Article(id=1200028549580157931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696521600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-06, revisedDate=1705766400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764038701672, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038701672, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038701672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038701672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200028546686091752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764038700981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764060312216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200028549852787702, articleId=1200028549580157931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Rapid warming of the Pacific during 2013–2020: identification and spatial-temporal characteristics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using multiple observational subsurface temperature and salinity datasets based on Argo, we analyze the trend of 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific between 2004 and 2020. It was found that the long-term trend of the Pacific ocean heat content showed a shift in 2013. The ocean heat content in 2013–2020 increased rapidly compared with that in 2004–2012. The linear trend of the former reaches about 0.50 × 1022 J/a, which is significantly higher than that of the latter. The Pacific has recently experienced rapid warming. During 2013–2020, the largest linear trend of the ocean heat content in the Pacific appeared in the western North Pacific, followed by the Tropical Pacific and eastern North Pacific. While the ocean heat content in the entire South Pacific showed a slightly decreasing trend. In the western North Pacific, the rapid increase of ocean heat content was concentrated in the Kuroshio Extension areas, and this warming trend is likely to be caused by the northward shift of the Kuroshio Extension main axis. It is worth mentioning that there was a local decreasing trend of ocean heat content in the sea south of Japan, and this cooling trend is associated with the strengthening of the Kuroshio large meander. In the Tropical Pacific where the warming trend is the second largest, the rapid increase of ocean heat content is likely to be induced by the thermocline deepening. In addition, we point out that the rapid warming in the Pacific is reflected by the rapid rise of sea level. The linear trend of sea level per 1 cm/a corresponds to the linear trend of ocean heat content of 0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a). This study elucidates the rapid warming of the Pacific since the end of the global warming hiatus, deepening our understanding of recent thermal conditions in the Pacific.

