Article(id=1200377933098504569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=1702915200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764122001193, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1711814400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764122001193, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764122001193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764122001193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200377931454337399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='110', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764122000799, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764122116527, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200378416919859276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200378416919859277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200377931454337399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200377933471797630, articleId=1200377933098504569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Correlation analysis of zooplankton community structure and environmental factors in the Oujiang River Estuary, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors in the Oujiang River Estuary, four voyages were conducted in March (winter), May (spring), August (summer) and November (autumn) in 2021 to investigate the zooplankton and other environmental factors such as sea temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a concentration in the Oujiang River Estuary sea area. The results show that 78 species of zooplankton are identified, including 16 species of larva, it belongs to 8 classes and 14 categories , with the highest number of species in summer (47 species) and the lowest number in winter (23 species). The dominant species (Y ≥ 0.02) include Calanus sinicus, Sinocalanus sinensis, Acartia pacifica, and Centropages dorsispinatus, 17 species. The average annual abundance of zooplankton is (162.95 ± 310.96) ind./m3, and the average annual biomass is (118.85 ± 62.80) mg/m3. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton are the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The abundance in winter is higher than that in summer, and the biomass is lower than that in summer. The average annual Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou evenness index (J') and Margalef richness index (D) are 1.500 ± 0.702, 0.656 ± 0.270 and 2.301 ± 1.087, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis show that sea temperature, salinity, Chl a concentration and phytoplankton abundance are important environmental factors affecting the dominant abundance of zooplankton in the Oujiang River Estuary. It provides scientific reference for the study on the influence of seasonal environmental changes on zooplankton in the Oujiang River Estuary, and provides basic data and theoretical basis for the sustainable development of biological resources in the Oujiang River Estuary.

, correspAuthors=Weicheng Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuhang Wang, Shangqing Li, Shen Ye, Wei Tang, Song Qin, Qingsong Fan, Wenzhi Qiu, Longwei Ai, Chunfang Zheng, Weicheng Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200377936751743419, articleId=1200377933098504569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性,分别于2021年3月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)对瓯江口海域的浮游动物及海水温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度等环境因子进行了4个航次的调查。结果显示,本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物78种,其中包括16种浮游幼虫,隶属于8门14大类,夏季物种数最丰富(47种),冬季物种数最低(23种),优势种(Y ≥ 0.02)有17种,其中桡足类占8种,如中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)和背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)等。浮游动物的年平均丰度为(162.95 ± 310.96)ind./m3,年平均生物量为(118.85 ± 62.80)mg/m3,存在明显的季节变化差异,春季丰度和生物量最高,秋季最低;冬季丰度比夏季高,生物量低于夏季。浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和浮游动物Margalef丰富度指数(D)年平均值分别为1.500 ± 0.702、0.656 ± 0.270和2.301 ± 1.087。Spearman相关性分析和典范对应分析结果表明,海水温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度是影响瓯江口海域浮游动物优势丰度的重要环境因素。这为瓯江口环境季节变化对浮游动物的影响研究提供科学参考依据,为瓯江口生物资源的可持续发展提供基础资料和理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘伟成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘伟成(1980—),男,高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源环境研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VROwdit5KIMbGBdiaXKo+g==, magXml=71Bg3/UXwvkSegksPbUBDA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=48N9wQmkywQxJe2J0alxXA==, pdfFileSize=1637364, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HeHmVy7OcGNLjk4j51PkLg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GaxBKbegVnGBGTjHg0oA6Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王雨航(1997—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事渔业资源方向研究。E-mail:

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王雨航(1997—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事渔业资源方向研究。E-mail:

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王雨航(1997—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事渔业资源方向研究。E-mail:

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Seasonal distribution and average abundance of dominant zooplankton species in the Oujiang River Estuary sea area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 种名 冬季 春季 夏季 秋季
优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3
sp1
中华哲水蚤
Calanus sinicus
0.96 280.2 ± 435.5 0.03 304.1 ± 958.5
sp2
中华华哲水蚤
Sinocalanus sinensis
/ / 0.03 145.3 ± 407.5
sp3
虫肢歪水蚤
Tortanus vermiculus
/ / 0.02 90.4 ± 278.2 / /
sp4
太平洋纺锤水蚤
Acartia pacifica
/ / 0.38 44.3 ± 57.8 0.04 2.9 ± 4.6
sp5
背针胸刺水蚤
Centropages dorsispinatus
/ / / / 0.04 5.1 ± 5.4 0.08 6.8 ± 7.8
sp6
精致真刺水蚤
Euchaeta concinna
/ / / / 0.02 3.7 ± 5.9
sp7
亚强真哲水蚤
Eucalanus subcrassus
/ / / / 0.14 7.8 ± 15.3
sp8
中华胸刺水蚤
Centropages sinensis
/ / / / 0.05 6.9 ± 20.4
sp9
钩虾(未定种)
Gammarus sp.
