Article(id=1200396942879609483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=1711296000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764126533478, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764126533478, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764126533478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126533478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200396940878926470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764126533002, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764126729044, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200397763222556974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200396940878926470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200396943194182286, articleId=1200396942879609483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research of sea surface gust inversion by dual band radar altimeter data, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea surface gusts are important marine dynamic environmental information required for the development of marine resources, marine disaster prevention and reduction, and marine scientific research. However, so far, there has been a serious lack of observational data on sea surface gusts, which has hindered the development of gust forecasting, application research, and other aspects. This article uses the backscatter coefficients in the C and Ku bands of the dual frequency HY-2B satellite altimeter to correct the existing sea surface wind speed ($ {U}_{10} $) and gust wind speed ($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $) inversion algorithm. The inversion results were verified for authenticity with the buoy data from the National Buoy Data Center (NDBC) of the United States from 2018 to 2022. The correlation coefficient (R) was 0.91, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.82 m/s; based on the inversion results of this method and the NDBC station data from 2018 to 2022, the RMSE of similar foreign satellites Jason-3 is superior to the conventional 2 m/s accuracy requirement; the inversion results were verified with individual cases of offshore and oceanic stations at different latitudes, and the RMSE was better than 2 m/s. Therefore, based on the existing HY-2B satellite altimeter sea surface wind speed observation data, this article uses different band information to achieve observation of sea surface gusts, which has high observation accuracy. Meanwhile, this method is also applicable to foreign satellite altimeters with the same observation system.

, correspAuthors=Youguang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing Lin, Youguang Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200396947719836412, articleId=1200396942879609483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于双频段雷达高度计数据的海面阵风反演研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海面阵风是海洋资源开发、海洋防灾减灾和海洋科研等领域所需的重要海洋动力环境信息。但迄今为止,海面阵风观测数据严重缺失,阻碍了阵风预报、应用研究等方面的发展。本文利用双频的HY-2B卫星高度计C、Ku波段的后向散射系数,对现有海面风速($ {U}_{10} $)进行修正,建立了阵风风速($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)反演算法。反演结果与美国国家浮标数据中心(NDBC)2018−2022年的浮标数据进行真实性检验,相关系数(R)为0.91,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.82 m/s;国外同类卫星Jason-3基于本方法的反演结果与2018−2022年NDBC站点数据进行检验,RMSE优于常规2 m/s精度要求;反演结果与处于不同纬度的近海远洋站点进行个例验证,RMSE均优于2 m/s。因此,本文在现有的HY-2B卫星高度计海面风速观测数据的基础上,利用不同波段信息实现了海面阵风的观测,具有较高的观测精度。同时,该方法也适用于相同观测体制的国外卫星高度计。

, correspAuthors=张有广, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张有广(1971—),男,山东省济南市人,研究员,主要从事海洋微波遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i8trqjxSzwMD2iwRK1w06A==, magXml=gjd5dSLUNG9WpVeP2prl9g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cwxvUr742C+nwvisR3afvg==, pdfFileSize=2825185, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hOnJegsvrRNLcLCjzgeneg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RbrZrTnRp/RCF8W30fe+7Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

林静(1999—),女,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海面风场研究。E-mail:

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林静(1999—),女,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海面风场研究。E-mail:

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Gourrion model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ab
$ {\sigma }^{0} $−0.343 360.069 09
SWH0.087 250.063 74
$ {U}_{10} $0.10.284 4
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319464682257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396942879609483, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Gourrion模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ab
$ {\sigma }^{0} $−0.343 360.069 09
SWH0.087 250.063 74
$ {U}_{10} $0.10.284 4
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319582122774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396942879609483, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gourrion model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数矩阵元素
Wx−33.950 62−11.033 94
−3.934 28−0.058 34
Wy0.540 1210.404 81
$ {B}_{x}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $18.063 78−0.372 28
$ {B}_{y}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $−2.283 87...
P$ {a}_{{\sigma }^{0}}+{b}_{{\sigma }^{0}}{\sigma }^{0} $$ {a}_{{\mathrm{SWH}}}+{b}_{{\mathrm{SWH}}}{\mathrm{SWH}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319686980376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396942879609483, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Gourrion模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数矩阵元素
Wx−33.950 62−11.033 94
−3.934 28−0.058 34
Wy0.540 1210.404 81
$ {B}_{x}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $18.063 78−0.372 28
$ {B}_{y}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $−2.283 87...
