Article(id=1200396943810752665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=1709654400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-06, acceptedDate=1714406400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-30, onlineDate=1764126533701, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126533701, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126533701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126533701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396944557338782, articleId=1200396943810752665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evolution of sedimentary environment in Setiu Lagoon, northeastern Malaysia, and its response to ENSO, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the climate of the low-latitude tropical region of the Malay Peninsula, particularly with regard to precipitation, remains a topic of debate. This study focuses on the NTT-3 drill core from Setiu Lagoon in Terengganu, northeastern Malay Peninsula. By employing analyses such as grain size, total organic carbon/nitrogen content, C/N ratio, and XRF core scanning, this research investigates the sedimentary environmental changes in the drill core and their response to ENSO. The results reveal two distinct trends in the drill core record, appearing around 1970 (at 84 cm depth). Sediment characteristics such as grain size and geochemical features of both organic and inorganic components suggest the possible occurrence of episodic sedimentation or sedimentary interruptions, with exceptionally slow sedimentation rates observed in the lower part of the core before 1970. Since 1970, the organic components in the lagoon sediment primarily originate from mangroves, accompanied by contributions from freshwater phytoplankton associated with river inputs. Spectral analysis indicates a pronounced ENSO periodic variation in the upper part of the drill core since 1970. The variations in Zr/Rb and Zr/Ti ratios correlate well with the occurrences of strong El Niño and La Niña events. This conclusion not only supports contemporary observations of climate change in the eastern coastal region of the Malay Peninsula but also provides direct geological evidence of ENSO variations in the sedimentary record. This discovery holds significant practical implications for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ENSO on climate change in Asia, regional land-sea interaction processes, and environmental responses.

, correspAuthors=Chao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhouping Zhao, Chao Li, Zhenghua Luo, Wei Nicholas Ng Chia, Lu Dai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200396947510128845, articleId=1200396943810752665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=马来西亚东北部Setiu潟湖1970年以来沉积环境演化及其对ENSO的响应, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

马来半岛位于低纬热带地区,厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)如何影响该区域的气候,尤其是降水仍然存在争议。本文以马来半岛东北部登嘉楼州Setiu潟湖钻孔NTT-3为研究对象,通过分析粒度、总有机碳及总氮含量、C/N比值和XRF岩心扫描等,探讨该钻孔的沉积环境变化及其对ENSO的响应。研究结果显示,钻孔记录中自1970年前后(84 cm处)出现两种不同的变化趋势。1970年之前钻孔下部沉积物粒度、有机和无机地球化学特征趋势波动明显,沉积速率较低。而1970年以来,潟湖沉积环境总体稳定,沉积物中的有机组分主要来自红树林,同时伴有河流输入的淡水浮游植物的贡献。频谱分析结果显示1970年以来钻孔上部存在明显的ENSO周期变化。强厄尔尼诺现象基本对应低Zr/Rb比值和低Zr/Ti比值,而强拉尼娜(La Niña)现象基本对应高Zr/Rb比值和高Zr/Ti比值。该结论不仅支持了现代观测对马来半岛东部沿海地区气候变化的认识,同时也在地质记录中发现了ENSO变化的直接证据,对全面认识和理解ENSO对亚洲气候变化的影响、区域陆海相互作用过程和环境响应等方面具有重要现实意义。

, correspAuthors=李超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李超(1983—),男,山东省莱芜市人,博士,副教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=O5aboEMbu1Z3Z4KSLE708w==, magXml=bfyXL41GkC0dq0+UwutXcA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=i+laIcNXHAEEQajTMw9Zzw==, pdfFileSize=2069127, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fcjUchuG4oD51pQTlzGDWg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YKvWhxNSQPT6t4RUg8EBCw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵周平 (2002—),女,河南省安阳市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

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赵周平 (2002—),女,河南省安阳市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

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The AMS 14C dating results of sediments from NTT-3 core in the northeastern coastal area of Malaysia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/cm测年
材料
14C年龄/
(a BP)
校正年龄/
(cal a BP)(2σ
平均日历年龄/
(A.D.)
