Article(id=1200396943403897488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1709740800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126533604, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126533604, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126533603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126533603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396944121123491, articleId=1200396943403897488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Magnetic recordings of millennium-scale climate events in the northern Japan Sea since the early MIS 3, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Japan Sea is the largest marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. For a long time, it has been widely believed that the sediments are deposited in strongly reducing environment, which results in extremely weak magnetic signals and then restricts the application of frequently-used magnetic method in this region. To investigate deeply the availability of magnetic indicators in paleoenvironmental and paleoceanographic studiesin the Japan Sea, we conducted systematic rock magnetic analyses, high-resolution accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C dating, and grain-size analysis on a 626-cm-long sediment core (LV87-2-3, water depth 740 m) recovered from the northern Japan Sea that has been studied in relatively low level. The results indicate that the studied core corresponds to a sedimentary record since approximately 48.3 ka BP. The majority of primary ferrimagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite, in the sediments below 55 cm, had been reduced into pyrite, which caused weakly magnetic intensity. This is associated closely with the intensified stratification of water body and the increase in surface productivity during interstadials in the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles. Nevertheless, there are still four strong magneticlayers characterized by elevated percentages of high-coercivity minerals (i.e., hematite and goethite), which are termed as ‘hard-magnetic abnormal’ layers and correspond well with the Heinrich Events. This indicatesrelatively weak reducing conditions that were resulted from the enhanced East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and injection of high salinity Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). These changes, however, are not reflected by the grain-size of sediment. Our study therefore not only indicates that the role of magnetic parameters in the paleoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the Japan Sea during the last glacial, but also provides new perspectives and ideasfor relevant investigations in the future.

, correspAuthors=Jianxing Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qingchao Zou, Xuefa Shi, Shulan Ge, Yonghua Wu, Jianjun Zou, Xiangfeng He, Gorbarenko Sergey A., Jianxing Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200396945949840089, articleId=1200396943403897488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=氧同位素3早期以来千年尺度气候事件在日本海北部的磁学记录, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

日本海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海,长期以来普遍认为其沉积物处于强烈的还原环境中而导致相应的磁学信号非常微弱,以致常用的磁学方法在该区的应用一直受限。为深入探讨磁学指标在日本海古环境与古海洋学研究中是否有效,本文对位于研究程度相对薄弱的北部一根626 cm长的柱状沉积物岩心(LV87-2-3孔,水深740 m)开展了系统的岩石磁学测试分析以及高分辨率的AMS14C测年和粒度分析。结果显示岩心系约48.3 ka BP以来的沉积记录,其55 cm以下层位的原生亚铁磁性矿物(主要为磁铁矿)已被大量还原而生成黄铁矿,导致磁性极弱。这与Dansgaard-Oeschger(D-O)旋回间冰阶水体分层加强和表层生产力提高等因素密切相关。然而,在此背景下仍存在4个以高矫顽力矿物(如赤铁矿和针铁矿)占比较高为明显特征的强磁性层位,即“硬磁异常”层;其很好地对应了海因里希(Heinrich)事件,指示了东亚冬季风(EAWM)增强和高盐度对马暖流(TWC)注入而导致的相对减弱的还原环境。上述变化在沉积物粒度上却未见清晰体现。因此,该研究不仅表明磁学参数对于指示末次冰期日本海古海洋与古环境演化的作用不容忽视,同时也为后续相关工作提供了新视角和新思路。

, correspAuthors=刘建兴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘建兴(1987—),男,山东省临沭县人,博士,研究员,主要从事古地磁与环境磁学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=API6ftdC720rZcWLVwkaTg==, magXml=pADxUp59PNjl9aCNjalkPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7Xor5V0oKXzQZ3HmIOr+VA==, pdfFileSize=5222993, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2S3SCcX545d08w4RZKVRsQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mbh/k2leWDhv+JRDAtacUA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

邹庆超(1999—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海洋地质方面研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=邹庆超, 石学法, 葛淑兰, 吴永华, 邹建军, 贺湘锋, Gorbarenko Sergey A., 刘建兴)}, authors=[Author(id=1200860313563296324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396943403897488, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17852158833@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200860313701708365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396943403897488, authorId=1200860313563296324, language=EN, stringName=Qingchao Zou, firstName=Qingchao, middleName=null, lastName=Zou, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200860313777205843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396943403897488, authorId=1200860313563296324, language=CN, stringName=邹庆超, firstName=庆超, middleName=null, lastName=邹, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061, bio={"content":"

邹庆超(1999—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海洋地质方面研究。E-mail:

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邹庆超(1999—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海洋地质方面研究。E-mail:

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The results of AMS14C dating from the sediment Core LV87-2-3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号深度/cm测年材料种属测量值/a BPδ13C/‰传统年龄/(a BP)日历年龄/(cal a BP)
