Article(id=1200396944754471072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=1711900800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126533926, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126533926, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126533926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126533926, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396945098404002, articleId=1200396944754471072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study of the near-inertial motions induced by Typhoon “Cempaka” (2021) in the continental shelf of western Guangdong, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Near-inertial motion is a type of motion in the ocean that is ubiquitous and has a frequency close to the local inertial frequency. Tropical cyclones are one of the mainmechanisms that generate near-inertial motion. This study established a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on COAWST (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport) numerical model system, which couples waves and currents, covers the northern shelf of the South China Sea, and was fully verified. The model was used to simulate the near-inertial motion triggered by Typhoon “Cempaka”, the No.7 typhoon of 2021, on the shelf of western Guangdong. The results indicate that there are spatially two peaks of near-inertial kinetic energy, one in the coastal area with the highest typhoon wind speed, and the other at 130 km offshore, with the second energy peak lasting longer. In the coastal area with water depth shallower than 40 m, the near-inertial motion is mainly in a barotropic mode. As the water depth gradually increases offshore, we found that the near-inertial motions exhibit a clear two-layer structure inthe regions with depths ranging from 70−100 m, with opposite directions of near-inertial flow in the surface and bottom layers, and two energy peaks in the vertical direction, showing the characteristics of the first baroclinic mode. Through dynamic modedecomposition, we found that some areas with obvious two-layer structures are composed of the first and secondbaroclinic modes. As the water depth continues to increase, higher modes of near-inertial flow account for an increasing proportion of the total near-inertial kinetic energy. Momentum balance analysis shows that in the coastal area with shallow water depth and high wind speed, the balance of momentum equation in the entire water layer is dominated by the vertical turbulent viscous force and pressure gradient force. In offshore areas with deeper water depths and lower wind speeds, vertical turbulent viscous forces are concentrated in the surface and bottom layers, and the balance of momentum equation in the intermediate water body is mainly dominated by the pressure gradient forces, Coriolis forces, and local acceleration. This indicates that the near-inertialmotion in the coastal area is mainly driven by barotropicwave caused bywind stress, while in the continental shelf area, the near-inertial motion in the uppermixed layer is driven by wind stress, and the near-inertial motion below the mixed layeris driven by barotropic pressure gradient force.

, correspAuthors=Wenping Gong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenyu Huang, Yongsheng Cui, Guang Zhang, Xiaolong Yu, Wenping Gong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200396950433558881, articleId=1200396944754471072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台风“查帕卡”(2021)在粤西陆架上产生的近惯性运动研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近惯性运动是海洋中广泛存在的一种频率接近局地惯性频率的海水运动,热带气旋是产生近惯性运动的主要动力之一。本文基于COAWST(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport)数值模型系统,构建了一个覆盖南海北部陆架的波浪−海流耦合三维水动力模型,并对模型进行了充分验证。利用该模型模拟了2021年第7号台风“查帕卡”在粤西近海陆架上激发的近惯性运动。结果表明,近惯性动能在水平分布上有两个能量高值中心,一个在台风风速最大的近岸区域,另一个在离岸约130 km处,且第二个能量高值中心持续时间更久。在水深40 m以浅的近岸区域,近惯性运动以正压模态为主,表底层流速的相位相同,能量从表层向底层递减。随着水深逐渐增加,在水深70 m到100 m的区域,近惯性运动呈明显的两层结构,表底层近惯性运动的流速方向相反,垂向上出现两个能量高值中心,呈明显的一阶斜压模态特征。通过动力模态分解,发现部分两层结构明显的区域由一阶斜压模态和二阶斜压模态共同主导。随着水深继续增加,更高模态的近惯性运动在总的近惯性动能中占据越来越大的比重。动量平衡分析表明,在水深较浅、风速较大的近岸区域,整个水层内的动量平衡都是由垂向湍流黏性力和压强梯度力主导。而在水深较深、风速较小的离岸区域,垂向湍流黏性力集中在表层和底层,水体内部的动量平衡主要由压强梯度力、科氏力和局地加速度主导。这些结果说明近岸区域主要是风应力驱动的正压波动,而陆架区域,上混合层内的近惯性运动由风应力驱动,混合层以下的近惯性运动则是由正压的压强梯度力驱动的。

, correspAuthors=龚文平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*龚文平(1968—),男,湖北省天门市人,博士,教授,主要从事河口海岸动力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1EOaN/Y0n2konaPPWT0haQ==, magXml=+uvYuzK2LYd67TEEm9KlTw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j3aINOU7OcadarGu3RAy9w==, pdfFileSize=5939246, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+0uApoQnd+a+gBkSQ32GaA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/1hn54fzcXXZgWM1iRySZg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄震宇(1998—),男,重庆市人,主要从事近海动力学研究。E-mail:

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黄震宇(1998—),男,重庆市人,主要从事近海动力学研究。E-mail:

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黄震宇(1998—),男,重庆市人,主要从事近海动力学研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1200396944754471072, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=The time evolution of momentum terms at Station S2-3, figureFileSmall=agP6KVYy0E2ru7RNzlk8eQ==, figureFileBig=ip4c4zBFJDayoRMfKiaziQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860323243741433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396944754471072, language=CN, label=图18, caption=S2-3站位处的动量平衡分析, figureFileSmall=agP6KVYy0E2ru7RNzlk8eQ==, figureFileBig=ip4c4zBFJDayoRMfKiaziQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860323436679420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396944754471072, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The depth of surface, middle, bottom layers of each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位表层/m中层/m底层/m
S1-10.0510.0525.96
S1-20.0817.4044.96
S1-30.1532.2183.21
S1-40.2553.61138.46
