Article(id=1200377934239355270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=1704643200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764122001463, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1711814400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764122001463, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764122001463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764122001463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200377931454337399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='110', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764122000799, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764122116527, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200378416919859276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200378416919859277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200377934717505937, articleId=1200377934239355270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Seasonal variations of planktonic copepods abundance and their relationship with environmental factors in the Haizhou Bay, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Planktonic copepods is an important group of zooplankton. It is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics of planktonic copepods abundance and its correlation with various environmental indicators. In this study, we analyzed environmental monitoring data of Haizhou Bay, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, from 2003 to 2022 using generalized additive model (GAM), to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of planktonic copepods and its correlation with other sea water indicators. The results showed that the abundance of planktonic copepods varied significantly different between seasons (p < 0.01), and the mean value of copepods was greater in spring than in summer than in autumn. The spatial distribution of abundance was generally low in the artificial reef area and high in the southern coastal area. GAM analysis showed that the main influencing factors were different between seasons. The main influencing factors in spring were dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_3^- $-Si concentration and ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N concentration. The main influencing factors in summer were biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_3^- $-Si concentration and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N concentration. The main influencing factors in autumn were dissolved oxygen, salinity, suspended solids content and ${\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P concentration. This study can provide a reference for further study of zooplankton structure and habitat suitability evaluation in artificial reef waters.

, correspAuthors=Shuo Zhang, Shike Gao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuangning Ren, Shuo Zhang, Shike Gao, Jikun Lu, Guanghui Fu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200377937557049828, articleId=1200377934239355270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的季节变化及其与环境因子的相关性, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

浮游桡足类是浮游动物中的一个重要类群,研究浮游桡足类的分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性具有重要意义。本研究利用广义加性模型(GAM)对2003−2022年江苏连云港海州湾人工鱼礁区及邻近海域的环境监测数据进行分析,探讨了浮游桡足类的季节变化、空间分布及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,浮游桡足类丰度季节间差异极显著(p < 0.01),均值由大到小依次为春季、夏季、秋季。丰度空间分布总体呈现人工鱼礁区低、近岸南部海域高的分布态势。GAM结果显示,季节间主要影响因子有同有异,春季是溶解氧浓度、叶绿素a浓度、硅酸盐浓度和硝酸盐浓度;夏季是生化需氧量、硅酸盐浓度、铵盐浓度和温度;秋季是盐度、溶解氧浓度、磷酸盐浓度和悬浮物含量。本研究可为进一步认识人工鱼礁海域浮游动物结构以及针对人工鱼礁海域栖息地适宜性评价提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张硕, 高世科, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态修复。E-mail:
高世科(1994—),男,博士后,主要研究方向为近海连通性。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8BidelT/p0pxjsnWDS/AdA==, magXml=axfJeYXdEPMKLQ86uu5McQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hLhwlC2oa1fQMq2Bw2dvXw==, pdfFileSize=1485886, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/+C1pIusOiBq77XRDc7LFw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=E25LuRe8I2f9DmddXUKnPw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

任爽宁(1998—),女,山东省烟台市人,主要研究方向为浮游生物学。E-mail:

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任爽宁(1998—),女,山东省烟台市人,主要研究方向为浮游生物学。E-mail:

