Article(id=1200028549936673786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=1704297600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764038701757, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038701757, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038701757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038701757, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200028546686091752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764038700981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764060312216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200028550154777599, articleId=1200028549936673786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of geometric parameters of submarine sand waves in the western coastal area of Hainan Island and their correlation with environmental variables, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Quantitative studies on the spatial distribution of geometric parameters of complex submarine sand waves in the developmental area are rare, and the correlation between the complex geometric parameters of sand waves and environmental variables has not been clarified. Based on measured data of water depth, sediment grain size and flow velocity in the western area of Hainan Island, the environmental variables of the study area were quantified and extracted. The morphological parameters of complex submarine sand waves were calculated using an automated extraction and analysis method, and the correlation between sand wave geometric parameters and environmental variables was analyzed. The results show that the morphological characteristics of submarine sand waves in the study area are complex and variable, with an average wavelength ranging from 64 to 340 m and an average wave height ranging from 0.39 to 4.13 m. There is a strong positive correlation between wave height and steepness, as well as between wave height and the average angle of the lee side. There is also a strong positive correlation between wavelength and symmetry, and a strong positive correlation between median sediment grain size and the average angle of the lee side and wave height. The development of submarine sand waves in the study area is less influenced by water depth. Under the action of tidal currents, sediment transport is mainly by traction, and the erosion of submarine sand waves is relatively weak. The evolution of sand waves is mainly characterized by vertical growth and migration, with wave height growth prioritized over wavelength increase. Under stable tidal flow conditions, regional sediment supply and sediment grain size can both affect the scale of submarine sand waves.

, correspAuthors=Xiaochuan Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yiwei He, Xiaochuan Ma, Min Gao, Teng Gong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200028553690574916, articleId=1200028549936673786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海南岛西部近岸海底沙波几何参数及其与环境变量的关联性分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在发育复杂海底沙波的海域,对整个海域沙波几何参数空间分布规律的定量研究较为少见,且沙波复杂几何参数与环境变量的关联性尚未厘清。基于海南岛西部实测水深数据、沉积物粒度数据和流速数据,量化和提取了研究区的环境变量;并利用沙丘参数自动提取和分析方法计算了复杂海底沙波的形态参数,分析了沙波几何参数之间及其与环境变量的相关性。结果表明:研究区海底沙波形态特征复杂多变,平均波长范围为64~340 m,平均波高为0.39~4.13 m。波高与陡峭度、背流面平均角度存在强正相关性,波长与对称度之间存在强正相关性,沉积物中值粒径与背流面平均角度和波高之间存在较强正相关性。研究区海底沙波的发育特征受水深的影响较小。潮流作用下沉积物运移方式以推移质运移为主,海底沙波受到的侵蚀作用较弱;沙波演化以垂向生长和迁移为主,沙波波高增长优先于波长增大。在稳定潮流背景下,区域沉积物供应以及沉积物粒度均能影响海底沙波的规模。