93~94植物−30 ± 30−5~−7 (0.85)1956
104~105植物−15 ± 30−5~−7 (0.95)1955
120~121植物−660 ± 30−50~−54 (0.89)2001
124~125植物360 ± 30410~315 (0.47)1588
145~146植物890 ± 30834~732 (0.60)1167
), ArticleFig(id=1200860317476573254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396943810752665, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

马来西亚东北部近岸NTT-3孔沉积物AMS 14C测年结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/cm测年
材料
14C年龄/
(a BP)
校正年龄/
(cal a BP)(2σ
平均日历年龄/
(A.D.)
93~94植物−30 ± 30−5~−7 (0.85)1956
104~105植物−15 ± 30−5~−7 (0.95)1955
120~121植物−660 ± 30−50~−54 (0.89)2001
124~125植物360 ± 30410~315 (0.47)1588
145~146植物890 ± 30834~732 (0.60)1167
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马来西亚东北部Setiu潟湖1970年以来沉积环境演化及其对ENSO的响应
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赵周平 1 , 李超 1, * , 骆正骅 1 , Nicholas Ng Chia Wei 1 , 戴璐 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 79-89
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 79-89
马来西亚东北部Setiu潟湖1970年以来沉积环境演化及其对ENSO的响应
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赵周平1 , 李超1, * , 骆正骅1, Nicholas Ng Chia Wei1, 戴璐1
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学 海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 赵周平 (2002—),女,河南省安阳市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李超(1983—),男,山东省莱芜市人,博士,副教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
Evolution of sedimentary environment in Setiu Lagoon, northeastern Malaysia, and its response to ENSO
Zhouping Zhao1 , Chao Li1, * , Zhenghua Luo1, Wei Nicholas Ng Chia1, Lu Dai1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024045
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马来半岛位于低纬热带地区,厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)如何影响该区域的气候,尤其是降水仍然存在争议。本文以马来半岛东北部登嘉楼州Setiu潟湖钻孔NTT-3为研究对象,通过分析粒度、总有机碳及总氮含量、C/N比值和XRF岩心扫描等,探讨该钻孔的沉积环境变化及其对ENSO的响应。研究结果显示,钻孔记录中自1970年前后(84 cm处)出现两种不同的变化趋势。1970年之前钻孔下部沉积物粒度、有机和无机地球化学特征趋势波动明显,沉积速率较低。而1970年以来,潟湖沉积环境总体稳定,沉积物中的有机组分主要来自红树林,同时伴有河流输入的淡水浮游植物的贡献。频谱分析结果显示1970年以来钻孔上部存在明显的ENSO周期变化。强厄尔尼诺现象基本对应低Zr/Rb比值和低Zr/Ti比值,而强拉尼娜(La Niña)现象基本对应高Zr/Rb比值和高Zr/Ti比值。该结论不仅支持了现代观测对马来半岛东部沿海地区气候变化的认识,同时也在地质记录中发现了ENSO变化的直接证据,对全面认识和理解ENSO对亚洲气候变化的影响、区域陆海相互作用过程和环境响应等方面具有重要现实意义。

Setiu潟湖  /  沉积记录  /  频谱分析  /  ENSO

The impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the climate of the low-latitude tropical region of the Malay Peninsula, particularly with regard to precipitation, remains a topic of debate. This study focuses on the NTT-3 drill core from Setiu Lagoon in Terengganu, northeastern Malay Peninsula. By employing analyses such as grain size, total organic carbon/nitrogen content, C/N ratio, and XRF core scanning, this research investigates the sedimentary environmental changes in the drill core and their response to ENSO. The results reveal two distinct trends in the drill core record, appearing around 1970 (at 84 cm depth). Sediment characteristics such as grain size and geochemical features of both organic and inorganic components suggest the possible occurrence of episodic sedimentation or sedimentary interruptions, with exceptionally slow sedimentation rates observed in the lower part of the core before 1970. Since 1970, the organic components in the lagoon sediment primarily originate from mangroves, accompanied by contributions from freshwater phytoplankton associated with river inputs. Spectral analysis indicates a pronounced ENSO periodic variation in the upper part of the drill core since 1970. The variations in Zr/Rb and Zr/Ti ratios correlate well with the occurrences of strong El Niño and La Niña events. This conclusion not only supports contemporary observations of climate change in the eastern coastal region of the Malay Peninsula but also provides direct geological evidence of ENSO variations in the sedimentary record. This discovery holds significant practical implications for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ENSO on climate change in Asia, regional land-sea interaction processes, and environmental responses.