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任爽宁(1998—),女,山东省烟台市人,主要研究方向为浮游生物学。E-mail:

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Optimal model for planktonic copepods abundance during spring, summer, and autumn in the Haizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 解释变量 AIC 解释率/%
春季 硝酸盐浓度 + 硅酸盐浓度 + 亚硝酸盐浓度 + 溶解氧浓度 + 盐度 + 水色 + 叶绿素a浓度 597.25 36.4
夏季 硅酸盐浓度 + 铵盐浓度 + 生化需氧量 + 水温 507.87 61.9
秋季 经度 + 磷酸盐浓度 + 溶解氧浓度 + 悬浮物含量 + 水深 + 水温 + 盐度 + 水色 +叶绿素a浓度 110.48 68.7
), ArticleFig(id=1200377946193122010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200377934239355270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海州湾春、夏、秋季浮游桡足类丰度最优模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 解释变量 AIC 解释率/%
春季 硝酸盐浓度 + 硅酸盐浓度 + 亚硝酸盐浓度 + 溶解氧浓度 + 盐度 + 水色 + 叶绿素a浓度 597.25 36.4
夏季 硅酸盐浓度 + 铵盐浓度 + 生化需氧量 + 水温 507.87 61.9
秋季 经度 + 磷酸盐浓度 + 溶解氧浓度 + 悬浮物含量 + 水深 + 水温 + 盐度 + 水色 +叶绿素a浓度 110.48 68.7
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海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的季节变化及其与环境因子的相关性
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任爽宁 1 , 张硕 1, * , 高世科 1, * , 路吉坤 2 , 伏光辉 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(3): 89-97
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(3): 89-97
海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的季节变化及其与环境因子的相关性
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任爽宁1 , 张硕1, * , 高世科1, * , 路吉坤2, 伏光辉2
作者信息
  • 1.上海海洋大学 海洋生物资源与管理学院,上海 201306
  • 2.连云港市海洋与渔业发展促进中心,江苏 连云港 222002
  • 任爽宁(1998—),女,山东省烟台市人,主要研究方向为浮游生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态修复。E-mail:
高世科(1994—),男,博士后,主要研究方向为近海连通性。E-mail:
Seasonal variations of planktonic copepods abundance and their relationship with environmental factors in the Haizhou Bay
Shuangning Ren1 , Shuo Zhang1, * , Shike Gao1, * , Jikun Lu2, Guanghui Fu2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Marine Living Resourse Sciences and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2. Marine and Fishery Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang 222002, China
出版时间: 2024-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024050
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浮游桡足类是浮游动物中的一个重要类群,研究浮游桡足类的分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性具有重要意义。本研究利用广义加性模型(GAM)对2003−2022年江苏连云港海州湾人工鱼礁区及邻近海域的环境监测数据进行分析,探讨了浮游桡足类的季节变化、空间分布及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,浮游桡足类丰度季节间差异极显著(p < 0.01),均值由大到小依次为春季、夏季、秋季。丰度空间分布总体呈现人工鱼礁区低、近岸南部海域高的分布态势。GAM结果显示,季节间主要影响因子有同有异,春季是溶解氧浓度、叶绿素a浓度、硅酸盐浓度和硝酸盐浓度;夏季是生化需氧量、硅酸盐浓度、铵盐浓度和温度;秋季是盐度、溶解氧浓度、磷酸盐浓度和悬浮物含量。本研究可为进一步认识人工鱼礁海域浮游动物结构以及针对人工鱼礁海域栖息地适宜性评价提供参考。

浮游桡足类  /  季节变化  /  空间分布  /  广义加性模型分析

Planktonic copepods is an important group of zooplankton. It is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics of planktonic copepods abundance and its correlation with various environmental indicators. In this study, we analyzed environmental monitoring data of Haizhou Bay, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, from 2003 to 2022 using generalized additive model (GAM), to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of planktonic copepods and its correlation with other sea water indicators. The results showed that the abundance of planktonic copepods varied significantly different between seasons (p < 0.01), and the mean value of copepods was greater in spring than in summer than in autumn. The spatial distribution of abundance was generally low in the artificial reef area and high in the southern coastal area. GAM analysis showed that the main influencing factors were different between seasons. The main influencing factors in spring were dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_3^- $-Si concentration and ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $-N concentration. The main influencing factors in summer were biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_3^- $-Si concentration and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $-N concentration. The main influencing factors in autumn were dissolved oxygen, salinity, suspended solids content and ${\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P concentration. This study can provide a reference for further study of zooplankton structure and habitat suitability evaluation in artificial reef waters.

