Article(id=1200396945178095781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693584000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-02, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126534027, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126534027, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126534027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126534027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396945484279981, articleId=1200396945178095781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Drift of weakly inertial plastic blocks under wave action of finite-water-depth, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plastic floating objects have a profound impact on the marine environment. The nearshore process of the floating objects is mainly influenced by the action of waves. On the kinetic characteristics of plastic floating objects, previous studies were not thorough for the nearshore regime. In this paper, laboratory experiments were used to study the drift-law of plastic-floating objects under finite-water-depth waves. The relationship between the horizontal drift velocity of a weakly inertial plastic blocks and their characteristics, along with the wave steepness were discussed. The experimental results show that the drift of plastic blocks is affected by Stokes drift and Euler return flow, which is in good agreement with the second-order Lagrange drift theory. As the floating object’s size is much smaller than the wave length, size or density of the floating objects has no significant effect on drift. The drift of floating objects is proportional to the square of wave steepness. Based on the experiments conducted in this study and previously published experimental data, the empirical formula is revised to provide useful reference for the nearshore migration law of plastic floating objects and so for the relevant prediction.

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塑料漂浮垃圾对海洋环境影响巨大,在近岸的传播过程主要受波浪作用。针对塑料漂浮垃圾在近岸的运动特征,以往研究尚不深入。本文采用物理模型实验,对塑料漂浮物在有限水深波浪作用下的漂移规律开展研究,探讨了弱惯性塑料块体水平漂移速度与漂浮物性状以及波陡之间的关系。实验结果表明,塑料块体的漂移量受斯托克斯漂移与欧拉回流的共同影响,与二阶拉格朗日漂移理论吻合良好。在漂浮物尺寸远小于波长的情况下,漂浮物尺寸以及密度的改变对漂移没有显著的影响;漂浮物的漂移量与波陡的平方成正比,根据本文的实验及以往公开发表的实验数据,修正了经验公式,为塑料漂浮物在近岸的传播与预测提供了有益借鉴。

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冯曦(1987—),女,江苏省南京市人,教授,主要从事海岸水动力和海岸带灾害研究。E-mail:

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3. Hainan Geological Bureau Hainan Marine Geological Survey, Haikou 570206, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200860310748910426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, authorId=1200860310493057875, language=CN, stringName=冯曦, firstName=曦, middleName=null, lastName=冯, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, 4, address=1.河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
3.海南省海洋地质调查研究院,海南 海口 570206
4.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300354, bio={"content":"

冯曦(1987—),女,江苏省南京市人,教授,主要从事海岸水动力和海岸带灾害研究。E-mail:

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冯曦(1987—),女,江苏省南京市人,教授,主要从事海岸水动力和海岸带灾害研究。E-mail:

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label=图1, caption=物理模型实验波浪水槽布局(a)、拍摄装置(b)和基于深度学习的目标检测方法(YoloX)(c), figureFileSmall=G/3YZQF2CVZ4rUc7r0lBvg==, figureFileBig=FMXyYB+2qhlIR1oRhnXfEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314213405639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Wave surface processes under different wave conditions (a), wavelet analysis of the wave surface processes under M3 wave condition (b), wave energy spectrum analysis of the wave surface processes under M3 wave condition (c), and wave energy spectrum analysis along wave propagation under M3 wave condition (d), figureFileSmall=T5ImQlVbznzlD4Aq9k7WLg==, figureFileBig=wTTkE0rZCT4EtcZBJ+TBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314360206289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同波况的波面过程(a)、M3波况下波面过程的小波分析(b)、M3波况下波面过程的波能谱分析(c)和M3波况下波浪沿程的波能谱分析(d), figureFileSmall=T5ImQlVbznzlD4Aq9k7WLg==, figureFileBig=wTTkE0rZCT4EtcZBJ+TBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314519589850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Three repetitions of horizontal ADV velocity measurements in experiments (a), comparison between experimental and theoretical flow velocities (b), relationship between Lagrange drift and Stokes drift and Eulerian return flow (c), figureFileSmall=U2Yg+dj9FrM4NvFSjQJsEg==, figureFileBig=VjlceSjHCn9G5Pzon/1OwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314611864542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3次重复性实验水平方向的ADV测速(a),实验所测流速与理论流速对比(b),拉格朗日漂移、斯托克斯漂移和欧拉回流的关系(c), figureFileSmall=U2Yg+dj9FrM4NvFSjQJsEg==, figureFileBig=VjlceSjHCn9G5Pzon/1OwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314695750627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Trajectories of plastic floating blocksunder certain conditions (a) and time series of driftdistance for different plastic floating blocks under M3 condition (b), figureFileSmall=9Sgfbft/X+jB0cKUwKSLnw==, figureFileBig=S+9O/hCKHo9xaUTvqdIiNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314804802537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=图4, caption=部分工况下塑料漂浮块体的漂移轨迹(a)和M3工况下不同塑料漂浮块体的漂移量时间过程线(b), figureFileSmall=9Sgfbft/X+jB0cKUwKSLnw==, figureFileBig=S+9O/hCKHo9xaUTvqdIiNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860314888688620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison between experimentaldrifting time series of plastic floating blocks and theoretical drifting time series of water particles, under M3 condition (a) and M5 condition (b), figureFileSmall=4Zu212bMaDSbU0DFdcV5Rg==, figureFileBig=3mUBNeKEeDjDgw1XUYZ0Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860315006129137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=图5, caption=M3工况(a)与M5工况(b)下,实验塑料漂浮块体漂移过程线与水质点漂移理论对比, figureFileSmall=4Zu212bMaDSbU0DFdcV5Rg==, figureFileBig=3mUBNeKEeDjDgw1XUYZ0Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860315090015221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Relationship between non-dimensional horizontal drift velocity of plastic floating blocks and wave steepness, figureFileSmall=CyLNgPcc3wS5ZQIw2u7eHw==, figureFileBig=PaGYyD7hgy/cH4C5tBAefg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860315211650045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=图6, caption=塑料漂浮块体无量纲化的水平漂移速度与波陡的关系, 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Wave parameters in the design of the physical model experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波况初始水深d0/m初始波高H0/m初始波周期T0/s水深d/m波高H/m波周期T/s波长L/m波速c/(m·s−1)波陡S*相对水深kd
注:*S = aka为振幅,k为波数,0.01 < S ≤ 0.1,属于二阶斯托克斯波理论;S > 0.1,属于三阶斯托克斯波理论。
M10.60.0740.750.30.0600.750.861.140.2202.199