0.17 483.2 ± 848.7 / /
sp10
糠虾幼体
Mysidacea larva
/ / 0.10 463.2 ± 1 146.4 0.02 6.1 ± 11.9
sp11
磷虾类带叉幼体
Furcilia larva
0.02 57.6 ± 140.1
sp12
短尾类溞状幼体
Brachyura zoea
0.04 5.3 ± 7.0
sp13
箭虫幼体
Sagitta larva
0.02 1.7 ± 1.9
sp14
长额刺糠虾
Acanthomysis longirostris
/ / 0.04 191.7 ± 568.1
sp15
短额刺糠虾
Acanthomysis brevirostris
/ / / / 0.02 2.3 ± 3.9
sp16
百陶箭虫
Sagitta bedoti
/ / 0.05 8.6 ± 13.1
sp17
异体住囊虫
Oikopleura dioica
/ / / / 0.03 2.4 ± 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1200751521756476180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200377933098504569, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

瓯江口海域浮游动物优势种的季节分布和平均丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 种名 冬季 春季 夏季 秋季
优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3 优势度 平均丰度/(ind.·m−3
sp1
中华哲水蚤
Calanus sinicus
0.96 280.2 ± 435.5 0.03 304.1 ± 958.5
sp2
中华华哲水蚤
Sinocalanus sinensis
/ / 0.03 145.3 ± 407.5
sp3
虫肢歪水蚤
Tortanus vermiculus
/ / 0.02 90.4 ± 278.2 / /
sp4
太平洋纺锤水蚤
Acartia pacifica
/ / 0.38 44.3 ± 57.8 0.04 2.9 ± 4.6
sp5
背针胸刺水蚤
Centropages dorsispinatus
/ / / / 0.04 5.1 ± 5.4 0.08 6.8 ± 7.8
sp6
精致真刺水蚤
Euchaeta concinna
/ / / / 0.02 3.7 ± 5.9
sp7
亚强真哲水蚤
Eucalanus subcrassus
/ / / / 0.14 7.8 ± 15.3
sp8
中华胸刺水蚤
Centropages sinensis
/ / / / 0.05 6.9 ± 20.4
sp9
钩虾(未定种)
Gammarus sp.
0.17 483.2 ± 848.7 / /
sp10
糠虾幼体
Mysidacea larva
/ / 0.10 463.2 ± 1 146.4 0.02 6.1 ± 11.9
sp11
磷虾类带叉幼体
Furcilia larva
0.02 57.6 ± 140.1
sp12
短尾类溞状幼体
Brachyura zoea
0.04 5.3 ± 7.0
sp13
箭虫幼体
Sagitta larva
0.02 1.7 ± 1.9
sp14
长额刺糠虾
Acanthomysis longirostris
/ / 0.04 191.7 ± 568.1
sp15
短额刺糠虾
Acanthomysis brevirostris
/ / / / 0.02 2.3 ± 3.9
sp16
百陶箭虫
Sagitta bedoti
/ / 0.05 8.6 ± 13.1
sp17
异体住囊虫
Oikopleura dioica
/ / / / 0.03 2.4 ± 4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1200751521840362261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200377933098504569, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sperman correlation analysis of zooplankton abundance and environmental factors in Oujiang River Estuary sea area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相关系数 桡足类 端足类 浮游幼虫 糠虾类 毛颚类 被囊类
叶绿素a浓度 0.619** 0.112 0.501** 0.443** 0.138 0.225
水温 0.499** 0.211 0.577** 0.156 0.475** −0.045
盐度 −0.217 −0.487** −0.337* −0.558** 0.217 0.163
浮游植物丰度 0.371* 0.477** 0.571** 0.241 0.283 −0.141
), ArticleFig(id=1200751521915859734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200377933098504569, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

瓯江口海域浮游动物丰度与环境因子的Sperman相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相关系数 桡足类 端足类 浮游幼虫 糠虾类 毛颚类 被囊类
叶绿素a浓度 0.619** 0.112 0.501** 0.443** 0.138 0.225
水温 0.499** 0.211 0.577** 0.156 0.475** −0.045
盐度 −0.217 −0.487** −0.337* −0.558** 0.217 0.163
浮游植物丰度 0.371* 0.477** 0.571** 0.241 0.283 −0.141
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瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性分析
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王雨航 1, 2, 3 , 李尚清 1, 2, 3 , 叶深 2, 3 , 唐未 2, 3 , 秦松 2, 3 , 范青松 2, 3 , 邱文致 1, 2, 3 , 艾龙威 1, 2, 3 , 郑春芳 1 , 刘伟成 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(3): 98-110
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(3): 98-110
瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性分析
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王雨航1, 2, 3 , 李尚清1, 2, 3, 叶深2, 3, 唐未2, 3, 秦松2, 3, 范青松2, 3, 邱文致1, 2, 3, 艾龙威1, 2, 3, 郑春芳1, 刘伟成2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.温州大学 生命与环境科学学院,浙江 温州 325035
  • 2.浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所,浙江 温州 325005
  • 3.浙江省近岸水域生物资源开发与保护重点实验室,浙江 温州 325005
