Article(id=1200028550838452764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693670400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-03, revisedDate=1703520000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764038701972, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038701972, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038701972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038701972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200028546686091752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764038700981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764060312216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200028551169802786, articleId=1200028550838452764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Multi-frequency variability and mechanism of intra-seasonal sea surface height in the Sulawesi Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the satellite altimeter observation data from 1993 to 2022, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of the multi frequency seasonal variation signal of sea surface height in the Sulawesi sea, and gives the dynamic interpretation by using Rossby standard mode theory. The spectral analysis shows that there is a strong intra-seasonal signal of 30–90 days in the sea surface height variation of Sulawesi sea, and its average power spectral density is 13 times of the average power spectral density of the signal in half a year. These seasonal signals have discrete and discontinuous spectral peak periods, and the peaks of 54.0 d and 64.4 d are the largest, which are 28 times and 23 times of the signal of 30–90 days, respectively. The theoretical analysis shows that the existence of Rossby standard modes in the nearly closed Sulawesi deep-sea basin. The seasonal variation observed by satellite altimeter is consistent with the two-dimensional spatial structure evolution, period and westward propagation velocity of Rossby standard mode results, the superposition of Rossby standard mode solutions presents a variance distribution similar to the sea surface height variation field. This shows that the inherent oscillation of Sulawesi Sea basin is one of the important mechanisms that contribute to its intra-seasonal variation.

, correspAuthors=Lingling Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhibang Mao, Lu Wang, Junyi Li, Lingling Xie, Quanan Zheng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200028555150197394, articleId=1200028550838452764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用1993–2022年卫星高度计观测数据,分析苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化信号的时空特征,利用罗斯贝标准模理论给出动力解释。谱分析显示,苏拉威西海海面高度变化存在很强的30~90 d的季节内信号,其平均功率谱密度为半年内信号平均功率谱密度的13倍。这些季节内信号具有离散、不连续的谱峰周期,其中54.0 d和64.4 d的峰值最大,分别为30~90 d信号平均谱值的28倍和23倍。罗斯贝标准模态理论分析显示,近封闭的苏拉威西深海盆存在离散的罗斯贝标准模态。卫星高度计观测的季节内变化与罗斯贝标准模态结果的二维空间结构演化、周期以及西传速度一致,罗斯贝标准模态解的叠加呈现出与海面高度变化相似的方差分布,这说明苏拉威西海海盆的固有振荡是其季节内变化特征形成的重要机制之一。

, correspAuthors=谢玲玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*谢玲玲 (1983—) , 女, 山东省莱芜市人, 教授, 主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=46ybrT8qvucYITB0dX/yvw==, magXml=ma2J9qnez2P78IRqVrUptQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GINYTB6Ghu72ZO0IR2252g==, pdfFileSize=4273381, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mzaAZoOGU7CE6V6eFsrrGg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tKE77KliXxOTshuIwp18qw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

毛志榜 (1990—) ,男,河南省叶县人,研究方向为物理海洋学。E-mail:

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毛志榜 (1990—) ,男,河南省叶县人,研究方向为物理海洋学。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1200734224912339093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028550838452764, language=CN, label=图10, caption=3.375°N纬线上的FLSA变化Hovmöller图, figureFileSmall=PmQz4+WBCHMUPcbY5JICeA==, figureFileBig=f92lJn9MBG4uYg/9LwDlow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200734224979447958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028550838452764, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Variance distribution maps of modal sea surface height changes, figureFileSmall=DmhBh7DUzeSBRYZVZsy97w==, figureFileBig=IvzfJ2NGWQ6YHmW+VjfXhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200734225084305559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028550838452764, language=CN, label=图11, caption=模态海面高度变化方差分布, figureFileSmall=DmhBh7DUzeSBRYZVZsy97w==, figureFileBig=IvzfJ2NGWQ6YHmW+VjfXhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200734225143025816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028550838452764, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Wave parameters corresponding to the 6 modes shown in Fig. 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态行波纬向波长$ {\lambda }_{mn}/ $km周期$ {T}_{mn}/ $d西传速度$ {C}_{mn} $/ (cm-s-1