Setiu Lagoon  /  sedimentary environment  /  spectral analysis  /  El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
赵周平, 李超, 骆正骅, Nicholas Ng Chia Wei, 戴璐. 马来西亚东北部Setiu潟湖1970年以来沉积环境演化及其对ENSO的响应. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024045
Zhouping Zhao, Chao Li, Zhenghua Luo, Wei Nicholas Ng Chia, Lu Dai. Evolution of sedimentary environment in Setiu Lagoon, northeastern Malaysia, and its response to ENSO[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024045
马来半岛位于低纬热带地区,东临南海,在赤道以北,中部多山且发育湖泊和河流。马来半岛地表气候受西南季风(夏季)和东北季风(冬季)控制,属于亚洲−澳大利亚季风系统的一部分,其变化一般认为与厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)、马登朱利安振荡(Madden Julian Oscillation,MJO)和印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)有一定关联[1]。马来半岛气候受东亚季风影响显著,尤其是来自南海的东北季风给马来半岛东部沿海地区带来充沛的降水[2]。除了中央山脉的高地外,马来半岛大部分地区常年温度处于23~32℃之间,年平均降雨超过2000 mm,气象条件稳定[3]。但近些年马来半岛经历了多次长时间高温的现象,一般认为与ENSO的异常有关,如1997−1998年的极强厄尔尼诺事件[45]和2016年的强厄尔尼诺事件[6],而且其气温升高的速率与极端高温出现的频率都远超过全球平均水平[78]。尽管我们对当前马来半岛的气温异常与ENSO之间的关系取得了一定认识,但对于马来半岛降水与ENSO之间的内在联系仍有不同看法。有学者认为马来半岛的降水与ENSO并无显著相关性,但强ENSO事件会导致降水有4~8个月的滞后效应[910],也有学者认为厄尔尼诺事件在6~12个月时间尺度上会显著降低马来半岛东部地区的降水[11]
近海或湖泊中的钻孔沉积物记录了沉积环境和气候演化的重要信息[1213]。本文研究了马来西亚东北部登嘉楼地区近岸潟湖的钻孔沉积记录,通过分析钻孔记录中总有机碳及总氮含量、C/N比值和XRF岩心扫描等数据,揭示近百年来潟湖沉积环境的变化,并探讨沉积环境与ENSO之间的联系。
岩心钻孔NTT-3于2019年8月采自马来半岛东北部登嘉楼州的Setiu潟湖(5.64°N,102.77°E,图1a图1b;钻孔水深1~2 m),由超声振动钻探获得。柱状岩心总长144 cm,以1 cm间隔进行分样。
取0.1~0.3 g湿样于离心管中,向其加入15 mL浓度为10%的H2O2去除样品中的有机质。将离心管充分摇晃均匀,在60℃条件下水浴加热振荡反应6 h,直至没有气泡产生,加入离子水并离心直至上清液呈中性。再向离心管中加入20 mL浓度为10%的HCl去除样品中的碳酸盐组分,重复上述操作步骤直至上清液呈中性。
测试前先向离心管加入10 mL 去离子水以及数滴2%六偏磷酸钠,摇晃均匀并超声振荡10 min,用以分散样品防止固结。样品使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪进行测试分析,测试遮光度通常控制在8%~12%,粒度测试范围为0.04~2000 μm,重复测量的相对误差小于1%。