S1-50.80173.96449.33
S2-10.036.3216.33
S2-20.0715.5440.13
S2-30.1429.6276.52
S2-40.1838.6899.90
S2-50.59129.50334.49
), ArticleFig(id=1200860323537342718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396944754471072, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各站位水层深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位表层/m中层/m底层/m
S1-10.0510.0525.96
S1-20.0817.4044.96
S1-30.1532.2183.21
S1-40.2553.61138.46
S1-50.80173.96449.33
S2-10.036.3216.33
S2-20.0715.5440.13
S2-30.1429.6276.52
S2-40.1838.6899.90
S2-50.59129.50334.49
), ArticleFig(id=1200860323814166787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396944754471072, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The timescale of the decay of near inertial energy(unit: Inertia Period, IP)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S1-1S1-2S1-3S1-4S1-5S2-1S2-2S2-3S2-4S2-5
上层1.611.191.042.912.371.690.853.972.262.23
下层1.751.201.602.344.581.551.973.055.622.57
), ArticleFig(id=1200860323902247174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396944754471072, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近惯性动能衰减时间尺度(单位:惯性周期,IP)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S1-1S1-2S1-3S1-4S1-5S2-1S2-2S2-3S2-4S2-5
上层1.611.191.042.912.371.690.853.972.262.23
下层1.751.201.602.344.581.551.973.055.622.57
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台风“查帕卡”(2021)在粤西陆架上产生的近惯性运动研究
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黄震宇 1 , 崔永生 2 , 张光 1, 3 , 于小龙 1, 3 , 龚文平 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 47-64
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 47-64
台风“查帕卡”(2021)在粤西陆架上产生的近惯性运动研究
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黄震宇1 , 崔永生2, 张光1, 3, 于小龙1, 3, 龚文平1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
  • 2.广东省海洋发展规划研究中心,广东 广州 510060
  • 3.广东省海洋资源与近海工程重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082
  • 黄震宇(1998—),男,重庆市人,主要从事近海动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*龚文平(1968—),男,湖北省天门市人,博士,教授,主要从事河口海岸动力学研究。E-mail:
Study of the near-inertial motions induced by Typhoon “Cempaka” (2021) in the continental shelf of western Guangdong
Zhenyu Huang1 , Yongsheng Cui2, Guang Zhang1, 3, Xiaolong Yu1, 3, Wenping Gong1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2. Research Center of Guangdong Provincial Marine Development Planning, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • 3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Development and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai 519082, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024043
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近惯性运动是海洋中广泛存在的一种频率接近局地惯性频率的海水运动,热带气旋是产生近惯性运动的主要动力之一。本文基于COAWST(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport)数值模型系统,构建了一个覆盖南海北部陆架的波浪−海流耦合三维水动力模型,并对模型进行了充分验证。利用该模型模拟了2021年第7号台风“查帕卡”在粤西近海陆架上激发的近惯性运动。结果表明,近惯性动能在水平分布上有两个能量高值中心,一个在台风风速最大的近岸区域,另一个在离岸约130 km处,且第二个能量高值中心持续时间更久。在水深40 m以浅的近岸区域,近惯性运动以正压模态为主,表底层流速的相位相同,能量从表层向底层递减。随着水深逐渐增加,在水深70 m到100 m的区域,近惯性运动呈明显的两层结构,表底层近惯性运动的流速方向相反,垂向上出现两个能量高值中心,呈明显的一阶斜压模态特征。通过动力模态分解,发现部分两层结构明显的区域由一阶斜压模态和二阶斜压模态共同主导。随着水深继续增加,更高模态的近惯性运动在总的近惯性动能中占据越来越大的比重。动量平衡分析表明,在水深较浅、风速较大的近岸区域,整个水层内的动量平衡都是由垂向湍流黏性力和压强梯度力主导。而在水深较深、风速较小的离岸区域,垂向湍流黏性力集中在表层和底层,水体内部的动量平衡主要由压强梯度力、科氏力和局地加速度主导。这些结果说明近岸区域主要是风应力驱动的正压波动,而陆架区域,上混合层内的近惯性运动由风应力驱动,混合层以下的近惯性运动则是由正压的压强梯度力驱动的。

近惯性运动  /  台风  /  COAWST模型  /  粤西近海陆架

Near-inertial motion is a type of motion in the ocean that is ubiquitous and has a frequency close to the local inertial frequency. Tropical cyclones are one of the mainmechanisms that generate near-inertial motion. This study established a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on COAWST (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport) numerical model system, which couples waves and currents, covers the northern shelf of the South China Sea, and was fully verified. The model was used to simulate the near-inertial motion triggered by Typhoon “Cempaka”, the No.7 typhoon of 2021, on the shelf of western Guangdong. The results indicate that there are spatially two peaks of near-inertial kinetic energy, one in the coastal area with the highest typhoon wind speed, and the other at 130 km offshore, with the second energy peak lasting longer. In the coastal area with water depth shallower than 40 m, the near-inertial motion is mainly in a barotropic mode. As the water depth gradually increases offshore, we found that the near-inertial motions exhibit a clear two-layer structure inthe regions with depths ranging from 70−100 m, with opposite directions of near-inertial flow in the surface and bottom layers, and two energy peaks in the vertical direction, showing the characteristics of the first baroclinic mode. Through dynamic modedecomposition, we found that some areas with obvious two-layer structures are composed of the first and secondbaroclinic modes. As the water depth continues to increase, higher modes of near-inertial flow account for an increasing proportion of the total near-inertial kinetic energy. Momentum balance analysis shows that in the coastal area with shallow water depth and high wind speed, the balance of momentum equation in the entire water layer is dominated by the vertical turbulent viscous force and pressure gradient force. In offshore areas with deeper water depths and lower wind speeds, vertical turbulent viscous forces are concentrated in the surface and bottom layers, and the balance of momentum equation in the intermediate water body is mainly dominated by the pressure gradient forces, Coriolis forces, and local acceleration. This indicates that the near-inertialmotion in the coastal area is mainly driven by barotropicwave caused bywind stress, while in the continental shelf area, the near-inertial motion in the uppermixed layer is driven by wind stress, and the near-inertial motion below the mixed layeris driven by barotropic pressure gradient force.