$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $823.1848.8–19.53
$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $625.5164.2–11.28
$ {\zeta }_{31}^{0} $479.1383.8–6.62
$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $752.6553.3–16.33
$ {\zeta }_{21}^{1} $592.8367.7–10.13
$ {\zeta }_{31}^{1} $463.9686.5–6.21
), ArticleFig(id=1200734225214328985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028550838452764, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

对应图 2中6个模态的波参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态行波纬向波长$ {\lambda }_{mn}/ $km周期$ {T}_{mn}/ $d西传速度$ {C}_{mn} $/ (cm-s-1
$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $823.1848.8–19.53
$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $625.5164.2–11.28
$ {\zeta }_{31}^{0} $479.1383.8–6.62
$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $752.6553.3–16.33
$ {\zeta }_{21}^{1} $592.8367.7–10.13
$ {\zeta }_{31}^{1} $463.9686.5–6.21
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苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析
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毛志榜 1, 2, 3 , 王露 1, 4 , 李君益 1, 2, 3 , 谢玲玲 1, 2, 3, * , 郑全安 5
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(2): 14-27
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(2): 14-27
苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析
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毛志榜1, 2, 3 , 王露1, 4, 李君益1, 2, 3, 谢玲玲1, 2, 3, * , 郑全安5
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院, 广东 湛江 524088
  • 2.陆架及深远海气候、资源与环境广东省高等学校重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
  • 3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 4.海军士官学校 航海系,安徽 蚌埠 233012
  • 5.美国马里兰大学 大气与海洋科学系, 马里兰州 大学市 20742
  • 毛志榜 (1990—) ,男,河南省叶县人,研究方向为物理海洋学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*谢玲玲 (1983—) , 女, 山东省莱芜市人, 教授, 主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
Multi-frequency variability and mechanism of intra-seasonal sea surface height in the Sulawesi Sea
Zhibang Mao1, 2, 3 , Lu Wang1, 4, Junyi Li1, 2, 3, Lingling Xie1, 2, 3, * , Quanan Zheng5
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Climate, Resources and Environment of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions on the Shelf and in the Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4. Department of Navigation, Naval Petty Officer Academy, Bengbu 233012, China
  • 5. Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024001
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本文利用1993–2022年卫星高度计观测数据,分析苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化信号的时空特征,利用罗斯贝标准模理论给出动力解释。谱分析显示,苏拉威西海海面高度变化存在很强的30~90 d的季节内信号,其平均功率谱密度为半年内信号平均功率谱密度的13倍。这些季节内信号具有离散、不连续的谱峰周期,其中54.0 d和64.4 d的峰值最大,分别为30~90 d信号平均谱值的28倍和23倍。罗斯贝标准模态理论分析显示,近封闭的苏拉威西深海盆存在离散的罗斯贝标准模态。卫星高度计观测的季节内变化与罗斯贝标准模态结果的二维空间结构演化、周期以及西传速度一致,罗斯贝标准模态解的叠加呈现出与海面高度变化相似的方差分布,这说明苏拉威西海海盆的固有振荡是其季节内变化特征形成的重要机制之一。

苏拉威西海  /  多频率季节内变化  /  时空特征  /  罗斯贝标准模态  /  固有振荡

Based on the satellite altimeter observation data from 1993 to 2022, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of the multi frequency seasonal variation signal of sea surface height in the Sulawesi sea, and gives the dynamic interpretation by using Rossby standard mode theory. The spectral analysis shows that there is a strong intra-seasonal signal of 30–90 days in the sea surface height variation of Sulawesi sea, and its average power spectral density is 13 times of the average power spectral density of the signal in half a year. These seasonal signals have discrete and discontinuous spectral peak periods, and the peaks of 54.0 d and 64.4 d are the largest, which are 28 times and 23 times of the signal of 30–90 days, respectively. The theoretical analysis shows that the existence of Rossby standard modes in the nearly closed Sulawesi deep-sea basin. The seasonal variation observed by satellite altimeter is consistent with the two-dimensional spatial structure evolution, period and westward propagation velocity of Rossby standard mode results, the superposition of Rossby standard mode solutions presents a variance distribution similar to the sea surface height variation field. This shows that the inherent oscillation of Sulawesi Sea basin is one of the important mechanisms that contribute to its intra-seasonal variation.