  • 王雨航(1997—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事渔业资源方向研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘伟成(1980—),男,高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源环境研究。E-mail:
Correlation analysis of zooplankton community structure and environmental factors in the Oujiang River Estuary
Yuhang Wang1, 2, 3 , Shangqing Li1, 2, 3, Shen Ye2, 3, Wei Tang2, 3, Song Qin2, 3, Qingsong Fan2, 3, Wenzhi Qiu1, 2, 3, Longwei Ai1, 2, 3, Chunfang Zheng1, Weicheng Liu2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
  • 2. Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
  • 3. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bioresource, Wenzhou 325005, China
出版时间: 2024-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024042
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为探究瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性,分别于2021年3月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)对瓯江口海域的浮游动物及海水温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度等环境因子进行了4个航次的调查。结果显示,本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物78种,其中包括16种浮游幼虫,隶属于8门14大类,夏季物种数最丰富(47种),冬季物种数最低(23种),优势种(Y ≥ 0.02)有17种,其中桡足类占8种,如中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)和背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)等。浮游动物的年平均丰度为(162.95 ± 310.96)ind./m3,年平均生物量为(118.85 ± 62.80)mg/m3,存在明显的季节变化差异,春季丰度和生物量最高,秋季最低;冬季丰度比夏季高,生物量低于夏季。浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和浮游动物Margalef丰富度指数(D)年平均值分别为1.500 ± 0.702、0.656 ± 0.270和2.301 ± 1.087。Spearman相关性分析和典范对应分析结果表明,海水温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度是影响瓯江口海域浮游动物优势丰度的重要环境因素。这为瓯江口环境季节变化对浮游动物的影响研究提供科学参考依据,为瓯江口生物资源的可持续发展提供基础资料和理论依据。

浮游动物  /  瓯江口  /  季节变化  /  环境因子  /  典范对应分析

In order to explore the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors in the Oujiang River Estuary, four voyages were conducted in March (winter), May (spring), August (summer) and November (autumn) in 2021 to investigate the zooplankton and other environmental factors such as sea temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a concentration in the Oujiang River Estuary sea area. The results show that 78 species of zooplankton are identified, including 16 species of larva, it belongs to 8 classes and 14 categories , with the highest number of species in summer (47 species) and the lowest number in winter (23 species). The dominant species (Y ≥ 0.02) include Calanus sinicus, Sinocalanus sinensis, Acartia pacifica, and Centropages dorsispinatus, 17 species. The average annual abundance of zooplankton is (162.95 ± 310.96) ind./m3, and the average annual biomass is (118.85 ± 62.80) mg/m3. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton are the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The abundance in winter is higher than that in summer, and the biomass is lower than that in summer. The average annual Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou evenness index (J') and Margalef richness index (D) are 1.500 ± 0.702, 0.656 ± 0.270 and 2.301 ± 1.087, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis show that sea temperature, salinity, Chl a concentration and phytoplankton abundance are important environmental factors affecting the dominant abundance of zooplankton in the Oujiang River Estuary. It provides scientific reference for the study on the influence of seasonal environmental changes on zooplankton in the Oujiang River Estuary, and provides basic data and theoretical basis for the sustainable development of biological resources in the Oujiang River Estuary.