, correspAuthors=Yongqing Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xi Zhao, Xinyu Wang, Lanyu Jia, Yongqing Guo), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200028553627660353, articleId=1200028549580157931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=2013–2020年太平洋快速增暖现象的辨识与时空特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用基于Argo的多套次表层温盐观测数据,本文分析了2004–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量的变化趋势。研究发现,太平洋海洋热含量在2013年出现长期趋势的转变。2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量相对于2004–2012年快速增加,前者线性趋势达到约0.50 × 1022 J/a,显著高于后者。近期太平洋出现了快速增暖现象。2013–2020年间,太平洋海洋热含量线性增加趋势最大出现在北太平洋西部,其次是热带太平洋和北太平洋东部,而整个南太平洋海洋热含量呈略微减少趋势。在北太平洋西部,海洋热含量快速增加集中在黑潮延伸体海域,该增暖趋势很可能是由黑潮延伸体主轴北移引起的。值得一提的是,日本以南出现了局地海洋热含量减少趋势,该变冷趋势与黑潮大弯曲不断加深有关。在增暖趋势次之的热带太平洋,海洋热含量的快速增加很可能是由温跃层快速加深导致的。此外,太平洋快速增暖反映在海表高度快速升高之中。1 cm/a的海表高度线性趋势对应于0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a)的海洋热含量线性趋势。本研究揭示了全球变暖停滞结束以来太平洋快速增暖现象,加深了对近期太平洋热力状况的认识。

, correspAuthors=郭永青, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭永青(1990—),男,江苏省金湖县人,博士,主要从事北太平洋副热带环流及其气候影响方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LfR5fsNKimg7MMzpB3jMZw==, magXml=PQjP/2ClvBCmfJWHrT9GVA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+feBK9SAOAL5LjiQzkgZhQ==, pdfFileSize=3575713, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qCTO95Ifx2091+GewPGLIg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=imyNht9aGOUObxogpG6yeg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵茜(2001—),女,四川省达州市人,主要从事海洋热含量变化方面的研究。E-mail:

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赵茜(2001—),女,四川省达州市人,主要从事海洋热含量变化方面的研究。E-mail:

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Geophysical Research Letters, 2023, 50(10): e2023GL103548., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200138017278100319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, awardId=42106019, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(42106019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200138017370375012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, awardId=2022C41020, language=CN, fundingSource=舟山科技计划项目浙江海洋大学专项(2022C41020), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200138012031025833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200138012039414441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, companyId=1200138012031025833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200138012047803051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, companyId=1200138012031025833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200138014753129240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distributions of root mean square of 0–1 800 m temperature anomalies along three latitude-depth sections in the Pacific: the 150°E section (a), the 180° section (b), and the 140°W section (c). The pink dashed lines denote the depth of 1 500 m. The results are based on the RG_Argo data, figureFileSmall=E3IA1FViZJ2nWsiahnBq5Q==, figureFileBig=dJRy7oHi2u2rgs08kxIVmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138014878958365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图1, caption=太平洋150°E(a)、180°(b)和140°W(c)3个断面0~1 800 m温度异常的均方根分布。粉色虚线标注了1 500 m深度。