planktonic copepods  /  seasonal variation  /  spatial distribution  /  generalized additive model analysis
任爽宁, 张硕, 高世科, 路吉坤, 伏光辉. 海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的季节变化及其与环境因子的相关性. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (3) : 89 -97 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024050
Shuangning Ren, Shuo Zhang, Shike Gao, Jikun Lu, Guanghui Fu. Seasonal variations of planktonic copepods abundance and their relationship with environmental factors in the Haizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (3) : 89 -97 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024050
海洋浮游生物分布广泛,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,其种群动态和环境适应性成为当前生态学研究的热点之一[12]。关于浮游动物群落格局及其驱动因子方面尽管已有较多研究报道[34],但综合探讨环境因子对浮游动物影响机制的研究相对较少,主要有两大原因:一是缺乏长时间序列的现场调查数据;二是对这些数据缺乏系统、深入地研究和整合。因此,本研究利用长时间序列现场调查数据通过广义加性模型(Generalized Additive Model, GAM)分析环境因子对浮游动物的影响显得尤为重要。
浮游桡足类是浮游动物中的一个重要类群。在渤海[5]、南海[6]、黑海[7]、地中海[8]等均已开展了一系列研究。浮游桡足类是连接海洋生态系统初级生产者和次级生产者的重要纽带,也是优质饵料的主要贡献者[9]。此外,浮游桡足类数量多、种类丰富、繁殖力强、世代周期短,这使得它们能够对海洋环境变化(人为干扰和自然干扰)快速做出反应[10]。这些生态特征赋予浮游桡足类优势,使其成为海洋生态系统健康评价和海洋环境质量监测的重要生物学指标[11]。特别是在环境受到强烈干扰的水域,如人工鱼礁建设海域。目前来看,极少有专门针对人工鱼礁建设海域浮游桡足类及其空间分布特征的研究。
本研究利用2003−2022年在海州湾人工鱼礁及邻近海域60个调查站位获得的浮游桡足类样品和环境因子调查数据,通过GAM分析浮游桡足类群落的季节变化及其与环境影响因子的相关性。本研究为该海域从浮游桡足类群落结构角度评价海州湾海洋牧场人工鱼礁建设海域栖息地适宜性提供参考。
海州湾位于黄海中部苏鲁交界处,地处中纬度水域,属暖温带海洋季风气候区向北亚热带海洋气候区的过渡地带。历史上该海域曾面临渔业资源严重衰退、海洋生物栖息地受损严重等问题,为改善海州湾水域生态环境,养护渔业资源。自2003年起,当地政府开始投放人工鱼礁,建立了连云港海州湾国家级海洋牧场示范区[12]。本研究所用样本采集海域为34°25′00″~34°58′00″N,119°14′48″~119°40′00″E,共设置60个调查站点(图1)。
为研究海州湾人工鱼礁海域浮游动物群落动态,于2003−2022年春、夏、秋3个季度完成浮游动物采集,共采得样品1 380份。各站位用浅水I型浮游生物网(网口内径为50 cm,网目孔径为0.505 mm)自水底层到表层垂直拖取,拖速为0.5 m/s。采集的浮游动物样品立即用缓冲甲醛溶液固定保存至1 L聚乙烯瓶中,固定好的浮游动物样品带回实验室进行种类鉴定和数量统计。