, correspAuthors=马小川, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马小川(1985—),男,山东省莱州市人,研究员,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TSOTzgwHHU7zlG5O83dPBg==, magXml=aBumTqHownBIA/zFlR1VEg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=X7PaRcLAqheh8+CXNdyWaw==, pdfFileSize=3670916, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pTKrJzbX9cEnT7ORvVMEgQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yLv7MSRTqntcrKorVmhrFQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何艺玮(1999—),女,江苏省张家港市人,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

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何艺玮(1999—),女,江苏省张家港市人,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

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Analysis of sediment grain size in the study area

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取样点 大地坐标(XY 中值粒径/mm 平均粒径/mm 偏态Ski 峰态Kg
1 234 390.35,2 089 369.64 0.018 0.017 0.11 1.59
2 235 749.38,2 089 300.49
3 236 156.23,2 089 988.77 0.035 0.051 −0.06 0.93
4 237 274.26,2 089 404.45 1.67 0.793 2.47 2.15
5 238 645.86,2 089 355.64 1.212 0.562 0.15 0.17
6 239 321.13,2 090 149.12 0.42 0.138 1.11 1.31
7 234 594.79,2 088 177.97 0.411 0.384 0.28 2.02
8 236 512.66,2 088 230.15 1.069 0.418 0.75 1.38
9 237 882.27,2 088 408.36 0.893 0.641 0.99 0.71
10 235 597.45,2 087 382.92 1.825 0.897 2.27 18.79
11 237 029.50,2 087 248.24
12 238 300.83,2 087 306.05 0.921 0.696 1.32 0.72
13 234 112.46,2 086 885.32 0.399 0.264 0.48 2.35
14 235 411.88,2 086 316.78 1.012 1.048 0.07 0.74
15 236 861.26,2 086 283.38 0.862 0.624 0.89 0.66
16 239 536.19,2 087 054.35 1.322 0.554 −1.22 0.19
17 234 473.39,2 085 449.62 0.481 0.488 −0.04 0.74
18 235 933.93,2 085 205.56 0.496 0.289 0.52 2.07
19 238 433.44,2 086 109.93 0.951 0.983 3.59 0.12
20 235 087.54,2 084 265.07 1.743 0.896 3.29 11.85
21 237 511.41,2 084 651.73 0.057 0.048 0.24 1.08
22 239 268.64,2 085 134.73 0.951 0.765 0.86 1.45
23 234 256.04,2 083 389.00 1.354 0.739 −1.23 0.35
24 236 449.20,2 083 981.86 0.346 0.346 0.17 1.93
25 237 729.99,2 083 445.16 0.47 0.355 0.56 0.88
26 238 795.51,2 084 102.13 0.331 0.283 0.53 3.09
27 234 785.21,2 082 652.36 0.431 0.467 0.57 1.27
28 235 792.27,2 083 016.51 0.198 0.091 0.58 0.87
29 236 898.33,2 082 425.01 0.037 0.036 0.16 1.15
30 238 397.08,2 082 632.88 0.051 0.047 0.21 0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1200138015797506401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549936673786, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区海底沉积物粒度分析表

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取样点 大地坐标(XY 中值粒径/mm 平均粒径/mm 偏态Ski 峰态Kg
1 234 390.35,2 089 369.64 0.018 0.017 0.11 1.59
2 235 749.38,2 089 300.49
3 236 156.23,2 089 988.77 0.035 0.051 −0.06 0.93
4 237 274.26,2 089 404.45 1.67 0.793 2.47 2.15
5 238 645.86,2 089 355.64 1.212 0.562 0.15 0.17
6 239 321.13,2 090 149.12 0.42 0.138 1.11 1.31
7 234 594.79,2 088 177.97 0.411 0.384 0.28 2.02
8 236 512.66,2 088 230.15 1.069 0.418 0.75 1.38
9 237 882.27,2 088 408.36 0.893 0.641 0.99 0.71
10 235 597.45,2 087 382.92 1.825 0.897 2.27 18.79
11 237 029.50,2 087 248.24
12 238 300.83,2 087 306.05 0.921 0.696 1.32 0.72
13 234 112.46,2 086 885.32 0.399 0.264 0.48 2.35
14 235 411.88,2 086 316.78 1.012 1.048 0.07 0.74
15 236 861.26,2 086 283.38 0.862 0.624 0.89 0.66
16 239 536.19,2 087 054.35 1.322 0.554 −1.22 0.19
17 234 473.39,2 085 449.62 0.481 0.488 −0.04 0.74
18 235 933.93,2 085 205.56 0.496 0.289 0.52 2.07
19 238 433.44,2 086 109.93 0.951 0.983 3.59 0.12
20 235 087.54,2 084 265.07 1.743 0.896 3.29 11.85
21 237 511.41,2 084 651.73 0.057 0.048 0.24 1.08
22 239 268.64,2 085 134.73 0.951 0.765 0.86 1.45
23 234 256.04,2 083 389.00 1.354 0.739 −1.23 0.35