Sulawesi Sea  /  multi-frequency intra-seasonal variation  /  spatiotemporal characteristics  /  Rossby normal modes  /  inherent oscillation
毛志榜, 王露, 李君益, 谢玲玲, 郑全安. 苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (2) : 14 -27 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024001
Zhibang Mao, Lu Wang, Junyi Li, Lingling Xie, Quanan Zheng. Multi-frequency variability and mechanism of intra-seasonal sea surface height in the Sulawesi Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (2) : 14 -27 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024001
近几十年来,国际上对印尼贯穿流(Indonesian Throughflow,ITF)和印度尼西亚海(Indonesian Seas,简称“印尼海”)的研究有了很大的进展[1]。ITF连通太平洋和印度洋,是全球热盐环流的关键环节,维持了大洋间的物质、动量和能量平衡[2],输运的高温低盐水也能直接影响下游海区的生态构成[3]。受到来自两个大洋大尺度海洋波动过程的影响,印尼海是太平洋西传罗斯贝波和印度洋东传开尔文波的必经海域[46],处在大气Walker环流的上升区[7],在全球气候演变中有重要作用[89]。通过苏拉威西海南端的望加锡海峡输入的中部路径是ITF的主路径[1013],其流量的多尺度变异直接受苏拉威西海的动力过程的影响[1, 14]。与印尼海其他海域以及各个海峡通道的研究相比,目前对苏拉威西海的动力过程的研究较少。
苏拉威西海位于印尼海北部,是一个接近封闭的陆缘海[4],如图1所示,其范围为1°~7.5°N,117.5°~125.5°E,位于棉兰老岛和苏禄群岛以南,加里曼丹岛以东,苏拉威西岛以北,东部通过桑义赫群岛与太平洋相连。海底地形比较简单,盆底平缓,南部与较深的望加锡海峡相连,在水深3 000 m以下构成一个封闭海盆。海盆平均水深4 000~5 000 m,最大水深超过6 200 m,总面积28 × 104 km2 [15]。经该海域进入望加锡海峡的水体主要来自北太平洋[1618],受棉兰老流和局地风作用的影响[1921],并最终在海面高度变化上有清晰的反映[2223]。研究苏拉威西海海面高度变化特征及背后的机制有利于加深对ITF变化的理解。
季节内变化是海洋和大气研究的热点,也是马登−朱利安振荡(Madden Julian Oscillation, MJO)与海洋相互作用的主要过程[24]。前人研究显示,包括苏拉威西海在内的印尼海区存在明显的季节内信号。Gordon和Fine[25]在研究太平洋和印度洋水体通道时指出,印尼海域海流存在周期小于100 d的季节内变化。Ffield和Gordon[26]通过分析SST资料得出,印尼海大部分海域SST存在60 d左右的季节内振荡。Arief和Murray[27]分析验潮站的水位资料发现,爪洼岛南岸存在40~60 d的季节内信号。Du等[28]在研究2006–2008年期间印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)事件时发现,印尼海域海面温度异常(SSTA)存在很强的的季节内信号,且对于IOD事件的演化至关重要。曹国娇等[29]对印尼贯穿流及周边海域的季节内变化研究进行了追踪,指出在ITF的主要海峡通道存在着约20~90 d的季节内变化[3031]。在苏拉威西海,Watanabe等[32]的锚系流速观测数据显示,该海域存在50~60 d的季节内信号。Qiu等[22]利用一层半约化重力模式得出该海域跃层深度变化存在50 d左右的季节内信号。袁东亮等[33]利用漂流浮标轨迹研究棉兰老流在苏拉威西海的甩涡现象,指出该海域存在强烈的季节内海气耦合动力过程。Pujiana等[31]通过卫星高度计海面高度异常的数据分析得出,苏拉威西海季节内变化的强度要大于季节变化,甚至可以和受ENSO影响的年际变化强度相当。前人在季节内变化研究中多关注某一个或者一段频率的总信号,对于季节内多个变化信号间的异同及其动力关联研究较少。
为此,本文利用1993–2022年的卫星高度计海面高度数据,探究ITF中部路径源区苏拉威西海季节内信号的时空分布特征,并且利用罗斯贝标准模态理论揭示引起苏拉威西海多频季节内振荡的海洋内在动力机制。