置信区间/1σ截距值
6722597~13浮游有孔虫Pachyderma; Bulloides470 ± 30−0.3870 ± 30334~475405
610375201~202浮游有孔虫Pachyderma; Bulloides9760 ± 30−0.510160 ± 30111191127111203
610376261~262浮游有孔虫Pachyderma15510 ± 50−0.315910 ± 50183421860818472
610377301~302浮游有孔虫Pachyderma17230 ± 60+0.117640 ± 60203572062420494
610378351~352浮游有孔虫Pachyderma20490 ± 70+0.120900 ± 70240432436624209
610379461~462浮游有孔虫Pachyderma27580 ± 120+0.027990 ± 120311173140031272
664989541~542浮游有孔虫Pachyderma34990 ± 310−0.435370 ± 310393163989639624
664990621~622浮游有孔虫Pachyderma−0.7> 43500
), ArticleFig(id=1200860321461170986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396943403897488, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LV87-2-3孔岩心的AMS14C测年结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号深度/cm测年材料种属测量值/a BPδ13C/‰传统年龄/(a BP)日历年龄/(cal a BP)
置信区间/1σ截距值
6722597~13浮游有孔虫Pachyderma; Bulloides470 ± 30−0.3870 ± 30334~475405
610375201~202浮游有孔虫Pachyderma; Bulloides9760 ± 30−0.510160 ± 30111191127111203
610376261~262浮游有孔虫Pachyderma15510 ± 50−0.315910 ± 50183421860818472
610377301~302浮游有孔虫Pachyderma17230 ± 60+0.117640 ± 60203572062420494
610378351~352浮游有孔虫Pachyderma20490 ± 70+0.120900 ± 70240432436624209
610379461~462浮游有孔虫Pachyderma27580 ± 120+0.027990 ± 120311173140031272
664989541~542浮游有孔虫Pachyderma34990 ± 310−0.435370 ± 310393163989639624
664990621~622浮游有孔虫Pachyderma−0.7> 43500
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氧同位素3早期以来千年尺度气候事件在日本海北部的磁学记录
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邹庆超 1 , 石学法 1, 2 , 葛淑兰 1, 2 , 吴永华 1, 2 , 邹建军 1, 2 , 贺湘锋 3 , Gorbarenko Sergey A. 4 , 刘建兴 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 106-121
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 106-121
氧同位素3早期以来千年尺度气候事件在日本海北部的磁学记录
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邹庆超1 , 石学法1, 2, 葛淑兰1, 2, 吴永华1, 2, 邹建军1, 2, 贺湘锋3, Gorbarenko Sergey A.4, 刘建兴1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.青岛海洋科技中心 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 4.俄罗斯科学院远东分院 太平洋研究所,俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克 690041
  • 邹庆超(1999—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海洋地质方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘建兴(1987—),男,山东省临沭县人,博士,研究员,主要从事古地磁与环境磁学研究。E-mail:
Magnetic recordings of millennium-scale climate events in the northern Japan Sea since the early MIS 3
Qingchao Zou1 , Xuefa Shi1, 2, Shulan Ge1, 2, Yonghua Wu1, 2, Jianjun Zou1, 2, Xiangfeng He3, Gorbarenko Sergey A.4, Jianxing Liu1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. School of Geography and Marine Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4. Institute of Pacific Ocean Research, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024029
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日本海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海,长期以来普遍认为其沉积物处于强烈的还原环境中而导致相应的磁学信号非常微弱,以致常用的磁学方法在该区的应用一直受限。为深入探讨磁学指标在日本海古环境与古海洋学研究中是否有效,本文对位于研究程度相对薄弱的北部一根626 cm长的柱状沉积物岩心(LV87-2-3孔,水深740 m)开展了系统的岩石磁学测试分析以及高分辨率的AMS14C测年和粒度分析。结果显示岩心系约48.3 ka BP以来的沉积记录,其55 cm以下层位的原生亚铁磁性矿物(主要为磁铁矿)已被大量还原而生成黄铁矿,导致磁性极弱。这与Dansgaard-Oeschger(D-O)旋回间冰阶水体分层加强和表层生产力提高等因素密切相关。然而,在此背景下仍存在4个以高矫顽力矿物(如赤铁矿和针铁矿)占比较高为明显特征的强磁性层位,即“硬磁异常”层;其很好地对应了海因里希(Heinrich)事件,指示了东亚冬季风(EAWM)增强和高盐度对马暖流(TWC)注入而导致的相对减弱的还原环境。上述变化在沉积物粒度上却未见清晰体现。因此,该研究不仅表明磁学参数对于指示末次冰期日本海古海洋与古环境演化的作用不容忽视,同时也为后续相关工作提供了新视角和新思路。

日本海沉积物  /  磁性矿物  /  岩石磁学  /  古环境  /  Heinrich事件

The Japan Sea is the largest marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. For a long time, it has been widely believed that the sediments are deposited in strongly reducing environment, which results in extremely weak magnetic signals and then restricts the application of frequently-used magnetic method in this region. To investigate deeply the availability of magnetic indicators in paleoenvironmental and paleoceanographic studiesin the Japan Sea, we conducted systematic rock magnetic analyses, high-resolution accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C dating, and grain-size analysis on a 626-cm-long sediment core (LV87-2-3, water depth 740 m) recovered from the northern Japan Sea that has been studied in relatively low level. The results indicate that the studied core corresponds to a sedimentary record since approximately 48.3 ka BP. The majority of primary ferrimagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite, in the sediments below 55 cm, had been reduced into pyrite, which caused weakly magnetic intensity. This is associated closely with the intensified stratification of water body and the increase in surface productivity during interstadials in the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles. Nevertheless, there are still four strong magneticlayers characterized by elevated percentages of high-coercivity minerals (i.e., hematite and goethite), which are termed as ‘hard-magnetic abnormal’ layers and correspond well with the Heinrich Events. This indicatesrelatively weak reducing conditions that were resulted from the enhanced East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and injection of high salinity Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). These changes, however, are not reflected by the grain-size of sediment. Our study therefore not only indicates that the role of magnetic parameters in the paleoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the Japan Sea during the last glacial, but also provides new perspectives and ideasfor relevant investigations in the future.