near-inertial motion  /  typhoon  /  COAWST modelling system  /  continental shelf of western Guangdong
黄震宇, 崔永生, 张光, 于小龙, 龚文平. 台风“查帕卡”(2021)在粤西陆架上产生的近惯性运动研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 47 -64 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024043
Zhenyu Huang, Yongsheng Cui, Guang Zhang, Xiaolong Yu, Wenping Gong. Study of the near-inertial motions induced by Typhoon “Cempaka” (2021) in the continental shelf of western Guangdong[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 47 -64 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024043
近惯性运动是一种频率接近惯性频率($ f=2\varOmega \;\times \mathrm{sin}\;\phi $,其中$ \varOmega =7.292\times {10}^{-5}\;\mathrm{rad/s} $,是地球的自转角速度,$ \phi $为纬度)的运动,在全球海洋广泛存在。海洋中运动的水体,在不受其他外力强迫,只受科氏力和自身惯性运动影响的情况下,会产生圆周运动,运动1周的频率即为局地惯性频率。受背景流场的影响,这种运动的频率有时会略偏离局地惯性频率,因此被称为近惯性运动。一般将海洋中混合层以内的近惯性运动称为近惯性振荡,而将密度跃层附近的近惯性运动称为近惯性内波,为方便叙述,本文将其统称为近惯性运动。近惯性运动是大气将能量传递到海洋深层的重要过程之一,是重要的海洋混合动力来源,对大洋的温盐环流、生物地球化学循环和气候等都有重要影响[1]。Puig等[2]在地中海的观测发现,底层悬浮泥沙浓度的高值以惯性周期出现,观测同期刚好有风暴经过观测地点,说明风暴引发的近惯性运动对海洋沉积物的输运也有不可忽视的作用。Alford等[1]对开阔海洋中近惯性运动的特征、形成机制及其对能量传输、水体混合等的作用进行了综述。
在近惯性内波所限定的近惯性频率范围内,同时存在着波数矢量方向相同而波数大小不同的波。根据垂向波数与局地水深的关系,可以把这些不同波数大小的波分为不同的模态,低阶模态对应较小的垂向波数,高阶模态对应较大的垂向波数。同时低阶模态的水平波数也较小,对应的水平波长较长,波速较快。所以低阶模态的内波往往传播得更快,能够在破碎前传播到更远的距离,而高阶模态的内波传播较慢,往往倾向于在局地耗散[1]。且高阶模态有着更强的流速垂向剪切,也更容易被耗散。
大部分近惯性运动具有垂向极化和能量下传的特征。垂向极化是指水平流速随着深度增加而旋转,在北半球,流速随深度增加顺时针旋转意味着能量源在表层,能量从表层向底层传播,相位则从底层向表层传播。由于近惯性运动的主要产生机制为海面变化的风场,风场的能量是从表面输入海洋的,所以在北半球近惯性海流的方向大多是随深度增加顺时针旋转的,能量从表层向下传播。
近惯性运动主要的产生机制包括海面快速变化的风场、波−波非线性相互作用(参数亚谐波不稳定,PSI)、地转流与海底地形的相互作用以及海洋中不稳定过程的地转调整过程[1]。其中海面风场是产生近惯性运动的最主要、被观测到最多的机制。混合层内的近惯性运动在水平方向上的辐聚和辐散将产生垂向流速,使混合层底产生惯性周期的起伏,形成近惯性内波并向海洋内部传播。Price[3]通过数值实验对热带气旋产生近惯性运动的现象进行了研究,发现热带气旋轨迹右侧产生的近惯性运动比左侧强得多,这是因为在北半球,热带气旋路径右侧风速矢量沿顺时针方向旋转,与近惯性海流方向一致,产生了共振,而左侧风速矢量旋转方向与近惯性海流相反,抑制了近惯性海流的形成。
近海陆架由于陆地边界的存在、较浅的水深以及不同于开阔大洋的环流背景,往往具有和深水区不一样的特征。在近岸陆架海域,除了风生的海表近惯性振荡及向下传播的近惯性内波外,还有一种机制可以在混合层以下产生近惯性运动,那就是由于侧面固壁边界的存在,为保证质量守恒,混合层内的近惯性运动会在混合层以下产生频率和振幅相同但相位相差180°的补偿流动[4-5]。Mayer等[6]对飓风Belle在纽约湾附近陆架上激发的近惯性运动进行观测,发现较深的站位以较强的一阶模态为主,而较浅的站位以较弱的二阶模态为主。Millot和Crepon[5]在地中海Gulf of Lions的观测表明,上层水体中的近惯性运动由海面风场产生,而下层水体的近惯性运动则由其他海域传播而来。Kundu等[4]推导了沿岸脉冲风在近岸产生的近惯性振荡运动的分析解,表明近岸区域的海流包括风产生的厄克曼流、惯性流、海岸处反射的近惯性波的向外传播、反射波与平均流的相互作用等子成分。De Young和Tang[7]在Grand Bank的观测发现,近惯性运动呈明显的两层结构,上下层流速量级相同,相位相差180°,并用一个两层模型证明,混合层以下的近惯性运动是由于侧边界的存在,水体为保证质量守恒而产生的。Tintore等[8]研究了一个离岸脉冲风作用下近岸层化水体中近惯性运动的动态特征,表明脉冲风作用下初始时在上混合层产生离岸流动,但随后即发生正压调整,形成上下层方向相反的近惯性运动。之后产生离岸传播的近惯性内波,导致近岸水体一阶斜压模态的近惯性运动。MacKinnon和Gregg[9]在New England陆架海的研究发现,表层和底层应力使近惯性运动从一阶斜压模态向二阶斜压模态转变。Shearman[10]在同一海域的研究也认为该处近惯性运动以一阶斜压模态为主,表层近惯性能量的强弱与上混合层的深度呈反比。Chen等[11]采用理想模型详细研究了近岸区域的近惯性运动特征,表明正压与斜压均可以形成上下二层相位相反的近惯性运动。Hu等[12]在黄海的研究显示,气旋在黄海陆架上产生的近惯性运动也主要以上下层流速相反的两层结构为主,主导模态为一阶斜压模态,流速零值出现在层化最强处。
从研究进展来看,近惯性运动的研究大部分集中于开阔大洋,对陆架近岸地区的研究相对较少。已有的研究大多使用单点或少数几个点的剖面观测数据进行研究,使用模型的研究也大多采用模型以复演单点或剖面的观测数据。南海北部的近海陆架较宽,少数几个观测点并不足以覆盖近海陆架。因此,关于近惯性运动的动力特征、水平上分布、形成机理等问题的研究还相对较少。
