士,从事中小尺度海气相互作用、海雾预报与机理研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1200396945870148308, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The time series of vertical wind shear and static stability (a), relative humidity and Richardson number calculated (b), from GPS sounding data at QD station from 08:00 BJT 11 to 20:00 BJT 12 August 2019, figureFileSmall=eAs8SSXUyL/bzmfAO2QTJg==, figureFileBig=M9Iyupd8eEvzrFLvPyV7qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860317992481507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945870148308, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2019年8月10日08时至12日20时青岛站探空观测数据计算垂直风切变和静力稳定度(a)及Ri数及相对湿度的时间序列(b), figureFileSmall=eAs8SSXUyL/bzmfAO2QTJg==, figureFileBig=M9Iyupd8eEvzrFLvPyV7qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860318097339113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945870148308, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=ERA5 reanalysis of atmospheric quantities on 850 hPa (a), 900 hPa (b) and 975 hPa (c) levels at 20:00 BJT 11 August 2019, 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Basic information about various data used in the present paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称变量空间分辨率时间分辨率
地面气象站观测气温、相对湿度、大气能见度、降水量、10 min平均水平风向风速、降雨量等10 min
L波段雷达探空观测气温、气压、相对湿度、水平风向风速10 m每日8时和20时
海洋浮标观测海温10 min
风廓线加密观测水平风向风速10 m每日2时
ICOADS船舶观测坐标、时间、水平风向风速、大气能见度、云量、云高、气温、海温、天气现象等任意时间
OISST V2海温0.25° × 0.25°日平均
MTSAT-1R云图亮温0.05° × 0.05°1 h
ERA5再分析数据气温、相对湿度、比湿、经向和纬向风速、垂直速度0.25° × 0.25°; 25 hPa1 h
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319103972103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945870148308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文使用的各种数据的基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称变量空间分辨率时间分辨率
地面气象站观测气温、相对湿度、大气能见度、降水量、10 min平均水平风向风速、降雨量等10 min
L波段雷达探空观测气温、气压、相对湿度、水平风向风速10 m每日8时和20时
海洋浮标观测海温10 min
风廓线加密观测水平风向风速10 m每日2时
ICOADS船舶观测坐标、时间、水平风向风速、大气能见度、云量、云高、气温、海温、天气现象等任意时间
OISST V2海温0.25° × 0.25°日平均
MTSAT-1R云图亮温0.05° × 0.05°1 h
ERA5再分析数据气温、相对湿度、比湿、经向和纬向风速、垂直速度0.25° × 0.25°; 25 hPa1 h