NTT-3钻孔沉积物年代的确定,采用了210Pb法和14C法2种定年方法。其中210Pb以及137Cs测试在同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室完成。根据210Pb随深度衰变的规律,选取深度为6~7 cm、15~16 cm、25~26 cm、36~37 cm、51~52 cm、71~72 cm、93~94 cm、104~105 cm、110~111 cm和120~121 cm处共10个样品进行210Pb测试。预处理步骤如下:首先称量约10 g湿样,用干净样品袋包装后置入冻干机中,在−60℃真空条件下冻干约72 h。随后用玛瑙研钵研磨冻干后的样品,再用100目孔径筛子筛去有机质碎屑,将样品装入密封盒封存约3个星期以使放射能量平衡,留待测试。使用美国AMETEK公司生产的井式高纯锗低本底多道γ能谱仪(GWL-120-15-LB-AWT)测试样品中的210Pb、226Ra和137Cs的比活度,具体测试方法见参考文献[14]。
14C定年法选取了钻孔中5个不同层位的植物碎屑,由美国迈阿密Beta实验室进行加速器质谱(AMS)14C年龄测试。具体样品层位为93~94 cm、104~105 cm、120~121 cm、124~125 cm和145~146 cm。利用在线程序Calib Rev.8.2.0(http://calib.org/calib/calib.html)中的IntCal20北半球曲线对所得14C年龄原始数据进行校正(0 cal a BP =1950 AD),转化为日历年龄,具体见文献[15],以2σ区间端点的平均值作为最终年龄。
将NTT-3钻孔沉积物按间距1 cm分样,取144个样品开展总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的测试分析。先将样品−50℃冻干,在真空条件下干燥48 h,至样品水分完全冻干。用玛瑙研钵研磨冻干后的样品,直至样品可以完全过200目筛。然后称取约1 g的沉积物样品于50 mL离心管中,加入适量1 mol/L盐酸浸泡一段时间,在60℃条件下水浴,并且每隔2 h对样品进行震荡,使其充分反应,直至离心管底部样品不再出现小气泡,尽量除去样品中的无机碳(主要是碳酸钙)。随后用去离子水离心清洗至中性,在60 ℃烘箱中烘干。称取10~20 mg去除碳酸盐后的样品,用锡舟包裹好后在德国Vario EL Ⅲ元素分析仪上测得碳的质量数;称取10~20 mg原始样品测得总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)的质量数。由二者质量之差(酸洗前后之差)校正计算可得原始样品中有机碳(TOC)的质量数。
NTT-3钻孔沉积物的稳定碳同位素(δ13C)测试在自然资源部第一海洋研究所完成。称取4~10 mg去除碳酸盐的40个样品,用锡箔舟包裹后进行上机测试。分析仪器为Thermo Fisher公司的253 plus稳定同位素质谱仪以及EA-Isolink元素分析仪,δ13C值以PDB(Pee Dee Belemnite)国际标准物质作为参考标准。
NTT-3钻孔沉积物的X射线荧光岩心扫描(XRF)使用荷兰Avaatech公司的 XRF岩心扫描仪(XRFCS)完成,其空间分辨率可达0.1~12 mm。本文选取10 mm分辨率进行扫描,扫描前对岩心剖面进行了平整处理,同时覆盖一层Ultralene薄膜(4 μm)用以进一步降低表面粗糙度,测试电压为10 kV和40 kV,计数时长为10 s。XRF岩心扫描结果代表的是元素的相对强度,为半定量数据,以每秒钟接收的轰击次数为计量标准[以秒计数(counts per second,cps)],其值越高代表元素含量越高。
钻孔沉积物的平均粒径在垂向上明显呈现两种不同的分布特征。以84 cm深度为界,84~0 cm段(简称上部)沉积物粒度非常均一,平均粒径稳定在0.97~1.95 μm之间。而在144~84 cm段(简称下部),平均粒径有2次较大波动,分别位于128 cm和100 cm深度附近。这两处沉积物粒度在整个钻孔中最粗,二者平均粒径达到125~250 μm。
NTT-3钻孔的年代框架由两种方法确定,分别是210Pb和137Cs测年以及AMS 14C测年。其中AMS 14C测年结果见表1,主要采用经校正后的日历年龄,即94 cm、105 cm、121 cm、125 cm、146 cm深度处沉积物的日历年龄分别为1956 a、1955 a、2001 a、1588 a和1167 a。假设采样点沉积环境相对稳定,即每相邻两组测年点的沉积速率是恒定的,根据等间距插值法可以计算得到整个钻孔岩心其他深度的年龄。值得注意的是,120~121 cm处的14C年龄约为(−660 ± 30) a BP,经过校正后的日历年龄为2001年,相较于其上、下2个点位的年龄明显偏新,推测可能存在新碳的混入,故在年代框架建立中未予采用。