浮游桡足类的定性分析采用体视显微镜(OLYMPUS SZX16)镜检,浮游桡足类的定量采用“U”型浮游动物记数框和解剖镜进行镜检分析。样品的采集、保存及分析按照中华人民共和国国家标准《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)[13]进行。浮游桡足类种类名称及分类以《中国海洋生物名录》[14]为依据。
由于浮游桡足类丰度数据年间极差较大,有的达到4个数量级。因此,为减少极差的影响以及避免负值的出现,对丰度数据加1后进行自然对数转换(1 ind./m3对结果影响可忽略不计)。
2003−2022年春、夏、秋3个季度从调查站位使用有机玻璃采水器采集表层海水。采样现场利用温盐深仪(Conductivity Temperature and Depth,CTD)、SMART SENSOR溶解氧计(AR8210)和21色海水比色剂(XH–B21)测量盐度、水温、水深、溶解氧浓度和水色。剩余9个环境指标按照《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)[13]在实验室同步测得,利用分光光度法(UV–1200)测定硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、硅酸盐、磷酸盐和叶绿素a的浓度。分别利用碱性高锰酸钾法和五日培养法测定化学需氧量和生化需氧量的浓度。根据重量法测定悬浮物的含量。
GAM可以探究响应变量与解释变量之间的非线性关系,并确定每个解释变量的影响程度[15]
本研究基于GAM探究浮游桡足类丰度与海水指标间的关系:
(1)使用方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor,VIF)分季节对解释变量进行共线性检验,去除存在多重共线性的解释变量,即去除VIF值大于5的因子[16]
(2)将筛选后的海水指标叠加入多变量GAM并加以构建,通过赤池信息量准则(Akaike’s Information Criterion,AIC)筛选出最优模型,AIC值越小,模型越优[17]
首先将春、夏、秋3个季度的浮游桡足类丰度数据基于非参数检验分析来探究不同季节的差异。然后利用ArcGIS(v. 10.7)空间分析工具中的克里金法(Kriging)输出浮游桡足类丰度值的空间分布图。
本文所有数据的预处理均在Excel 2022中完成,所有统计方法均通过R语言(3.63版本)、SPSS(17.0版本)和ArcGIS(v. 10.7)操作完成。
海州湾浮游桡足类丰度值各季节间差异极显著(p < 0.01),变化趋势由大到小依次为春、夏、秋(图2)。春、夏、秋3个季度叶绿素a浓度的平均值由大到小亦呈现出春、夏、秋的特征;硅酸盐浓度的平均值由大到小依次为夏季、秋季、春季;磷酸盐浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度和铵盐浓度的平均值由大到小依次为秋季、夏季、春季;硝酸盐浓度、化学需氧量和生化需氧量的平均值由大到小依次为秋季、春季、夏季;盐度春季最高,秋季最低且波动较大;溶解氧浓度春、秋两季相差不大,夏季最低;悬浮物和水温的平均值表现出夏季大于春秋两季;采样深度各季节间基本一致,差异较小。
海州湾春、夏、秋3个季度浮游桡足类丰度值的的空间分布如图3所示。可以看出,浮游桡足类丰度值各季均在调查海域南部近岸区较高,鱼礁区均较周围海域低。季节间的分布略有不同,春季浮游桡足类主要分布在近岸海域,夏季主要集中在近岸南部海域,秋季整体分布比较均匀。
结合VIF检验和单因素GAM的结果,筛选最佳因子,构建最优GAM(表1)。春季最优GAM结果显示,硅酸盐浓度、硝酸盐浓度、叶绿素a浓度对浮游桡足类丰度的变化影响显著(p < 0.05),溶解氧浓度对浮游桡足类丰度的变化影响极显著(p < 0.01),而其余指标均未通过显著性检验。由此绘制出各个环境指标对浮游桡足类春季丰度具有显著影响的效应图。结果表明,硅酸盐浓度与浮游桡足类丰度之间为线性关系,呈显著正相关(图4b)。溶解氧浓度、硝酸盐浓度、叶绿素a浓度与浮游桡足类丰度之间为非线性关系,当溶解氧浓度为6~8 mg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度几乎不受溶解氧浓度变化影响;当溶解氧浓度高于8 mg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度快速下降(图4a)。