sediments of the Japan Sea  /  magnetic minerals  /  rock magnetism  /  paleoenvironment  /  the Heinrich Events
邹庆超, 石学法, 葛淑兰, 吴永华, 邹建军, 贺湘锋, Gorbarenko Sergey A., 刘建兴. 氧同位素3早期以来千年尺度气候事件在日本海北部的磁学记录. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 106 -121 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024029
Qingchao Zou, Xuefa Shi, Shulan Ge, Yonghua Wu, Jianjun Zou, Xiangfeng He, Gorbarenko Sergey A., Jianxing Liu. Magnetic recordings of millennium-scale climate events in the northern Japan Sea since the early MIS 3[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 106 -121 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024029
作为西北太平洋一个典型的边缘海,日本海是探索东亚季风形成与演变、全球海平面变化与冰川和高原隆升等耦合关系的重要窗口[13]。一方面,日本海沉积物通常以厘米−分米级富有机质暗色层和生物扰动强烈的浅色层周期性交替出现,是研究轨道−千年尺度气候事件和西太平洋洋流活动的理想材料[45];另一方面,日本海位于西风环流和东亚季风(East Asian Monsoon, EAM)的下风区,其沉积物中的风尘组分对于亚洲内陆干湿环境演化和北半球大气环流状况以及西风急流轴的空间摆动都具有重要的指示意义[69]。另外,日本海西北部还发育有千年尺度变化的海冰,其对海盆深层水的形成和演化以及中高纬度沉积物的运移和气候模式等亦具有显著的调控作用[1011]
日本海的古环境与古海洋研究最早可追溯至20世纪60年代,特别是在近30年以来取得了显著成果,例如:在轨道−千年尺度上,研究人员通过构建日本海沿岸海冰的扩张模型,发现对马暖流(Tsushima Warm Current, TWC)导致日本海南部海表温度和东亚夏季风(East Asian Summer Monsoon, EASM)的相关性并不明显,而60°N太阳辐射量是控制东亚冬季风(East Asian Winter Monsoon, EAWM)强度的关键因素,且千年尺度的气候事件仍可与东亚季风强度耦合[1215];另外,还有研究发现日本海的底流活动自8 ka BP增强,对马暖流和利曼寒流的强度接近现代水平,表现为东部和南部海表盐度和氧含量的显著增加[1618]。然而,以上研究主要集中于日本海中部和南部,北部地区的相关研究程度明显滞后,严重限制了对日本海古海洋与古环境演化历史的整体认识和理解。
从研究手段来看,已有研究主要基于矿物学和地球化学等指标[19],鲜见磁学相关的报道。作为应用岩石磁学参数来重塑环境演化历史的一个分支学科,环境磁学方法具有样品用量少、灵敏度高、简单快速、无损性等显著优势[20],在古环境与古气候相关研究中发挥了重要作用[2123]。相比而言,在这方面对日本海的研究却十分薄弱,主要原因在于其沉积物长期处于硫化还原环境,其中大部分原生亚铁磁性组分已被改造成顺磁性的黄铁矿,导致磁学信号非常微弱,传统仪器很难对其进行有效测量[19]。然而,近年来随着磁学测试技术和相应仪器精度的不断提高,越来越多的弱磁性样品的信号被准确检测[2426]。此外,近期越来越多的研究发现在高沉积速率的海洋(如陆架−边缘海)环境中次生铁硫化物通常在沉积后很快的时间内形成[2728],可近似视为同沉积的产物,具有很好的环境指示意义[2931]。这都为在日本海开展系统的环境磁学研究奠定了重要的理论和方法基础。
综上所述,自20世纪90年代,日本海古海洋与古环境研究在取得重要进展的同时,也存在明显的不足之处:其一体现在区域研究的不平衡性,即大部分研究集中于中−南部,北部的研究程度明显薄弱;其二则是研究手段比较单一,多数研究基于地球化学和矿物学指标,而相对简易的磁学方法并未得到有效应用。鉴于此,本文以取自日本海北部的一个沉积物岩心为研究对象,在准确建立其年代框架的基础上,对其开展高分辨率的岩石磁学测试分析,并结合部分沉积学指标,深入探索环境磁学参数对该区古海洋与古环境条件变化的响应及可能的机制。本项研究有望进一步提升对日本海末次冰期沉积环境演化的系统认识并为后续相关研究提供新视角和新思路。