M20.60.06910.30.06311.371.370.1441.374
M30.60.0511.50.30.0641.52.341.560.0860.805
M40.60.03920.30.05623.261.630.0540.579
M50.60.1131.50.30.1551.52.341.560.2070.805
M60.50.0641.50.20.0951.51.981.320.1510.636
), ArticleFig(id=1200860315702382612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物理模型实验设计的波浪要素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波况初始水深d0/m初始波高H0/m初始波周期T0/s水深d/m波高H/m波周期T/s波长L/m波速c/(m·s−1)波陡S*相对水深kd
注:*S = aka为振幅,k为波数,0.01 < S ≤ 0.1,属于二阶斯托克斯波理论;S > 0.1,属于三阶斯托克斯波理论。
M10.60.0740.750.30.0600.750.861.140.2202.199
M20.60.06910.30.06311.371.370.1441.374
M30.60.0511.50.30.0641.52.341.560.0860.805
M40.60.03920.30.05623.261.630.0540.579
M50.60.1131.50.30.1551.52.341.560.2070.805
M60.50.0641.50.20.0951.51.981.320.1510.636
), ArticleFig(id=1200860315807240219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Properties of experimental plastic floating block

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漂浮物材质形状尺寸*/m相对密度(ρ/ρw**斯托克斯数St***
注:*球体尺寸为直径(D),正方体尺寸为边长(l)。**水槽内为清水,取密度ρw=1 g/cm3***St的范围与该属性漂浮物参与的波况相关,波周期较小,St较大。
PP球体0.0120.90.055~0.147
PLA正方体0.020.80.086
PLA正方体0.030.80.107
PLA正方体0.040.80.096~0.255
PLA正方体0.040.60.17
PLA正方体0.040.40.199
PLA正方体0.040.20.245
), ArticleFig(id=1200860315916292133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验塑料漂浮块体属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漂浮物材质形状尺寸*/m相对密度(ρ/ρw**斯托克斯数St***
注:*球体尺寸为直径(D),正方体尺寸为边长(l)。**水槽内为清水,取密度ρw=1 g/cm3***St的范围与该属性漂浮物参与的波况相关,波周期较小,St较大。
PP球体0.0120.90.055~0.147
PLA正方体0.020.80.086
PLA正方体0.030.80.107
PLA正方体0.040.80.096~0.255
PLA正方体0.040.60.17
PLA正方体0.040.40.199
PLA正方体0.040.20.245
), ArticleFig(id=1200860317027782699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=EN, label=Table A1, caption=

Symbol illustration and dimension

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字符说明单位
注:“−”表示无单位。
d设计静水深m
H设计波高m
T设计波周期s
d0造波机所在位置处静水深m
H0造波机所在位置处波高m
T0造波机所在位置处波周期s
a波振幅m
k波数m−1
L波长m
S波陡
c波速m/s
ρ塑料漂浮物密度g/cm3
ρw实验水槽内水密度g/cm3
l塑料漂浮块体边长m
D塑料漂浮球体直径m
St斯托克斯数,与漂浮物属性相关,St $\ll $ 1,代表漂浮物弱惯性
t时间s
x水平方向距离,且向岸为正m
z距离静水面的距离,且向上为正m
x0漂浮物/水质点水平方向初始位置m
z0漂浮物/水质点垂直方向初始位置m
θ相位,θ = kxwtrad
θ0初始相位,θ0 = kx0wtrad
ω角频率rad/s
uw.exp实验测量流速m/s
uw水质点二阶斯托克斯理论水平方向流速m/s
ww水质点二阶斯托克斯理论垂直方向流速m/s
uS, 2nd二阶斯托克斯波理论下的水质点水平漂移速度m/s
uE欧拉流速m/s
uL, 2nd二阶拉格朗日理论下的水质点水平漂移速度m/s
udrift.exp实验观测到的水平漂移速度m/s
χ1待定系数
f频率Hz
Sf能量谱密度(能量谱)m2·s
τp漂浮物的反应时间s
wp漂浮物沉降速度m/s
g重力加速度m/s2
), ArticleFig(id=1200860317141028914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396945178095781, language=CN, label=表A1, caption=

字符说明及单位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字符说明单位
注:“−”表示无单位。
d设计静水深m
H设计波高m
T设计波周期s
d0造波机所在位置处静水深m
H0造波机所在位置处波高m
T0造波机所在位置处波周期s
a波振幅m
k波数m−1
L波长m
S波陡
c波速m/s
ρ塑料漂浮物密度g/cm3
ρw实验水槽内水密度g/cm3
l塑料漂浮块体边长m
D塑料漂浮球体直径m
St斯托克斯数,与漂浮物属性相关,St $\ll $ 1,代表漂浮物弱惯性
t时间s
x水平方向距离,且向岸为正m
z距离静水面的距离,且向上为正m
x0漂浮物/水质点水平方向初始位置m
z0漂浮物/水质点垂直方向初始位置m
θ相位,θ = kxwtrad
θ0初始相位,θ0 = kx0wtrad
ω角频率rad/s
uw.exp实验测量流速m/s
uw水质点二阶斯托克斯理论水平方向流速m/s
ww水质点二阶斯托克斯理论垂直方向流速m/s
uS, 2nd二阶斯托克斯波理论下的水质点水平漂移速度m/s
uE欧拉流速m/s
uL, 2nd二阶拉格朗日理论下的水质点水平漂移速度m/s
udrift.exp实验观测到的水平漂移速度m/s
χ1待定系数
f频率Hz
Sf能量谱密度(能量谱)m2·s
τp漂浮物的反应时间s
wp漂浮物沉降速度m/s
g重力加速度m/s2
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有限水深波浪作用下弱惯性塑料块体漂移规律
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冯曦 1, 3, 4 , 柳其岩 1 , 徐青云 2 , 倪兴也 1 , 冯卫兵 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 1-12