钻孔在84~0 cm段沉积物粒度较细且均一(基本都为黏土),为泥质沉积(图1c)。据此推断84~0 cm段沉积环境较为稳定,沉积物堆积速率以及表层沉积物210Pb活度近似恒定,故选择恒定通量恒定沉积模式(Constant Flux Constant Sedimentation,CFCS)对过剩210Pb(210Pbex)的垂向分布进行拟合(图2a)。计算结果得出平均沉积速率为1.7 cm/a,然后采用内插法计算中间各深度的年龄值。假设最顶部沉积时间为采样时的日期,即0 cm深度的210Pb年龄约为2019 a,由此计算整个钻孔沉积物的210Pb年龄,即7 cm、16 cm、26 cm、37 cm、52 cm、72 cm、84 cm、94 cm、105 cm、111 cm、121 cm深度的210Pb年龄分别约为2016 a、2010 a、2004 a、1998 a、1989 a、1977 a、1970 a、1964 a、1958 a、1954 a、1948 a,如图2b所示。
比较钻孔14C年龄和210Pb年龄,我们发现105 cm深度的沉积物210Pb年龄为1958 a,而同样是该深度样品的14C年龄为1955 a。也就是说在105 cm处,两种方法的定年结果极为吻合,故本文将综合以上两种定年方法来确定本钻孔的年代框架。考虑到在近百年时间段内210Pb的年代确定更加准确,故本文在105 cm深度以上参考210Pb年龄框架,而在105 cm深度以下主要参考14C年龄框架来建立整个钻孔的年代(图2b)。
NTT-3钻孔沉积物的TOC含量、TN含量、C/N比值以及δ13C值的垂向变化如图3所示。TOC含量、TN含量变化趋势总体一致,在钻孔上部比较稳定,下部变化波动较大。TOC含量在0.12%~2.79%之间波动,平均为1.61%;TN含量在0.01%~0.19%之间波动,平均为0.13%;C/N比值主要集中在8~16之间,最大值为23,最小值为4.81,平均值为13.53;变异系数为0.12,趋势变化较为稳定。δ13C值在钻孔中均为负值,变化范围为−28.13%~−26.58‰,平均值约为−27.30‰,总体波动不显著。综合以上几个参数随深度的变化规律,钻孔在垂向上可分为两段。
(1)钻孔144~84 cm段,即1970年前,TOC含量、TN含量、C/N比值和δ13C值都有着较为显著的波动起伏,且出现过2次极低值。在该阶段,TOC含量和TN含量的变化趋势一致。C/N比值自下向上呈递减趋势,在128 cm和100 cm处出现了2次低值,波动不显著。
(2)钻孔84~0 cm段,即1970年后,TOC含量、TN含量、C/N比值、δ13C值和平均粒径都没有显著的波动,TOC含量、TN含量、C/N比值都呈自下向上的递减趋势;δ13C值先降低后增高,相对稳定。
与3.3节有机指标变化相似,XRF岩心扫描显示各元素随深度的变化也可以分为两个阶段(图4)。
图3图4可知,Al、Si、Fe、Ti等元素含量及Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti、C/N比值在钻孔84~18 cm段都表现出了一定周期性波动。考虑到该段钻孔沉积速率较快,分辨率可达0.59 a/cm,为了更好地探讨沉积记录对短周期气候事件的响应规律,本文对钻孔上部代表性有机指标和特征元素采用Past 4.03软件的REDFIT功能进行了频谱分析。频谱分析结果(图6)显示,在95%置信区间,Al、Si、Fe、Ti的元素含量及Zr/Ti比值都表现出了2.5~7.1 a显著的周期性特征;Zr/Rb比值和有机地球化学指标TOC含量、TN含量则显示了2.1~9.3 a的周期。上述Al、Si、Fe、Ti的元素含量及Zr/Ti比值等指标的主要周期为2~7 a(95%置信区间),这与ENSO的2~7 a准周期相符合;Zr/Rb比值和TOC含量、TN含量等指标的周期与2~10 a的类ENSO周期接近[2526],暗示了马来半岛东北部Setiu潟湖过去近几十年来的沉积过程可能受到了ENSO的影响。