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319204635404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945870148308, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ICOADS ship observations data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置日期(日/时)风向/(°)风速/(m·s−1大气能见度/km天气现象气温/℃海温/℃云量/成云高/m
34.7°N,
119.4°E
11/1627011.34连续性中雨2525不明15002000
11/172709.34连续性中雨2626不明>2500
11/182707.74间歇性小雨2626不明>2500
11/192409.84云在增厚2422.59~1010001500
11/202云在变薄2422.59~1020002500
11/2124012.92云在变薄2321.59~1020002500
11/222云无变化2321.59~1020002500
11/232云无变化2321.59~1020002500
12/002507.710云在增厚2321.52~310001500
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319330464529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945870148308, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ICOADS船舶观测数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置日期(日/时)风向/(°)风速/(m·s−1大气能见度/km天气现象气温/℃海温/℃云量/成云高/m
34.7°N,
119.4°E
11/1627011.34连续性中雨2525不明15002000
11/172709.34连续性中雨2626不明>2500
11/182707.74间歇性小雨2626不明>2500
11/192409.84云在增厚2422.59~1010001500
11/202云在变薄2422.59~1020002500
11/2124012.92云在变薄2321.59~1020002500
11/222云无变化2321.59~1020002500
11/232云无变化2321.59~1020002500
12/002507.710云在增厚2321.52~310001500
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台风“利奇马”(1909)登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析
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王倩 1, 2 , 时晓曚 1, 2, * , 张苏平 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 34-46
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 34-46
台风“利奇马”(1909)登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析
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王倩1, 2 , 时晓曚1, 2, * , 张苏平3
作者信息
  • 1.山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室,山东 济南 250031
  • 2.青岛市气象台,山东 青岛 266003
  • 3.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室/海洋−大气相互作用与气候山东省重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 王倩(1990—),女,山东省青岛市人,博士,从事中小尺度海气相互作用、海雾预报与机理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*时晓曚(1987—),女,山东省济南市人,高级工程师,主要从事海雾机理和预报技术研究。E-mail:
Observational analyses of a sea fog event over the northern Yellow Sea when Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) landed on Qingdao
Qian Wang1, 2 , Xiaomeng Shi1, 2, * , Suping Zhang3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratoray for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Shandong, Jinan 250031, China