本研究采用COAWST(Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric,Wave and Sediment Transport)模型系统,模拟了台风“查帕卡”期间粤西的水位、流速、波浪与温盐分布,提取其中的近惯性运动的流速,分析近惯性能量的空间分布,研究不同水深处的近惯性运动特征与模态构成,并通过动量平衡分析以阐明不同水深处近惯性运动的产生与维持的机理。本研究对分析近岸区域台风造成的近惯性运动及其效应具有重要意义。
台风“查帕卡”是2021年登陆中国的首个台风,也是当年登陆珠江口附近的唯一台风级热带气旋。如图1,7月19日8时,其在南海由热带低压发展为热带风暴。7月19日14时,其中心位于广东省阳江市东南方向约150 km的海面上,中心附近最大风力9级(热带风暴级,23 m/s)。7月20日5时,中心位于广东阳江东南方约90 km的近海海面上,强度达到最大,中心附近最大风力有13级(台风级,38 m/s),中心最低气压为965 hPa。7月20日21时50分,“查帕卡”在广东省阳江市江城区沿海登陆,登陆时中心附近最大风力有12级(台风级,33 m/s),中心最低气压为978 hPa。登陆后台风迅速减弱为热带低压,并向西南方向移动。“查帕卡”登陆时产生了强流与大浪,对当地人民的生产生活产生较大的影响。同时,“查帕卡”也产生了较为明显的近惯性运动,陈杏文等[13]根据浮标资料,分析了“查帕卡”产生的近惯性运动,但由于只有一个浮标站的资料,尚无法分析近惯性运动的空间分布及相应的动力机制。
为全面了解与分析台风“查帕卡”期间粤西沿海的近惯性运动特征,我们采用COAWST模型进行了模拟研究。COAWST模型包含了海流模块(Regional Ocean Modeling System,ROMS)、大气模块(Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)、波浪模块(Simulating Waves Nearshore,SWAN)和泥沙模块(Community Sediment Transport Modeling System,CSTM),并使用耦合器MCT(Model-Coupling Toolkit)进行各个模块间的数据交换。关于COAWST模型系统的详细介绍,可参阅文献[14]。
本次研究中我们采用了海流模块(ROMS)与波浪模块(SWAN)及其之间的耦合。模型网格水深数据来自于全球地球高程数据集(GEBCO,https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/)和中华人民共和国海事局编制的海图(图2),在河口内主要为海图的水深数据,而在南海北部陆架上主要使用GEBCO数据。模型水平方向上的网格配置为170 × 482,其中跨陆架方向上为170个网格,而沿岸方向上为482个网格,水平分辨率从河口湾的0.1 km过渡到边界陆架的近20 km。垂向上,网格采用Sigma坐标系(又称S坐标系),分为15层,并同时使用拉伸变换使近表和近底的分辨率更高[15],以更好地分辨出表底边界层,拉伸参数为:Vtransform = 2,Vstretching = 4,$ {\theta }_{s} $=3.0,$ {\theta }_{b} $=3.0,$ {h}_{c} $=0。
对于COAWST模型系统中的ROMS模块,我们使用 Mellor-Yamada 2.5子模块进行垂向湍流的参数化[16],并使用Smagorinsky[17]的方法计算水平黏度系数。开边界的二维流速和水位分别采用Flather[18]和Chapman[19]边界条件。同时,温度和盐度等三维变量的边界条件采用辐射边界[20]。模型所使用的大气驱动(距海表10 m高度的风场、气压、辐射通量、湿度、雨量、气温等)从NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2(CFSv2) 数 据 集(https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds094.0/)获取,时间分辨率为6 h,空间分辨率为0.2° × 0.2°。由于CFSv2的风场数据不能完全刻画台风中心附近的风场特征,我们采用一个台风风场模型(Holland)[21]对台风最大风速半径内的风场进行模拟,然后将该风场数据与CFSv2的风场进行合成,以保证台风中心与外围的风场较为合理。已有的研究表明,把Holland理想台风风场和气压场与CFSv2的风场和气压场进行合成,能有效改善对台风期间风场和气压场的模拟效果[22]。水位和流速开边界条件包括两部分:潮汐和非潮部分。潮汐分量来自全球潮汐同化数据集OTPS,非潮分量来自Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)的三维流速(http://hycom.org/hycom),水平和时间分辨率分别为(1/12)°和3 h。同时,模型的温度和盐度边界也来自于HYCOM。
对于COAWST模型系统中的SWAN,采用与ROMS模型相同的网格。由表面风场、来自ROMS的实时水位和流场驱动。其波浪场边界条件由欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的第五代大气再分析数据集ERA5提供,大气风场边界条件与ROMS模型使用的相同。在ROMS和SWAN模型之间以1 h的间隔进行信息交换。交换的信息包括SWAN到ROMS的有效波高、表面峰值波周期、平均波向和波长、波浪能量耗散和碎波百分比以及ROMS到SWAN的水位和水流。
模型计算的时间范围为2021年6月1日至9月30日共4个月,其间覆盖了台风“查帕卡”和我们的一次走航观测时期。我们对模型进行了全面的验证,表明模型较好地模拟了研究区域的温盐、水位与流速,也较好地模拟了波浪。详细的验证结果可参见文献[23]。
动力模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition)是一种在海洋内波研究中广泛使用的方法[24-25],通过把近惯性运动分解成不同的模态,来研究近惯性运动的垂向结构。水平流速(u,v)可以写成如下形式:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}u\left(z,t\right)=\displaystyle \sum _{m\;=\;0}^{\infty }{u}_{m}\left(z,t\right)= \sum _{m\;=\;0}^{\infty }{U}_{m}\left(t\right)\cdot \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial z},\\ v\left(z,t\right)=\displaystyle \sum _{m\;=\;0}^{\infty }{v}_{m}\left(z,t\right)= \sum _{m\;=\;0}^{\infty }{V}_{m}\left(t\right)\cdot \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial z},\end{array}\right. $