zooplankton  /  Oujiang River Estuary  /  the seasons change  /  environmental factors  /  Canonical Correspondence Analysis
王雨航, 李尚清, 叶深, 唐未, 秦松, 范青松, 邱文致, 艾龙威, 郑春芳, 刘伟成. 瓯江口海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关性分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (3) : 98 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024042
Yuhang Wang, Shangqing Li, Shen Ye, Wei Tang, Song Qin, Qingsong Fan, Wenzhi Qiu, Longwei Ai, Chunfang Zheng, Weicheng Liu. Correlation analysis of zooplankton community structure and environmental factors in the Oujiang River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (3) : 98 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024042
海洋浮游动物是自主游泳能力弱,主要随海浪漂流运动的小型动物[1]。海洋浮游动物作为海洋生态系统的次级生产者,可以通过捕食调节浮游植物的数量,也可以作为营养级较高的海洋生物的优质饵料,是海洋生态系统的重要生物类群,在海洋初级生产力调节和渔业资源调节方面起关键性作用[23]。因为浮游动物能够通过“上行效应”影响着鱼、虾等渔业资源的群落结构和总量[45],在物质循环和能量流动中具有十分重要的作用[6]。浮游动物对环境变化较为敏感[7],水环境变化、浮游植物和渔业资源变动都可能影响浮游动物群落结构的改变[8],因此研究浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构和季节变化特征对海洋生态和渔业资源的保护与研究具有重要意义[9]
瓯江口海域位于东海南部,其间散布约100多个岛屿和众多海湾,地处亚热带季风区北端[10]。由于瓯江径流和浙闽沿岸流带来丰富的营养盐[11],加上复杂的地形所形成的上升流使得瓯江口海域浮游动物十分丰富[12],为许多经济鱼类提供了充足的饵料。2009年高倩和徐兆礼[13-14]已报告瓯江口及邻近海域浮游动物群落结构、丰度和多样性的时空变化,但仍缺少环境因子变化对浮游动物群落影响的研究。
本研究于2021年在瓯江口海域设计了10个站点,进行了4个季节的调查,对浮游动物群落进行样品采集,分析该海域浮游动物群落结构的时空变化特征,并运用典范对应分析法(Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA)分析浮游动物优势种与各环境因子的关系,以期为瓯江口环境季节变化对浮游动物的影响研究提供科学参考依据,为当地海洋牧场的合理建设提供基础数据,为瓯江口生物资源的可持续发展提供基础资料和理论依据。
于2021年3月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)分别对浙江省瓯江口海域的浮游动物、环境因子等进行了4个航次的综合调查,沿着瓯江径流方向设置垂直于海岸线的断面一和平行于海岸线的断面二,从空间分布上,包含了“纯淡水区” “淡水和海水混合区”以及“海水区”。从生境情况上看,生境多,生物多样性高,在此基础上共布设了10个采样站点(图1)。浮游动物调查参考《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)[15]规定进行,浮游动物采用浅水I型浮游生物网(网口面积为0.2 m2,口径为50 cm,筛绢孔径为505 μm)由底至表垂直拖曳采集,在网口绑上HYDRO-BIOS流量计计算滤水体积。采集样品后,使用5%~10%甲醛溶液固定保存,带回实验室进行分类鉴定、计数和湿重生物量测量。浮游植物调查使用标准的浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网(网口面积为0.1 m2,口径为37 cm,筛绢孔径为77 μm)自底层至表层垂直拖网采集,采集到的样品用饱和鲁哥氏液(Lugols solution)固定,静止浓缩后带回实验室在显微镜(Nikon 80i研究显微镜)下观察和计数,并采用电子天平(型号:JY3002;精度:0.01 g)对其湿重进行称重。在采样现场使用多功能温盐深探测仪(Cstaway-CTD)和水质分析仪WTW(Multi-3430)测量温度、盐度、水深、溶解氧含量。叶绿素a表层水样通过200 μm筛绢后取1 L装于无菌聚乙烯塑料瓶中,每份加入2 mL碳酸镁悬浮液混匀,立即送往实验室进行分析。使用0.45 μm水系微孔滤膜抽滤得到总叶绿素a样品。