结果基于RG_Argo数据, figureFileSmall=E3IA1FViZJ2nWsiahnBq5Q==, figureFileBig=dJRy7oHi2u2rgs08kxIVmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015008981789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time series of the 2004–2020 monthly 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific derived from the RG_Argo data, the BOA_Argo data, and the EN4 data, figureFileSmall=i1ZY873MPIaMuH+BlGJ2dg==, figureFileBig=lfA2p081BNBJZw+eUUwP0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015155782432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图2, caption=由RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4数据得到的2004–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m逐月海洋热含量时间序列, figureFileSmall=i1ZY873MPIaMuH+BlGJ2dg==, figureFileBig=lfA2p081BNBJZw+eUUwP0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015294194469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Accumulated anomalies of the 2004–2020 annual 0−1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific derived from RG_Argo data (a), BOA_Argo data (b), and EN4 data (c), respectively. In terms of the 17 year average, 2013 is the year when the ocean heat content trend turned from negative to positive. The red dot denotes the accumulated anomaly value in 2013 for each dataset, figureFileSmall=g4dxGoorO8oGjepCx+YO5Q==, figureFileBig=MdHatk3vG+XhaLiqoM8LdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015428412200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图3, caption=由RG_Argo(a)、BOA_Argo(b)和EN4(c)数据得到的2004–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m年均海洋热含量累积距平。平均而言,2013年是海洋热含量趋势由负转正的年份,其累积距平值用红色圆点标出, figureFileSmall=g4dxGoorO8oGjepCx+YO5Q==, figureFileBig=MdHatk3vG+XhaLiqoM8LdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015541658414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Linear trends of the 2004–2012 and 2013–2020 monthly 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific derived from RG_Argo data (a), BOA_Argo data (b), and EN4 data (c), respectively (The annual cycle is removed from each time series), figureFileSmall=D+Fytoiz9PvHVV89hs4+xA==, figureFileBig=xgJazHAeqoo8reV9UlxNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015638127409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图4, caption=由RG_Argo(a)、BOA_Argo(b)和EN4(c)数据得到的2004–2012年和2013–2020年太平洋逐月0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势(已经去掉了年循环), figureFileSmall=D+Fytoiz9PvHVV89hs4+xA==, figureFileBig=xgJazHAeqoo8reV9UlxNsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015776539445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Spatial distributions of linear trends of 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific during 2013–2020 derived from RG_Argo (a), BOA_Argo (b), and EN4 (c) datasets, respectively, figureFileSmall=1HiRUUI8ptw+ahEqVLADlg==, figureFileBig=0+tjhpbhxQQZWrR152Bj1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138015923340087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图5, caption=由RG_Argo(a)、BOA_Argo(b)和EN4(c)数据得到的2013–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势的空间分布, figureFileSmall=1HiRUUI8ptw+ahEqVLADlg==, figureFileBig=0+tjhpbhxQQZWrR152Bj1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016057557819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Linear trends of the 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in different regions of the Pacific during 2013–2020 derived from the RG_Argo