P$ {a}_{{\sigma }^{0}}+{b}_{{\sigma }^{0}}{\sigma }^{0} $$ {a}_{{\mathrm{SWH}}}+{b}_{{\mathrm{SWH}}}{\mathrm{SWH}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319796032284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396942879609483, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparative analysis results of HY-2B satellite radar altimeter and NDBC buoy data and specific information of buoys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDBC
浮标站点
纬度经度距离大陆架/(n mile)卫星与NDBC浮标海面风速卫星与NDBC浮标阵风风速
RMSE/(m·s−1RRMSE/(m·s−1R
4607055.05°N175.26°E1421.510.951.760.96
4607553.97°N160.79°W851.620.941.810.95
4401141.09°N66.56°W1701.950.911.830.95
4600640.76°N137.38°W6001.650.931.890.94
4400840.50°N69.25°W541.780.931.880.95
4100831.40°N80.87°W401.950.901.480.94
5100319.20°N160.64°W2051.390.881.400.91
4104014.54°N53.14°W4701.210.901.350.90
), ArticleFig(id=1200860319930250015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200396942879609483, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

HY-2B卫星雷达高度计与NDBC浮标数据对比分析结果及浮标具体信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NDBC
浮标站点
纬度经度距离大陆架/(n mile)卫星与NDBC浮标海面风速卫星与NDBC浮标阵风风速
RMSE/(m·s−1RRMSE/(m·s−1R
4607055.05°N175.26°E1421.510.951.760.96
4607553.97°N160.79°W851.620.941.810.95
4401141.09°N66.56°W1701.950.911.830.95
4600640.76°N137.38°W6001.650.931.890.94
4400840.50°N69.25°W541.780.931.880.95
4100831.40°N80.87°W401.950.901.480.94
5100319.20°N160.64°W2051.390.881.400.91
4104014.54°N53.14°W4701.210.901.350.90
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基于双频段雷达高度计数据的海面阵风反演研究
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林静 1 , 张有广 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(4): 133-142
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(4): 133-142
基于双频段雷达高度计数据的海面阵风反演研究
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林静1 , 张有广2, *
作者信息
  • 1.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 2.国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 林静(1999—),女,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海面风场研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张有广(1971—),男,山东省济南市人,研究员,主要从事海洋微波遥感研究。E-mail:
Research of sea surface gust inversion by dual band radar altimeter data
Jing Lin1 , Youguang Zhang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024039
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海面阵风是海洋资源开发、海洋防灾减灾和海洋科研等领域所需的重要海洋动力环境信息。但迄今为止,海面阵风观测数据严重缺失,阻碍了阵风预报、应用研究等方面的发展。本文利用双频的HY-2B卫星高度计C、Ku波段的后向散射系数,对现有海面风速($ {U}_{10} $)进行修正,建立了阵风风速($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)反演算法。反演结果与美国国家浮标数据中心(NDBC)2018−2022年的浮标数据进行真实性检验,相关系数(R)为0.91,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.82 m/s;国外同类卫星Jason-3基于本方法的反演结果与2018−2022年NDBC站点数据进行检验,RMSE优于常规2 m/s精度要求;反演结果与处于不同纬度的近海远洋站点进行个例验证,RMSE均优于2 m/s。因此,本文在现有的HY-2B卫星高度计海面风速观测数据的基础上,利用不同波段信息实现了海面阵风的观测,具有较高的观测精度。同时,该方法也适用于相同观测体制的国外卫星高度计。

雷达高度计  /  反演算法  /  海面阵风  /  HY-2B卫星  /  后向散射系数

Sea surface gusts are important marine dynamic environmental information required for the development of marine resources, marine disaster prevention and reduction, and marine scientific research. However, so far, there has been a serious lack of observational data on sea surface gusts, which has hindered the development of gust forecasting, application research, and other aspects. This article uses the backscatter coefficients in the C and Ku bands of the dual frequency HY-2B satellite altimeter to correct the existing sea surface wind speed ($ {U}_{10} $) and gust wind speed ($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $) inversion algorithm. The inversion results were verified for authenticity with the buoy data from the National Buoy Data Center (NDBC) of the United States from 2018 to 2022. The correlation coefficient (R) was 0.91, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.82 m/s; based on the inversion results of this method and the NDBC station data from 2018 to 2022, the RMSE of similar foreign satellites Jason-3 is superior to the conventional 2 m/s accuracy requirement; the inversion results were verified with individual cases of offshore and oceanic stations at different latitudes, and the RMSE was better than 2 m/s. Therefore, based on the existing HY-2B satellite altimeter sea surface wind speed observation data, this article uses different band information to achieve observation of sea surface gusts, which has high observation accuracy. Meanwhile, this method is also applicable to foreign satellite altimeters with the same observation system.