本文使用的数据资料是由法国空间局AVISO(Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)数据中心提供的融合多颗卫星高度计(ERS-1/2,Topex/Posedion,ENVISAT和Jason-1/Jason-2)的全球网格化海面高度(MADT)数据,数据的空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°,时间范围为1993年1月1日至2022年12月31日,下载网址为https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/data-access/gridded-data-extraction-tool.html。在研究海洋环流时空变化时,融合数据比单个卫星高度计数据更适用,特别是对于中尺度过程的研究,融合高度计数据能够更真实地反映海面高度异常的变化,同时高分辨率的高度计数据有利于检测海洋季节内信号。因此,本文利用高分辨率的卫星高度计资料,可以得到海洋季节内变化在整个海域的分布特征,同时利用海面高度异常数据,可进一步分析海洋季节内振荡的变化特征。
本文使用GEBCO提供的水深数据,数据分辨率为0.0041667° × 0.004166 7°,用来标记等深线,以及区域划分,该数据可以在GEBCO官网上获取,下载网址为https://download.gebco.net/#。本文还使用了再分析的流场数据(GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030),用来估算研究海域的平均西向流速变化,数据分辨率为0.083° × 0.083°,该数据可在Copernicus Marine Service官网上获取,下载网址为https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030/description
罗斯贝标准模态是封闭流体在地球旋转效应下的固有振荡特征[34]。它的空间结构和相速度取决于水体自身的固有频率,而不是外界强迫[35]。过去的研究多是在理论上论证和求解罗斯贝标准模态,Xie和Zheng[36]首次将理想模型应用在南海海域,通过卫星高度及资料证实南海海盆存在固有模态。Lin等[37]在解释南海海域SLA预测时使用相同的方法验证罗斯贝标准模态的空间分布特征。根据Pedlosky[34]和Xie等[38],在一个纬向长度为$ L $、经向宽度为$ l $的等深流体构成的封闭海盆内,小振幅扰动形成的罗斯贝标准模态流函数$ \psi $
$ \psi \left(x,y,t\right) = \mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{\beta }{2{\sigma }_{mn}}x + {\sigma }_{mn}t\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{m{\text{π}} }{L}x\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{n{\text{π}} }{l}y\right)\text{,} $
式中,$ x $$ y $$ t $分别为纬向、经向和时间坐标;$ \beta $是科氏参数$ f $的北向梯度;$ m=1,\;2,\;3,\cdots $$ n=1,\;2,\;3,\cdots $分别为纬向、经向模态数;$ {\sigma }_{mn} $为特征频率,其表达式为
$ {\sigma }_{mn}=\dfrac{\beta }{2{\left[{\left(\dfrac{m{\text{π}}}{L}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{n{\text{π}} }{l}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{1}{{R}{i}}\right)}^{2}\right]}^{1/2}}\text{,} $
式中,$ {R}{i} $是罗斯贝变形半径。对应特征频率,第$ mn $模态的本征周期为
$ {T}_{mn}=\frac{4{\text{π}} }{\beta }{\left[{\left(\frac{m{\text{π}} }{L}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{n{\text{π}} }{l}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{1}{{Ri}}\right)}^{2}\right]}^{1/2}\text{,}  $
其行波和驻波的纬向波长分别为
$ {\lambda }_{mn}=\frac{4{\text{π}} {\sigma }_{mn}}{\beta }\text{,} $
$ {\lambda }_{m}=\frac{2L}{m}\text{,} $
经向波长为
$ {\lambda }_{n}=\frac{2l}{n}\text{,} $
向西传播的相速度为