24 236 449.20,2 083 981.86 0.346 0.346 0.17 1.93
25 237 729.99,2 083 445.16 0.47 0.355 0.56 0.88
26 238 795.51,2 084 102.13 0.331 0.283 0.53 3.09
27 234 785.21,2 082 652.36 0.431 0.467 0.57 1.27
28 235 792.27,2 083 016.51 0.198 0.091 0.58 0.87
29 236 898.33,2 082 425.01 0.037 0.036 0.16 1.15
30 238 397.08,2 082 632.88 0.051 0.047 0.21 0.99
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海南岛西部近岸海底沙波几何参数及其与环境变量的关联性分析
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何艺玮 1, 2 , 马小川 1, * , 高敏 3 , 龚腾 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(2): 52-63
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(2): 52-63
海南岛西部近岸海底沙波几何参数及其与环境变量的关联性分析
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何艺玮1, 2 , 马小川1, * , 高敏3, 龚腾3
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋地质与环境重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 何艺玮(1999—),女,江苏省张家港市人,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*马小川(1985—),男,山东省莱州市人,研究员,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
Analysis of geometric parameters of submarine sand waves in the western coastal area of Hainan Island and their correlation with environmental variables
Yiwei He1, 2 , Xiaochuan Ma1, * , Min Gao3, Teng Gong3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024015
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在发育复杂海底沙波的海域,对整个海域沙波几何参数空间分布规律的定量研究较为少见,且沙波复杂几何参数与环境变量的关联性尚未厘清。基于海南岛西部实测水深数据、沉积物粒度数据和流速数据,量化和提取了研究区的环境变量;并利用沙丘参数自动提取和分析方法计算了复杂海底沙波的形态参数,分析了沙波几何参数之间及其与环境变量的相关性。结果表明:研究区海底沙波形态特征复杂多变,平均波长范围为64~340 m,平均波高为0.39~4.13 m。波高与陡峭度、背流面平均角度存在强正相关性,波长与对称度之间存在强正相关性,沉积物中值粒径与背流面平均角度和波高之间存在较强正相关性。研究区海底沙波的发育特征受水深的影响较小。潮流作用下沉积物运移方式以推移质运移为主,海底沙波受到的侵蚀作用较弱;沙波演化以垂向生长和迁移为主,沙波波高增长优先于波长增大。在稳定潮流背景下,区域沉积物供应以及沉积物粒度均能影响海底沙波的规模。

沙波几何参数  /  沉积物  /  相关性分析  /  分布特征

Quantitative studies on the spatial distribution of geometric parameters of complex submarine sand waves in the developmental area are rare, and the correlation between the complex geometric parameters of sand waves and environmental variables has not been clarified. Based on measured data of water depth, sediment grain size and flow velocity in the western area of Hainan Island, the environmental variables of the study area were quantified and extracted. The morphological parameters of complex submarine sand waves were calculated using an automated extraction and analysis method, and the correlation between sand wave geometric parameters and environmental variables was analyzed. The results show that the morphological characteristics of submarine sand waves in the study area are complex and variable, with an average wavelength ranging from 64 to 340 m and an average wave height ranging from 0.39 to 4.13 m. There is a strong positive correlation between wave height and steepness, as well as between wave height and the average angle of the lee side. There is also a strong positive correlation between wavelength and symmetry, and a strong positive correlation between median sediment grain size and the average angle of the lee side and wave height. The development of submarine sand waves in the study area is less influenced by water depth. Under the action of tidal currents, sediment transport is mainly by traction, and the erosion of submarine sand waves is relatively weak. The evolution of sand waves is mainly characterized by vertical growth and migration, with wave height growth prioritized over wavelength increase. Under stable tidal flow conditions, regional sediment supply and sediment grain size can both affect the scale of submarine sand waves.