radar altimeter  /  inversion method  /  sea surface gusts  /  HY-2B satellite  /  Backscattering Coefficient
林静, 张有广. 基于双频段雷达高度计数据的海面阵风反演研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (4) : 133 -142 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024039
Jing Lin, Youguang Zhang. Research of sea surface gust inversion by dual band radar altimeter data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (4) : 133 -142 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024039
海面风速作为一个重要的海洋要素,对于研究海面粗糙度、海气通量以及开发和利用海洋资源起着至关重要的作用[1]。海面风速一般分为持续风速和阵风风速。持续风速是指在较长一段时间内的平均值,是目前大多数风场产品中出现的海面风速;阵风风速则是指风速在短时间内,突然出现的忽大忽小的风速,通常是指“瞬间极大风速”[2],在浮标或气象站点测量的过程中一般指数秒内的平均风速。
相对于持续风速,阵风通常会伴随着灾害性的天气系统一起出现。在雷暴前和飑线等系统中通常会出现强阵风,其持续时间短,出现时瞬时风速突增,风向突变,气象要素剧烈变化[3],造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。在桥梁、石油平台等海上工程结构设计、风力发电机组寿命设计的过程中都会考虑阵风的因素[47],阵风的短期变化也会对风速敏感的行业如海上运输业、渔业、港口码头等海上作业的安全造成严重的影响[89]。2015年6月1日“东方之星”号客轮倾翻,是小尺度强对流天气出现瞬时特大强风所造成的[10]。据统计,对海洋产业构成影响的自然灾害中绝大多数是气象灾害及其衍生灾害,而海上强阵风及其引起的涌浪破坏力是最大的,所以对将海洋产业作为支柱的沿海城市来说,对海面阵风的研究具有重要的意义[11]
自20世纪六七十年代起,国内外就已经有了对强阵风的研究工作。在假设地表观测的阵风是由于边界层中流向较高的气团的偏转导致的基础上,Brasseur[12]提出了一种估算地面阵风的方法;董双林[13]对阵风极值及阵风因子进行了统计研究,其所得的结果已经应用到了国家军用标准的制定;Lei等[14]利用CCMP(Cross Calibrated, Multi-Platform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity)风速资料和ERA(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis)临时阵风资料,对西太平洋地区年风速、季节风速、阵风风速特征进行描述;胡海川等[15]基于2016−2019年观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,使用多元回归方法建立中国近海逐小时阵风预报模型。
虽然阵风研究开展得很早,但迄今,海面阵风风速的观测大多还是依靠浮标、石油平台等传统方式,所获取的数据量有限,现有的星载雷达高度计及辐射计风场产品也并没有提供海面阵风的观测数据。海面阵风实测数据的缺失,严重阻碍了阵风预报、应用研究等方面的发展。张有广等[16]于2022年的研究表明,在HY-2B卫星雷达高度计现有海面风速观测的基础上,纳入同一卫星平台校正微波辐射计的同步观测信息,对海面风速进行修正,从而实现海面阵风观测的方法是可行的。
本文在现有HY-2B卫星雷达高度计观测的海面风速基础上,利用同一卫星雷达高度计不同波段观测能力差异,实现两波段联合观测海面阵风,为海面阵风提供一种卫星观测方法。
星载雷达高度计是遥感监测的重要工具之一。雷达高度计通过向海面垂直发射尖脉冲,接收返回脉冲信号来进行海洋要素观测。通过雷达发射和接收脉冲的时间间隔确定海面高度,通过返回脉冲的波形确定有效波高和海面风速。
HY-2B卫星雷达高度计为Ku和C双频雷达高度计,工作频率分别为5.25 GHz和13.58 GHz,星下点优于2 km,测距精度优于2 cm,沿轨空间分辨率为7 km。地球物理模型(Geophysical Data Records, GDR)是经过波形重构和POE(Precision Orbital Ephemeris)定轨等方法进行完全校正后的数据产品,主要包括Ku和C波段后向散射系数、海面风速、有效波高等海洋要素信息,以及经纬度、星下点类型、测量时间等卫星观测信息。图1图2分别为HY-2B卫星雷达高度计的C、Ku波段后向散射系数沿轨道分布示意图。