  • 2. Qingdao Meteorological Observatory, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate in Universities of Shandong, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024027
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利用多种观测数据、再分析数据和后向追踪模式,分析了2019年9号台风“利奇马”影响黄海北部期间发生的一次海雾过程,结果表明台风影响下的环流形势是此次海雾形成并影响沿海的决定性因素。来自黄海南部的暖湿气团在台风中心右侧较冷的海面凝结成雾,台风中心右侧区域的偏南气流不仅使黄海南部的暖湿空气不断向北输送,为海雾的形成和发展提供充足的水汽,而且其从黄海西岸带来的暖气团和台风中心区域的下沉气流在雾区上空形成了显著逆温层,在大气边界层内形成了“上稳下湍”的层结结构,也有利于海雾在岸滨及内陆地区的维持和发展。而台风后部水平风转向和台风中心外围增强的水平风加强了大气边界层底部的垂直风切变,从而导致湍流混合增强和大气边界层稳定度下降,这是引发海雾消散的重要原因。

海雾  /  台风  /  大气边界层结构  /  黄海

This study focuses on the physical process of a sea fog event during Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) in the northern Yellow Sea by using observation data, reanalysis data and backward trajectory model. The analysis indicates that the typhoon circulation was the decisive factor determining whether fog formed offshore and developed inland. The warm and humid southerlies from the South Yellow Sea condensed into fog on the colder sea surface besides the typhoon center, which not only provided sufficient moisture for the formation and development of the sea fog but also formed a significant inversion layer over the fog area with the downdraft in the center of the typhoon. The “stable up and turbulent down” structure in the atmospheric boundary layer improved the development of sea fog on the coast and inland area. However, the horizontal wind steering and the strengthening wind speed behind the typhoon strengthened the wind shear in the atmospheric boundary layer, resulting in the enhanced turbulent mixing and the decrease of the stability in the bottom atmospheric boundary layer, which was the main cause of the fog dissipation.

sea fog  /  typhoon  /  atmospheric boundary layer structure  /  Yellow Sea
王倩, 时晓曚, 张苏平. 台风“利奇马”(1909)登陆青岛时黄海北部一次海雾过程的观测分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 34 -46 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024027
Qian Wang, Xiaomeng Shi, Suping Zhang. Observational analyses of a sea fog event over the northern Yellow Sea when Typhoon “Lekima” (1909) landed on Qingdao[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 34 -46 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024027