Niño 3.4 指数是指示ENSO强弱的重要指标,其定义是5°S~5°N, 120°~170°W之间区域的平均表层海水温度相对于1971−2000年平均温度的异常−值[27]。美国海洋大气局(NOAA)以Niño 3.4区海表温度距平(SSTA)的3个月滑动平均值连续5个月大于等于0.5℃(或小于等于−0.5℃)定义为一次厄尔尼诺(或拉尼娜)事件。为了更好地表征ENSO强度特征,量化ENSO与沉积物地球化学数据的关系,本文根据Niño 3.4指数将平均指数大于1℃的时期定义为强厄尔尼诺事件(红色阴影部分),而将Niño3.4指数中平均指数小于−1℃定义为强拉尼娜事件(蓝色阴影部分)。从图7可以看到,1972−1973年、1982−1983−年、1997−1998年、2015−2016年等出现了强厄尔尼−诺现象;1973−1974年、1988−1989年、1999−2000年、2007−2008年等出现了强拉尼娜现象。
沉积记录中特征元素含量或者元素比值的变化,是沉积过程中气候环境变化的反映[13, 28]。例如,Al多富集于黏土矿物中,Si常以石英(SiO2)形式存在,因此Al和Si常用来表征河流输入的陆源物质信号[2931]。Ti元素主要来自陆源碎屑沉积物且趋于在粒度较细的矿物中富集,其变化趋势通常与降雨和陆地径流相关,常常被用于校正陆源物质输入变化[3233]。Zr和Rb都是典型的陆源元素,Zr常与重矿物共生[34],被认为是稳定的不迁移元素,一般富集于粗颗粒物质中。黏土和粉砂更容易吸附Rb,因而Rb常富集于细粒组分中,其通常表现出与伊利石、氧化铝、氧化钾等含量有很好的正相关性[35]。因此Zr/Rb可以反映沉积物中的石英、长石等矿物与黏土矿物的相对比例[36]。潟湖中Zr、Rb元素沉积有两种方式:一是通过地表径流搬运,降水过程中随着大量地表颗粒物质进入湖泊;二是通过风力搬运,当气候较为干旱时,物理风化使得地表碎屑物质被搬运进入湖泊[37]。因此,沉积物中的Zr/Rb比值可指示颗粒搬运时水动力的强弱[38]。与Zr/Rb比值类似,Zr/Ti比值具有同样的效果,也可以用来指示沉积物粒度的变化[39]
通过对比Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值与Niño 3.4指数(指数数据来自美国海洋大气局气候预测中心CPC网站http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices)可以发现(图7),Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值都表现出了与Niño 3.4指数良好的对应关系。结果表明,强厄尔尼诺现象基本对应低Zr/Rb比值和低Zr/Ti比值,如1972−1973年、1982−1983年、1987−1988年、1992−1993年、1997−1998年、2010−2011年等。而强拉尼娜现象基本对应高Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值,如1973−1974年、1988−1989年、1999−2000年、2007−2008年等。在强厄尔尼诺现象发生时期,随着西太平洋气压上升,东太平洋气压下降,沿赤道的信风减弱。信风强度异常减弱造成赤道地区自东向西流动的洋流减弱,西太平洋的海水温度异常降低,东太平洋冷水上翻现象消失,太平洋赤道地区的风向和风速发生变化[4042]。厄尔尼诺的远程影响通常会给东南亚地区如马来西亚、印度尼西亚等国家带来干旱天气,尤其像1982−1983年和1997−1998年的强事件[41]。受此影响,马来半岛地区冬季风带来的降水显著减少,该区域气候相对较干,从而影响河流沉积物搬运和有机质输入,潟湖中表现为较低的Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值。拉尼娜经常产生与厄尔尼诺大致相反的气候影响[41],在强拉尼娜现象发生时期,信风加强,赤道东太平洋的深层海水剧烈上翻导致海水表面温度异常降低。西太平洋暖湿气流上升运动强烈,东北冬季风给马来半岛东海岸带来大量降水。此时,潟湖沉积水动力相对较强,搬运能力较强。在降水冲刷和河流搬运下,大量沉积物在潟湖沉积,因而在沉积记录中显示了较高的Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值。值得注意的是,虽然频谱分析结果显示Zr/Ti、Zr/Rb比值的波动变化与ENSO周期确实存在一定联系,但是仍然有个别样品Zr/Ti、Zr/Rb比值的变化并非与ENSO异常年份一一对应。其原因可能是钻孔沉积速率并非恒定,因此具体到某一个特定年份时,其定年结果可能存在一些误差,即在识别特定年份事件可能会提前或者滞后一些,从而导致Zr/Ti、Zr/Rb比值与ENSO事件年份对应上的些微偏差。