Jason-3卫星是法国国家太空研究中心(Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome, CNES)和美国宇航局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)联合研制的海洋地形卫星,于2016年发射。Jason-3卫星雷达高度计和HY-2系列卫星雷达高度计的工作机制相同,技术指标也几乎一致。
美国国家数据浮标中心(National Data Buoy Center, NDBC)长期收集和共享海洋环境中的原位、实时、质量控制观测数据,以支持了解和预测大气、海洋、波浪、冰和气候的研究。NDBC浮标提供观测的时间、风向、海面风速、有效波高、海面阵风等信息,每10 min至1 h提供一次观测数据。
NDBC浮标风速计所处的高度不同,一般实测风速在海面的3~5 m,而目前卫星普遍获得的海面风速数据均在海面10 m的高度。因此,本文将浮标历史海面风速和海面阵风数据矫正到海面10 m高度风速,校正公式[17]如下:
$ {U}_{10}={U}_{z}{(10/z)}^{0.11}, $
式中,$z $为观测高度;$ {U}_{10} $为海面10 m高度的参考风速;$ {U}_{z} $为在观测高度$z $处对应的海面风速。
NDBC全球浮标观测体系中有1000多个不同类型浮标,为避免卫星数据受到陆地污染,有利于数据的对比分析,所使用的浮标均远离大陆架50 km以上且处于开阔海域,时间段为2018−2022年。本文选取距离HY-2B卫星星下点轨迹最近的46035、41048和46005站点确定海面风速、阵风及C、Ku波段后向散射系数间关系;选取46006、51000和41040站点数据进行算法定量化评估;选取距离Jason-3星下点轨迹最近的46066、51003和41043站点进行适用性评估。图3为NDBC浮标所处位置示意图,均位于大西洋西部和太平洋开阔海域,图中圈红站点为上述所提及的站点。
散射理论和实验观测[18]表明,雷达高度计的后向散射系数和海面风速之间存在着一种反比关系。随着海面风速的增大,海面粗糙度逐渐增大,进而导致雷达的后向散射系数减小。雷达高度计反演海面风速的研究,经历了一个从纯考虑后向散射系数到引入有效波高、降雨、白帽等影响因素的过程,其分析方法也主要分为数据统计和半物理半统计方法。
HY-2B和Jason-3卫星雷达高度计将Gourrion等[19]提出的利用后向散射系数和有效波高(SWH)所建立的双参数模型,作为其业务化海面风速算法,即
$ {U_{10}} = \frac{{Y - {a_{{U_{10}}}}}}{{{b_{{U_{10}}}}}} ,$
$ Y = {\left[ {1 + {{{\mathrm{e}}}^{ - ({{\boldsymbol{W}}_y}{{\boldsymbol{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}} + {\boldsymbol{B}}_y^{\mathrm{T}})}}} \right]^{ - 1}}, $
$ X = {\left[ {1 + {{{\mathrm{e}} }^{ - ({{\boldsymbol{W}}_x}{{\boldsymbol{P}}^{\mathrm{T}}} + {\boldsymbol{B}}_{{x}}^{\mathrm{T}})}}} \right]^{ - 1}}, $
式中,P为有效波高和后向散射系数归一化后的矩阵;$ {a}_{{U}_{10}} $$ {b}_{{U}_{10}} $为风速系数;$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}}_{x} $$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}}_{y} $$ {{\boldsymbol{B}}}_{x}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $$ {{\boldsymbol{B}}}_{y}^{{\mathrm{T}}} $为待定系数参数矩阵,维度分别为2×2、2×1、1×2、1×1。利用神经网络确定上述待定参数,具体见表1表2
HY-2B卫星雷达高度计使用Gourrion算法可以实现全球海面风速的沿轨观测(图4),且在中等风、无雨等中性条件下,风速误差优于2 m/s[20]
为获取更加准确的海表面风浪信息,国内外很多研究者会使用现场数据和卫星测量结果进行比较分析[2124],通常选取时间窗口为0.5~1.5 h,空间窗口为10~150 km。由于阵风具有较小时空尺度的特征,在保证数据量的情况下选取30 min、50 km的窗口进行时空匹配。将HY-2B卫星雷达高度计数据与所选取的NDBC浮标数据进行时空匹配,共有342对数据点满足要求。