日本海位于32°42'~52°14'N,127°20'~142°15'E之间,面积约为106 km2,平均水深约为1 350 m,最大水深约为3 740 m,系西北太平洋最大的边缘海[5, 3233];其东部边界北起库页岛,日本列岛的北海道、本州和九州,西部边界为欧亚大陆的俄罗斯远东地区,南部则以朝鲜半岛为界;此外,日本海大陆架较狭窄,海底主要是深水海盆,自北向南分别是日本海盆、大和海盆以及对马海盆(又称郁陵海盆)(图1[32]。日本海北部通过鞑靼海峡(水深15 m)以及宗谷海峡(水深55 m)与鄂霍次克海联通,通过津轻海峡(水深130 m)以及对马海峡(水深130 m)与西太平洋联通[3, 32],其海峡基底深度与末次盛冰期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)海平面最大下降值相对应[2]。这种地理格局使日本海受到对马暖流、利曼寒流以及亲潮的共同影响。对马暖流是黑潮的一个分支,为日本海带来丰富的热量和营养物质[16],进入日本海后又分为3支,其中两支沿着日本列岛的西缘向北流动,一支沿着朝鲜半岛向西北流动,在西风的作用下在38°N发生东偏[34]。利曼寒流发源于鄂霍次克海,通过鞑靼海峡注入日本海并与对马暖流在40°N相遇形成极锋带[3536]。由于津轻海峡低盐度的地表水与开阔太平洋水体的巨大差异,亲潮会在斜压作用下沿着津轻海峡涌入,直沉海底形成深层水[3, 37]
日本海处于西风环流和东亚冬季风的下风区,加之又没有大型河流注入,沉积物中风尘物质的贡献显著[8, 38];其沉积物中常见的深−浅色纹层交替现象具有明显的千年尺度震荡特征,被认为与格陵兰冰盖第二计划(Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two,GISP2)所记录的北大西洋丹斯伽阿德−厄施格尔(Dansgaard-Oeschger, D-O)旋回有关,且越往北该特征越明显[4, 3940]。D-O旋回和亚洲季风千年尺度的变化密切相关,这种遥相关是西风急流传递北大西洋经向翻转流(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Current, AMOC)变化信号到北太平洋的重要体现[41]。西风急流的千年尺度震荡与东亚季风的强弱和空间格局联系密切[12],可导致不同时期物源的变化[42];同时,风尘沉降方式的不同也可导致日本海沉积物粒径发生较大的改变[4344]。EAWM源于西伯利亚和阿留申的气压差,可在日本海西北部俄罗斯沿岸上空形成寒冷气团,致使地表水冷却形成深水团,即日本海底层水(Japan Sea Proper Water, JSPW),并携带表层富氧水体下沉,加强垂直通风[3, 45]。此外,EASM带来的丰沛降水,不仅调节了日本海上层水体的盐度,还会通过TWC搬运东亚周边河流物质和营养盐至日本海,进而改变水体的物化性质[45]
本文研究材料为LV87-2-3孔柱状沉积物岩心,钻孔地理坐标(46°8.4'N,140°44.4'E),位于日本海北部宗谷海峡以西对马暖流和利曼寒流共同影响区域,水深740 m(图1)。该孔系自然资源部第一海洋研究所与俄罗斯科学院远东分院太平洋海洋研究所在2019年实施中−俄日本海联合调查航次期间,利用“拉夫维杰耶夫院士”号科学考察船采用重力取样方式钻取。钻孔进尺深度为650 cm,获得岩心总长亦为650 cm,即采取率为100%,然而由于岩心底部24 cm受刀口影响扰动明显,不宜采集古地磁方盒样品,故本文只对上部626 cm进行样品采集研究,因此后文中的LV87-2-3孔均代指岩心上部0~626 cm层位。将岩心沿中轴线剖开,首先进行拍照和描述:沉积物主要由灰色−灰绿色黏土质粉砂组成,偶见粉砂质黏土薄层,肉眼未发现岩性明显突变现象;岩心60 cm以浅层位呈现界限模糊且伴有条带状杂色的浅色层,而60 cm以深层位则以稳定沉降且层次分明的厘米级明暗交替平行层理为特征(图2a);其后,分别利用X射线荧光扫描仪(XRF)和分光测色计对半管岩心进行元素扫描和反射光谱测定。岩心和后续分样过程获得的样品均长期保存于4℃环境中。
以4 cm为间距共选取156个层位的样品进行粒度分析。首先,取适量沉积物放入离心管,加入20 mL 15%的双氧水浸泡12 h后,再80℃水浴4 h,直至上层液体清澈,即有机质被彻底去除;之后加入5 mL 10%的稀盐酸静置12 h充分去除碳酸盐,并用去离子水清洗3次;最后,加入15 mL 2 mol/L的碳酸钠溶液去除硅藻,同样用去离子水清洗3次。上述预处理工作完成后,将样品超声振荡分散,在Mastersizer 3000型激光粒度仪上进行测试。仪器测量范围为0.01~3 500 μm,粒级分辨率为 0.01Ф。该项工作在自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室完成。