当硝酸盐浓度在0~0.2 mg/L和0.4~0.6 mg/L时,随着硝酸盐浓度的增加,浮游桡足类丰度值升高;当硝酸盐浓度在0.2~0.4 mg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度几乎无变化(图4c)。叶绿素a浓度在低于40 μg/L或高于80 μg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度与其呈正相关;叶绿素a浓度为40~80 μg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度与其呈负相关(图4d)。
夏季最优GAM结果显示,生化需氧量对浮游桡足类丰度的变化影响显著(p < 0.05),硅酸盐浓度、铵盐浓度和水温对浮游桡足类丰度的变化影响极显著(p < 0.01)。由此绘制出各个环境指标对浮游桡足类夏季丰度具有显著影响的效应图。结果表明,浮游桡足类丰度与生化需氧量在低于4 mg/L时呈正相关,高于4 mg/L时呈负相关(图5a)。铵盐浓度在0.14 mg/L内对浮游桡足类丰度有正向影响(图5b)。硅酸盐浓度在0~0.45 mg/L范围内与浮游桡足类丰度呈正相关,而后呈负相关(图5c)。水温在13~17℃内,浮游桡足类丰度几乎不受影响,在24~33℃产生负向影响(图5d)。
秋季最优GAM结果显示,磷酸盐浓度、溶解氧浓度、悬浮物含量和盐度对浮游桡足类丰度的变化影响显著(p < 0.05),而其余指标均未通过显著性检验。由此绘制出各个环境指标对浮游桡足类秋季丰度具有显著影响的效应图。结果表明,当溶解氧浓度低于8 mg/L或高于11 mg/L时,浮游桡足类丰度几乎不受其影响;当溶解氧浓度在8~11 mg/L范围内,随着溶解氧浓度的升高,浮游桡足类丰度下降(图6a)。悬浮物含量在0~50 mg/L或120~200 mg/L区间内,浮游桡足类丰度与其呈正相关;在50~120 mg/L区间内,悬浮物含量对浮游桡足类丰度产生负向影响(图6d)。磷酸盐浓度低于1.0 mg/L范围内与浮游桡足类丰度呈正相关(图6b)。盐度在12~22或29~33区间内,盐度对浮游桡足类丰度有负向影响;在23~27区间内有正向影响(图6c)。
本研究结果显示,海州湾不同季节浮游桡足类丰度均值由大到小依次为春季、夏季、秋季,此结果与此前对海州湾浮游生物群落的调查结果一致[18]。从季节变化趋势看,本研究结果与世界上多数海域(如比利时北海[19]、地中海[20]、波罗的海[21])以及中国近海海域(如渤海[5]、黄海[22])的研究结果一致。处在春季(4−6月)的浮游桡足类丰度值最高,推测可能和所在区域的浮游植物生物量有较大的关系。李大鹏等[18]在研究中指出,海州湾春季浮游植物的丰度最大。
海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的空间分布存在季节差异,但均表现为中部(人工鱼礁区)低、四周高的特征,推测浮游桡足类是为了躲避鱼苗、虾类、蟹类、贝类等捕食者。2003−2015年在海洋牧场区投放的人工鱼礁改变了该区域的栖息环境,潜在影响了该区域的生物资源构成[12]。有研究表明,浮游桡足类丰度与鱼苗数量呈负相关,鱼苗主要分布在鱼礁区,开阔水域分布较少[23]
水体物理化学因子在决定水体浮游动物丰度方面起着重要作用[7]。本研究结果显示,海州湾浮游桡足类丰度的时空分布特征与温度、水深、盐度、叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧浓度、化学需氧量、生化需氧量和营养盐浓度等环境因子相关。由于浮游桡足类不同季节对于环境因子的适应性略有差异,导致其各季节所依赖的环境因子不同。
春季浮游桡足类丰度主要是受溶解氧、叶绿素a、硅酸盐、硝酸盐的浓度影响。溶解氧是海洋生态系统中异氧生物唯一的氧气来源,是调节海洋生物身体代谢活动的重要因素,溶解氧浓度的高低会直接影响水体生物的丰度[3],本研究中溶解氧成为影响春季浮游桡足类丰度的主要环境因子,溶解氧浓度较低时,浮游桡足类丰度值较高。这可能是由于浮游桡足类利用氧气浓度梯度抵御捕食者。有研究表明,与鱼类、虾类相比,浮游动物能耐受更低的氧气浓度[2425]