海雾是海洋和岸滨上空大气边界层中发生的水汽凝结现象,致使大气水平能见度(以下简称大气能见度)低于1 000 m、需高度关注的灾害性天气现象[1]。海雾具有较为明显的区域性特征,黄海西岸是海雾最多的区域之一,在春夏季节(4−7月)受来自热带的暖湿气流影响,容易形成平流冷却雾;8−10月海雾发生频率逐渐下降,呈现一定的季风气候特征[1]。并且在海洋性季风影响下,海雾不仅影响海洋及岸滨地区,也可能会从近海入侵内陆区域,进而影响陆地上空的大气能见度[2]。已有的观测和数值模拟研究表明,大气边界层具有的逆温或等温结构有利于平流雾的形成和发展[136],并且大气边界层垂直结构的季节变化特征会导致夏季和春季的黄海海雾特征有所不同[7],表明大气边界层变化机制的复杂性以及对海雾生消的重要影响。
不同天气过程会对大气边界层的垂直结构有不同影响[8],进而影响海雾的形成、维持和消散。Wang等[9]对杭州湾海雾研究发现,梅雨锋前岸滨上空大气边界层内形成的次级环流与向岸风带来的暖湿水汽,有利于海雾的形成和发展。Lee和Chen[10]发现台风在其移动的右后方象限引起的冷尾流会在低层形成稳定的大气边界层结构,抑制大气边界层内的对流,并阻止大气边界层中的空气进入冷流上方和其下游的雨带。而登陆台风眼区内的下沉气流,更是能够使大气边界层从2 km 上下迅速下降到500 m上下[11],并且在发生台风期间发生过大气边界层内大气能见度下降的现象[12]。那么台风是否会通过影响大气边界层结构而影响海雾,目前还鲜有研究。
在全球气候变化背景下,台风对黄海西岸的影响不断增强[13],对海上和沿岸人类活动产生了严重影响[14]。山东半岛沿岸地区,受到沿岸海流、海陆及复杂地形影响,大气边界层的层结结构和变化特征较为复杂,与海雾的关系也十分密切,是此区域海雾预报的难点之一。
本文分析了2019年8月台风“利奇马”影响黄海西岸期间,在青岛东部海面及其沿岸地区发生的一次海雾过程,重点讨论台风对黄海西岸大气边界层垂直结构及海雾过程的影响,有利于加深对黄海近海海雾生消机制的认识。
本文使用青岛市沿海及其周围海岛地面气象站的观测数据、海洋浮标站探测数据、沿海探空观测数据、卫星观测和海雾检测数据、船舶观测数据等对海雾过程进行详细刻画(表1)。探空观测位于青岛站,海洋浮标站位于青岛南部海域;MTSAT(Multi-functional Transport Satellite,多功能运输卫星)-1R卫星红外波段观测数据由日本高知大学提供 (http://weather.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/),低云和海雾检测系统来自青岛市气象局;国际海气综合资料集(International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set,ICOADS)船舶观测数据和日最优插值海温(Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature,OISST)V2海温数据由美国国家海洋与大气管理局(http://icoads.noaa.govhttps://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html)提供。本文使用高分辨率再分析数据对边界层结构变化过程进行分析,使用的欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析数据集(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5)全球大气再分析数据由欧洲中期天气预报中心(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/)提供。
混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模型(Hybrid Single-Particle LagrangianIntegrated Trajectory,HYSPLIT)是美国国家海洋与大气管理局和澳大利亚气象局联合研发的一种用于计算和分析大气污染物输送、扩散轨迹的专业模式,能较好地后向追踪空气微团来源。本文使用HYSPLIT模式进行气块的后向追踪轨迹计算,模式输入数据为美国国家环境预报中心提供的全球资料同化系统(Global Data Assimilation System,GDAS)格点数据,模式计算大气边界层(混合层)高度的方法为干绝热法(气块法)。
本文利用青岛站探空资料分析大气边界层垂直结构时,使用干绝热法(气块法)计算大气边界层高度,与HYSPLIT模式计算大气边界层高度的方法一致,并计算Richardson数:
$ Ri=\frac{g}{\theta_{\mathrm{se}}}\frac{\partial\theta_v/\partial z}{\left(\partial u/\partial z\right)^2+\left(\partial v/\partial z\right)^2}, $
其中θv代表虚位温;uv分别为纬向和径向水平风速;g为重力加速度;Ri表示机械剪切项和浮力项对湍流作用的相对贡献大小,当Ri < 0.25时认为机械剪切项有足够的能量产生湍流[15],以此分析大气边界层内的大气湍流变化和海雾发展及消散的原因。
2019年8月10日,超强台风“利奇马”(1909)在浙江省南部沿海登陆后,纵穿浙江、江苏两省并移入黄海海面,在我国东部地区和海区产生了较强影响[1617]。8月11日20时50分(北京时,英文简称BJT,下同),“利奇马”到达青岛市薛家岛沿岸,强度为热带风暴级,并继续向西北方向移动,至青岛市红石崖再次登陆,登陆时最大风速达23 m/s。11日21时的海平面气压场和红外卫星云图(图1)显示,此时台风结构较为清晰,等压线密集且呈圆形闭合。卫星云图上螺旋云系结构明显,但较分散,椭圆形眼区被低云覆盖,结构并不清晰。青岛地区及近海海域位于台风眼区,被台风的移动路径分为左、右两部分,此次由台风云系伴随的海雾过程主要发生在台风移动路径的右侧区域(距台风中心100 km半径范围,下同)。
11日17时至20时,青岛东部海域海岛站接连出现大气能见度大幅下降的现象并迅速向青岛沿岸地区发展(图2)。21时青岛大部分沿岸站点大气能见度降至1 000 m以下,内陆站点出现了大气能见度低于2 000 m的现象,人工观测判断此时出现了大雾天气并发布大雾预警。23时,低大气能见度区域移至胶州湾以西地区,而沿海地区大气能见度显著升高,直至12日00时后青岛地区全部站点大气能见度升高至1 000 m以上。
对比卫星检测雾区与大气能见度观测(图2b图3b),可以判断11日20时前后有海雾出现在青岛南部海域及岸滨区域。但同时由卫星云图(图1a)可知,台风系统内的低云大范围覆盖着黄海海域,黄海海域云顶亮温在285~287 K之间,对应20时探空数据的温度廓线,可以粗略判断出此时云顶高度在2 800~3 300 m。大量低云使得雾检测系统很难从卫星观测数据中判识黄海海域是否存在海雾,但仍然在台风后方云顶亮温较低的黄海部分海域识别出了零散的雾区(图3a图3c),说明黄海海域上空判识为云的区域内也可能有海雾存在。
在台风影响期间,黄海海域的船舶观测数据较少,仅在青岛西南方向的连云港附近海域有一组连续9 h的观测数据(表2),并且此处与青岛附近海域有相近且连续的云顶亮温(图1a)。船舶观测数据进一步证实了黄海海域被大量低云覆盖,部分海域内出现了大气能见度较低(< 2 000 m)的雾或轻雾,其附近海域中的雾区在卫星检测结果中也有所体现(图3a)。
从大气能见度观测(图2)可知,雾区最先出现在青岛东南近海海域(距岸约80 km范围内),位于台风移动的右前方象限内(距台风中心100 km半径范围,下同),并随台风中心的移动而逐渐向北部海域和陆地延伸。11日16−20时,海岛站大气能见度接连下降(图2a图2b)的同时,水平风向转为东南风(图5b),受站点高度(图1b)的影响,各海岛站水平风速差异较大,为4.5~12.7 m/s(图4a图4b图5b),随着台风从青岛南部海域向岸滨移动,青岛沿岸及内陆站点水平风速迅速下降至4 m/s以下(图4a图4b),为雾区的扩散和维持提供了有利条件[1]。之后青岛东部和北部沿岸地区大气能见度迅速下降,每小时降幅为2 000~3 000 m(图2c图2d图5a),这说明海雾在青岛东南海域形成后,随东南风移动至西北方向岸滨(图2a图2b图2c),表现出平流雾特征[1]。在此过程中,最低大气能见度最小值的空间分布并不均匀,大气能见度低于200 m的区域集中在青岛站东北侧岸滨及近海区域,而青岛站西南侧站点、大管岛站北侧站点以及东侧朝连岛站大气能见度保持在1 000 m以上(图2d),表明雾区形成时范围局限在青岛东南近海,中心浓度较强且移动时分布不均,这也是海雾向陆地移动时的特征之一[18]
同时受台风系统的影响,11日白天产生的间歇性降水使青岛地区的相对湿度一直维持在较高水平(图5c图5e),海雾形成前青岛地区全部站点的相对湿度均已在90 %以上(图4d),持续的偏东风和东南风也为青岛地区带来充沛水汽(图5b图5c),使得青岛地区的相对湿度继续增加(图4d图4e图4f),有利于海雾的维持和发展。
以大公岛站和太平角站分别代表海岛站和岸滨站,结合青岛站,使用连续观测数据对海雾在海区形成后发展至岸滨阶段进行分析。可以发现在此期间,除大公岛站出现气温下降的现象外,太平角站和青岛站气温均有升高,这表明两站相对湿度的增加是由于水汽的增加造成的(图5c, 图5d),这也是使得海雾在岸滨维持和发展的原因之一。对比各站气温与海温之间的温差(图5d),可以发现在16时之前,各站气温均高于海温,并且温差小于2℃,表明此时青岛近海海气界面较为稳定,有利于海雾形成[7]。之后尽管各站气温逐渐下降,但太平角站气海温差仍然保持在1℃左右,为海雾在青岛岸滨发展提供了有利条件。在海雾消散期间,随着台风继续向西北方向移动,表面风逐渐增强并从东南风转为西北风(图4c图5b),伴随气温的下降,各站相对湿度也出现不同程度的下降(图4e图4f图5c),可能是导致海雾在海上消散的原因之一(图3a图4b)。