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 1-12
有限水深波浪作用下弱惯性塑料块体漂移规律
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冯曦1, 3, 4 , 柳其岩1, 徐青云2, 倪兴也1, 冯卫兵1
作者信息
  • 1.河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2.中国港湾工程有限责任公司,北京 100027
  • 3.海南省海洋地质调查研究院,海南 海口 570206
  • 4.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300354
  • 冯曦(1987—),女,江苏省南京市人,教授,主要从事海岸水动力和海岸带灾害研究。E-mail:

Drift of weakly inertial plastic blocks under wave action of finite-water-depth
Xi Feng1, 3, 4 , Qiyan Liu1, Qingyun Xu2, Xingye Ni1, Weibing Feng1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2. China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd., Beijing 100027, China
  • 3. Hainan Geological Bureau Hainan Marine Geological Survey, Haikou 570206, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024009
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塑料漂浮垃圾对海洋环境影响巨大,在近岸的传播过程主要受波浪作用。针对塑料漂浮垃圾在近岸的运动特征,以往研究尚不深入。本文采用物理模型实验,对塑料漂浮物在有限水深波浪作用下的漂移规律开展研究,探讨了弱惯性塑料块体水平漂移速度与漂浮物性状以及波陡之间的关系。实验结果表明,塑料块体的漂移量受斯托克斯漂移与欧拉回流的共同影响,与二阶拉格朗日漂移理论吻合良好。在漂浮物尺寸远小于波长的情况下,漂浮物尺寸以及密度的改变对漂移没有显著的影响;漂浮物的漂移量与波陡的平方成正比,根据本文的实验及以往公开发表的实验数据,修正了经验公式,为塑料漂浮物在近岸的传播与预测提供了有益借鉴。

塑料漂浮垃圾  /  有限水深波  /  二阶斯托克斯波  /  拉格朗日漂移

Plastic floating objects have a profound impact on the marine environment. The nearshore process of the floating objects is mainly influenced by the action of waves. On the kinetic characteristics of plastic floating objects, previous studies were not thorough for the nearshore regime. In this paper, laboratory experiments were used to study the drift-law of plastic-floating objects under finite-water-depth waves. The relationship between the horizontal drift velocity of a weakly inertial plastic blocks and their characteristics, along with the wave steepness were discussed. The experimental results show that the drift of plastic blocks is affected by Stokes drift and Euler return flow, which is in good agreement with the second-order Lagrange drift theory. As the floating object’s size is much smaller than the wave length, size or density of the floating objects has no significant effect on drift. The drift of floating objects is proportional to the square of wave steepness. Based on the experiments conducted in this study and previously published experimental data, the empirical formula is revised to provide useful reference for the nearshore migration law of plastic floating objects and so for the relevant prediction.

plastic floating objects  /  finite-water-depth wave  /  second-order Stokes wave  /  Lagrange drift
冯曦, 柳其岩, 徐青云, 倪兴也, 冯卫兵. 有限水深波浪作用下弱惯性塑料块体漂移规律. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024009
Xi Feng, Qiyan Liu, Qingyun Xu, Xingye Ni, Weibing Feng. Drift of weakly inertial plastic blocks under wave action of finite-water-depth[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024009
海洋垃圾一般是指在海洋或海滩环境中具有持久性的、人造的或经加工的固体物质,包括有意或无意弃置于海洋和海滩的物体,由河流、污水、暴风雨或大风等直接携带入海的物体。自19世纪下半叶开始,全球海洋垃圾数量日益增加。截至目前,全球每天约有800万件垃圾进入海洋,海洋表面漂浮的塑料垃圾(以下简称“海漂垃圾”)的密度超过1.3 ×104件/km2[13]。我国近海同样面临严峻的海洋垃圾问题。随着我国沿海城镇化进程的不断发展,沿海地区产生并流入海洋的垃圾随之增加。自然资源部调查结果表明,我国81%的沿海地区受海漂垃圾污染[46]。根据我国生态环境部公布的2022年海洋垃圾监测统计数据,仅可目测的海上漂浮垃圾平均个数为65个/km2;表层水体拖网监测的漂浮垃圾的平均密度为2.8 kg/km2
国内外关于海漂垃圾的相关研究,多聚焦于深海、大洋[7-9]。由于大洋中海漂垃圾运移过程伴随较强的随机性,通常以海漂垃圾群体作为研究对象,探究其在大洋中的传播、扩散和运输过程。然而,从外海到近岸,控制海漂垃圾输送的主要动力过程差别很大。近岸海域拥有更复杂的三维水体循环模式。海漂垃圾的运动在近岸海域主要受风、浪和潮汐的影响,且各作用力的相对重要性与水深有密切关系[10]。由此可见,欲探究所有动力因素对海漂垃圾运移的综合作用,特别是海漂垃圾的漂移规律是难以做到的。