$ {C}_{mn}=-\frac{2{\sigma }_{mn}^{2}}{\beta }=\frac{\beta }{2\left[{\left(\dfrac{m{\text{π}} }{L}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{n{\text{π}} }{l}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{1}{{R}{i}}\right)}^{2}\right]}. $
为简化计算又不失物理意义,选择1.5°~5.5°N,118°~125.5°E的矩形区域作为苏拉威西海模型海域(图1红色矩形框所示),其中心纬度为3.5°N,长度$ L=833 $ km, 宽度$ l=473 $ km。取3.5°N处的科氏参数$ f $以及平均水深4 000 m,计算可得正压罗斯贝变形半径$ R_0=22\ 298 $ km。参考前人结果,该海域第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径$ {R}_{1}=295.75 $ km[23]。基于上述公式和参数,可以得出相应的罗斯贝标准模态。
图2所示为苏拉威西海归一化的海面高度罗斯贝标准模态的二维结构。可见,所有的标准模态都是由交替分布的高低中心组成,并且不同中心的空间尺度和振幅也不同。其中正压模$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $$ m=1,n=1 $)在海盆范围内存在2~3个极值中心,随着模态数升高,极值中心增多,封闭海盆内海面高度等值线所呈现的气旋和反气旋涡尺度变小。随着周期增加,不同模态其高低交替的中心均同时向西移动,且尺度和振幅随时间变化而变化。这些变化过程导致二维海面呈现复杂的周期性变化。相比正压模$ {\zeta }_{mn}^{0} $,斜压模$ {\zeta }_{mn}^{0} $围绕极值中心的涡旋尺度略有减小,强度略有增加。
表1为利用式(2)至式 (7)计算得到的图2所示6个模态的行波纬向波长、周期与西传速度。可见,正压模态和斜压模态,均随着模态数的升高,周期变长,西传速度变慢。相同模态数下,斜压罗斯贝标准模的波长、传播速度略小于正压模态,周期略大于正压模态。n = 1情况下,苏拉威西海正压和斜压标准模差异不大。
本文采用Matlab自带的periodogram函数对1993–2022年所选海区(1.5°~5.5°N,118°~125.5°E)的SLA时间序列逐点进行功率谱分析,周期和能量密度均转换为以天为单位。绘制功率密度谱图时,截去周期小于30 d的能量不明显的高频信号以及周期大于90 d的季节到年际变化的低频信号。为了表征海面高度变化的空间差异,根据海面高度异常的方差分布特征,选取不同区域的海面高度异常变化进行功率谱分析,同时在3.125°N纬线上,根据所处位置(海盆中部及两侧)及水深的不同,选取3个位置点,对SLA进行小波分析。小波分析采用Matlab wavelet工具包,使用返回的wave结果计算能量,绘图时做对数处理,纵坐标单位转换为天。
在上述结果基础上,对SLA时间序列进行周期为30~90 d的带通滤波。带通滤波器使用Matlab filterDesigner设计,滤波采用6阶的Butterworth滤波方法,截断频率分别为周期90 d和30 d对应的频率。滤波后的SLA称为FSLA(Filtered-SLA)。
对1993年1月1日至2022年12月31日苏拉威西海海盆区域(1.5°~5.5°N,118°~125.5°E)30年的SLA时间序列进行功率谱分析,结果显示90 d以下的变化信号显著,其中30~90 d季节内周期的平均功率密度谱值约为半年内(0~180 d)信号平均谱值的13倍(图未显示)。图3示出了30~90 d范围的功率谱,可见,SLA的季节内变化存在多个频率,其中最显著周期为54.0 d,其频谱密度值为0.62 m2/d,其值约为30~90 d季节内信号平均功率密度的28倍(图3中红线所示);其次是周期为64.4 d的信号,频谱密度值为0.504 m2/d,为季节内信号平均值的22.7倍。除了这两个最显著的周期信号以外,谱中还存在着45~50 d以及70~75 d左右的离散的峰值,这些众多离散的峰值说明该海域存在着不同周期的多频率的季节内信号。
图4示出了30~90 d带通滤波SLA的方差分布。可见,除了沿岸区域[29],苏拉威西海海盆的SLA季节内变化的方差显著,且大值主要集中在2.5°~4°N,119.5°~122.5°E范围、3 000 m以深的深海盆区域。最大方差值超过13.19 cm2。这进一步说明,该海域SLA变化存在显著的季节内信号,且该信号的分布与封闭深海盆有密切关系。
根据季节内SLA方差分布计算结果划分苏拉威西海为高值和低值两个区域,如图4所示。
分别对两个区域计算功率密度谱,结果如图5a图5b所示。可见,两个区域的功率密度均在季节范围内展现多个峰值,尽管峰值存在差异,但两个区域谱峰峰值对应的频率基本一致。这表明,强烈的季节内信号在整个海盆都有体现,在深水海盆中央尤其明显。进一步以3 000 m等深线为界划分,两个区域SLA功率密度谱与图5类似,峰值均呈离散分布,且频率相当。