为建立岩心的年龄框架,参考分样前岩心的元素扫描结果,从8个Ca含量明显较高的层位选取适量沉积物进行浮游有孔虫壳体挑选。其后,将获得的有孔虫壳体(质量均在8 mg以上)邮寄至美国Beta实验室,在加速器质谱仪(Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, AMS)上测量相应的14C年龄。运用Calib 8.20软件将测得的AMS14C年龄数据转换为日历年龄。年龄转换时采用目前最新的MARINE20曲线[46],并将本海域对全球海洋碳储库偏离量(ΔR)设为ΔR = (−84 ± 30) a[47]
利用2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm尺寸的无磁性塑料盒沿岩心进行连续采样,共获得313个定向样品并称重。在崂山实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,利用捷克AGICO公司生产的MFK2-FA旋转型多频卡帕桥磁化率仪测量样品的低频(976 Hz,灵敏度为2 × 10−8 SI)体积磁化率(κ),并进行质量归一化得到质量磁化率(χ)。随后,在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋检测中心古地磁实验室,利用超导磁力仪(2G-755-4K型)在80 mT交变场并叠加0.05 mT直流场获得非磁滞剩磁(Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization, ARM)。最后,利用2G-660型脉冲磁力仪上对样品依次施加1 T正向场、0.1 T和0.3 T反向场,并在超导磁力仪上测量相应的等温剩磁(Isothermal Remanent Magnetization, IRM),分别记为SIRM(Saturation IRM)、IRM−0.1 T和IRM−0.3 TS比值根据公式S−0.1 T/−0.3 T =(1−IRM−0.1 T/−0.3 T)/2[48]计算求得;高矫顽力磁性组分的含量以HIRM(即Hard/High-coercivity IRM)表示,本文报道的HIRM−0.1 T/−0.3 T =(SIRM+IRM−0.1 T/−0.3 T)/2。
以4~6 cm间距选取126个样品在崂山实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室进行磁滞参数测量:取适量沉积物在室温下充分干燥并轻微研磨,将约200 mg沉积物装入特制胶囊壳中用棉花塞紧;利用美国LakeShore公司生产的8604型振动样品磁强计测量磁滞回线(Loop),最高场设为±1 T,间距为5 mT,平均观测时间为500 ms,通过顺磁校正,得到矫顽力(Bc)、饱和磁化强度(Ms)和饱和等温剩磁(Mrs);随即以2 mT的场间距进行反向场退磁得到剩磁矫顽力(Bcr)。之后,根据以上所得磁学数据的变化特征,挑选3个代表性样品进行一阶反转曲线(First-order Reversal Curve,FORC)和IRM获得曲线测量:每个样品测量120条FORC,应用FORCinel软件(1.18版本)[49]进行数据处理得到相应的FORC图[50],平滑因子选择为5;IRM获得曲线在非线性(对数)模式下等间距测量100个数据点,并采用Heslop等[51]的方法对其梯度进行矫顽力谱分解;以上测量所用的饱和场和平均观测时间均为1 T和500 ms。最后,在中国地质科学院地质力学研究所利用美国Quantum Design公司生产的磁学特征测量系统(MPMSXL3)对上述3个代表性样品进行低温磁学测量:首先,称取约100 mg经轻微研磨的干样装入特制胶囊壳中并装入仪器;然后,在零磁场将样品中从300 K冷却至20 K,对其施加2.5 T 的磁场;最后,撤掉磁场,以约2 K/min步长升温至300 K,并测量该过程中IRM随温度的变化曲线。
粒度分析结果显示岩心沉积物主要为粉砂粒级,含量变化在49%~67%(平均为58%),黏土粒级次之,含量在28%~50%(平均为39%),砂质粒级组分含量最低,其平均含量仅为3%;以上粒级3组分含量随深度的变化整体较小,仅在个别层位(即180~200 cm)发生微小的波动,表现为黏土粒级组分含量的增加(图2b);同样地,岩心的平均粒径变化范围为7.98~6.94 Ф,平均值为7.45 Ф(对应于3.97~8.17 μm,平均为5.79 μm;如图2c所示)。因此,岩心沉积物整体上为黏土质粉砂,仅180~200 cm层位为粉砂质黏土。
岩心的AMS14C测年信息和结果详见表1。结果显示所测8个层位的年龄值随深度均依次增加,未见颠倒现象(图2d表1),表明测年结果的高度可靠性。岩心顶部7~13 cm层位的年龄(约400 a BP)指示其表层沉积物接近现代沉积,即顶部在钻取过程中未明显流失。根据461~462 cm和541~542 cm层位的两个年龄所确定的平均沉积速率线性外推得到岩心的底界年龄约为48.3 ka BP,对应时代为深海氧同位素3(MIS 3)早期,整个岩心的平均沉积速率约为13 cm/ka。需要注意的是,当沉积物年龄超过25 ka后,其14C测年数据容易受到轻碳的污染而使得测试结果变轻[5253],这也是目前陆架边缘海沉积物14C测年共同面临的问题,本文岩心下部的测年材料为浮游有孔虫单一种属的完整且洁净的壳体,在一定程度上降低了这种误差。另外,根据年龄控制点得到的各阶段沉积速率的变化范围基本在1倍以内(图2e),表明研究区近50 ka以来的沉积过程相对稳定。