浮游植物作为初级生产者可通过食物网间接影响浮游动物的生长,而叶绿素a被认为是测定浮游植物生物量的主要色素。本研究叶绿素a对春季浮游桡足类丰度有显著影响,而浮游桡足类丰度并未随着叶绿素a浓度增加而持续增加,可能的原因是春季叶绿素a浓度较低,有研究指出,叶绿素a浓度较低时,浮游桡足类以悬浮物作为主要摄食对象[26]
硅在海洋环境中的生物循环相对简单,硅藻吸收硅酸盐,将其转化为生物硅;然后随着硅藻的分解,生物硅再次溶解成硅酸盐,或者随浮游植物碎屑一起沉积[27]。本研究中春季浮游桡足类丰度与硅酸盐浓度呈显著正相关,出现这一结果可能的原因是浮游桡足类是硅藻的主要摄食者[28]。无机形态氮在生物过程中不断的使用和再生,人类活动、大气降水和海洋动物的迁徙在海洋生态系统氮的供应和利用中发挥重要作用[7]。高浓度的硝酸盐有利于作为浮游动物主要食物来源的杆状藻类生长[29],这解释了本研究中春季浮游桡足类丰度与硝酸盐浓度呈正相关的原因。
夏季对浮游桡足类丰度变动有显著影响的环境因子是生化需氧量、硅酸盐浓度、铵盐浓度和温度。温度在海洋生态系统中发挥着十分重要的作用,是一个可能对浮游桡足类的生长、繁殖和演替产生重大影响的环境因子。温度会通过干扰浮游桡足类的产卵量、孵化率、卵到成虫的发育周期,直接影响浮游桡足类的新陈代谢和繁殖[5],本研究中水温对夏季浮游桡足类丰度变化有重要影响。有研究表明,当营养盐和食物含量都丰富时,水温的升高会导致水体富营养化,进而影响浮游动物丰度[30]。此外,浮游桡足类各物种适宜温度不同。浮游桡足类中的中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、腹针胸刺水蚤(Centropages abdominalis)均喜好低温,而拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)均喜好高温环境[31]。中华哲水蚤是海州湾夏季优势种[32],这可能是本研究夏季随着水温的升高,浮游桡足类丰度值降低的原因。
浮游桡足类是水污染的生物指示剂[33],生化需氧量是调节浮游桡足类种群数量的关键参数[34]。营养盐和有机物的输入可能导致生化需氧量增加,有研究表明,污染物可能通过控制个体的生存和繁殖,以及通过改变性别比例进而影响浮游动物物种的种群动态[35]。这可以解释本研究生化需氧量对夏季浮游桡足类丰度的影响。
本研究中铵盐是影响夏季浮游桡足类丰度的主要环境因子,且铵盐浓度对浮游桡足类夏季丰度起到正向效应,这与高原等[36]在珠江三角洲的研究结果一致。铵盐作为浮游植物生长所需重要元素,可通过食物网间接影响浮游动物的生长。硅酸盐也是影响夏季浮游桡足类丰度的主要环境因子,与对春季浮游桡足类丰度的影响机制略有不同,夏季浮游桡足类丰度与硅酸盐浓度既有显著正相关,也有显著负相关。究其原因主要有:采样站点的深度不同,再者,硅藻的快速增长往往会导致浮游动物—尤其是浮游桡足类数量的增加[27]
秋季浮游桡足类丰度变动主要由溶解氧浓度、盐度、悬浮物含量、磷酸盐浓度驱动。Lind和Dávalos-Lind[37]的研究表明,浮游动物在某些情况下会以悬浮颗粒为食,适合浮游动物生长的某些有机化合物或者细菌可能附着于悬浮颗粒表面,利于浮游动物摄食。故本研究当悬浮物含量较低时,与浮游桡足类丰度呈正相关;而当悬浮物含量较高时,与浮游桡足类丰度呈负相关关系。这可能是由于水中悬浮物吸收并散射光线,造成水体浑浊,干扰滤食性浮游动物的摄食效率;同时,当食物与悬浮物混合时,浮游动物对食物的同化效率可能会降低,进而对浮游动物的生长繁殖产生影响[30]
盐度的时空变化是决定海岸和河口生态系统浮游动物组成和演替的主要因素[38]。盐度通过干扰浮游桡足类的呼吸速率进而对其摄食速率产生影响,最后可能影响浮游桡足类的存活[39]。海洋中的浮游桡足类作为变渗动物,其调节体内离子浓度和抵抗低盐度的能力有限[40]。本研究中秋季盐度最低且波动最大。Lushchak[41]的研究表明,盐度的急剧变化会导致海洋生物产生氧化应激反应。本研究中秋季浮游桡足类丰度与盐度既有显著正相关,也有显著负相关,是由于秋季盐度较低且波动大。高浓度磷酸盐有利于作为浮游动物主要食物的杆状藻类生长[29],这解释了本研究秋季浮游桡足类丰度与磷酸盐浓度呈正相关的原因。溶解氧浓度也是影响秋季浮游桡足类丰度的主要环境因子,溶解氧浓度对春、秋两季浮游桡足类丰度的影响机制相似。