式中$ {u}_{m}、{v}_{m} $为各个模态的流速;m为模态数;$ {U}_{m}、{V}_{m} $为各模态流速的幅值;$ \dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial z} $则为各模态流速的垂向结构,可由如下方程计算:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{c}\dfrac{{\partial }^{2}{{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial {z}^{2}}+\dfrac{N\left(z\right)}{{c}_{m}}{{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\left(z\right)=0,\\{{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\left(0\right)=0,\\{{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\left(-H\right)=0,\end{array}\right. $
式中,$ {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m} $为特征值$ {c}_{m} $的特征矢量;N为浮力频率。特征值$ {c}_{m} $即为各模态的波速。在考虑WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin)近似的情况下,式(2)有如下近似解[26]
$ {c}_{m}\approx \frac{\overline{N}h}{m{\text{π}}}, $
$ {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\approx \frac{{(-1)}^{m}}{m}\sqrt{\frac{\overline{N}}{N}}{\mathrm{sin}}\left[\frac{m{\text π} }{\overline{N}h}{\int }_{0}^{z}N\left(z\right){\mathrm{d}}z\right], $
$ \frac{\partial {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}}{\partial z}\approx \frac{{(-1)}^{m}{\text π} }{h}\sqrt{\frac{\overline{N}}{N}} {\mathrm{cos}}\left[\frac{m{\text π} }{\overline{N}h}{\int }_{0}^{z}N\left(z\right){\mathrm{d}}z\right], $
式中,$ \overline{N} $为深度平均的浮力频率,对于正压模态,有
$ {c}_{0}=\sqrt{gh} ,$
$ {\varphi }_{0}=1+\frac{z}{h} ,$
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial z}=\frac{1}{h} .$
通过式(3)至(8)求得$ \dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial z} $,代入式(1)用最小二乘回归求得$ {U}_{m} $$ {V}_{m} $。动力模态分解的过程中需要用到浮力频率N,采用各个分析站位在台风登陆前后15日(2021年7月17日至8月1日)内的平均密度剖面用于计算浮力频率N和模态分解。
对于模型模拟得到的海流,采用四阶巴特沃斯带通滤波提取近惯性运动。由于台风在南海北部陆架上的路径主要在16°N到22°N之间,这一纬度范围对应的惯性周期为31.9~43.4 h,本文将滤波频段选为0.85f~1.15f$ f $为局地科氏参数),可有效避免掺杂日周期信号。滤波之后的流速作为近惯性运动的流速,进行之后的计算和分析。
近惯性运动的水平动能远大于其垂向动能和势能(REF)[24],可以用近惯性运动的水平动能代表其总能量。
采用如下公式计算近惯性运动的水平动能:
$ E=\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{0}\left({u}^{2}+{v}^{2}\right), $
式中,uv分别为近惯性流速的东分量和北分量;$ {\rho }_{0} $为海水的平均密度,这里取为1025 kg/m3
我们分别计算了7月18−21日、7月21−25日、7月25−31日的表层和底层近惯性动能,分别对应台风登陆前、台风登陆时和台风登陆后5 d的情况,如图3所示。可以看到,近惯性动能在表层强于底层,在近岸区域强于外海区域。这主要是因为该台风在早期生成和经过外海区域时强度较低,仅为热带低压、热带风暴级别,而在近岸区域加强为台风,所以近岸区域的风速更强,产生的近惯性能量也更强。另外,台风路径右侧的近惯性能量要强于台风路径左侧的,这是因为在北半球,台风行进路径的右侧风速矢量呈顺时针旋转,与同样顺时针旋转的近惯性海流共振,产生较强的近惯性海流,而在台风路径左侧,风速矢量为逆时针旋转,与近惯性海流的旋转方向相反,不利于近惯性海流的形成,这与前人的研究一致[3]。在台风后5 d内近惯性动能迅速耗散,其能量只有台风期间的6%左右。
图3b图3e还可以看出,在台风期间存在近惯性能量的两个高值区,一个位于台风路径右侧的近岸区域,另一个位于离岸一定距离处(20.5°~21.5°N,114°~115°E)的海域,同样也在台风行进路径右侧。关于其成因,我们将在后面加以分析。
基于近惯性动能的水平分布情况(图3),我们在台风路径两侧各选了5个站位(共10个站位),对近惯性运动的特征做详细分析。这10个站位的位置见图4。S1-1、S2-1、S2-2这3个站位位于近岸区域的近惯性动能占比高值中心,S2-3、S2-4、S2-5这3个站位则是对应陆架上的近惯性动能占比高值中心,S1-2、S1-3、S1-4、S1-5这4个站位则是在台风路径左侧与S2断面的站位关于台风路径对称的站位,用于对比分析。S1、S2断面的站位从近岸向远海,深度从15 m逐渐增加到400 m。
我们计算了各站位表、中、底3层的海流旋转谱,结果如图5图6所示。各站位不同层对应深度见表1