为探究季节内信号的长时间变化规律,在3 000 m以浅的海盆西侧(3.125°N,118.375°E)、海盆中央(3.125°N,120.875°E)以及3 000 m以深的海盆东侧(3.125°N,124.625°E)选取A、B、C 3个坐标点(图4),做SLA时间序列的小波分析,结果如图6所示。可见,在30~90 d的季节内变化周期段中,A–C点均存在30年间断续出现的事件信号,其中海盆西侧(A点)信号最弱,东侧(C点)次之,海盆中央(B点)信号最强,且超过置信度的季节内事件最密集。在年际变化上,西侧季节内信号的高值事件主周期40~70 d,每次事件持续时间在1年左右,且间隔1~2年出现一次;东侧高值信号较西侧持续时间更长;海盆中央高值信号在30年的时间序列上几乎一直存在。
以上结果再次证明苏拉威西海海盆中存在较强的季节内信号,且在3 000 m以深区域信号强烈,在3 000 m以浅区域信号在各个频段上不连续且表现出较强的随机性。这说明,浅水区受到风场等外界强迫影响,海盆内侧固有信号一直存在。这些季节内信号与季风以及附近海区洋流的季节、年变化信号叠加,共同影响苏拉威西海海面高度的变化。
前人对于印尼海区海洋季节内振荡信号的激发机制的研究多归因于大气风场的远程强迫和局地作用。比如,Qiu等[22]发现苏门答腊岛和爪哇岛沿岸50~85 d的季节内变化与赤道中印度洋的季节内风场波动周期相同。Iskandar等[39]指出东印度洋高空风和局地风都会导致苏门答腊岛和爪哇岛沿岸的海面高度产生正异常。Schiller等[40]指出在ITF的出口龙目海峡和翁拜海峡,温度和流速的季节内信号受赤道东印度洋风场和局地季节内尺度风场所控制。然而,风强迫并不是海洋变化的唯一驱动机制,海盆固有动力过程及其周边海洋过程的调控作用同样具有重要意义[4142]。Xie和Zheng[36]及Xie等[38]证实临近的南海海盆存在具有季节内周期的罗斯贝标准模态,这些固有模态与南海海面高度的季节内变化和涡旋形成密切相关。Yang等[43]指出南海环流对风场强迫的响应具有选择性,其响应周期取决于海盆的固有模态。具有类似封闭海盆的苏拉威西海,理论上也应具有自身的固有动力模态。Qiu等[22]指出,苏拉威西海跃层的50 d变化,与海盆内罗斯贝波固有频率有关。这提示,海盆自身动力过程对苏拉威西海的季节内变化具有重要作用,其固有变化特征值得深入探究。
为了揭示苏拉威西海季节内信号和罗斯贝标准模态之间的关系,先对整个海域的SLA做30~90 d的带通滤波,在滤波后的FSLA数据中找寻与罗斯贝标准模态演化(图2)类似的时间段。此处,根据图3中功率密度谱峰值与罗斯贝标准模态周期相近的事实,选取3个模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $,在FSLA中找到3个对应的时间段,分别为2019年12月26日至2020年2月19日、2000年11月24日至2001年1月18日、2001年12月22日至2002年2月26日。定义相位相似度PS(Phase-Similarity)为空间正负相位在两个时间点的相似性,以其中一个时间点的空间相位为基准,对比第二个时间点与前者同正或同负的相位点数在空间总相位点中的占比,PS计算结果及FSLA变化如图7图9所示。
对比图2可以看出FLSA也存在正负相位不对称的周期性演化。其中图7对应模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $,在约50 d的时间里,相位由最初的左负右正,演化为中部为正而两侧为负,并继续演化为左侧为正右侧为负、中部为负而两侧为正,在2020年2月14日(第50天)时维持与2019年12月25日近似的结构,相位相似度PS达到0.73。图8对应模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $,与图7类似,在2001年1月18日(第55天)时维持与2000年11月24日近似的结构,相位相似度PS达到0.68。图9对应模态$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $,此时由于涡状起伏的拉伸和南北交叠,对应每个FSLA的图像较难看出规则的正负相位交替,参照图2,模态$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $的演化在每个时间至少有4个正负交替的相位存在,且有的相位不明显,虽然FSLA图像上正负相位的演化较为随机,但是依然能看出相较于2001年12月28日,2002年2月26日(第60天)时维持相似的结构,相位相似度PS达到0.69。与通过棋盘状网格各区域相位正负来判断整体的相位相似性的方法[38]相比,本文定义的相位相似度PS能够更好地持续描述符合罗斯贝标准模态的海面高度的空间演化。
为了进一步确定FSLA相位的演化周期和传播速度,在3个时间段上选取3.375°N纬线上的FSLA做Hovmöller图,如图10所示。