浮游动物容易受到时间、季节、年际因素驱动[19]。本文的不足之处在于仅基于季节变动的角度探究浮游桡足类的环境影响因子,未考虑年际差异的影响。因此,在今后需要探讨环境因子对浮游动物的影响机制时,可从年际变化的角度开展后续研究。此外,浮游桡足类群落除受水温、盐度、叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物含量、溶解氧浓度等局部环境因子影响外,同时会对大尺度气候因子(厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜等)产生响应[42]。总体上,我们不能只考虑温度、溶解氧浓度、盐度等物理化学因子对浮游桡足类丰度的影响,因为其还可能受到水团、环流、上升流[43]和其他环境因素(如风力)[44]的影响。这也是我们下一阶段的研究重点。
本文利用海州湾人工鱼礁及邻近海域浮游桡足类春、夏、秋调查数据,研究其丰度的时空变化及影响因素。丰度变化季节间差异显著,由大到小依次为春季、夏季、秋季,丰度分布呈现人工鱼礁区低、近岸南部海域高的分布态势。GAM结果显示,季节间影响因子有同有异,春季主要是溶解氧、叶绿素a、硅酸盐、硝酸盐的浓度;夏季是生化需氧量、硅酸盐浓度、铵盐浓度和水温;秋季是溶解氧浓度、磷酸盐浓度、盐度和悬浮物含量。本研究可为综合物理、海洋、生物等多学科知识在浮游动物的模型研究方面奠定良好基础,为进一步挖掘环境因子对浮游动物的影响机制及加深对浮游动物的认识都具有重要意义。
  • 江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8005-18-0018)
  • 江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8006-15-8014)
  • 国家“863”重点项目(2006AA100303)
  • 国家留学基金委员会项目(202308310175)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZC20231539)
  • 中国博士后科研基金第74批项目(E-6005-00-0042-39)
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2024年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024050
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2024-01-08
基金
江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8005-18-0018)
江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8006-15-8014)
国家“863”重点项目(2006AA100303)
国家留学基金委员会项目(202308310175)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZC20231539)
中国博士后科研基金第74批项目(E-6005-00-0042-39)
作者信息
    1.上海海洋大学 海洋生物资源与管理学院,上海 201306
    2.连云港市海洋与渔业发展促进中心,江苏 连云港 222002

通讯作者:

*张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态修复。E-mail:
高世科(1994—),男,博士后,主要研究方向为近海连通性。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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