可见,在所有站位的表、中、底层流速中,均出现有全日潮与半日潮的能量峰值。台风路径的左侧,靠近外海的站位S1-3、S1-4、S1-5出现近惯性运动的能量峰值,且顺时针旋转的成分要大于逆时针旋转的成分,显示出北半球近惯性运动的典型特征,而近岸的站位S1-1和S1-2中,近惯性频段的能量峰值不明显,且顺时针旋转的成分要小于逆时针旋转的成分,表明近岸区域的近惯性运动可能更多地受风的强迫作用(主要是台风路径的左侧)/底摩擦的影响。台风路径的右侧表现出类似的分布,外海区的站位近惯性运动的能量较大,要大于左侧站位的能量;同时近岸区的站位中,顺时针旋转的成分与逆时针旋转的成分能量较为接近,可能为受底摩擦作用的影响较大所致。
图7图8分别展示了S1和S2断面的风速和近惯性流速的时间变化。在台风登陆前后(7月19−21日)风速明显增强,风向快速变化。位于台风路径左侧的S1断面,风速矢量逆时针旋转,而位于台风路径右侧的S2断面风速矢量顺时针旋转。S1-1、S1-2、S2-1和S2-2这4个点离台风登陆点比较近,风速最高可达30 m/s,其他6个点离台风登陆点较远,风速最大在10 m/s左右。在近惯性流速方面,离岸较近的4个点的近惯性流速最大可达40~60 cm/s,而离岸较远的6个点中,S2断面的3个点最大近惯性流速均在20 cm/s左右,而S1断面的3个点中只有S1-3的最大近惯性流速为20 cm/s,S1-4、S1-5的最大近惯性流速只有10 cm/s左右,显示出台风移动路径右侧的近惯性海流强度要强于左侧。
从时间上看,S1-1、S1-2、S2-1、S2-2这4个离岸较近的点在7月20日之前近惯性海流都很弱,在7月20日台风登陆之后近惯性海流开始快速增强,持续到7月25日,之后近惯性能量显著减弱。而离岸较远的6个点在7月20日之前已有较明显的近惯性信号,在7月20−25日之间近惯性海流明显增强,7月25日之后近惯性海流基本消失。这主要是因为台风在7月17−19日期间经过了离岸较远的6个点,但当时台风强度较弱,产生的近惯性海流强度不强,而7月19日之后台风才移动到离岸较近的4个点的位置。S1-3、S2-3站位的近惯性海流能维持更长时间,在7月28日之后趋于消失。
从近惯性海流的垂向结构来看,S1-1、S2-1站位的近惯性海流基本上在整个深度上是一致的,不存在相位差,表层流速高于底层。S1-2、S2-2站位的近惯性海流也基本上为表底层一致,不过S1-2站位在7月26日之后在垂向上出现了两个流速高值中心,且上层和下层开始出现相位差,而S2-2站位则是表层近惯性流速减弱得比底层快,7月23日之后底层的近惯性流速大于表层。S1-3、S2-3站位的近惯性流速表现为明显的两层结构,垂向上有两个流速的高值中心,表底层相位差约为180°。S1-3站位的表底层流速转向深度随时间变化较为复杂,有先上升后下降的过程,在水深30~50 m之间变化,表明密度跃层随时间的变化过程。表层流速最大值的位置在水深10 m以浅,后逐渐下降,7月25日后稳定在水深10~20 m之间。底层流速最大值位置在水深60~70 m,后逐渐上升,7月25日后稳定在水深50 m上下。S2-3站位的表底层流速转向深度在7月19日约为20 m,后逐渐下降,7月23日下降至35 m,后基本稳定在30 m上下。表层流速高值区开始时集中在10 m以浅,后逐渐扩展到水深25 m的位置。底层流速高值区基本稳定在水深40~60 m范围内。同相位点的连线在时间−深度图上从左下向右上倾斜,说明近惯性信号从下往上传递,能量从上往下传递,与前人的研究一致[1]。S1-4、S1-5、S2-4、S2-5站位的情况与S1-3、S2-3站位相似,同样为两层结构。
我们计算了分析站位的水平近惯性动能的时间变化(图9)。近惯性动能表现出来的特征与近惯性流速基本一致。S1-1和S2-1这两个最靠岸的站位离台风登陆点最近,风速最强,产生的近惯性动能也最强,近惯性动能从表层向下递减,能量峰值在表底层几乎同时出现。S1-2站位情况与S1-1站位类似,但7月23日之后出现了表、底两个能量高值中心。S2-2站位则是底层能量强于表层,且持续时间更久。离岸较远的6个站位垂向上基本都是两层结构,存在表底两个能量高值中心,表层能量强于底层。底层能量峰值的出现时间比表层滞后0.5~1个惯性周期。但随着深度增加和时间推移,垂向上出现不止两个能量高值中心,比如S1-4、S2-4站位在7月25日之后。
我们采用了e折时间尺度来表征近惯性动能的衰减速度。e折时间尺度定义为某地近惯性动能衰减至最大值的1/e所用的时间。计算结果如表2所示。上层和下层以浮力频率最大值所在深度区分。总的来看,S1断面离岸较远的两个站位近惯性动能衰减最慢,其次是离岸最近的站位,中间两个站位衰减最快。S2断面的S2-3站位近惯性动能衰减最慢,其次是离岸较远的两个站位,然后是离岸最近的站位,位于中间的S2-2站位衰减最快。这可能是因为离岸较远的站位水深较深,底摩擦和流速剪切都较弱,所以动能衰减较慢。离岸最近的站位虽然水深最浅,流速剪切、摩擦最强,但是因为离台风最大风速处近,所输入的能量多,所以近惯性动能也能维持较长时间。只有位于中间的站位,流速剪切、摩擦比远海的强,而输入的能量又没有近岸的多,所以衰减最快。
综合流速和能量来看,台风“查帕卡”产生的近惯性运动在水深小于30 m的近岸区域主要是正压模态主导,表底层近惯性海流的相位一致;而在水深为70~100 m的陆架区域,一阶斜压模态的特征较为突出,近惯性海流呈现出表底层相位相反的两层结构,垂向上出现表底两个能量高值中心;随着水深继续增加,垂向上开始出现不止两个能量高值中心,从流速分布图上可以看出,流速方向随深度改变了不止一次,说明高阶模态已不可忽略。
采用模态分解的方法,计算近惯性运动不同模态的贡献。用于计算的平均浮力频率如图10所示。对台风期间(7月18−25日)各个模态的动能占总的近惯性动能的比例进行了计算,结果如图11所示。各模态的垂向结构[公式(1)中的$ \dfrac{\partial {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{m}\left(z\right)}{\partial z} $]和特征流速[公式(1)中的$ {U}_{m}\left(t\right) $]见图12图13
图10图12可以看到,在S1-1、S1-2、S2-1、S2-2这4个近岸站位,正压模态在所有深度上都占近惯性动能的绝大部分,这与之前根据流速和能量得出的结论一致,近岸浅水地区的近惯性运动由正压模态主导。在S1-3、S2-3站位,一阶斜压模态的能量在近惯性动能中占主要成分,主导了最大浮力频率深度以上的混合层内和水深50 m以下的近惯性运动,但在混合层底部,最大浮力频率深度下方,水深40~50 m的深度处,二阶斜压模态占主要地位。结合该点的能量分布(图9)来看,该深度的近惯性动能其实比较低,说明二阶斜压模态虽然在该深度占主导地位,但其流速幅值$ {U}_{m} $$ {V}_{m} $并不高,能量较低,所以该点的近惯性动能还是主要由一阶斜压模态主导。