利用丰度CB(单位:ind./m3)和湿重重量PB(单位:mg/m3)来描述每个站位点的浮游动物资源量大小,浮游动物的丰度、湿重重量的计算公式[15]如下:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{B}}=\frac{{N}_{\mathrm{B}}}{V} \text{,} $
$ {P}_{\mathrm{B}}=\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{B}}}{V} \text{,} $
式中,CB为单位体积海水中浮游动物的丰度;NB为全网个数(单位:ind.);V为滤水量(单位:m3);PB为单位体积海水中浮游动物的湿重;mB为样品湿重(单位:mg)。
群落优势种采用Pinkas相对重要性指数[16]来确定,计算公式如下:
$ Y=\frac{{n}_{i}}{N}\times {f}_{i}\text{,} $
式中,Y为一种浮游动物的优势度,Y ≥ 0.02时为优势种[17]ni为第i种浮游动物丰度;N为所有浮游动物的总丰度;fi为样品中第i种生物的出现频率。
采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'[18]、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Margalef丰富度指数(D[19]来描述浮游动物多样性,计算公式如下:
$ {H}{'}=-{P}_{i}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_{2}\sum {P}_{i} \text{,} $
$ {J}{{'}}=\frac{{H}{{'}}}{{\mathrm{log}}_{2}S} {,} $
$ D=(S-1)/{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}}_{2}N \text{,} $
式中,H'是生物种类多样性指数,H'越大,生物多样性越高;Pi是第i种生物的个体数(ni)与总个体数(N)的比值;J'是均匀度指数,J'取值为0~1,越接近1表示物种均匀度越高;D是丰富度指数;S是样品中总种类数。
运用ARCGIS 10.8绘制浮游生物种类数、生物量和丰度季节分布图,运用克里金插值法绘制环境因子分布图;使用SPSS 21.0软件对浮游动物优势种丰度与海水温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度4个环境因子进行Spearman相关性分析;使用GraphPad Prism 8作图;应用R语言中的vegan数据包分析浮游动物与环境因子的关系,首先进行趋势对应分析(Detrended Correspondence Analysis, DCA),当排序梯度最大值大于4.0时选择典范对应分析(CCA),当排序值小于3.0时选择冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA),梯度长度介于3.0~4.0之间选用RDA和CCA均可[20]。通过CCA分析图可以体现出不同种类浮游动物的生态习性,不同物种在分析图中位置越接近,说明生态习性越相似。运用蒙特卡洛置换检验方法,以p < 0.001为基准,检验各环境因子对浮游动物优势种影响的显著性。
调查海域的表层水温有明显的季节变化,夏季水温最高,冬季水温最低,春季、秋季次之(图2)。表层温度空间分布较为均匀,但春、夏季北部海域较暖,秋、冬季河口区域较暖(图2)。调查海域盐度除河口入海区域外各季节变化不大;河口位置则呈现春、夏、秋、冬递增的趋势(图2)。 叶绿素a浓度春、夏季高于秋、冬季,春季南侧海域和夏季河口区域浓度较高,秋、冬季浓度分布较均匀(图2)。
瓯江口海域4个航次共调查鉴定到浮游动物78种,隶属于8门14大类,以桡足类和浮游幼虫居多,分别为32种和16种,占总种类数的41.0%和20.5%;其次为水螅水母5种,占总种类数的6.4%;糠虾5种,占总种类数的6.4%;管水母和毛颚类各4种,占总种类数的5.1%;十足类有3种,占总种类数的3.8%;端足类和栉水母2种,占总种类数的2.6%;被囊类、涟虫类、磷虾类、翼足类和枝角类各有1种,占总种类数的1.2%。种类名录及季节分布详见表S1
浮游动物的种类组成随季节变化而变化。春季37种;夏季浮游动物种类最丰富,共计47种;秋季37种;冬季种类数最少,共23种。春季和夏季种类数高值区域类似,都集中在霓屿岛、大门岛附近海域;秋季的种类数总体分布不均,秋季种类数高值点出现在大门岛附近海域及瓯江南口外侧海域;冬季种类数整体分布比较均匀,除个别点位种类数较丰富以外整体分布较少(图3)。
取优势度Y ≥ 0.02的物种为优势种,调查海域4个季节共计算出优势种17种,属于6大类群。优势种共包含桡足类8种,浮游幼虫4种,糠虾类2种,端足类、毛颚类和被囊类各1种。浮游动物各类群丰度差异大,各季节优势种类群也有较大差异。春季和秋季优势种各有7种,其中春季钩虾(未定种)(Gammarus sp.)优势度最高(0.17),秋季亚强真哲水蚤(Eucalanus subcrassus)优势度最高(0.14);夏季出现6个优势种,其中太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)优势度最高(0.38);冬季唯一优势种中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)优势度为0.96(表1)。