钻孔岩石磁学参数随深度的变化趋势如图3所示。首先,常用来表征磁性矿物含量的3个参数(即χ、ARM、SIRM)均在岩心上部0~55 cm层位表现为明显高值,而在55~65 cm层位则快速下降并接近最低值,其下仅见4个层位(即A1: 342~357 cm、A2: 387~403 cm、A3: 413~439 cm、A4: 515~537 cm)呈现相对高值(图3a图3c)。这表明55 cm以深层位的原生磁性组分(主要应为磁铁矿)被强烈还原,大部分已转化为顺磁性的黄铁矿,与日本海已有报道类似[19]。同样,指示高矫顽力矿物浓度的HIRM(图3d)和低矫顽力矿物相对含量的S比值(图3e)在上述层位分别呈现高值和低值,与矫顽力和剩磁矫顽力的变化也十分一致,即具有较高的BcBcr值(图3f)。以上结果共同表明,在岩心55 cm以深层位的原生磁性矿物被强烈还原而导致磁性显著减弱的大背景下,仍存在一些相对强磁性层位;其以相对较高的高矫顽力矿物含量为特征,推测与高矫顽力矿物(如赤铁矿和针铁矿)在还原条件下相对于磁铁矿更耐溶解有关[54]。最后,结合A1~A4层位的氧化还原敏感元素Mn含量明显高于其相邻层位(如图3g,为尽量消除沉积物粒度对元素富集的影响,此处以Mn/Ti示之),初步判断这些层位所对应的沉积环境的氧化性相对升高[5556],即还原性减弱。
代表性样品的IRM获得曲线显示岩心顶部未明显还原层位的样品在约200 mT场时接近饱和(图4a),对应矫顽力谱分解显示其主要组分对应的中值矫顽力为50 mT,另含极少量的高(约250 mT)、低(约10 mT)矫顽力组分(图4d)。这与该层位明显高的S比值(图3e)和低的(剩磁)矫顽力值(图3f)吻合,指示低矫顽力组分占主导。相比而言,下部还原层位样品的IRM接近饱和的场值明显升高(图4b图4c),与矫顽力谱分解一致(图4e图4f),即高矫顽力组分占比明显增加,特别是HIRM值异常高(图3d)/S比值最低(图3e)层位的高矫顽力组分占比最高(图4f)。同时,代表性样品的FORC图均清晰揭示单畴(Single-Domain,SD)磁学信号,即同心环状分布的等值线[57],中心矫顽力约12 mT(图4g图4i),推测与日本海沉积物主要由风尘贡献而导致磁性矿物粒径整体较细有关[38];此外,上部层位样品还显示了多畴(Multi-Domain,MD)信号,即FORC等值线沿着纵轴大开口(图4g[58];而这一特征在下部层位却不明显(图4h图4i),表明强烈的还原作用已将绝大部分磁铁矿改造,包括相对耐溶的大颗粒磁铁矿[59]。类似地,HIRM值异常高的样品的FORC等值线沿横轴的展布显著变宽(图4i),同样表明高矫顽力矿物在此类样品中的占比优势。此外,岩心顶部未明显还原样品的低温曲线清晰揭示了Verwey转换,表明磁铁矿的磁性主导性[60];然而,其展布范围明显变宽,呈现约120 K和约100 K两个转换温度(图4j),结合对应的FORC图特征(图4g),推断该类样品中除陆源碎屑型磁铁矿外,还存在磁铁矿化石磁小体[61],以往研究已有类似报道[62]。相反,下部明显还原层位的样品的Verwey转换却十分微弱(图4k图4l),同样指示其中大部分磁铁矿已被强烈还原溶解,可能仅存极其少量大颗粒磁铁矿。
总之,根据上述岩石磁学结果可以判断:岩心上部0~55 cm层位中原生磁性矿物未受明显还原改造,主要磁性矿物为细粒(SD)磁铁矿(包括生物成因和非生物成因),另含少量的高矫顽力矿物(如赤铁矿)和粗粒(MD)磁铁矿;而55 cm以深层位的原生铁氧化物则被强烈还原,导致磁性大幅度下降,仅个别层位表现为相对强磁性,指示高矫顽力矿物(如赤铁矿)含量相对较高。
末次冰期以来,日本海具有较低的海平面(图5e),高度还原环境下沉积米级厚度暗色层,是全球气候轨道尺度变化的表现[5, 63]。大量研究表明,在西风急流和东亚季风的协同影响下(如图5f图5h所示),D-O旋回中的冰阶沉积物显示出较明显的生物扰动的亮层,表明沉积环境的还原性明显减弱[5, 3233];作为D-O旋回中气温最冷、时间最长的震荡,北大西洋Heinrich事件(下文简称H事件)是在北美和格陵兰不稳定冰盖持续扩张情况下,由气候反馈作用机制触发导致的冰筏碎屑发生沉积的重要气候事件[6466]。迄今,较为公认的H事件有6次(H1~H6),对应的时代依次分别是16.8 ka、24.1 ka、30.1 ka、35.9 ka、50 ka和66 ka,每一次的持续时间为200~2 000 a[67]。鉴于研究区较高的沉积速率(图2e),相应沉积记录中原生磁性矿物的硫化还原作用应近似同沉积发生[2728, 31]。因此,我们暂以HIRM值超过背景值(基于峰值前后5个连续数据点的平均值计算得到)3倍以上的至少连续3个数据点作为标准,可以明确本文钻孔中大还原背景下4个高矫顽力矿物含量相对高的层位(即图3图5中A1−A4;为行文方便,后文一律简称为“硬磁异常”层)对应了末次冰期以来气候相对寒冷阶段的沉积记录,而最有可能的就是上述H事件时期的记录。