根据NDBC浮标观测海面风速(ub)以及阵风风速(ug)数据对比结果(图5)发现,ubug存在较好的相关性,其相关系数高达0.99,且二者之间存在明显的系统性偏差。根据HY-2B卫星雷达高度计观测海面风速(U10)和对应NDBC浮标观测海面风速ub以及阵风风速ug数据对比结果(图6图7)发现,U10ub风速结果吻合较好,散点均位于1∶1基准线附近,根据式(5)计算的均方根误差(RMSE)仅为1.48 m/s,说明HY-2B卫星高度计现有海面风速观测方法是可靠的。反观U10ug间存在着明显的偏差,最大偏差可达7.5 m/s,RMSE高达3.49 m/s;U10ug之间也同样存在较好的相关性、明显的系统性偏差,与ubug偏差接近。因此,在雷达高度计现有海面风速观测数据的基础上,可以通过改进算法消除海面风速与海面阵风之间的系统性偏差,来挖掘雷达高度计海面阵风的观测能力。
$ {\text{RMSE}} = \sqrt {\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i \;=\; 1}^n {{{({y_i} - {x_i})}^2}} } ,$
式中,xy分别为浮标测量的真实数据和从模型中反演出来的数据;n为对比数据点数。
将HY-2B雷达高度计后向散射系数与NDBC海面阵风进行比对分析(图8)发现,后向散射系数与海面阵风同样存在着反比关系,C波段后向散射系数普遍高于Ku波段后向散射系数。陈戈[25]发现,Ku波段后向散射系数($ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}} $)和C波段后向散射系数($ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}} $)间存在一定的“标准”关系,一旦二者关系相对于“标准”关系出现偏离,就意味着存在某种海洋或大气干扰条件,也可能表明正在演变的海况条件[26]。根据Zappa等[27]的研究,阵风会导致短尺度波的初生长,使得水气截面变粗糙;其次,由于阵风的剪切过程和微尺度波的破碎,使冷皮肤层的流体机械波破碎,导致海面皮肤温度增加。Lyu等[28]发现,在阵风条件下,有效波高和风浪高均比非阵风条件下增加10%~20%。综上所述,海面阵风会对海况、海表温度等海洋或大气要素造成一定的影响,导致$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{Ku}} $$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{C}} $偏离“标准”关系。基于后向散射系数与阵风风速间关系以及阵风对$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{Ku}} $$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{C}} $间“标准”关系的影响,将利用$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{Ku}} $$ {{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{C}} $来实现海面阵风的观测。
Ku波段和C波段所能接收到反射波的范围存在差异,根据过滤表面效应,高度计接收到的反射波的范围应该是其辐射波长的3倍左右。Ku波段和C波段的星下点面积也同样存在差异,Ku波段足印为2~10 km,而C波段足印为20~30 km。基于探测波长和星下点面积的不同,C波段相较于Ku波段会获取更多的风速信息。因此,考虑到$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}} $中包含着比$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}} $更多的风速信息,将$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}} $$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}} $的差值作为修正量,来对基于$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}} $得到的海面风速进行补偿修正,进而得到相应的海面阵风风速。具体计算方法如下:
$ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}}={U}_{10}+AT, $
$ T={\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}}-{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}}, $
式中,$ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $为阵风风速;$ {U}_{10} $为雷达高度计所观测的海面风速;$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}}、{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}} $分别为C、Ku波段后向散射系数;A为待定系数。根据匹配数据对中雷达高度计及浮标数据进行线性拟合确定上述待定系数,A = 2.0。使用上述反演方法,HY-2B卫星雷达高度计可以实现全球海面阵风的沿轨观测(图9)。