瓯江口调查海域浮游动物全年生物量的变化范围为4.85~720.83 mg/m3,年平均值为(118.85 ± 62.80)mg/m3,有较为明显的季节变化:春季最高,为(195.93 ± 270.23)mg/m3;夏季次之,为(132.36 ± 130.82)mg/m3;冬季为(101.89 ± 69.89)mg/m3,高于秋季(45.22 ± 39.01)mg/m3。春季生物量最高值主要出现在调查海域的北面;夏季在瓯江河口水域以及调查海域的南侧生物量较高;秋季生物量整体分布较为均匀,在调查海域的北部大门岛北侧海域出现高值点;冬季在瓯江河口水域以及大门岛、霓屿岛海域生物量较高,在断面二上生物量分布较均匀(图4)。
瓯江口调查海域浮游动物全年丰度的变化范围为4.17~1 666.67 ind./m3,年平均值为(162.95 ± 310.96)ind./m3,有较显著的季节变化,春季最高,为(372.45 ± 510.55)ind./m3,秋季最低,为(41.75 ± 47.80)ind./m3,冬季为(161.22 ± 278.79)ind./m3,高于夏季(76.39 ± 71.33)ind./m3。春季丰度分布整体较均匀,最高值点在瓯江河口内;夏季丰度分布高值区域出现在调查海域南侧,瓯江南口外侧海域丰度较高;秋季丰度分布均匀,南口外侧海域以及大门岛北部海域丰度较高;冬季丰度高值点出现在霓屿岛附近海域,调查海域北侧丰度较低(图5)。
调查结果显示,调查海域浮游动物多样性指数(H')夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;均匀度指数(J')夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;丰富度指数(D)夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季(图6)。
浮游动物多样性指数(H')全年变化范围为0.096~2.487,平均值为1.500 ± 0.702。春季多样性指数平均值为1.500 ± 0.792;夏季多样性指数平均值为1.931 ± 0.298,为全年最高;秋季多样性指数平均值为1.866 ± 0.453;冬季多样性指数平均值为0.701 ± 0.384,为全年最低(图6a)。
浮游动物均匀度指数(J')全年变化范围为0.058~0.932, 平均值为0.656 ± 0.270。春季均匀度指数平均值为0.607 ± 0.302;夏季均匀度指数平均值为0.751 ± 0.127,为全年最高;秋季均匀度指数平均值为0.745 ± 0.065;冬季均匀度指数平均值为0.07 ± 0.320,为全年最低(图6b)。
丰富度指数(D)全年变化范围为0.458~4.604,平均值为2.301 ± 1.087。春季丰富度指数平均值为2.096 ± 1.308;夏季丰富度指数平均值为2.988 ± 0.700,为全年最高;秋季丰富度指数平均值为2.767 ± 0.986;冬季丰富度指数平均值为1.351 ± 0.361,为全年最低(图6c)。
调查海域4个季节共有优势种17种,属于6大类群。优势种共包含桡足类8种,浮游幼虫4种,糠虾类2种,端足类、毛颚类和被囊类各1种。将优势种6大类群丰度与水温、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度进行Spearman相关性分析,结果显示,桡足类丰度与叶绿素a浓度和水温呈极显著正相关(p < 0.01),与浮游植物丰度呈显著正相关(p < 0.05);端足类丰度与盐度和浮游植物丰度呈极显著正相关(p < 0.01);浮游幼虫与叶绿素a浓度、水温和浮游植物丰度呈极显著正相关(p < 0.01),与盐度呈显著正相关(p < 0.05);糠虾类与叶绿素a浓度和盐度呈极显著负相关(p < 0.01);毛颚类与水温呈极显著正相关(p < 0.01)(表2)。
为了进一步探究瓯江口海域的环境因子对浮游动物群落的影响,将6大类群17个优势种进行趋势对应分析,排序轴长度大于4.0(DCA1 = 5.326 3),因此选用CCA相关性分析(图7)。环境因子第一排序轴的特征值为0.480 3,第二排序轴为0.356 3,累计解释量为24.29%,环境因子对浮游动物群落分布的整体解释量为51.11%。根据排序结果显示,温度(0.700 2)、叶绿素a浓度(0.368 7)和浮游植物丰度(0.636 2)与第一轴呈显著正相关,盐度(−0.659 9)与第一轴呈显著负相关,除浮游植物丰度外,其他环境因子与第二轴呈显著负相关。据Monte-Carlo 置换检验每个环境因子与优势种群落变化的相关性显示,环境因子显著影响浮游动物的群落分布(p < 0.001),温度(r2 = 0.596 2,p = 0.001) 、盐度(r2 = 0.734 7,p = 0.001)和浮游植物丰度(r2 = 0.396 0,p = 0.001)对浮游动物群落有极显著的影响,叶绿素a浓度(r2 = 0.127 1,p = 0.057)影响不显著。