强稳定层结是海雾入侵陆地后继续维持和发展的重要因素[3]。由青岛站探空观测分析可知,海雾发生前,受逐渐靠近的台风系统的影响(图1a),青岛地区低层相对湿度虽然较高(图6图7b),但低层风切变较强(图7a)。特别是11日2−8时,在抬升凝结高度和大气边界层顶之间,低层低静力稳定度($\partial\theta_{{\mathrm{se}}} /\partial {z} $)与强水平风切变配合,湍流不断向上发展(Ri ≤ 1),使得高湿层抬升增厚,有利于积云发展和降水的形成。而在11日20时,伴随着沿岸站点大气能见度的迅速下降(图2b图5a),大气边界层顶高度显著降低(图6),其附近出现了明显的稳定层结(图7a),特别是在500~1 300 m高度上,虚位温(θv)和假相当位温(θse)较底层显著升高,θse垂直变化较小且与θv的温差明显,表明此高度上有暖湿气团移入,这可能是形成稳定层结的主要原因。同时,随着台风中心靠近青岛沿岸,沿岸及近海从地面到高空的水平风速迅速下降(图4b图5b),整层水平风切变明显减弱,仅有近地面层有较弱的垂直切变和弱静力不稳定层(图7a),是典型雾层层结特征,符合典型黄海海雾“上稳下湍”的层结结构[19],与雾顶长波辐射冷却有关,有利于雾层内的湍流混合(图7b)。
11日23时之后,随着台风中心继续向西北方向移动,青岛近海风速逐渐增加并开始转为偏西风(图4c图5b图6),低层风切变逐渐增大,不稳定层结开始增厚,同时湍流向上发展(图7),大气边界层底部(100 m高度内)稳定层结被破坏,不利于海雾的维持。同时随着风向转变,岸滨和近海站点大气能见度显著回升(图2e图2f),并且部分站点出现了阵性降水(图5e),近海海雾开始消散,至12日00时青岛各站大气能见度全部升至1 000 m以上。直至12日08时,大气边界层顶和逆温层均抬升到1 000 m以上,并且伴随着垂直风切变和湍流发展,抬升凝结高度也逐渐升高。在此期间尽管各站气温进一步下降,但相对湿度却逐渐降低,对海雾的消散也有一定作用。因此,台风后部水平风转向和风速增强导致的湍流混合增强和大气边界层稳定度下降应是海雾消散的重要原因。
由再分析数据结合探空观测(图6图7a图8a图8b)可知,11日20时在大气边界层顶之上,从925 hPa到825 hPa(探空观测为450~1 460 m高度,下同)特别是在900 hPa(690 m)等压面上,大气下沉运动较为明显;而从950 hPa至900 hPa(200~690 m)是暖平流最显著的高度,与探空观测中稳定层结的高度(210~490 m)重叠。如图8b所示,在900 hPa等压面上,台风中心右侧海岸线上空出现了暖平流大值区,并延续到海面上呈带状分布。结合垂直运动来看,半岛上空同时出现暖平流和下沉运动的区域仅分布在青岛中部区域及位于台风移动路径右侧的东南近海海域,也是雾区分布的主要区域(图3b)。以上表明,大气边界层顶之上的下沉运动和大气边界层顶附近的暖平流,是使大气边界层顶下沉并形成稳定层结的重要原因,并促进了雾区的维持和发展。
从11日20时的探空数据(图6)可知,此时伴随底层增湿使得抬升凝结高度降低至接近地面,有助于海雾在陆地的维持和发展[2021]。而从青岛站地面观测可知,此时水汽的增加是湿度增加的主要原因。为分析水汽来源,使用再分析数据计算大气底层水汽通量,结果如图8c所示,与暖平流大值区分布相似的(图8b)是,底层的水汽通量散度也在台风右侧海岸带上出现了明显的辐合。水汽通量散度辐合在青岛东部呈现为南北范围更宽,这可能是海雾在青岛东部海域向内陆入侵范围更广、速度更快的原因之一。在海上,水汽通量散度辐合区局限在近海区域并沿海岸线分布,这使得同时出现大气边界层内(975 hPa)较强水汽辐合[水汽通量散度小于−0.0001 g/(kg·s·m)]、大气边界层顶(900 hPa)有明显暖平流(温度平流大于5 K/s)和下沉运动覆盖的区域仅分布在台风中心右侧的青岛近海及沿岸区域(图8b图8c),这与海雾最先被观测到以及维持最久的区域相同(图2图3b)。而相比于青岛东部海区,青岛近岸及胶州湾区域分布了较低的海表面温度,并且有较高的气海温差(图5d),这是有利于平流冷却雾形成和维持的重要因素。与此相对,台风中心左侧区域受偏北气流影响,在下沉气流覆盖区域,底层水汽通量较小且出现了辐散,同时中高层出现的冷平流不利于稳定层结形成,这些条件都不利于雾的形成和维持,这也可能是此次海雾过程仅在台风中心右侧区域形成、发展和维持的原因之一(图2)。
这种雾区仅分布在台风中心右侧区域的现象,也曾出现在前人研究中。过去对台风与海洋相互作用的研究表明,台风通过向下的动量输送导致海洋内的垂直混合和上升流,从而导致海表面温度的降低[22]。一些观测研究表明,台风引起的海温冷却效应在台风移动的右后方象限最为明显[23],而观测到的海温低值中心同样分布在台风移动路径的右侧(图8c图9a),有利于平流冷却雾的形成[1]。这种持续性的冷海面会导致大气混合层顶降低,引起混合层大气θθse的下降,这也是大气边界层内稳定层结较易形成在台风移动的右后方象限的原因之一[10]。从3个高度层(图8)水平风向或水汽通量输送方向来看,暖平流和水汽输送都明显受到了台风内气旋式环流的影响,下沉运动也在台风中心区域集中分布(图8a图8b),这表明台风影响下的环流形势是形成稳定层结,并促进海雾形成且向陆地发展的重要原因。