近岸水深变浅同时也导致了波浪从深海到浅水的非线性变化[11]。具体而言,对于某一波浪,它的波形将经历从深水区域的几乎对称到近岸海域时的非对称的变化,波峰变陡而波谷变平坦。波浪的非对称性对于物质在近岸输送有着重要意义,而由波浪非线性引起的净输移,通常又称为斯托克斯漂移[12]。随着水深不断变浅,波浪最终发生破碎。前人研究表明,波浪破碎后增强了自由表面水质点的拉格朗日漂移,而破碎波作用下海漂垃圾的漂移也变得更加复杂[13-14],其运移规律尚未十分清楚。
海底地形、岸线形态以及它们与水动力的相互作用将直接影响和冲击海漂垃圾在近岸水体中的沉浮和输运。然而,尽管近岸水动力复杂且海漂垃圾的近岸过程对于预测和防范海洋垃圾大面积扩散至关重要,令人惊讶的是,关于近岸海漂垃圾迁移过程的文献仍然非常少。最近几年,一部分研究热点主要集中在海洋微塑料颗粒的分布和演变。而在一些实地调查中,人们发现大型塑料颗粒甚至是塑料块体,如塑料瓶,在近岸海域,特别是破碎带内,比外海更集中[15]。这是因为分布于海表上层且体积较大的漂浮塑料物更易于向岸漂移,而微小塑料颗粒则更多地混入水体中跟随近海潜流一同迁移[16-17]。不仅如此,近海微塑料颗粒的形成很大程度上来源于塑料垃圾在近岸区触底、磨损、破碎和分解。因此,研究近岸海漂垃圾的运动规律也将为进一步研究海洋微塑料颗粒打下基础。此外,近岸海漂垃圾的研究还主要停留在利用海滩现场观测数据对于垃圾种类(比如大、中、小、微小等级)进行评估和测算,例如,尝试利用人工神经网络、图像识别来预测海滩垃圾的种类和数量[18-19]。这些工作比较初步,现阶段人们对于近岸海漂垃圾的迁移过程和控制机理认识尚浅。
在为数不多的针对非微塑料颗粒研究中,Santamaria等[20]通过理论推导探究了惯性力对于波浪作用下近岸弱惯性漂浮物迁移的影响。Santamaria等[20]用斯托克斯数(St)来判断漂浮物受惯性力作用的强弱,当$ St \ll 1 $时,即认为漂浮物惯性力可以忽略。但Santamaria等[20]提出的理论仅适用于深水波要素。DiBenedetto等[21]通过物理模型实验探讨了波浪作用下,漂浮碎屑的形状对于其转向和运动方向的影响,然而他们的实验仅针对微小碎屑,惯性力可忽略。Alsina等[22]开展的物理模型实验从比尺上较为贴近近岸观测到的实际海漂垃圾,该文探讨了有限水深波浪作用下,不同粒径的塑料小球的漂移过程,发现漂浮小球与水质点拉格朗日漂移过程相吻合。虽然研究对象不再是微颗粒,但该文表示未发现明显的惯性力作用。由于这方面实验研究较少,Alsina等[22]的实验结论是否具有代表性尚且未知,且部分前置研究认为塑料块体的形状、密度对其在水中沉浮、迁移有影响[21, 23],而Alsina等[22]的研究对象仅为球体。因此,亟须开展相关实验研究,以期在校验前人研究的基础上,进一步考虑波况和漂浮物主要物理属性对其在近岸漂移过程的影响。
海洋中特别是近岸地区的海漂垃圾,在各种动力因素作用下的运移规律十分复杂,难以做到同时考虑多种因素,因此,本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,开展了有限水深波浪作用下塑料漂浮物漂移运动的实验研究。本文将首先介绍物理模型实验设置,其次分析有限水深波浪作用下塑料漂浮物的漂移规律,并和水质点漂移规律及相关理论进行对比,最后探究塑料漂浮物的漂移速度与波陡、漂浮物密度、尺寸之间的关系。研究结果以期为近岸海漂垃圾的迁移过程和预测提供有益借鉴,也可为进一步开展多种动力因素共同作用下海漂垃圾的运移规律研究做铺垫。
物理模型实验在河海大学航道实验室波浪水槽中进行。实验室波浪水槽长50 m,宽1 m,高1.5 m。该水槽底部由相对光滑平整的混凝土砌筑而成,水槽的两侧为透明玻璃板,通过水槽一端的液压式推板造波机产生实验所需的设计波浪,水槽末端设置消波装置,用于减少波浪反射作用。本文将系统坐标系xOz原点定义造波机所在位置静水面处,x轴向岸为正,z轴向上为正。实验使用一套10根电阻式浪高仪在水槽不同位置处测量波高(图1a)。在实验过程中,漂浮块体的投放位置在浪高仪1#与2#之间的窗口中心。实验采用的浪高仪均为接触式的“弓式”浪高仪(测波弓的直径为4~5 mm),浪高仪过于密集将对数据采集以及波浪传播产生干扰和影响;同时,为了获取空间分辨率较高的波面过程,本实验采取了移动测量法,即每次采集波高数据时,将观测区外的8根浪高仪3#~10#依次向岸平移0.1 m,每种波况共平移4次(如图1a浪高仪位置处虚线所示)。本次实验的波要素为单一波向的规则波,重复性较好,为该移动法获取波面创造了条件。
由于实验所用水槽在中段存在水泥现浇的斜坡(图1a),观测区设计参数包括水深(d)、波高(H)、波周期(T),与造波机所在位置处初始水深(d0)、初始波高(H0)、初始周期(T0)不尽相同(表1)。在实验中,首先确定观测区内的设计波参数,通过迭代计算,反推造波机所需输入参数,之后根据浪高仪#1和#2进行波高率定。实验设计波浪皆为有限水深规则波。在表1中,工况M1~M4依照前人实验[22],在水深d = 0.3 m时,M1~M4的波长不断增大,波陡依次降低,其中,M1和M2符合三阶斯托克斯波理论($ S > 0.1 $),M3和M4适用于二阶斯托克斯理论($ S \leqslant 0.1 $)。本文在Alsina等[22]的设计工况基础上,增加考虑了工况M5和M6。这两种工况是在所对应水深和波周期条件下,实验室能造出的极限波陡。
本实验采用直杆式流速仪(ADV)对水槽内流速进行了测量。实验将直杆式流速仪固定在观测区内,用于测量不同深度处的流速,并确保ADV不干扰漂浮块体的投放和运动。ADV所测量的流速位于探头下方0.05 m处,对于水的浑浊度要求相对较低。实验过程中采样频率为25 Hz,测量精度为0.001 m/s。由于仪器灵敏度较高,数据采集的过程中通过保持信噪比等相关系数以保证采集数据的稳定性以及准确性。为了确保流速测量结果可靠,避免偶然因素引起的误差,每组次进行3次重复实验。
本实验所制作的漂浮块体主要采用聚丙烯(PP)与聚乳酸(PLA)两种材质(表2)。其中,考虑PP材质的块体主要用于与Alsina等[22]实验对比。PLA材质漂浮块体由3D打印技术生成,相较于传统的模具生产技术,3D打印的优势在于无需机械加工,简化生产流程,降低生产成本,节约资源,成型快速、精度较高。本实验通过控制由PLA材质打印立方体的边长和灌注疏密程度,来探讨小型漂浮块体的尺寸、密度是否对波浪作用下的漂移过程产生影响。
实验对于PP小球和边长为0.04 m、相对密度为0.8的正方体两种漂浮物进行了针对波况的敏感度测试,根据表1设置的工况,这两种浮体对应的斯托克斯数的波动范围如表2所示。表A1总结了出现的运符意义和单位。
在实验过程中,在波浪周期为1.5 s的3种波况(M3、M5、M6)下,对7种漂浮块体的运动分别进行了拍摄,在波浪周期为0.75 s、1 s、2 s这3种波况(M1、M2、M4)下,仅对PP小球和PLA立方体(边长为0.04 m,密度为0.8 g/cm3)两种漂浮块体进行实验拍摄,每组实验重复两次。
斯托克斯数($ St $)可用来判断漂浮物受惯性力作用的强弱[20, 22]$ St = \omega {\tau _p} $,式中$ \omega $为波浪角频率,单位为rad/s,$ {\tau _p} $为漂浮物的反应时间,单位为s。当$ St \ll 1 $时,可认为漂浮物惯性力偏弱,即$ {\tau _p} $远小于波周期$ T $。本实验将漂浮物从量筒底部释放,量筒高1.2 m,底部直径为0.4 m,通过掐秒表辅以跟踪拍摄测量漂浮物保持直线上浮的时长,实验重复3次,每一次选取5个位置计算平均沉降速度,再求取3次实验的平均沉降速度$ {w_p} $,之后根据$ {\tau _p} = {w_p}/g $$ g $为重力加速度),求得$ {\tau _p} $。最后,根据实验设计波周期$ T $,计算各组次对应的St。在M1~M6波况下,不同种类的漂浮模具的St在0.055~0.255之间,除个别工况外,在本实验大部分波况下,采用的漂浮物可认为属于弱惯性粒子。