geometric parameters of sand waves  /  sediment  /  correlation analysis  /  distribution characteristics
何艺玮, 马小川, 高敏, 龚腾. 海南岛西部近岸海底沙波几何参数及其与环境变量的关联性分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (2) : 52 -63 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024015
Yiwei He, Xiaochuan Ma, Min Gao, Teng Gong. Analysis of geometric parameters of submarine sand waves in the western coastal area of Hainan Island and their correlation with environmental variables[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (2) : 52 -63 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024015
海底沙波是一种常见的水下韵律形地貌[1],广泛发育在河流[23]、潮控海岸[4]以及浅海环境[5]。海底沙波的发展、迁移会影响水下管道、电缆等海底设施的安全和稳定性,带来巨大的经济损失[67]。海底沙波的形成演化是水动力、沉积物相互作用的结果,其内部沉积结构及形态特征对解释古沉积环境和历史事件有重要指示作用[6, 89]。因此围绕海底沙波的发展和演变特征展开研究工作具有重要的现实意义和科学价值[1016]。早期对于水下沙波形态特征的认识,由Flemming [12]统计全球不同区域的大量水下沙波数据,总结出波长与波高的幂函数关系。然而,随着研究手段和方法的不断进步,对于海底沙波的研究并没有局限于沙波几何参数之间的关系。学者们利用地震、多波束探测、侧扫声呐、水槽模拟、数值模拟等手段开展大量工作[1011, 1617],探究沙波形态与水深、沉积物粒度、流速等环境变量之间的关联。Bartholdy等 [18]认为沙波波高与水深无关,仅作为沙波生长的附加限制因素;Francken等[19]通过对斯海尔德河口60多个沙波的统计,得出沙波的高度是水深的0.25倍;Van Landeghem 等[6]通过对爱尔兰海沙波的统计研究,发现波高随水深的变化很小,认为沙波不仅仅受到水深的单独控制,沙波的发育演化还受到水动力[19-20]及沉积物供应量[21-22]等环境变量的影响; Ernstsen等[23]通过对丹麦瓦尔登海中发育的大型、超大型沙波的研究,发现在均匀水深及稳定潮流环境的控制下,沙波高度的降低与沉积物粒径的减小有关;Damen等[22]认为沉积物和水流相互作用,相对于悬浮运移,推移质运移是沙波波高增加的关键因素。
近年来,国内学者在北部湾海域开展大量研究工作。Ma等[8]发现沙波的不对称性可以指示泥沙输运和优势潮流方向,认为沙粒在迎流面和沙波顶部向着新月形沙波两端运移,从而改变了沙波的体积,而在背流面的运移和沉积则导致了沙波的迁移;Ma等[11]认为对称或弱不对称的局部涡流维持了陡峭沙波的形态;李勇航等[10]发现沙波的迁移受到潮流、科氏力以及地形的多重限制并且认为沙波的活动性与其形态密切相关。然而,在海域空间内,特别是在发育了复杂海底沙波的海域,对复杂海底沙波各几何参数之间的相关关系及其与环境变量空间分布规律的相关性还未厘清。
本文综合利用实测水深、沉积物粒度数据及通过数值模拟获取的研究区海域的流速数据[11],利用沙丘参数自动提取和分析方法(Dune Parameters Analysis,DPA)[2425]对研究区域海底沙波的几何参数进行了量化和提取,分析了海底沙波的几何参数及其空间分布规律,并探究其与主要环境变量之间的关联,分析了环境变量对沙波形态的影响,以期更全面地理解研究区域内海底沙波的形态特征及其控制因素。
北部湾位于南海西北部,三面被陆地包围,是典型的半封闭浅海区。本文主要研究区域位于海南岛西部近岸海域(图1),研究区域平均水深为18 m,最大水深可达24 m。北部湾是典型的日潮区,潮流主要为沿南北方向的往复流,北向为涨潮流,南向为落潮流[2627]。实测数据显示,涨落潮的潮流流速最大可达1 m/s[16]。该区域表层沉积物以陆源碎屑沉积物质为主,沉积物来源复杂,主要有河流、波浪、海流三种沉积物输入途径[2829],沉积物类型主要以砾石、砂砾石和黏土质粉砂等粗颗粒沉积物为主[3031]。远离海岸,水深加深,粒度逐渐变细[9, 26]。在地形、潮流和沉积物分布的共同影响下,该区域发育大量东西向延伸的沙波及南北向延伸的沙脊等地貌[32]