根据青岛地区大气水平能见度的时空分布特征,以及探空廓线大气垂直结构特征,以太平角站所在格点(36.0° N,120.4° E)从表面层、逆温层、暖湿气流层内均匀挑选了4个高度(10 m、500 m、900 m、1 300 m),自11日21时起进行了18 h后向追踪。由图9可知,低层两个空气微团来源于黄海南部近海海域,位于台风中心右后方240~320 km,并且有相同的θ,可以认为来源于同一近海气团;高层两个空气微团来源于江苏省南部陆地上空,位于台风中心移动路径左前方10~80 km,移动路径几乎重合,初始θ也较为相似,可以认为来源于同一陆地气团。
图9所示,11日3−12时,台风在江苏省境内向西北移动,13−20时进入黄海后加强。受台风影响,近海气团沿海面向西北方向移动,陆地气团在台风环流引导下呈气旋式旋转移动,两者于16时旋入台风中心并在青岛南部海区相遇,之后共同随台风中心向东北移动至太平角站。在此期间,陆地气团的大气边界层高度先升后降(图9c),与其和台风中心的距离变化相对应。14时,陆地气团与台风中心距离已小于60 km,大气边界层高度下降至448 m和464 m,并于14时之后均保持在500 m以内,至21时降至343 m,比探空结果更低(图6)。这说明台风中心区域存在大气边界层高度低值区,且大气边界层高度随与台风中心距离的减小而降低,与台风中心分布的下沉运动区域相符合(图8a)。同时表明从20时至21时,台风中心区域受下沉运动的影响,大气边界层顶进一步降低,而绝热下沉引起的增温也会使大气边界层稳定性进一步增强,有利于岸滨雾区的维持和发展。由于台风内部源源不断的水汽供应,两个气团均保持了较高的水汽含量(图9a图9d);近海气团沿台风外围在海面上空移动(图9a),比湿值变化幅度较小,进入雾区后随水汽凝结使比湿值降低至原有水平(图9d)。
为了探究海雾的形成及入侵内陆区域与台风之间的关系,在青岛地区及其近海海域选取了0.1° × 0.1°水平分辨率的319个格点,对其10 m高度上的空气微团从11日21时起进行18 h的后向追踪,得到的319条轨迹可以合成为3种路径:追踪空气微团位于台风移动路径左侧和正前方区域(区域a)内的路径a、台风移动路径右侧和右后方区域(区域b)内的路径b,以及台风中心外围和右前方区域(区域c)内的路径c。
同时为探究绝热下沉对大气边界层的影响,以3条路径的起点位置做径向垂直剖面,并使用再分析数据,根据热力学能量方程得到的温度倾向方程计算绝热下沉项:
$ \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=-{{\boldsymbol{v}}} \cdot \nabla T+\frac{\alpha}{c_{p}} \omega+\frac{1}{c_{p}}\dot Q , $
式中,α为比容;cp为干空气的比定压热容[1 004 J/(kg·K)];$\omega $为等压面坐标系中的垂直速度;$ \dot Q$为非绝热加热率(包括辐射、热传导和潜热释放等)。该方程表明局地温度变化主要由温度平流项、垂直运动绝热变化项和非绝热变化项决定。
由区域统计和分析结果可知,区域a与区域b具有明显差异。区域b几乎覆盖了全部海雾形成及影响区域,而区域a内没有出现大气水平能见度下降至2 000 m以内的现象(图2)。区域a和b分别位于台风移动路径的左右两侧,低层水平风向分别以偏北风和偏南风为主(图8)。根据青岛的地形分布可知,青岛岸滨偏北风多为陆风,偏南风多为海风,这使得区域a南部沿海地区和区域b内不仅存在相反的温度平流(图8a),水汽通量大小和辐合程度也差距较大(图8b)。同时从空气微团移动路径可以看出,区域a中空气微团从台风前方陆地上空旋入台风中心(图10a),其间距离台风中心较远且上升运动较强,绝热上升带来的降温效果明显(图11a),这会使得大气边界层顶较高且层结稳定度下降;靠近台风中心的区域b中空气微团上空的下沉运动明显,特别是在大气边界层顶附近,出现了显著的绝热下沉增温,进一步加强了逆温结构和层结稳定度。同时区域a低层水汽含量相比区域b明显较少(图10c),不利于雾的形成和发展。
而区域c与b有较多相似之处。区域c同样覆盖了台风右侧的海面,在近海区域出现了更大的水汽通量和更强的水汽辐合(图8b)。但与区域b不同的是,区域中空气微团的路径更靠近台风中心的边缘区域,水平风速较大且上升运动明显,不仅绝热抬升降温会降低大气边界层内静力稳定度,同时较强的垂直风切变也会使得湍流增强,不利于海雾形成和维持。并且区域c覆盖在比区域b更暖的海面上(图8b图9a图11b图11c),尽管台风后部出现了海温降低的现象[2223],但相比区域b具有较低的气海温差(图5d),会使得海气界面稳定度降低[7],而不利于水汽凝结和海雾的发展。
台风“利奇马”过境期间,青岛附近海域及岸滨地区发生了一次较为明显的海雾过程。结合地面观测数据、卫星观测数据、船舶观测数据以及再分析数据,结合后向追踪模式结果,通过对台风环流、大气边界层结构特征等方面分析了此次海雾过程,得到以下结论:
(1)台风影响下的环流形势是海雾在黄海北部形成并向陆地发展的决定性因素。台风气旋式环流不仅使黄海南部的暖湿气流不断向北输送并在青岛近海和岸滨地区辐合,为海雾的形成和发展提供了充足的水汽;其从黄海西岸带来的暖气团和台风中心区域的下沉气流在雾区上空形成了显著逆温层,在大气边界层内形成了“上稳下湍”的层结结构,也有利于海雾在岸滨及内陆地区的维持和发展。
(2)台风环流带来的水汽输送和海表面冷却是海雾在台风中心右侧海域形成、扩散并持续发展的重要原因。来自黄海南部的暖湿气团在台风中心右侧较冷的海面凝结成雾,过程中充沛的水汽供应使空气湿度保持在较高水平。台风北移登陆后,水汽在台风中心右后方象限的岸滨区域继续汇聚,促使海雾在岸滨持续发展,并随台风的北移逐渐向陆地扩散。
(3)台风环流形成的强稳定层结是海雾在岸滨及陆地维持和发展的重要因素。台风中心右侧的偏南气流带来暖平流,配合上空的下沉气流,使大气边界层顶下沉并形成了显著的逆温层,是大气边界层内出现强稳定层结的重要原因,稳定且持续的稳定层结利于水汽在混合层内累积,从而促进了雾区的维持和发展。同时底层较弱的垂直切变和弱静力不稳定层造成的湍流混合,有利于雾的形成和维持。
(4)台风北移后,台风后部水平风转向和台风中心外围增强的水平风加强了大气边界层内的垂直风切变,从而导致湍流混合增强和大气边界层稳定度下降,这是引发海雾消散的重要原因。
受台风影响的海雾入侵过程较为复杂,需要考虑海雾在海面上的发生发展条件、陆地大气边界层特征以及台风的发展等造成的影响。过去研究中,在近海面或1000 hPa等压面上,黄海雾区的水汽通量通常为10−3~10−4 g/(kg·s)[2, 8],而从强台风级至热带风暴级,近海台风中心区域的水汽通量为101~102 g/(kg·s)[14, 24],本文中台风中心右侧的水汽通量也达到了20 g/(kg·s),说明近海台风能够为海雾的形成和维持带来充沛水汽。平流冷却雾容易在海气温差为−0.5~−3℃的海面上形成[1, 7, 9, 25],前人使用卫星观测和数值模拟证明台风对海洋表层的冷却作用能够达到−4℃,并可以维持72 h以上[10, 2122],较冷的海面不仅有助于水汽凝结,还能够配合低空暖平流形成稳定大气层结[10],有利于水汽在混合层内的积累,促进海雾的形成和发展。对于黄海西岸的近海海雾而言,偏西风的加强会降低空气湿度并增强湍流运动,降低低层大气稳定度,因此台风向东及向北方向移动并远离雾区,均可能加快海雾消散过程。本文仅使用站点观测和再分析数据对一次台风影响下的海雾入侵过程进行了初步分析,对这类过程的理解还需要进一步开展针对性观测和深入研究,利用数值模式进行敏感性试验也有助于加深认识,以期提高对此类过程的预报准确率。
致谢:感谢龙景超副教授在论文分析讨论中给予的帮助,感谢学科主编和两位匿名审稿人提出的宝贵意见。同时感谢青岛国家基本气象站提供观测数据,日本高知大学提供卫星观测数据,美国国家海洋与大气管理局提供海温数据及后向追踪模式,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心提供再分析数据。
  • 环渤海区域气象科技协同创新基金项目(QYXM202012)
  • 环渤海区域气象科技协同创新基金项目(QYXM202110)
  • 山东省气象局科学技术研究项目(2021sdqxm03)
  • 青岛市气象局重点项目(2019qdqxz02)
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2024年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024027
  • 接收时间:2023-01-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-18
  • 修回日期:2023-05-04
基金
环渤海区域气象科技协同创新基金项目(QYXM202012)
环渤海区域气象科技协同创新基金项目(QYXM202110)
山东省气象局科学技术研究项目(2021sdqxm03)
青岛市气象局重点项目(2019qdqxz02)
作者信息
    1.山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室,山东 济南 250031
    2.青岛市气象台,山东 青岛 266003
    3.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室/海洋−大气相互作用与气候山东省重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*时晓曚(1987—),女,山东省济南市人,高级工程师,主要从事海雾机理和预报技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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