由此可知,在周期性ENSO影响下,马来半岛东部降水的波动可引起地表径流冲刷的改变并导致进入潟湖的沉积物组成发生变化,最终在Setiu潟湖的钻孔沉积物中产生周期性的元素波动记录。此外,有机质含量也显示了一些较明显的波动趋势(图3),这可能源于沉积物粒度和有机指标对水动力分选(沉积物搬运迁移)的差异化响应。对于沉积物中的有机质组分,其赋存形式并不简单依赖于粒度的变化,沉积物矿物成分的变化、氧化还原环境等因素都可以引起有机质的改变[43]。经频谱分析发现了有机质的周期性变化规律(图6),并且与ENSO事件相关联,可能是降水增加导致周边红树林植被更加繁盛,从而产生了更多的有机碎屑。该发现表明,ENSO事件不仅对西太平洋地区的气候产生了重要的影响[4445],对东南亚的赤道太平洋地区也有显著作用。该结论不仅支持了现代尺度马来半岛东部地区气候变化的认识[4648],同时也在地质记录中发现了ENSO变化的直接证据,对全面认识和理解ENSO对亚洲气候变化的影响、区域陆海相互作用过程和环境响应等方面具有重要现实意义。
马来半岛东北部登嘉楼州Setiu潟湖NTT-3钻孔记录中各参数在1970年(深度84 cm)前后出现两种不同的变化趋势。1970年之前沉积物粒度、有机和无机地球化学特征均显示可能存在事件性沉积或沉积间断,沉积速率非常慢。而1970年以来,潟湖沉积物中的有机组分主要来自周边红树林,同时伴有部分河流输入的淡水浮游植物的贡献。1970年以来,钻孔中Al、Ti、Fe、Si、Zr、Rb等元素的垂向变化和频谱分析结果显示,钻孔存在明显的ENSO周期变化。强拉尼娜现象总是对应高Zr/Rb、Zr/Ti比值,而强厄尔尼诺现象总是对应低Zr/Rb、低Zr/Ti比值。ENSO引起的降水变化改变了地表径流冲刷,导致进入潟湖的沉积物粒度发生变化,从而在潟湖沉积记录中产生周期性的元素波动记录。本结论进一步证实了ENSO对东南亚地区干湿的影响,从而有助于了解ENSO在亚洲的影响范围及程度。
致谢:本文得到同济大学吴伊婧、南京师范大学胡竹君、自然资源部第一海洋研究所白亚之在各项试验工作中的指导。感谢同济大学陈俊飞在样品测试过程中的协助,感谢中国海洋大学胡利民教授参与数据讨论。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800504)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42273057)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42076063)
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目(21590712700)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024045
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
  • 修回日期:2024-03-06
  • 录用日期:2024-04-30
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0800504)
国家自然科学基金项目(42273057)
国家自然科学基金项目(42076063)
上海市自然科学基金项目(21590712700)
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    1.同济大学 海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092

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*李超(1983—),男,山东省莱芜市人,博士,副教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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