为定量评估反演方法,将HY-2B反演结果与NDBC浮标的阵风风速进行检验。经过时空匹配及数据筛选,共319对数据满足条件,其对比结果见图10。结果表明:卫星观测阵风风速($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)与浮标阵风风速($ {u}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)基本吻合,31对数据绝对误差大于3 m/s,最大绝对误差为5.61 m/s,近72.10%的数据绝对误差优于2 m/s,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.82 m/s,优于常规2 m/s的精度要求,卫星和浮标数据间的R为0.91。说明反演方法的阵风风速观测能力可靠。
对绝对误差较大的数据进行进一步的分析(图11)发现:绝对误差小于3 m/s的数据,其雷达高度计海面风速绝对误差大多小于2 m/s,海面风速反演精度较好;反观绝对误差大于3 m/s的数据,其雷达高度计海面风速绝对误差大多大于2 m/s,海面风速反演精度较差。这说明海面风速的精度会对阵风风速的反演效果造成影响,在雷达高度计提供的海面风速精度较高的基础上,使用反演方法反演出来阵风风速可信。
为检验反演方法在其他同类卫星上的适用性,将上述的阵风反演方法应用到与HY-2B卫星接近的Jason-3卫星上,反演结果与NDBC浮标数据进行对比分析。对于近乎垂直入射和给定的雷达频率,后向散射系数是海面的基本属性,但是由于仪器间存在系统误差,不同卫星雷达高度计风速产品间存在误差,所以雷达高度计之间需要进行一定的交叉验证,提出3种微调方案:仅对式(6)、式(7)中的待定系数A进行重新拟合;仅对Jason-3卫星雷达高度计的后向散射系数进行卫星间的标定,调整T值,不改变A;既进行卫星间标定,调整T值,又对A进行重新拟合。卫星间的标定结果如下:
$ {T}_{{\mathrm{Jason}}}={\sigma }_{{\mathrm{C}}}-{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{Ku}}}-0.6 . $
利用除46066、51003和41043站点外其余NDBC站点确定待定系数A,不进行卫星标定的待定系数A = 1.2,进行卫星标定后的待定系数A = 1.8。
将Jason-3卫星雷达高度计反演结果与NDBC浮标的阵风风速进行检验,经时空匹配及数据筛选,共找到231对数据,其对比分析见图12。对比结果表明:未进行调整的反演结果与浮标阵风风速的RMSE为1.64 m/s,优于精度要求,A = 2.0同样适用于Jason-3卫星雷达高度计;3种调整方案RMSE均优于1.35 m/s,经过不同程度的调整,其反演精度提高了约0.30 m/s,其中仅对待定系数A进行调整的方案最佳,RMSE为1.26 m/s,仅调整T值的方案次之,RMSE为1.32 m/s,反观对T值和待定系数A同时调整的方案效果最差,RMSE为1.34 m/s,3种方案的RMSE相差不超过0.08 m/s。这说明反演方法在其他同类卫星上依旧具有可靠的阵风观测能力,待定系数A = 2.0同样适用于其他卫星,但对A或者T值进行重新调整后,反演精度更佳。
为对算法得到空间普适性进行检验,选取了8个位于近海远洋、不同纬度下的NDBC浮标进行个例验证(图13),其中41040、44008、41008、44011站点位于大西洋西侧海域,其余站点位于太平洋开阔海域;51003、46070、46006、41040位于不同纬度的远洋,其余站点位于近海;51003、41040站点位于低纬度地区,其余站点位于中高纬度地区。
将HY-2B反演结果与选取的浮标数据进行对比分析,其对比结果见表3图14。结果表明:8个站点的RMSE均优于2 m/s的常规要求,其中处于大西洋西部低纬度海域的41040远洋站点反演精度最佳,RMSE为1.35 m/s,处于太平洋东部中纬度海域的46006远洋站点反演精度最差,RMSE为1.89 m/s;从纬度上来看,处于不同纬度的46070、46006、51003、41040远洋站点以及不同纬度的46075、44008、41008近海站点的阵风反演精度均满足要求;从离岸距离上看,几乎处于同一纬度下的46006、46070远洋站点与44008、46075近海站点,反演精度均满足要求,无明显的差异性;从大洋上看,处于大西洋西部海域41040、44011站点,太平洋北部海域46070站点、太平洋中央海域51003站点以及太平洋东部海域46006站点,阵风反演结果均满足精度要求。这说明该算法具有一定的空间普适性,在近海远洋及不同纬度下的阵风反演均可以满足精度要求。