data, figureFileSmall=QMQnutKqp3uQxY98bEzhVA==, figureFileBig=ytC7IGddeQnZAMvQiejc0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016170804030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图6, caption=由RG_Argo得到的2013–2020年太平洋不同海域0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势, figureFileSmall=QMQnutKqp3uQxY98bEzhVA==, figureFileBig=ytC7IGddeQnZAMvQiejc0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016300827460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time series of ocean heat content for different water layers in different regions of the Pacific during 2013−2020 (the annual cycle is removed, respectively), figureFileSmall=EhpmNMcXduqlELW0QRSHmQ==, figureFileBig=3ZlPSIoQ9C/+Y2tqjcNZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016380519235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2013–2020年太平洋不同海域各水层海洋热含量的时间序列(去掉了年循环), figureFileSmall=EhpmNMcXduqlELW0QRSHmQ==, figureFileBig=3ZlPSIoQ9C/+Y2tqjcNZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016481182537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Spatial distribution of linear trends of the 0−1500 m ocean heat content in the western North Pacific during 2013−2020 (a), and the main axis positions of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (b), figureFileSmall=7289Sduqv4+Z5gZmIcpeKw==, figureFileBig=Z5cpOEVIryGmq+2PbcDA7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016594428747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2013–2020年北太平洋西部0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势的空间分布(a),以及黑潮和黑潮延伸体主轴位置(b), figureFileSmall=7289Sduqv4+Z5gZmIcpeKw==, figureFileBig=Z5cpOEVIryGmq+2PbcDA7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016737035086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Spatial distributions of 0–1 500 m ocean heat content linear trend (a), thermocline depth (D20) linear trend (b), and sea level anomaly linear trend (c) in the Tropical Pacific during 2013–2020. The results of the ocean heat content trends and the D20 trends are based on the RG_Argo data, figureFileSmall=JEP0EraUIcUgtQyjeKY62Q==, figureFileBig=GqDKbmX/Z5Rif0Di+OLSKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016846086992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2013–2020年热带太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势(a)、温跃层深度(D20)线性趋势(b)以及海表高度异常线性趋势的空间分布(c)。海洋热含量和D20趋势结果基于RG_Argo数据, figureFileSmall=JEP0EraUIcUgtQyjeKY62Q==, figureFileBig=GqDKbmX/Z5Rif0Di+OLSKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200138016934167381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028549580157931, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The scatter distribution of the linear trends of the sea level anomaly and 0–1 500 m ocean heat content (based on the RG_Argo data) in the entire Pacific during 2013–2020, figureFileSmall=P2/N/wyAUC6UkzJDDrfumw==, figureFileBig=pqEmlJ4jdSKGnI9cdwrSVg==, tableContent=null), 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2013–2020年太平洋快速增暖现象的辨识与时空特征研究
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赵茜 1 , 王欣玉 1 , 贾岚钰 1 , 郭永青 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(2): 28-39
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(2): 28-39
2013–2020年太平洋快速增暖现象的辨识与时空特征研究
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赵茜1 , 王欣玉1, 贾岚钰1, 郭永青1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316000