在S1-4、S2-4站位,二阶斜压模态的重要性进一步上升。在S1-4站位,一阶斜压模态主导了水深40 m以上和水深80 m以下的近惯性运动,二阶斜压模态则在水深40~80 m之间占主要地位。S1-4站位的能量和流速分布虽然呈明显的两层结构,但并非完全由一阶斜压模态主导,其上层近惯性运动由一阶斜压模态主导,而下层则由二阶斜压模态主导。在S2-4站位,二阶斜压模态的重要性比S1-4站位处的更高,二阶斜压模态除了在水深30~60 m之间占主导地位,在水深20 m以上、水深80 m以下亦有较大的重要性。一阶斜压模态则在水深20~30 m和水深60~80 m占主导。从能量分布(图9)来看,S2-4站位的近惯性能量主要集中在水深20 m以上和水深40~60 m之间,恰好对应二阶斜压模态主导的深度。而一阶斜压模态主导的深度近惯性能量则较低。说明二阶斜压模态在该点占据主导地位。
在S1-5站位,一阶斜压模态在水深50~100 m和水深300~350 m之间占主导,而二阶斜压模态则在水深50 m以上、水深100~250 m、水深350 m以下占主导。从能量分布来看,S1-5的近惯性能量主要集中在水深100 m以上,尤其是水深50 m左右能量最高,这一部分的能量可以说由一阶和二阶斜压模态共同主导。水深150~250 m还有一个近惯性能量的局部高值中心,由二阶斜压模态主导,但能量强度远低于水体上层的能量高值中心的能量。
在S2-5站位,一阶斜压模态的重要性显著降低,近惯性能量主要由二阶斜压模态和三阶斜压模态主导。二阶斜压模态在水深100~150 m占主导,在水深50 m附近和水深250~300 m也有较高的能量占比。三阶斜压模态则是在水深50~100 m、水深150~250 m占主要地位,在水深50 m以上和300 m以下也有很高的能量占比。从能量分布图来看,S2-5站位的能量主要集中在海洋表层和水深100 m附近,且表层能量远强于100 m水深处的能量。这两处的近惯性运动基本由二阶和三阶斜压模态共同主导,说明两者的能量强度相当。
总体而言,随着水深逐渐增加,近惯性运动从正压模态主导逐渐向一阶、二阶乃至更高阶的模态转变。这一点在各模态的特征流速图(图13)中可以更明显地看出。一般认为,高阶模态的近惯性运动,其流速的垂向剪切会更强,更容易耗散,尤其是在水深较浅的陆架和近岸区域。而低阶模态的内波由于波数较小,波长较长,在相同频率的情况下会有更高的波速,传播得比较快,而高阶模态波速较慢,往往倾向于局地耗散[1]。随着水深加深,高阶模态的剪切耗散会相对减弱,如果剪切耗散导致的高阶模态能量下降慢于能量传播导致的低阶模态能量下降,那么高阶模态也有可能在近惯性运动的能量中占主要成分。我们画出了各站位的流速垂向剪切情况,如图14所示。流速剪切定义为
$ {S}^{2}={\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}\right)}^{2}, $
可见随着水深增加,流速的垂向剪切确实是逐渐减弱的,与上文的判断一致。
通过动量平衡分析的方法,可以定性探讨不同站位近惯性运动演变的动力机制。这里我们以u方向为例,分析台风前后的动量平衡状况。u方向的动量平衡方程为
$\begin{split} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+&\left(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)+w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}-fv=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}-\\&\left[\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({k}_{h}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left({k}_{h}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)\right]-\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({k}_{v}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right),\;\;\end{split} $
式中,从左到右各项依次为:局地加速度项、水平对流项、垂向对流项、科氏力项、压强梯度力项、水平湍流黏性项和垂向湍流黏性项。其中水平湍流黏性项和垂向对流项相对较小,可以忽略。垂向上我们选择了水深为0、0.38H、0.68H和0.98H的4层进行分析,H是水体的总水深。本文对各动量项进行了和第3节相同的带通滤波,提取近惯性频段的动量波动。下面用S1-1、S1-3、S2-1、S2-3站位进行分析。结果见图15图18
在S1-1站位表层,在7月18−20日台风加强并登陆的这一段时间内,风应力(垂向湍流黏性项)显著增强,其他各项的量级也有明显增加,但比风应力略低。动量方程的主导项主要是风应力项(垂向湍流黏性项),其余4项的重要性相当且略低。7月19日前后台风经过S1-1站位,风应力项达到顶峰,之后迅速下降,7月20日后基本消失。随着深度的增加,垂向黏性力逐渐减弱,但正负保持和表层一样,说明整个水体内的垂向黏性力都是表面输入的风应力,海表边界层扩展到了几乎整个水深。压强梯度力项在各个深度基本保持不变,说明压强梯度力主要是水位梯度造成的正压力。随着深度增加,水平对流项显著减弱,深层水体的动量过程在台风过境期间主要是风应力项、加速度项、压强梯度力项和科氏力项主导。
S1-3站位处的情况与S1-1站位处略有不同,表层风应力极大值出现在7月18日,此时动量过程由风应力项与局地加速度项、科氏力项主导,压强梯度力项则较小。这是因为S1-3站位更靠外海,台风经过此处的时间要更早。但此时台风的强度和风速较低,所引起的各动量项的量级比S1-1站位低。但在7月19−21日,压强梯度力项开始显著增加,相应的科氏力项和局地加速度项也开始增加,在动量过程中占主导地位,且这一阶段局地加速度的方向与前一阶段台风过境期间的加速度方向相反。之后动量过程主要就是由压强梯度力、科氏力和局地加速度三者主导,一直持续到7月24日。由于7月18日台风经过此处时风速较低,风应力基本只局限在表层,深层水体中风应力项很低,也未能产生明显的局地加速度和科氏力变化。但7月19−21日之间,深层水体中压强梯度力在趋势和量级上都与表层一致,也产生了和表层相当的科氏力和局地加速度。
S2-1站位的情况和S1-1站位的类似,风应力项和压强梯度力项远强于其他动量项,主导了整个动量过程,且风应力项在表层与S1-1站位的方向相反。压强梯度力在整个水深上基本保持一样的量级和变化趋势,说明是水位梯度引起的正压力。