通过以上Hovmöller图,可以清晰地看出FSLA相位的西传现象,同时也能看出同一个相位在传播过程的大小(相同相位的横向距离)变化。为了计算FSLA的变化周期,选取相位比较明显且与4.1节空间演化对应时间段区域(图中白色矩形框)做计算。参照图2,在模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $、模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $中,一个周期上,同一个位置经历一次正负相位的变化,在模态$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $中,一个周期上,同一个位置经历两次正负相位的变化,此处我们用同一个位置上两个FSLA同性相位(同正或同负)极值出现的时间间隔的均值作为FSLA的变化周期。
图10a中,选取负相位的低值极值点,计算得出FSLA的变化周期为48 d,与表1中模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $的罗斯贝标准模态周期48.8 d仅相差1.6%。在图10b中,选取正相位的高值极值点,计算得FSLA的变化周期为54.10 d,与表1中模态$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $的罗斯贝标准模态周期53.3 d仅相差1.5%。在图10c中,同样选取正相位的高值极值点,计算得FSLA的变化周期为62.05 d,与表1中模态$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $的罗斯贝标准模态周期64.2 d仅相差3.4%。
Xie等[38]在计算南海海盆通过SLA的纬向波长计算传播速度并与罗斯贝标准斜压模前3个模态的传播速度做对比,两者非常接近。Lin等[37]在重建的SLA场上使用拉东变换计算得出纬向速度与相应模态传播速度的比值及偏差,在平均意义上两者比较相符。图10中白色矩形区域中的FSLA演化周期与模态演化周期非常接近,因此可以在这些区域中计算相位的传播速度,并与罗斯贝标准模态的传播速度做对比。
Hovmöller图中相位极值点的斜率可以表征相位的传播速度,这里同样在白色矩形区域内计算相位的传播速度。插值后每个经度位置上完整相位周期的平均值作为时间间隔,使用矩形经度范围内的所有位置上的时间间隔拟合出的直线斜率作为时间和空间的变化关系。计算得到图10a中的传播速度为−0.24 m/s,图10b中的传播速度为−0.23 m/s,图10c中的传播速度为−0.22 m/s。计算结果与表1中的理论传播速度存在较大偏差,通过该海域的再分析数据估算,3.375°N纬线附近月度平均流速的变化在−0.1 m/s附近。考虑平均流速的变化,我们计算得的传播速度与理论速度的差异将小于50%。参照前人的研究结果[3738]可以得出,白色矩形区域内FSLA的传播速度与罗斯贝标准模态的传播速度大致相当。
此节我们尝试叠加6个罗斯贝标准模态解模拟海面高度变化,求其方差分布,并与FSLA的方差分布做对比,以验证罗斯贝标准模态理论对多频季节内信号的解释。
图2中,选取$ {\zeta }_{11}^{0} $$ {\zeta }_{11}^{1} $$ {\zeta }_{21}^{0} $$ {\zeta }_{21}^{1} $$ {\zeta }_{31}^{0} $$ {\zeta }_{31}^{1} $ 6个模态,使用模态周期附近(±1天内)的平均功率作为周期模态的功率,将功率转化为流函数幅值,计算得6个模态流函数对应幅值分别为0.010 1 m、0.014 7 m、0.015 0 m、0.012 7 m、0.013 4 m、0.013 2 m。在30年的时间序列上分别重复每个模态流函数,并将6个函数序列相加得到模拟出的模态海面高度变化。计算得出模态海面高度变化的方差分布如图11所示。
图4相比,模拟出的方差分布有相似的特征:方差大值区域聚集在海盆南北向的中部附近,偏向海盆西侧,其他位置方差均相对较小。但与图4也有较大区别:FSLA方差分布的大值区域相较图11偏向中部,并且呈横向拉长的形态。结合前面对FSLA区域和特定位置的特征分析,认为FSLA方差分布的大值区域的位置与水深的变化关系紧密。实际海盆中 3 000 m以深区域在119°E附近,而罗斯贝标准模态由均匀深度的矩形海盆得出,其相应的大值区域偏西。海盆内年度、月度平均流速均显示海盆西半部分流速向西,而海盆东半部分流速向东。因此,认为是东西向的平均流速差异造成了FSLA方差分布大值区域的横向拉伸。需要指出,此处模拟出的方差最大值比图4所示稍高,这可能是因为我们假设30年时间序列由6个模态解叠加组成,这与实际海盆中的模态成分会有差异。实际海盆中固有模态的形成需要有周期相近的外部驱动条件存在。很显然对应6个模态解的驱动条件,不可能在整个时间序列上同时且连续发生。
以上结果证明标准罗斯贝波模态的西传会在海盆偏西区域产生能量堆积,这与实际海盆空间上海面高度季节内变化的能量分布相一致。Zhang等[44]的结果显示,相比苏拉威西海北部和东部区域,中部偏西区域锋面生成概率的季节性异常较低。海盆中部偏西区域的能量堆积对于温跃层结构、环流、锋生以及生态环境的影响值得更多关注。