  • 赵茜(2001—),女,四川省达州市人,主要从事海洋热含量变化方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郭永青(1990—),男,江苏省金湖县人,博士,主要从事北太平洋副热带环流及其气候影响方面的研究。E-mail:
Rapid warming of the Pacific during 2013–2020: identification and spatial-temporal characteristics
Xi Zhao1 , Xinyu Wang1, Lanyu Jia1, Yongqing Guo1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024019
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利用基于Argo的多套次表层温盐观测数据,本文分析了2004–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量的变化趋势。研究发现,太平洋海洋热含量在2013年出现长期趋势的转变。2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量相对于2004–2012年快速增加,前者线性趋势达到约0.50 × 1022 J/a,显著高于后者。近期太平洋出现了快速增暖现象。2013–2020年间,太平洋海洋热含量线性增加趋势最大出现在北太平洋西部,其次是热带太平洋和北太平洋东部,而整个南太平洋海洋热含量呈略微减少趋势。在北太平洋西部,海洋热含量快速增加集中在黑潮延伸体海域,该增暖趋势很可能是由黑潮延伸体主轴北移引起的。值得一提的是,日本以南出现了局地海洋热含量减少趋势,该变冷趋势与黑潮大弯曲不断加深有关。在增暖趋势次之的热带太平洋,海洋热含量的快速增加很可能是由温跃层快速加深导致的。此外,太平洋快速增暖反映在海表高度快速升高之中。1 cm/a的海表高度线性趋势对应于0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a)的海洋热含量线性趋势。本研究揭示了全球变暖停滞结束以来太平洋快速增暖现象,加深了对近期太平洋热力状况的认识。

海洋热含量  /  太平洋快速增暖  /  黑潮延伸体主轴北移  /  黑潮大弯曲  /  温跃层加深

Using multiple observational subsurface temperature and salinity datasets based on Argo, we analyze the trend of 0–1 500 m ocean heat content in the Pacific between 2004 and 2020. It was found that the long-term trend of the Pacific ocean heat content showed a shift in 2013. The ocean heat content in 2013–2020 increased rapidly compared with that in 2004–2012. The linear trend of the former reaches about 0.50 × 1022 J/a, which is significantly higher than that of the latter. The Pacific has recently experienced rapid warming. During 2013–2020, the largest linear trend of the ocean heat content in the Pacific appeared in the western North Pacific, followed by the Tropical Pacific and eastern North Pacific. While the ocean heat content in the entire South Pacific showed a slightly decreasing trend. In the western North Pacific, the rapid increase of ocean heat content was concentrated in the Kuroshio Extension areas, and this warming trend is likely to be caused by the northward shift of the Kuroshio Extension main axis. It is worth mentioning that there was a local decreasing trend of ocean heat content in the sea south of Japan, and this cooling trend is associated with the strengthening of the Kuroshio large meander. In the Tropical Pacific where the warming trend is the second largest, the rapid increase of ocean heat content is likely to be induced by the thermocline deepening. In addition, we point out that the rapid warming in the Pacific is reflected by the rapid rise of sea level. The linear trend of sea level per 1 cm/a corresponds to the linear trend of ocean heat content of 0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a). This study elucidates the rapid warming of the Pacific since the end of the global warming hiatus, deepening our understanding of recent thermal conditions in the Pacific.

ocean heat content  /  rapid warming of the Pacific  /  northward shift of Kuroshio Extension main axis  /  Kuroshio large meander  /  thermocline deepening
赵茜, 王欣玉, 贾岚钰, 郭永青. 2013–2020年太平洋快速增暖现象的辨识与时空特征研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (2) : 28 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024019