本次研究使用了在2014年通过船载多波束(Sonic 2024)获取的高精度水深数据,调查中均使用差分GPS系统和定位系统(OCTANS 3000),差分定位精度小于1 m。原始水深数据使用CARIS HIP(8.1版)软件进行处理,获得高精度水深数据,数据网格分辨率为5 m。利用蚌式取样器进行表层沉积物取样(图2a),在实验室对沉积物进行预处理,使用筛子对粗质组分(0.71 mm、0.85 mm、1 mm、1.2 mm、1.43 mm、1.7 mm和2 mm)进行筛选,对于中值粒径小于0.71 mm的沉积物使用Cilas激光粒度仪进行粒度分析,根据McManus[33]分析获得粒度参数数据(表1)。
研究区域的潮流分布情况采用前人分析结果(图2b)。Ma等[11]利用Delft 3D对整个研究区域进行潮流模拟,底边界采用ETOPO1数据(分辨率为1弧分)和实测水深数据。使用北部湾附近的潮汐仪数据验证模型的主要谐波常量和原位海流数据以验证模型结果[11],模拟数据较为可信。
为便于分析,对研究区进行区块划分。研究区域发育了不同尺度和类型的沙波,但绝大多数沙波波长在0.5~1 000 m范围内,仅有少数沙波的最大波长超过1 000 m,遵循每个小区块尽可能多的包含完整沙波的原则,选择1 000 m × 1 000 m的矩形区域作为区块单元对整个研究区进行区块划分,将整个研究区域划分为48个区块(图2a)。基于沙丘参数自动提取和分析方法(Dune Parameters Analysis,DPA)获取沙波的几何特征参数。 DPA分析首先利用二维傅里叶变换计算区域海底沙波的优势脊线方位和波长,其次采用小波变换对不同尺度的沙波进行分离,再通过过零检测在剖面上提取波峰点和波谷点(图3),最后在剖面上计算沙波的几何特征参数[2425]。其中波高(H)为波峰至两个波谷深度平均值之间的距离,波长(L)为两个波谷之间的水平距离,对称度为$ \dfrac{\left|{L}_{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}}-{L}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}\right|}{L} $,陡峭度为$ \dfrac{H}{L} $,背流面角度为∠CBD(图4)。最后,计算每个区块中各几何参数的平均值作为各区块的代表性参数。
将研究区的主要环境变量进行区块划分和提取,各区块位置和大小与沙波特征分析区块保持一致。由于沉积物取样站位在整个研究区域内的分布相对稀疏,部分表层沉积物的取样位置并不位于沙丘发育区域(图1b),为便于分析,通过线性插值对区域内的沉积物粒度数据进行空间插值,将插值后的数据进行区块划分,并计算每个区块的沉积物粒度均值。另外,将模拟得到的流速(深度平均流速)矢量分解获得南北、东西方向的流速分量,对速度分量进行区块划分,计算每个区块内的速度分量平均值,再合成获得每个区块的流速矢量,将其作为相应区块的代表流速。
根据van Rijn[3436]提出的公式,计算各区块沉积物的剪切流速和沉降速度之比($ {u}_{*}/{w}_{s} $),判断该区块中沉积物的主要运移方式
$ {u}_{*}=\sqrt{g}\frac{u}{{c}'}\text{,} $
$ {c}'=18\;\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{12D}{{{k}'}_{s}}\right)\text{,} $
$ {w}_{s}=\frac{10\nu }{{D}_{50}}{\left[\sqrt{1+\frac{0.01\left(s-1\right)g{{D}_{50}}^{3}}{{\nu }^{2}}}-1\right]}^{2}\text{,} $
$ s=\frac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{s}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{w}}}}\text{,} $
式中,$ {u}_{*} $是剪切流速;$ u $是深度平均流速; $ {c}' $$ {\mathrm{Che\acute{z}y}} $系数;$ D $是水深;$ {k}'_{s} $是沉积物粒度粗糙度,$ k'_{s}=2.5{D}_{50} $$ {w}_{s} $是颗粒沉降速度;$ \nu $是运动黏滞系数,$ \nu =1\times {10}^{-6}\;{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s} $$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{s}}} $是沉积物密度,$ \rho\mathrm{_s}=2\; 650\; \mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}^3;\rho_{\mathrm{w}} $是海水密度,$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{w}}}= 1\;025\;{\mathrm{kg}}/{{\mathrm{m}}}^{3} $