在排序图中(图7),盐度、水温和浮游植物丰度均对浮游动物的分布有较大影响,与第一轴相关性较高的环境因子为水温、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度,与第二排序轴相关性较高的环境因子为盐度。总体而言,盐度、水温和浮游植物丰度对浮游动物群落分布与组成相关性较大,与叶绿素a浓度相关性较小。太平洋纺锤水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤和短额刺糠虾等生态习性相似,与盐度和水温呈正相关;中华华哲水蚤、虫肢歪水蚤和长额刺糠虾等丰度与浮游植物丰度呈正相关,与盐度呈负相关;中华哲水蚤丰度与水温和叶绿素a浓度具有负相关性。
本次瓯江口海域调查共记录到浮游动物78种,隶属于8门14大类;其中桡足类有32种为该海域主要类群,其次为浮游幼虫16种。调查海域浮游动物种类数分布整体呈现出由瓯江南口水域向外海逐渐增大的趋势。但是在春季、夏季和冬季,位于外部海域的S6点位种类数较少;在秋季和冬季,S5点位种类数较少,由此可见个别点位不符合分布规律。从浮游动物种类数分布图来看(图3),春、夏两季在大门岛和霓屿岛附近海域种类数较高,这是由于该海域岛屿众多,南部受台湾暖流的影响[21],东北部受浙江沿海的浙闽沿岸流影响[14],西部有来自瓯江北口的淡水径流[13],各种温度、盐度的水团在此汇集,这可能是适宜各种生态类群的浮游动物生长的原因之一,例如有以虫肢歪水蚤、长额刺糠虾为代表的亚热带河口半咸水种,也有以中华哲水蚤为代表的暖温带近海种等。春、夏季瓯江径流量大,沿着径流方向输出大量营养盐,形成南口外侧较高的浮游植物密度,浮游动物和浮游植物构成捕食与被捕食的关系[22],在浮游植物密度高的水域,浮游动物有较为丰富的饵料,有利于其生长繁殖,因此在南口及外侧海域也形成浮游动物种类数较高的区域。秋季在调查海域北侧乐清湾和瓯江南口位置种类数较多;冬季水温最低,种类数也最少。冬季种类数由瓯江口南口向外海递减。浮游动物随潮水和洋流运动,其分布受洋流和水团影响[23-24],秋、冬季瓯江径流减小,台湾暖流将适应能力强的外海种带入霓屿岛和洞头岛内侧海域。
与本河口浮游动物历史数据相比,高倩和徐兆礼[14]调查2007年6月和9月瓯江口水域浮游动物数量时发现桡足类为主要优势类群,林义等[25]调查2016年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)温州海域浮游动物群落特征同样发现桡足类为主要类群,与本次调查结果一致,表明该调查海域在浮游动物种类组成上较为稳定。
根据调查结果来看,瓯江口海域浮游动物优势种有明显的季节变化,生态类群也多种多样。瓯江口海域开阔,受外海暖流影响与外界交换保持通畅,有利于暖水广布种进入[26],瓯江口整体种类组成较丰富,浮游动物群落优势种的生态类型以亚热带种和广温种为主。中华哲水蚤作为冬季的唯一优势种属于偏低温的暖温带近海种类[27],冬季气温整体偏低,平均温度为15.27℃,该种可作为冷水团指示种[28];春季水温升高中华哲水蚤持续繁殖,该种仍是优势种。由于中华哲水蚤适温范围为5~23℃[29],调查海域夏季平均气温为28.8℃,温度超过25℃该种不出现[30],因此在夏季调查航次内未发现中华哲水蚤。春季台湾暖流增强[21],水温上升,种类数增加,浮游动物大量繁殖,浮游幼体丰度高[31],春季优势种有糠虾幼体和磷虾类带叉幼体,夏季优势种有短尾类溞状幼体。中华华哲水蚤和虫肢歪水蚤属于亚热带河口半咸水种[2526],长额刺糠虾属于亚热带沿岸低盐种[32],对盐度的适应性较低,结合调查所得的环境数据(图2),春季盐度相对较低,在春季这3个种的优势度较高。太平洋纺锤水蚤是夏季优势度最高的物种,根据王桂忠等[33]在厦门港海区对太平洋纺锤水蚤的研究表明,高温(大于25℃)诱发该种休眠卵的产生,考虑到瓯江夏季径流量增大,调查区域受瓯江冲淡水影响,季节演替较厦门港海区相比略迟,与临近海区乐清湾情况相符[26]。该种同样也作为秋季优势种出现但秋季优势度(0.04)较夏季(0.38)低。相比较而言,短额刺糠虾与太平洋纺锤水蚤同属于近海暖水种[26],短额刺糠虾的分布基本符合季节演替规律,在水温过低的冬季和水温过高的夏季该种都未调查发现过,春、秋季均有所发现且秋季该种作为优势种出现。夏、秋季优势种还包括背针胸刺水蚤,在河口分布的背针胸刺水蚤的水域略偏高温且有较广的适盐度[34],在瓯江河口站位点均有分布。百陶箭虫的分布与温度密切相关[35],夏季温度升高百陶箭虫的丰度逐步增加,进入秋季直至冬季消亡。精致针刺水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤和异体住囊虫都属于大洋广布生态类群[26],适应能力强分布范围广,在秋季皆为优势种,其中亚强真哲水蚤是秋季的第一优势种。