Xi Zhao, Xinyu Wang, Lanyu Jia, Yongqing Guo. Rapid warming of the Pacific during 2013–2020: identification and spatial-temporal characteristics[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (2) : 28 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024019
海洋是地球气候系统的重要组成部分,在地球能量收支和全球气候变化中扮演着关键角色[14]。工业革命以来,人类活动向大气排放了包括二氧化碳在内的大量温室气体,引起地球气候系统的能量不平衡以及伴随而来的全球变暖现象[57]。观测表明,这些进入气候系统的额外热量中超过90%进入了海洋[2, 8]。于是定量衡量海洋吸收或释放热量多少的关键指标—海洋热含量不断增加,海洋出现长期变暖[4]。另一方面,针对海洋热含量在年际到年代际时间尺度变率和长期趋势的研究极大地提高了人们对气候变化,特别是全球变暖“停滞”现象的认识。在本世纪初以来的十余年里,全球平均表层温度并未明显上升,出现了所谓的全球变暖停滞现象[912]。目前主流观点认为,在变暖停滞期间,大气层层顶的能量不平衡依然存在,这些额外热量进入了海洋次表层,特别是700 m以下的海洋深层,引起深层海洋热含量增加,从而抑制了全球平均表层温度继续上升[1318]
太平洋面积广阔、深度平均约为4 000 m,具有巨大的热惯性,同时也是厄尔尼诺–南方涛动和太平洋年代振荡等重要气候模态的源地[19],其海洋热含量的变化和长期趋势对全球气候有深刻影响。以全球变暖停滞为例,太平洋海洋热含量变化在其中扮演了重要角色。研究表明,太平洋信风增强引起的海洋热含量垂向再分配[14, 2021],以及印尼贯穿流热输运增强引起的海洋热含量跨海盆再分配[1516, 18]对变暖停滞现象有重要贡献。海洋热含量垂向再分配机制认为,变暖停滞期间,增强的信风加快了太平洋浅层经向翻转环流,使得赤道温跃层的热量辐合,次表层于是大量吸热、额外的热量进入了海洋更深处。同时,增强的信风还加速了赤道中东太平洋海水的上涌,从而降低了那里的海表温度。而海洋热含量跨海盆再分配机制则认为,增强的信风引起印尼贯穿流热输运增强,从而将太平洋上层海洋热含量输送到印度洋50 m以深,将大量的热量保存在印度洋次表层。这一跨海盆再分配有助于抑制全球变暖。
全球变暖停滞现象持续到2012/2013年[2226]。此后,全球平均表层温度相对于变暖停滞期间开始快速上升。那么,在最近变暖停滞结束、温度快速上升阶段,全球海洋热含量,尤其是太平洋海洋热含量又会呈现何种变化趋势?目前,对近期太平洋海洋热含量变化趋势的认识相对之前变暖停滞期间较为有限。随着2000年以来Argo计划的实施,现在我们获取了采样偏差更小、时空连续的全球海洋上2 000 m温盐剖面[27]。利用基于Argo观测制作的多套次表层温盐数据集,本文将对近期太平洋海洋热含量的变化趋势展开研究。这一工作有助于加深对太平洋热力状况的认识,为评估太平洋对全球气候的影响提供科学参考。
本研究采用了3套基于Argo观测的次表层温盐数据集。
① Roemmich-Gilson Argo Climatology(RG_Argo)是由Roemmich和Gilson[27]制作的全球网格化Argo数据产品。RG_Argo通过最优插值算法得到,提供自2004年以来全球次表层逐月温度和盐度数据。其水平分辨率为1°×1°,垂向共58个压强层,最底层为1 975 dbar。本文所使用的2004–2020年RG_Argo数据下载自:https://sio-argo.ucsd.edu/RG_Climatology.html
② BOA_Argo是由中国Argo实时资料中心制作的全球网格化Argo数据产品[28]。BOA_Argo基于改进的Barnes逐步修正法和关联响应函数得到,减少了由于Argo观测数据空间分布不均匀带来的误差[28]。BOA_Argo提供自2004年以来全球次表层逐月温度和盐度数据。其水平分辨率为1° × 1°,垂向共58个压强层,最底层为1 975 dbar。本文所使用的2004–2020年BOA_Argo下载自中国Argo实时资料中心:http://www.argo.org.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=101
③ EN4是英国气象局Hadley中心Good等[29]制作的一套经质量控制的次表层温盐剖面和客观分析结果。该数据包含经过仪器偏差校正的全部可用海洋剖面,并且被证明能够可靠地应用于海洋热含量的估算[18, 25]。EN4数据集提供了自1900年以来全球次表层逐月温度和盐度数据。其水平分辨率为1°×1°,垂向共42个深度层,最底层为5 350 m。本文所使用的2004–2020年EN4数据(EN.4.2.2 analyses.g10 版本)下载自:https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/download-en4-2-2.html
太平洋海盆掩码(mask)来自美国国家海洋和大气局提供的世界海洋图集2009(WOA 2009)。该海盆mask数据下载自:http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.NOAA/.NODC/.WOA09/.Masks/.basin/#info
海表高度异常数据来自欧洲哥白尼海洋环境观测服务(CMEMS)。CMEMS提供1993年至今全球海洋逐日和逐月(1/4)°×(1/4)°海表高度异常。本文所使用的2013–2020年海表高度异常数据下载自:https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047/description
平均动力高度数据来自法国Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellites Oceanographic data(AVISO)。下载地址为:https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data.html。该平均动力高度数据的空间分辨率与CMEMS提供的海表高度异常一致,均为(1/4)°×(1/4)°。
在海洋中某一格点、单位面积从海面到深度$ D $(如1 500 m)的海洋热含量($ OHC $)为
$ OHC={\int }^D_{0}{C}_{p}\cdot \rho \cdot \Delta T\cdot {\mathrm{d}}z \text{,} $
式中,$ {C}_{p} $是深度$ z $处的海水定压比热容;$ \rho $是海水现场密度;$ T $是海水现场温度;$ \Delta T $是相对于2004–2020年平均值的现场温度异常;$ {\mathrm{d}}z $是深度微元。实际计算中,先通过Akima插值[30]将标准层上的温度和盐度剖面进一步插值到5 m分辨率的温度和盐度插值剖面上,再根据式(1)积分得到海洋热含量。Matlab的Akima插值程序下载自:https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/fileexchange/1814-akima-interpolation?s_tid=srchtitle。此外,对某一片海域而言,利用式(1)对其面积进行积分,就可以得到该海域0~$ D $ m的(总)海洋热含量。将总海洋热含量除以其面积,就可以得到区域平均的海洋热含量。