用48个区块内各数据的平均值作为48个区块的特征值,对沙波几何参数之间及其与水深、流速、中值粒径之间的相关性进行分析,探讨各参数之间的联系。相关性分析采用Pearson相关系数分析:
$ r=\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i\;=\;1}^{n}\left({X}_{i}-\overline{X}\right)\left({Y}_{i}-\overline{Y}\right)}{\sqrt{\displaystyle\sum_{i\;=\;1}^{n}({{X}_{i}-\overline{X})}^{2}}\sqrt{\displaystyle\sum _{i\;=\;1}^{n}{\left({Y}_{i}-\overline{Y}\right)}^{2}}}\text{,} $
式中,n为计算个数;$ X $为特征参数A;$ \overline{X} $为特征参数A的平均值;$ Y $为特征参数B;$ \overline{Y} $为特征参数B的平均值。r通常被看作两个随机变量线性相关性强弱的指标,取值在–1~1。r的值越接近1,表示两个变量正相关,线性相关性越强;越接近–1,表示负相关;接近或者等于0,表示两个变量之间的线性关系很弱或不是线性关系。
研究区域的平均水深为12.3~24 m,水深呈现西部深东部浅的特点。西侧发育沟槽地形[16]图2a),其中F1、G1、H1区块水深最深,可达到24 m(图5a)。而研究区域的中部和东北部的水深则相对较浅,其中F4区块水深最浅为12.3 m(图5a)。研究区内潮流平均流速自东北向西南方向由大减小,流速范围为0.43~1.56 m/s,较大的流速主要分布在研究区的东部,流速普遍大于1.3 m/s,西部和中部的流速普遍小于1.0 m/s(图5b)。研究区主要由粗粒、中粒和细粒沉积物质组成,沉积物取样点中值粒径范围为0.018~1.825 mm(表1)。整个研究区域西北部和东南部区块沉积物普遍较细,东北部和西南部沉积物普遍较粗。研究区东部的沉积物自北向南粒度逐渐减小(图5c)。
研究区沙波的分布规律和发育特征均有很强的空间差异性。沙波大多发育在研究区西部和中部,而在研究区北部边缘沙波地貌则没有出现(图2a)。研究区沙波的波脊线主要有NWW–SEE和SWW–NEE两个延伸方向(图3)。平均波长范围为64~340 m,波高最小为0.39 m,最大可达4.13 m。研究区中部的沙波普遍具有更大的波长和波高(图6a图6b),按照Ashley[37]沙波分类方法,这一地区的沙波主要为大型和巨型沙波。各区块沙波的平均对称性差异较小,其中C4、D3–D6、E4–E6、F4区块的对称度较高,平均对称度在0.42左右(图6c)。西部E1–E2、F1–F2、G1–G2、H2区块和中部E3、F3区块以及东部的E5–E6、F5区块发育的沙波其陡峭度大于其他研究区块(图6d)。背流面平均角度在D、E、F区块相比于其他区块较大,最大角度可达6.07°(图6e)。总体来看,在西北部和东南部发育细粒沉积物的区块内,沙波的波长、波高、陡峭度以及背流面的平均角度均较小,对称度主要在0.3左右。而位于东北部、中部和西南部发育粗粒沉积物的区块,大多数沙波具有较高的对称性且较为陡峭。
通过计算相关性系数可以直观的得到沙波各参数之间的关系。结果显示(图7),研究区沙波的波高和波长之间显示出较弱的正相关性$ (0.3 < |r| < 0.5) $,而波高与陡峭度和背流面的平均角度之间则存在强正相关关系$ (0.5 < |r| < 1) $。这与图6中沙波的波高、陡峭度和背流面平均角度的空间分布情况大致相同。另外,波长与陡峭度之间为弱负相关性,与对称度之间为强正相关性;但波长与背流面平均角度,陡峭度和对称度以及对称度和背流面平均角度之间没有明显的相关关系。
海底沙波的形态特征是水深、沉积物粒度、流速等多种因素共同作用的结果。沙波几何参数与单一环境变量的相关性分析结果表明,水深与沙波对称度和波长之间存在弱相关性$ (0.3 < |r| < 0.5) $图8a),但与背流面平均角度、陡峭度、波高之间没有明确的相关性。表层沉积物的中值粒径与沙波背流面平均角度和波高存在较强的相关关系$ (0.5 < |r| < 1) $图8b),与陡峭度为弱正相关关系(图8b),与对称度、波长之间则没有相关关系(图8b)。除了C6、D5、G6和H6区块,其余区块中流速与对称度和陡峭度之间的相关性很弱$ \left(\right|r| < 0.3) $图8c),与波高、波长以及背流面平均角度之间为较弱正相关关系,且与波高的正相关关系相比于其他参数更加显著。