S2-3站位和S1-3站位类似,台风在7月18日过境S2-3站位,在表层产生较大的风应力、科氏力和局地加速度的局部峰值,随后在7月19−20日压强梯度力有一个局部高值,和科氏力项、局地加速度项一起主导动量过程。压强梯度力仍然是深度上一致的正压力。台风过境之后,压强梯度力的波动持续到7月24日,期间主要是科氏力与之一起主导动量过程。
从S1-3站位和S2-3站位的动量项变化过程中可以确定,对于这两个离岸一定距离的站位,应该存在两个能量输入源。因为在7月18日第一次动量波动产生后,在7月19−20日,产生了在部分深度上远强于,在所有深度上都不弱于第一次的动量波动,如果没有第二次能量输入,仅有第一次输入的能量缓慢震荡,是不会出现这样的现象的。这表明,离岸站位确实受到了台风在近岸加强产生的影响。而第二次动量波动的主导项,在离岸站位的几乎所有深度上,都是压强梯度力项,且这种压强梯度力在整个深度上都是量级接近且方向一致的,说明台风在近岸加强产生的影响是以正压波动的形式传导过来的。
值得注意的是,S1-3站位和S2-3站位的压强梯度力峰值出现时间大约在7月19日夜间到20日凌晨,而S1-1站位和S2-1站位的压强梯度力峰值出现时间大约在7月18日夜间到7月19日凌晨,两者之间存在明显的时间滞后性,有理由推测S1-3站位和S2-3站位的压强梯度力波动是从S1-1和S2-1所处的近岸区域传播过来的。
水平对流项在表层较大,尤其是在近岸区域。这可能是因为近岸区域靠近台风风速最大时所在的位置,表层水平流速和水平流速梯度都比较大。
综合对这4个站位的动量平衡分析,我们推测了这次台风事件引起近惯性运动的过程:台风“查帕卡”首先以较低的风速和强度在7月18日经过了S1-3和S2-3的位置,在这一位置激发了相对较弱的、局限于上混合层内的近惯性运动。在7月19−20日,台风强度显著增强并经过S1-1和S2-1的位置,随后台风在7月20日13:00登陆,之后风力迅速减弱。在这一过程中,风应力在S1-1和S2-1这两个水深较浅的区域几乎扩展到了整个水深,在整个深度内激发了近惯性运动。由于近岸区域海岸侧边界的存在,岸边出现显著的增水和减水,产生了很强的正压水位梯度力,并以反射波的形式从沿岸地区向外海传播。这一正压波传播到S1-3、S2-3的位置时,在混合层以下激发了与混合层以上相位相反的近惯性运动,形成了该地区典型的两层流速结构。所以离岸较远的S1-3、S2-3站位,实际上可能产生了两次近惯性运动,第一次是台风早期经过时在上混合层激发的近惯性运动,第二次是台风在近岸区域加强后产生的反射波传播到该处时,在混合层以下激发的近惯性运动。
值得注意的是,压强梯度力项在研究区域内的动量平衡中占有重要的地位。除了在近岸站位风应力能够作用到大部分水深外,在其他站位风应力和底应力都集中在表层和底层边界层内。而台风在近岸区域激发的正压波动产生的正压压强梯度力在整个水深上基本是均匀分布的,所以在表层和底层边界层以外的水体中,压强梯度力是驱动水体运动的主要动力。
总体而言,本次研究所得出的结果与已有的研究结果[11]相吻合,如除了由台风强迫所产生的近惯性振荡外,在陆架区域还存在由近岸水位梯度产生的反射波离岸传播所带来的影响。与以往结果不同的是,本次研究中近岸站位由于强风、强浪和潮汐等的作用而产生强混合作用,台风期间水体基本为充分混合状态,产生的近惯性运动为正压模态的近惯性振荡,不存在近惯性内波。但在离岸较远的区域则存在水体分层,发育有近惯性内波。
近惯性运动是海洋中一种重要的动力过程,在南海区域已有的研究主要集中在开阔大洋和深水盆地,对陆架和浅水近岸区域的研究还相对较少。本文利用COAWST建立了一个覆盖南海北部陆架的三维波流耦合数值模型,对2021年登陆广东沿海的台风“查帕卡”所激发的近惯性运动进行了研究。主要结论如下:
(1)台风“查帕卡”激发的近惯性运动,在近岸区域主要为正压模态,表底层流速同相;随着水深逐渐加深,在水深70~100 m区域内,近惯性运动呈现明显的两层结构,表底层流速相位相差180°,呈现一阶斜压模态的结构。利用动力模态分解的方法,发现在部分水深较深的区域存在一阶斜压模态和二阶斜压模态共同主导的现象。随着水深继续加深至300~400 m,二阶以上模态的重要性可能超过一阶斜压模态,成为近惯性运动的主要成分。
(2)对近惯性动能的水平分布研究发现,近惯性动能在水平上存在两个能量高值中心,一个在台风风速最强的近岸区域,另一个在离岸一段距离的区域,且第二个能量高值中心持续的时间比第一个更久。通过对能量高值中心进行动量平衡分析,我们推测在离岸一定距离的区域可能产生了两次近惯性运动,第一次是台风以较弱的强度经过该区域时在混合层内部产生的,第二次是台风在沿岸加强后产生的正压波动传播到该区域产生的。两次近惯性运动相互叠加使得该区域的近惯性能量高于周围区域且能持续更长时间。
(3) 动量平衡分析表明,在水深较浅,风速较大的近岸区域,整个深度上都由垂向湍流黏性力和压强梯度力的平衡主导。而在水深较深、风速较小的离岸区域,垂向湍流黏性力集中在表层和底层,水体内部主要由压强梯度力、科氏力和局地加速度的平衡主导。说明近岸区域主要是风应力驱动的正压波动,而陆架区域,上混合层内的近惯性运动由风应力驱动,混合层以下的近惯性运动则是由正压的压强梯度力驱动的。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC42276169)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC42106163)
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2024年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024043
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 修回日期:2024-04-01
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC42276169)
国家自然科学基金项目(NSFC42106163)
作者信息
    1.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
    2.广东省海洋发展规划研究中心,广东 广州 510060
    3.广东省海洋资源与近海工程重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082

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*龚文平(1968—),男,湖北省天门市人,博士,教授,主要从事河口海岸动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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