本文对AVISO提供的卫星高度计海面高度数据进行功率密度谱分析以及对30~90 d带通滤波后的海面高度数据进行方差分布分析,结果揭示,苏拉威西海存在很强的季节内周期信号,这些信号具有离散的周期值,不同周期的信号强度也不相同,其中以53.96 d和64.36 d的周期信号尤为显著。对该海域季节内周期信号的特征从海洋内在动力机制上加以分析,利用罗斯贝标准模态理论,与卫星高度计观测数据比对,无论是空间上的二维海面结构及变化,还是时间上的周期、西传速度,两者都具有高度的一致性。通过以上分析,证明该海域季节内周期信号的特征可以用罗斯贝标准模态理论解释。与南海[41]相比,苏拉威西海海面高度变化的罗斯贝标准模态机制更为明显。
罗斯贝标准模态的共振机制会引起海面高度的二维结构发生变化[23],海面高度的变化使得该海域与周边海域产生压力差变化。在压强梯度力的作用下,其与周边海域的海流输运必受影响。苏拉威西海海面高度变化受季风、太平洋水入侵[45]以及海盆固有模态共同调制,表现出明显的时空差异。Yang等[43]通过观测数据和约化重力模型模拟得出,南海海面高度变化受周期为40~60 d的风场强迫影响显著。赵宇慧等[46]使用因果分析得出,南海季风与南海罗斯贝标准模态的协同变化关系。苏拉威西海域风场同样存在季节内转变,势必对海面高度变化产生影响,进而影响穿过望加锡海峡的ITF输运。Li等[47]发现北赤道次表层流(NESC)的异常增强并入侵苏拉威西海,引起望加锡海峡次温跃层流量异常。局地风场变化以及太平洋水入侵与海盆固有模态如何相互作用,有待进一步研究。同时,太平洋水入侵能够影响苏拉威西海域温跃层水团属性,进而影响海盆罗斯贝标准斜压模态。罗斯贝标准模态及其变化引起的苏拉威西海季节内变化对望加锡海峡流量能够产生多少影响,以及苏拉威西海季节内变化与ITF变化的内在联系,值得在以后的研究中探讨。
本文利用等深的矩形模型海盆来计算苏拉威西海深海盆的罗斯贝标准模态。结果显示标准模态与卫星高度计海面高度异常变化,在时间和空间域上都很吻合。但是在二者之间仍有很多的差别,这些差别可能来自于苏拉威西海的不规则形状和复杂的海底地形结构、罗斯贝变形半径变化等的影响。考虑这些因素,模型海盆有待于进一步改进。已有研究表明,罗斯贝标准模态可以与深度学习模型建立联系,进而部分地解释SLA预测结果[37]。罗斯贝标准模态理论的更多应用有待进一步发掘。
致谢:感谢粤西热带海洋生态环境野外科学观测研究站支持。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3104805)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42276019)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42176184)
  • 广东普通高校创新团队项目(2019KCXTF021)
  • 广东普通高校创新团队项目(2023KCXTD015)
  • 广东省冲一流专项资金项目(231419012)
  • 广东省冲一流专项资金项目(231919030)
  • 粤西热带海洋生态环境野外科学观测研究站项目
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024001
  • 接收时间:2023-09-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-03
  • 修回日期:2023-12-26
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3104805)
国家自然科学基金项目(42276019)
国家自然科学基金项目(42176184)
广东普通高校创新团队项目(2019KCXTF021)
广东普通高校创新团队项目(2023KCXTD015)
广东省冲一流专项资金项目(231419012)
广东省冲一流专项资金项目(231919030)
粤西热带海洋生态环境野外科学观测研究站项目
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院, 广东 湛江 524088
    2.陆架及深远海气候、资源与环境广东省高等学校重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
    3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
    4.海军士官学校 航海系,安徽 蚌埠 233012
    5.美国马里兰大学 大气与海洋科学系, 马里兰州 大学市 20742

通讯作者:

*谢玲玲 (1983—) , 女, 山东省莱芜市人, 教授, 主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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