根据波浪条件,漂浮物的运动过程通过单反摄像机(Nikon D7100),以30帧/s采样频率捕捉(图1b)。图像分辨率为207万像素,像素分辨率约为每像素0.55 mm。摄像机位于波浪水槽观测段窗口中心位置,正向拍摄。拍摄窗口在平行于波浪传播方向上覆盖长度约为1.05 m,水平像素为1920;垂直方向上覆盖宽度约为0.6 m,垂向像素为1080。此外,另备有MI 9手机同步辅助拍摄并用于备份,对应水平像素为3600,垂向像素为2040
在实验过程中,采用基于深度学习的YoloX目标检测方法,捕捉漂浮物的运动轨迹。YoloX目标检测平台主要由骨干网络(CSPDarknet)、颈部模块(FPN)以及检测头部(Yolo Head,见图1c)组成[24]。本实验在Windows系统环境下,利用Pytorch搭建YoloX目标检测平台,再通过CUDAToolKit调用GPU进行运算。在目标捕捉过程中,首先将拍摄视频以30帧/s进行分帧,确保每一张照片都能够清晰地展示漂浮物与波面形状。利用前置实验包括波浪率定过程、漂浮物在水槽内投放时机等调试过程影像,共计6000帧影片训练YoloX模型,训练过程包含PP与PLA两种材质。之后,将实验影像代入训练好的模型,用于自动识别每一帧照片中漂浮物的像素坐标,识别结果的平均精准度(Average Precision)可达98%。其次,本文根据像素点与实际场景中观测区长度、宽度的对应关系,将漂浮物的像素坐标转换为漂浮物运动的现实空间坐标。最后,采用分段式线性插值法对未识别的照片进行处理,并对原始轨迹数据采用低通滤波去除随机性较高的高频扰动信号。
图2a展示了不同波况下观测区的波面时间过程(1#与2#浪高仪采集到的波面非常接近,此处用二者的平均)。从工况M1至M6,波浪不断非线性增强,波形不对称性在依次增强,波峰陡而波谷平坦。至极限波况M5和M6,波峰向前突出,且呈现出尖锐的形态,波谷向后倾斜。由于未破碎,波形尚且能保持完整性。
以M3为例,对2#浪高仪采集的波面过程进行小波分析(图2b),结果表明,波能在周期为1.5 s时最集中,与实验所需波浪周期相一致。同时,小波分析显示波浪产生了一定的倍频效应,在周期为0.75 s时部分能量聚集,但此信号相对微弱,未在置信区间内。频谱分析(图2c)与小波分析结果相吻合。
此外,空间上利用平移浪高仪获得波浪场(图2d),图中色轴为波能密度($ {S_f} $,单位为m2·s)。空间频谱图显示波浪沿程传播稳定,波能未见明显耗散或大量频移,倍频效应可忽略。整体而言,波浪在观测区保持了所设计工况的基本特征。
在波浪传播到近海后,波浪的非线性效应开始显现。其中,二阶斯托克斯波理论下水体内任意一点($ x,z $)处水质点速度的水平和垂直分量$ {u_{\mathrm{w}}} $$ {w_{\mathrm{w}}} $如下:
$ u_{\mathrm{w}}=\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial x}=a\omega\left[\frac{\cosh k(z+d)}{\sinh kd}\cos\theta+\frac{3}{4}ak\frac{\cosh2k(z+d)}{\sinh^4kd}\cos2\theta\right]\text{ }, $
$ w_{\mathrm{w}}=\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial z}=a\omega\left[\frac{\sinh k(z+d)}{\sinh kd}\sin\theta+\frac{3}{4}ak\frac{\sinh2k(z+d)}{\sinh^4kd}\sin2\theta\right], $
式中,$ d $为水深,单位为m;$ a $为振幅,$ a = H/2 $$ H $为波高,单位为m;$ k $为波数,$ k = 2{\text{π}} /L $$ L $为波长,单位为m;$ \theta $为相位角$ \theta = kx - \omega t $,单位为rad。
图3a展示了在M3波况下,距离静水面0.13 m处的水平方向的测量流速($ {u_{{\mathrm{w}}.\exp}} $),实验的重复性较好。本文将ADV3次实验测量值取平均后与二阶斯托克斯理论下的水质点速度($ {u_{\mathrm{w}}} $)比较(图3b),发现理论值和实验值基本相符。不同之处在于:在波峰处,$ {u_{\mathrm{w}}} $的量级大于$ {u_{{\mathrm{w}}.\exp}} $;在波谷处,$ {u_{\mathrm{w}}} $的量级略小于$ {u_{{\mathrm{w}}.\exp}} $。这是由于在封闭水槽中,波浪在传播过程中会伴随欧拉回流($ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $)的产生,$ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $的方向与波浪传播方向相反,对水质点运动产生影响[2527]
二阶斯托克斯波作用下水质点的运动轨迹不封闭。假设水体内任意一点的初始位置为($ {x_0},{z_0} $),在任意时刻$ t $,水质点的水平位移$ \xi $和垂直位移$ \zeta $分别由式(3)和式(4)给出,二阶斯托克斯波理论下水质点漂移速度见式(5)。斯托克斯漂移理论忽略了欧拉回流的影响,后者在一定程度上抵消斯托克斯漂移。
基于上述情况,本文引用拉格朗日理论下的水质点漂移速度($ {u_{{\mathrm{L}},\; {\mathrm{2nd}}}} $)。$ {u_{{\mathrm{L,\; 2nd}}}} $可近似为二阶斯托克斯漂移($ {u_{{\mathrm{S,\; 2nd}}}} $)与欧拉回流($ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $)的线性叠加,见式(7)。图3c展示了拉格朗日漂移与斯托克斯漂移和欧拉回流之间的关系,水质点在自由表面附近时,斯托克斯漂移大于欧拉回流,水质点的漂移与波浪传播方向一致;在距离静水面一定深度处,存在欧拉回流与斯托克斯漂移相互抵消的现象,此时水质点在波浪作用下不会产生漂移;在底部,欧拉回流逐渐占主导,此时水质点漂移方向与波浪传播方向相反。但值得注意的是,在近底层,除欧拉回流外,还需考虑到边界层对于水质点运动的影响。本文考虑垂向平均欧拉回流[$ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $,式(6)]后,理论结果有所改善(图3b),这也侧面印征了实验水槽内$ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $的存在。
$ \begin{split}\xi =& x - {x_0} = a\left[ {\frac{{ak}}{2}\frac{{\cosh 2k\left( {{z_0} + d} \right)}}{{{{\sinh }^2}kd}}\omega t - \frac{{\cosh k\left( {{z_0} + d} \right)}}{{\sinh kd}}\sin {\theta _0} - } \right.\\&\left. {\frac{{ak}}{{4{{\sinh }^2}kd}}\left[ {1 - \frac{3}{2}\frac{{\cosh 2k\left( {{z_0} + d} \right)}}{{{{\sinh }^2}kd}}} \right]\sin 2{\theta _0}} \right],\end{split}$