沙波几何特征的塑造和演变与流速和沉积物颗粒的相互作用有关(图9)。研究区沙波波高与陡峭度、背流面的平均角度之间存在显著正相关关系,陡峭度和背流面夹角的计算都与波长和波高直接相关,反映出波高对于沙波演化的重要性,并且推测波高增长的优先级高于波长[38]。在沙波生长的过程中,水流携带的沉积物首先在沙波的顶部堆积,导致沙波的波高迅速增大,直到接近阈值时,波高不再增大和发生显著变化,逐渐保持稳定。与此同时在水流的作用下,沉积物沿着迎流面被输送至背流面一侧沉积,使沙波发生迁移。通过改变沉积物颗粒的运动状态和沉积动力特征,进而影响沉积物颗粒的运移和堆积,造成沙波规模、形态的改变。稳定的推移质运移使波高增加,但当悬浮运移超过推移质运移占据主导地位时,将对沙波顶部进行侵蚀,导致沙波高度降低[6, 19]。通过计算各区块沉积物的剪切流速和沉降速度之比($ {u}_{\mathrm{*}}/{w}_{s} $),判断各区块沉积物运移的主要形式。通过计算发现A1、A2、B1、H4、H6区块中$ {u}_{\mathrm{*}}/{w}_{s} > 1 $,以悬浮运移为主,其他大部分研究区块中表层沉积物均以推移质运移方式为主。表明研究区沙波仍以生长为主,侵蚀过程较弱,这与前述波高与陡峭度等参数强相关性的结果一致。
沙波几何形态的改变与沉积物的供应量或底质有关[6]。在F6、G6、H6 3个连续区块中,海底沙波的波高以及沙波的发育密度自北向南呈递减趋势,沙波的形态在F6区块的东侧边缘以及H6区块的南部逐渐朝着新月形形态发展,表明沉积物供应量逐渐变少。Ma等[16]得出了包含研究区域在内的沉积物运移路径,沉积物从F6区块向下搬运至H6区块(图10a),沉积物的供应量逐渐减少,因此在F6区块中形成的成片连接的沙波逐渐朝着H6区块中独立的个体演变。而单向沉积物运移以及有限沙的供应条件与H6区块南侧观察到的新月形沙波的成因条件相符[39]。由于该区域没有临近沙波相互碰撞的干扰(图10a),在同一流场条件下,F6、G6、H6区块发育的沙波,其几何特征的变化主要受到沉积物的影响,随着沉积物供应量和粒度的不断减小,沙波的波长和波高逐渐减小(图10b图10d)。
(1)波高对于沙波的演化十分重要,水流和沉积物的相互作用影响了沙波的波高。稳定的推移质运移使沙波的波高增加,而悬浮运移为主导时,沙波的波高降低。因此推移质运移作为主要的沉积物输运方式有利于沙波的垂向生长。
(2)海南岛西部海域发育大量海底沙波,其规模和形态在水深、沉积物粒度、流速、沉积物供应量等多种因素的共同作用下存在显著差异。沙波的波高与沉积物粒度呈显著的正相关关系,并且当流速尚未达到破坏沙波地形的阈值时,波高与流速之间也呈现较强的正相关关系。
(3)F6–H6区块中沙波的规模逐渐减小,并且由F6区块中连接成片的二维沙波逐渐演变为H6区块中独立的新月形形态。沙波规模、数量、形态上的差异,可能是由于沉积物沿搬运方向的供应量逐渐减少且底质沉积物的粒度越来越细,导致沙波规模和数量不断减少。
致谢:感谢华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室王黎在沙丘参数分析方法使用过程中给予的帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42276057)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41876035)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024015
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 修回日期:2024-01-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42276057)
国家自然科学基金项目(41876035)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋地质与环境重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590

通讯作者:

*马小川(1985—),男,山东省莱州市人,研究员,主要从事海底地形地貌与海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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