根据钻孔已经建立的年龄框架(图2d表1),利用线性内插方法可以得到4个“硬磁异常”层(A1−A4)的时代依次为:23.54~24.59 ka、26.52~27.55 ka、28.19~29.86 ka和36.91~39.21 ka。通过仔细比对,发现其与3次H事件(H2−H4)基本对应,反映了大还原背景下千−百年尺度气候震荡会削弱水体的还原性。由于AMS14C测年误差随年龄值增大而升高,同时考虑到两个测年点间的沉积速率并非绝对均一的客观事实,部分层位时限的界定难免会存在一定的偏差。具体而言,除了A1和A4可相对明确地对应H2和 H4之外,A2和A3的归属仍有一定的多解性。此外,H事件发生的时间与地理位置和沉积环境也可能存在一定的联系[68]。目前,对于A2和A3的归属则存在两种方案:其一仅有A3对应H3,A2对应紧随其后的冰阶;其二则是A2和A3共同对应H3,与已有H3可能存在多个不连续的峰值冰阶的观点相一致[6869]图5h),即本研究的岩心具有很高的分辨率,更加有效地捕捉了短尺度气候信号。另外,部分“硬磁异常”层相对于已知气候事件的持续时间其厚度明显较大(图3图5),一方面是日本海冰阶较高的物源输入导致粉尘通量增加[5],另一方面是受年龄控制点数量所限,线性内插并不能完全准确限定某一“硬磁异常”层的时限。尽管如此,目前仍可以肯定的是每一个“硬磁异常”层位都与冷阶密切关联。
图6示意了日本海北部在Heinrich时期与D-O旋回间冰阶沉积环境条件的对比。在综合考虑了物源、氧化还原环境以及沉积速率对“硬磁异常”层发生的驱动后,初步认为物源的变化在H事件及相邻阶段是微弱的[7273]:日本海的风尘源区主要是蒙古戈壁−中国东北沙地和塔克拉玛干沙漠[74],区分二者主导型的关键是平均粒径,而图5d在特定的层位未显示异常。在D-O旋回的间冰阶(图6a),西风急流和东亚冬季风的衰减致使相对较少的磁性矿物被搬运到日本海[8],导致该时期的沉积速率相对较低。盛行夏季风不仅为日本海带来丰沛的降水,也促使东亚河流流量增加,低盐度东海沿岸流(East China Sea Coastal Water, ECSCW)汇入日本海,加剧了上层海水的分层现象[12]。ECSCW携带以溶解无机磷(DIP)为主的陆源营养盐[12],在表层相对充足的太阳辐射下固碳并生成有机质,生产力提高[16],有机质颗粒进入水体中还原掉海水中部分硫酸盐(${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $)。该反应所生成的足量硫化氢(H2S或HS)会进一步还原沉积物中的陆源碎屑铁氧化物(即磁铁矿和赤铁矿等)而产生黄铁矿(FeS2)及少量的中间产物胶黄铁矿(Fe3S4[7576],即磁性矿物的硫化还原作用进行得较为彻底。随着富营养物质的不断供应,原生铁磁性矿物的溶解持续进行,因此该时期铁元素的赋存形式主要是黄铁矿(FeS2[77]。由于黄铁矿是典型的顺磁性矿物,不携带剩磁,所以SIRM和χ等磁学参数在该时期显示为极低值(图3a图3c[76]。相反,在Heinrich事件(特别是H3和H4)期间(图6b),EASM减弱导致东亚的河流流量大幅度降低[12],注入日本海的ECSCW相对于间冰阶大大减少,高盐度的TWC注入量相对升高。冬季强烈的西北季风会导致亚洲风尘源区处于大规模干旱状态,不仅导致地面扬沙被卷入对流层而提高了粉尘通量[5],而且还可能致使亚洲东部的部分河流枯竭,日本海的营养盐来源减少[12]。此外,本文钻孔位于俄罗斯日本海沿岸JSPW以及季节性海冰影响地带,盐析作用导致表层富氧海水变重下沉[78],底水氧含量增高[8, 79]。在发生微生物硫酸盐还原的反应中[80],硫化氢的生成量不足以反应掉大部分原生磁性矿物,尤其是相对更抗还原溶解的赤铁矿和大颗粒磁铁矿[59],并且还可能会在黄铁矿的表面生成一部分的胶黄铁矿[81]。除此之外,由于异常层位较高的沉积速率限制,铁氧化物在短暂的沉积过程中可能难以彻底地被还原为最终产物黄铁矿[76],而是停留在高活性中间产物胶黄铁矿阶段,也是导致该层位剩磁含量异常的原因[82]。值得关注的是,虽然海平面的下降会通过扩大源区面积、减少风尘输入距离使粉尘通量增加[83],但该影响主要作用在冰期−间冰期尺度,由H事件及相邻阶段的短期海平面波动导致的大气粉尘浓度在日本海上空并无明显的变化[84]。因此,以H事件为典型的D-O旋回的冰阶,日本海还原环境受到削减,以及高沉积速率下磁性矿物输入相对提高、硫化还原反应难以充分进行,具体到相应的沉积记录中则体现为末次冰期大还原背景下千−百年尺度的磁性增强(即图3图5中的“硬磁异常”层)。