$ \zeta=z-z_0=a\left[\frac{\sinh k(z_0+d)}{\sinh kd}\cos\theta_0+\frac{3}{8}ak\frac{\sinh2k(z_0+d)}{\sinh^4kd}\cos2\theta_0\right], $
$ u_{\mathrm{S,\;2nd}}=\frac{a^2k^2}{2}c\frac{\cosh2k(z_0+d)}{\sinh^2kd}, $
$ u_{\mathrm{E}}=\frac{a^2\omega}{2d}\coth(kd), $
$ u_{\mathrm{L,\;2nd}}=u_{\mathrm{S,\;2nd}}+u_{\mathrm{E}}=\frac{a^2k^2}{2}c\frac{\cosh2k(z_0+d)}{\sinh^2kd}-\frac{a^2\omega}{2d}\coth kd, $
式中,$ {\theta _0} $为初始相位角,$ {\theta _0} = k{x_0} - \omega t $,单位是rad。
图4a首先对比了包括PP小球与PLA立方体在相近密度条件下的轨迹与运动速度,并做无量纲处理。图中水平方向坐标分别为自然时间与波浪周期的比值($ t/T $),以及水平方向运动距离与波长的比值($ x/L $),纵坐标为垂直方向运动距离与静水深的比值($ z/d $),色轴代表了相邻两位置(1/30 s)之间漂浮物总运动速度与波速的比值($ u/c $)。在实验室中,波浪传播的速度($ c $)量级在O(100~101 m/s),由此产生的漂浮块体的运动速度在O(10−3~10−1 m/s)。由图可见,PP小球与PLA立方体在轨迹上非常近似,PP小球的轨迹线更加均匀光滑,而PLA立方体在波谷处有略微抖动。
图4b展示了M3工况条件下,PLA立方体运动轨迹在xOz平面上的投影,即水平方向的漂移过程线。本文对该漂移过程的时间趋势进行了线性拟合,所拟合直线斜率即为漂浮块体的平均漂移速度($ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $[28]。对于边长相同、密度不同($ \rho /{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}} < 1 $)的PLA立方体,漂移过程线均近似(图4b),实验所测漂移速度$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $$ \rho $之间未见明显相关性。
图5a进一步对比了二阶非线性波(M3)工况下,实验所测PP小球的水平漂移速度与非线性波理论下水质点的水平漂移速度。图中,有色圆点构建的波浪线代表轨迹,填充颜色代表PP小球(或水质点)的相对速度,根据实测(或理论)轨迹线所拟合的趋势线的斜率代表PP小球(或水质点)的水平漂移速度。PP小球的漂移过程线位于二阶斯托克斯漂移理论、二阶拉格朗日漂移理论下的自由表面水质点漂移过程线之间。经测算,$ {u_{{\mathrm{S,\;2nd}}}} $$ {u_{{\mathrm{L,\;2nd}}}} $$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $分别为0.012、0.00510.0053倍波速。$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $明显小于$ {u_{{\mathrm{S,\;2nd}}}} $$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $$ {u_{{\mathrm{L,\;2nd}}}} $较接近,$ {u_{\mathrm{E}}} $约为0.0069倍波速。该实验复演了Alsina等[22]实验,二者结果一致,也验证了本实验的可靠性。
图5b则展示了在极限波陡(M5)工况下,PLA立方小块($ l $ = 0.04 m,$ \rho $ = 0.2 g/cm3)的漂移轨迹。根据线性趋势,$ u_{{\mathrm{S}},\;\mathrm{2nd}} $$ u_{L,\;\mathrm{2nd}} $$ u\mathrm{_{drift.exp}} $分别为0.07、0.03及0.034倍波速。与PP小球实验结果相较,实验观测的漂浮块体漂移速度与二阶斯托克斯波漂移理论解差异更大。反之,实验结果与二阶拉格朗日漂移理论依然具有较好的一致性。
本文将求得的重复性组次内、有效观测时长(4~10倍波周期)中每个波周期内漂浮物的水平漂移速度作为样本,记为$ {u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}} $,样本平均值记为$ {\bar u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}} $,进行统计分析,并建立$ {u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}} $与波陡(S)之间的相关关系(图6)。为了能够更加清晰地观察到波陡对于漂浮物水平漂移速度的影响,图6汇总了不同波陡条件下各漂浮模具的水平漂移速度总体分布态势,图中纵坐标表示无量纲化后的水平方向漂移速度($ {u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}}/c $)。内嵌示意图展示了不同性状漂浮模具的$ {u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}}/c $,在相同的波况条件下的样本分布特征,其中图标所在位置为有效观测时长内的水平方向平均漂移速度,误差轴的上、下限代表了样本95%和5%的分位数,均无量纲化。由图6a可见,总体而言,$ {u_{{\rm{drift.exp}}}}/c $随着S的增大而单调递增,并呈现非线性递增趋势。Alsina等[22]通过PP材质小颗粒漂浮球体推得其水平漂移速度与波陡的二次方成正比:
$ \frac{{{u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}}}}{c} = {\chi _1}{(S)^2} ,$
式中,$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $为实验观测到的塑料块体水平漂移速度,单位为m/s;$ c $是波速,单位为m/s;$ {\chi _1} $为待定系数,通过最小二乘法确定。图6a中蓝色菱形点表示Alsina等[22]公开的实验有效数据,根据Alsina等[22]物理模型实验可得到相关数据,$ {\chi _1} = 0.796\;4 $
本文的实验研究与前人研究得到的结果较为一致,且对于同一波陡,不同形状大小、密度的塑料块体,其水平漂移量没有明显的差异,因此,本文结合所有工况(M1~M6)下的实验数据,通过各组次在有效观测时段内求得系数$ {\chi _1} $0.7953,其95%置信区间为(0.77,0.82)。本文所求得的经验参数与本文实验值以及前人公开数据均拟合得较好,误差平方和(SSE)量级小于O(10−4),均方根误差(RMSE)量级在O(10−3),相关系数(R2)可达0.973。
图6a中红色虚线表示在二阶斯托克斯波理论下水质点的拉格朗日漂移速度($ {u_{{\mathrm{L,\;2nd}}}} $)[式(6),以波浪振幅$ a $= 0.03 m为例]。无量纲化水质点的拉格朗日漂移速度与波陡的平方也同样成正比,即$ {u_{{\mathrm{L,\;2nd}}}}/c \propto {S^2} $。如图所示,在S < 0.2时,水质点的漂移速度总体上呈现小于塑料漂浮块体漂移速度的规律,而当波陡增大至S > 0.2后,将逐渐超越漂浮块体的漂移速度。