将雷达高度计提供的海面风速精度纳入分析(表3),发现海面风速的精度会对阵风风速的反演效果造成影响,41040、51003站点的海面风速的RMSE均小于1.40 m/s,其反演的阵风风速RMSE均优于1.45 m/s;其余站点海面风速RMSE均大于1.50 m/s,其反演的阵风风速虽满足常规精度要求,但远不及41040、51003站点,与真实性检验中的发现吻合。对HY-2B反演结果与选取的浮标数据对比散点图(图10图14)进行进一步分析发现,阵风风速在4~16 m/s的范围内反演精度较高,与浮标阵风风速高度吻合,均位于1∶1基准线附近;当阵风风速低于4 m/s或超过16 m/s时,离散现象明显;当阵风风速超过16 m/s时,出现明显低估现象,当阵风风速低于4 m/s时,出现较明显的高估现象,这与海面风速反演中的低风速高估、高风速低估现象吻合。
海面阵风研究对于研究海面粗糙度、海气通量以及开发和利用海洋资源等都有着重要意义,但海面阵风观测数据的严重缺失,阻碍了阵风预报、应用研究等方面的发展。本文利用HY-2B卫星雷达高度计的海面风速观测数据,纳入C、Ku波段观测信息对海面风速进行补偿,来实现海面阵风的观测。
为定量化评估反演方法的可靠性,使用了2018−2022年NDBC的46006、51000和41040浮标数据进行检验,其结果为阵风风速的RMSE为1.82 m/s,相关系数为0.91。为定量分析反演算法及待定系数A在其他卫星上的适用性,将反演方法应用到国外同类卫星Jason-3上,其观测到的阵风风速与2018−2022年NDBC 46066、51003和41043浮标数据进行对比,结果表明:未进行调整的反演结果与浮标阵风风速的RMSE为1.64 m/s,优于精度要求,A = 2.0同样适用于Jason-3卫星雷达高度计;3种调整方案的反演结果与浮标阵风风速的RMSE均优于1.35 m/s,经过不同程度的调整,其反演精度提高了约0.30 m/s。为对算法的空间普适性进行检验,8个位于近海远洋、不同纬度下的NDBC浮标进行个例验证,结果表明:8个站点的卫星观测阵风风速($ {U}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)与浮标阵风风速($ {u}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $)基本吻合,RMSE均优于2 m/s的常规要求,其中处于大西洋西部低纬度海域的41040远洋站点反演精度最佳,RMSE为1.35 m/s,处于太平洋东部中纬度海域的46006远洋站点反演精度最差,RMSE为1.89 m/s;按照站点的纬度、离岸距离、大洋位置进行区分,对比分析阵风反演精度,发现算法反演效果无明显差异;将雷达高度计提供的海面风速精度纳入分析,发现海面风速的精度会影响到阵风风速的反演效果,在4~16 m/s的范围内阵风风速反演精度较高,存在与海面风速反演较为类似的低风速高估高风速低估现象。
通过数据分析,使用雷达高度计不同波段后向散射系数联合观测海面阵风风速是可行的,同时该反演方法在其他相同观测体系的卫星雷达高度计上也适用,并具有一定的空间普适性。本反演方法为卫星雷达高度计观测海面阵风提供了可能性。
致谢:感谢 NDBC网站提供的浮标数据(https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/);感谢 AVISO 提供的 Jason-3 卫星雷达高度计数据(https://aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data.html)。
  • 国家重点研发计划新型海洋观测资料同化技术支撑项目(2021YFC3101502)
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2024年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024039
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 修回日期:2024-03-25
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国家重点研发计划新型海洋观测资料同化技术支撑项目(2021YFC3101502)
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    1.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
    2.国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081

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*张有广(1971—),男,山东省济南市人,研究员,主要从事海洋微波遥感研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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