调查海域丰度春季最高,冬季次之,夏季低于秋季。生物量春、夏季最高,冬、秋季最低。丰度与生物量的季节变化趋势大致相同。考虑到可能是夏季调查到多种的水母类,水母类数量虽然不多但是含水量高,湿重生物量远高于桡足类和枝角类等,因此夏季丰度低于冬季生物量却高于冬季。造成冬季丰度较高的原因是调查出现大量的中华哲水蚤,中华哲水蚤是冬季的唯一优势种,该种对冬季丰度的影响起决定性的作用,就空间分布而言,冬季丰度较高的区域集中在霓屿岛附近海域,该海域生物量与丰度分布保持一致。春季丰度平面分布整体较均匀,生物量在大门岛北侧乐清湾附近海域出现高值区,在瓯江水域内S7点位丰度较高但生物量偏低,该点位有多种浮游幼虫如短尾类溞状幼体、糠虾幼体等。这些幼体对生物量贡献不大,并没有造成生物量的提高。春季在S5点位丰度极低但生物量却很高,这也是水母类浮游动物造成的。生物量4个季节分布高值区各不一样,冬季和秋季生物量分布整体较均匀,此时台湾暖流较夏季弱[36],与浙江沿岸流和瓯江径流共同作用影响,使秋、冬季生物量分布较均匀。春季台湾暖流逐渐增强[21],随台湾暖流进入很多外海种,在洞头岛南侧形成生物量高值区。夏季瓯江处于丰水期[37],径流量增大,随瓯江冲淡水带来大量的营养盐有利于浮游植物的生长,为浮游动物的生长提供了丰富的饵料,夏季在河口位置形成生物量高值区。
优势种是群落中占比最多的关键种,能从一定程度上反映特定海域浮游动物群落的特征[38]。在本研究中,通过Spearman相关性分析和CCA分析显示:温度和盐度与优势种分布的相关性较高。水温影响浮游动物的代谢速度,水温过高或过低对浮游动物的生长发育和繁殖均有不利影响[3940],导致调查海域内优势种的季节分布明显,其中冬季温度最低,因此冬季浮游动物的种类数和多样性指数最低。盐度对浮游动物的生长发育也有重要影响,在调查海域瓯江河口附近,四季均呈现出低盐特征,导致该地区浮游动物以低盐种(太平洋纺锤水蚤和背针胸刺水蚤等)和河口半咸水种(中华华哲水蚤和虫肢歪水蚤等)为主,种类数较少。同时海流和水团是影响浮游动物分布格局的重要因素[41],调查海域内北部受瓯江径流和江浙沿岸流影响,南部受台湾暖流控制,耐受高温、高盐的大洋广布生态类群伴随外海的高温、高盐度海水扩散至沿岸,例如亚强真哲水蚤、精致真哲水蚤和肥胖箭虫等。
浮游植物作为饵料与浮游动物的生长繁育密切相关[42],夏季浮游植物丰度最高,为浮游动物的生长发育提供了充足的饵料,因此夏季浮游动物丰度较高,优势种优势度高种类丰富;冬季浮游植物丰度较低,浮游动物丰度较低,浮游幼虫所占比例极小,表明浮游动物更适应在饵料丰富的环境下繁殖。温度和盐度为浮游植物的生长发育提供了良好环境,瓯江口河口水域营养盐丰富,但由于水体高含量悬沙作用,水体的透光性较差,浮游植物难以更好地进行光合作用,整体丰度不高。河口南口点位(S7、S8、S9)受河口悬沙影响浮游植物丰度较低,这3个点位的浮游动物丰度大小和浮游植物同比降低,因此推断出水体悬浮物含量也是间接影响浮游动物丰度的相关因子。叶绿素a是了解自然水体中浮游植物生物量的重要度量,本次CCA分析结果显示叶绿素a浓度对浮游动物优势种影响较小,这也许和优势种种类有关,同时叶绿素a浓度在调查水域内分布较均匀,季节差异性较小,因此在本次调查结果中叶绿素a没有成为浮游动物优势种的重要影响因子,该调查结果与临近海域福建沙埕港[43]类似。
本研究结果显示,在CCA排序分析方法中,水温、盐度、叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度共同解释了浮游动物优势种分布51.11%的原因,剩余48.89%的原因可能是pH、化学需氧量和总氮浓度等环境因子,这还有待进一步分析验证。
致谢:感谢浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所海洋生态与渔业资源研究室为本研究提供调查和实验数据。
表S1 种类名录及季节分布
补充材料可通过http://www.hyxbocean.cn/获取。补充材料未进行排版和编辑,内容的准确性和科学性由作者承担。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD0900805)
  • 温州河口渔业资源养护试点专项调查研究项目(05202251)
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2024年第46卷第3期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024042
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
  • 修回日期:2023-12-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD0900805)
温州河口渔业资源养护试点专项调查研究项目(05202251)
作者信息
    1.温州大学 生命与环境科学学院,浙江 温州 325035
    2.浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所,浙江 温州 325005
    3.浙江省近岸水域生物资源开发与保护重点实验室,浙江 温州 325005

通讯作者:

*刘伟成(1980—),男,高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源环境研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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