此外,图6a中蓝色阴影部分表达了考虑不同性状的漂浮块体所引起水平漂移速度随波陡变化的不确定性。本文基于式(7),通过同一波陡条件下,不同材质、密度、形状块体周期内平均的漂移速度样本的上、下限散点拟合确定$ {\chi _1} $。蓝色阴影的上限表示$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}}/c = 0.98{S^2} $,蓝色阴影的下限表示$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}}/c = 0.6{S^2} $。如图所示,蓝色隐形部分面积随着波陡增大而增大,其中二阶非线性波况(M3、M4)条件下,不确定性可忽略。而在三阶非线性波况下,实测漂移速度的散度随着$ S $增大而急剧增大。这或许由于$ S $增大后,波面的不对称(图2)和漂浮物轨迹的不规则性给图像识别带来误差[如图4a,M6(d = 0.2 m,H = 0.095 m ,T = 1.5 s)工况下轨迹的波动]。后者的产生主要源于漂浮块体在水槽内受横波、液态晃荡、底部不平整、自身表面不光滑、不均质等影响,产生非平动现象(如翻滚),给轨迹识别带来误差。
图6b进一步放大展示了漂浮物在M3、M5、M6工况下的最佳拟合水平漂移速度分布情况。其中,PP小球的漂移速度明显小于PLA块体。PLA立方块体漂移速度变化幅度较小,经计算,在M3工况下,不同尺寸的PLA立方块体,其$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $介于0.007~0.008 m/s之间。
图7a所示,对于二阶非线性波(M3),塑料漂浮块体的水平漂移速度较恒定,实验读数90%置信区间上、下限不超过0.005倍波速。而在三阶非线性、极限波陡条件下(M5、M6),$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}} $的不确定性范围增大,实验读数90%置信区间上下限近0.015倍波速,是二阶非线性波况下的3倍。
此外,对于同一密度的PLA立方体,随着尺寸增加,漂移速度略增大,而后减小,这可能由于PLA立方体体积增大后,相应的St随之增大(l = 0.04 m,T = 1.5 s,St = 0.127),惯性力作用和黏滞力作用均增强。
根据设计工况,PLA立方体的尺寸与波长之比($ l/L $)介于0.0085与0.046之间,块体尺寸远小于波长。在实验工况下,PP小球的直径仅为0.012 m,比PLA立方体更小。由于实验选用的漂浮物可认为是小型甚至是微小漂浮物,均属于弱惯性漂浮物。在惯性力作用下,仅当漂浮物的尺寸与波长为同一量级,甚至超过波长时,漂移量才会明显受到漂浮物尺寸的影响[29]。因此,本实验中,漂浮物水平方向净输移对于漂浮物尺寸无明显响应。而当漂浮物密度改变时,漂移速度与密度之间也未发现明显相关性(图7b)。上述结论与Alsina等[22]的实验结果类似。
本实验主要探究有限水深波浪作用下漂浮物运动的规律性。因此,理论意义上不存在比尺问题。假若将研究参数与实际情况参比,则按照重力相似原则设计模型,实验比尺为1∶10至1∶20时的比尺影响较小。由此,本次实验参数相当于实际情况下水深为2~6 m,波高为0.5~3 m,周期为2.4~9 s,这与一般天气下近岸区域的水深、波浪的实际情况相当;海漂垃圾尺度为0.1~0.8 m,也与近岸和海滩上观察到的滞留的大型漂浮垃圾体积相仿,比如塑料泡沫箱/球、废弃的浮漂等。需要强调的是,本文讨论的海漂垃圾和微塑料(< 5 mm)不是一个尺度的问题。本次实验结果对研究中大型海漂垃圾在近岸波浪作用下的运动规律具有一定的参照性。
本文中每组实验只考虑单个塑料漂浮物,而在实际海域中,群聚漂浮物时有出现,特别是当台风浪、海啸等极端海况出现时。针对这一现象,可将漂浮群作为一整体考虑,且需要考虑漂浮群的大小和波长之间的关系。当漂浮群的大小与波长相比不可忽略时,不仅需要考虑惯性力的影响,还需要考虑漂浮群对波浪的影响。对于漂浮群的模拟也可以参考海冰模式,在形状方面将其简化为片状物,而不是立方体、柱状或球体。此外,漂浮群中的块体之间会发生相互碰撞,在一定程度上也会影响个体的运动规律。本文从单个漂浮物着手,后续实验将进一步开展波浪作用下群聚漂浮物的运动规律研究。
本研究通过水槽物理模型实验,研究了海洋漂浮垃圾在近岸有限水深波浪作用下的运动规律,重点关注了塑料漂浮物在水平方向上的漂移规律,测算了其漂移速度并与二阶斯托克斯理论下水质点的漂移速度,以及考虑水槽内回流后的拉格朗日理论进行对比。通过多组次实验,本文修正了考虑波陡影响下的弱惯性漂浮物水平漂移速度经验公式,旨在为海漂垃圾治理、海洋环境监测等领域提供理论支撑和预测参照。本文主要结论如下:
(1)小型弱惯性塑料漂浮物的漂移速度与二阶拉格朗日漂移理论吻合较好,由于水槽内欧拉回流的存在,其漂移速度小于二阶斯托克斯理论下水质点的漂移速度;
(2)小型弱惯性塑料漂浮物的漂移速度随着波陡增大而增大,呈$ {u_{{\mathrm{drift.exp}}}}/c = 0.795\;3{S^2} $关系;
(3)本实验中塑料漂浮物的斯托克斯数在0.255以内,小型弱惯性塑料漂浮物的尺寸及密度的变化,对其漂移速度未产生显著影响。
  • 海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室开放课题项目(23-HNHYDZZYHJKFO37)
  • 中国港湾工程有限责任公司项目(2015-ZJKJ-01)
  • 装备预研教育部联合基金项目(8091B022123)
  • 港口航道泥沙工程交通行业重点实验室开放课题(YK223001-3)
  • 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室开放基金(HESS-2403)
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2024年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024009
  • 接收时间:2023-09-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-02
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
基金
海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室开放课题项目(23-HNHYDZZYHJKFO37)
中国港湾工程有限责任公司项目(2015-ZJKJ-01)
装备预研教育部联合基金项目(8091B022123)
港口航道泥沙工程交通行业重点实验室开放课题(YK223001-3)
水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室开放基金(HESS-2403)
作者信息
    1.河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
    2.中国港湾工程有限责任公司,北京 100027
    3.海南省海洋地质调查研究院,海南 海口 570206
    4.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300354
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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