此外,相对于H2−H4事件的信号在本文钻孔中的明显记录,同样作为末次冰期典型冷事件的H1和新仙女木(Younger Dryas, YD,12.9~11.5 ka BP)事件却未被很好地记录,暗示了日本海北部在相应时期相对较弱的通风环境。我们推测在EAWM作用下,H1和YD时期的ECSCW的贡献很可能有所提升。上文已有所提及,北大西洋冰消期千年尺度气候事件和东亚的气候具有强烈的遥相关关系[79, 85]:在纬向上,AMOC的减弱导致北半球纬向的热传送不能有效地发生,热带辐合带南移[41];经向上,其活动也会导致陆海温度梯度的形成,从而加强中纬西风,使得沿青藏高原斜坡的对流增强[86]。另外,由于H1和YD时期AMOC的减弱导致赤道到北极的温度梯度增加,西风急流轴季节性南移,从而使得青藏高原背风面对流增强和水汽抬升[72, 85];此时,在西风急流和EASM锋面在东亚降水中的主导作用下,H1和YD时期中国的降水呈现南多北少的情况[85]。因此,在H1和YD时期底水还原性增强,很有可能是因为AOMC的减弱导致纬向气压差引起的“急流转变”[81],致使ECSCW经由对马海峡对日本海的注入量提高从而减弱了日本海的垂直交换。最新研究表明,AMOC的强减弱也会阻碍末次冰消期北太平洋降温信号在东亚的传播,而由轨道和温室气体控制的夏季增温主导了H1期间东亚地区的温度变化,间接地减少了输入日本海的粉尘,也可能是H1信号在本文钻孔中记录不明显的原因之一[87]。另外,由于LGM时期海平面基本下降到日本海对马海峡的基台高度(130 m)(图5e[2],日本海几乎完全封闭,加之西风急流轴停滞在青藏高原南部以及洋流活动的减弱[74, 88],日本海沉积物供应减少且粒径较细(图5d[8],因此没有出现“硬磁异常”层信号。值得注意的是,在没有外部原因胁迫的海气耦合强盛时期,日本海具有较强的内部洋流活动,这也有望成为影响日本海局部沉积环境还原性变化的原因之一[8990]
本文通过对取自日本海北部长度为626 cm的LV87-2-3孔岩心(48.3 ka BP)开展系统的岩石磁学测试分析,并结合AMS14C测年和粒度分析,获得以下认识:(1)上部0~55 cm层位中的原生磁性矿物未受明显还原改造,主要为细粒磁铁矿,另含少量赤铁矿和粗粒磁铁矿,55 cm以下层位的磁性组分则被强烈还原而形成黄铁矿,导致磁性极大减弱;(2)岩心55 cm以下整体磁性极弱背景下的相对强磁性层位中的高矫顽力矿物占比明显升高,指示了相对较弱的还原条件,系对Heinrich事件的有效记录;(3)在D-O旋回的间冰阶,大量低盐高营养的ECSCW进入研究区,不仅加强了水体垂直分层,而且提升了表层生产力,进而加剧了原生磁性矿物的硫化还原;(4)在Heinrich事件期间,EAWM的加强以及高盐度TWC的注入则增强了水体通风,在一定程度上抑制了硫化还原作用,加之沉积速率升高,从而使得部分原生磁性矿物尤其是相对更抗还原的高矫顽力矿物得以保留;(5)磁学参数对于日本海千−百年尺度上的古环境与古海洋演化仍具有重要的指示意义,在今后的相关研究中应予以重视。
  • 中央级公益科研院所基本科研业务费专项项目(2021S01)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U1606401)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41976078)
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2024年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024029
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-03-07
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中央级公益科研院所基本科研业务费专项项目(2021S01)
国家自然科学基金项目(U1606401)
国家自然科学基金项目(41976078)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用自然资源部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2.青岛海洋科技中心 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
    4.俄罗斯科学院远东分院 太平洋研究所,俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克 690041

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*刘建兴(1987—),男,山东省临沭县人,博士,研究员,主要从事古地磁与环境磁学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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