本研究涉及海水热力性质变量(如定压比热容和海水现场密度等)的计算都是基于TEOS-10 [31]标准的。Matlab版本的TEOS-10工具包下载地址为:https://github.com/TEOS-10
海表面相对于大地水准面的高度为绝对动力高度。它可以被用来表征海流流线。某一时刻下的绝对动力高度($ ADT $)等于海表高度异常($ S LA $)加上平均动力高度($ MDT $),即
$ ADT=S LA+MDT . $
本文参考Qiu和Chen[32]的方法,在黑潮和黑潮延伸体流经海域取绝对动力高度$ ADT $ = 100 cm的等值线作为黑潮及黑潮延伸体主轴。该等值线抓住了绝对动力高度梯度最大、表层地转流流速最大的黑潮和黑潮延伸体主轴。
在热带太平洋,一般取现场温度为20℃所在的深度作为温跃层深度,并将其记为D20。
本研究聚焦水层为太平洋0~1 500 m,该0~1 500 m海洋热含量能够代表整个太平洋全部深度的海洋热含量。图1a图1c给出了太平洋150°E,180°和140°W 3个断面0~1 800 m温度异常的均方根分布。该温度异常为现场温度相对于2004–2020年多年平均的偏差。无论是太平洋的西部、中部还是东部,海水的温度变化基本集中在1 500 m以上。Levitus等[8]同样指出,太平洋海洋热含量的变化集中在1 500 m以上。0~1 500 m常常被作为一个典型水层厚度,用于从表到中深层海洋热含量的估算之中[13, 33]。综上,太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量就代表了太平洋整层的海洋热含量,为本文研究水层。
RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4 3套次表层温盐数据给出了一致的太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量的估计。由RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4计算的2004–2020年整个太平洋0~1 500 m逐月海洋热含量时间序列如图2所示。结果表明,3套不同数据给出的海洋热含量时间序列非常接近,具有几乎相同的季节到年际时间尺度变率和长期趋势。考虑到这3套数据被广泛应用于海洋热含量估算和水团分析当中[18, 3435],并且,尽管其数据来源和插值方案存在差异,却给出了一致的海洋热含量逐月时间序列,我们认为由这些数据得到的0~1 500 m海洋热含量估算结果是可信的。
我们进一步分析2004–2020年太平洋海洋热含量的长期线性趋势。图3a图3c给出了由RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4数据得到的太平洋0~1 500 m年均海洋热含量的累积距平。3套数据一致表明,太平洋海洋热含量在2013年经历了长期趋势的明显转变。就17年平均值而言,2004–2012年,海洋热含量呈下降趋势,而2013–2020年,海洋热含量呈上升趋势。实际上,2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量相对2004–2012年快速增加。图4a图4c给出了由3套数据得到的2004–2012年和2013–2020年两个不同时期太平洋海洋热含量的线性趋势。该趋势根据最小二乘法计算得到。结果表明,2013年以后太平洋海洋热含量开始明显增加。RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4给出的2004–2012年太平洋海洋热含量线性趋势分别为–0.86 × 1021 J/a、–0.25 × 1021 J/a和1.08 × 1021 J/a,平均线性趋势为–0.01 × 1021 J/a。而2013–2020年海洋热含量线性趋势分别为0.50 × 1022 J/a、0.49 × 1022 J/a和0.51 × 1022 J/a,趋势的量级为1022 J/a,平均线性趋势为0.50 × 1022 J/a。2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量线性增加趋势的数量大小显著高于2004–2012年。因此,2013–2020年太平洋的海洋热含量相较于2004–2012年出现了显著的快速增加,近期太平洋在快速增暖。
值得注意的是,在太平洋快速增暖期间,RG_Argo、BOA_Argo和EN4数据给出了一致的海洋热含量线性趋势空间分布。由这3套次表层温盐数据得到的2013–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势的空间分布如图5a图5c所示。结果表明,不同数据给出了非常相似的线性趋势空间分布。整个北太平洋和几乎整个热带太平洋的海洋热含量都呈现出显著增加趋势,特别是北太平洋西部。考虑到以上3套数据给出的太平洋海洋热含量逐月时间序列和线性趋势的空间分布基本一致,下面将选用RG_Argo数据开展对太平洋快速增暖时空特征的分析。
在快速增暖期间,太平洋海洋热含量增加趋势最大出现在北太平洋西部、其次是热带太平洋和北太平洋东部,而南太平洋海洋热含量呈略微减小趋势。如图6a所示,2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量线性趋势存在明显的空间差异。北太平洋西部,特别在黑潮延伸体海域海洋热含量的增加最为突出。并且,北太平洋西部海洋热含量增加趋势明显高于东部。热带太平洋南北纬约10°附近存在两条海洋热含量显著增加的条带。而整个南大洋,特别是中部呈现海洋热含量减小趋势。为深入分析不同海域海洋热含量趋势,我们将整个太平洋分为4个海域。如图6a所示,它们分别为北太平洋西部(20°~70°N,100°E~180°)、北太平洋东部(20°~70°N,180°~60°W)、热带太平洋(20°S~20°N,100°E~60°W)以及南太平洋(20°~50°S,100°E~60°W)。4个面积不同海域2013–2020年0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势如图6b所示。结果表明,区域海洋热含量增加趋势最大出现在北太平洋西部,趋势为0.24 × 1022 J/a。其次为热带太平洋和北太平洋东部,趋势分别为0.21 × 1022 J/a和0.12 × 1022 J/a。而南太平洋海洋热含量有所减少,趋势为–0.07 × 1022 J/a。图6c展示了区域平均海洋热含量趋势。区域平均海洋热含量增加趋势最大仍然出现在北太平洋西部,趋势高达0.44 × 106 J/(m2·a)。其次为北太平洋东部和热带太平洋,趋势分别为0.15 × 106 J/(m2·a)和0.08 × 106 J/(m2·a)。而南太平洋区域平均海洋热含量趋势为–0.05 × 106 J/(m2·a)。
北太平洋西部和东部的增暖主要集中在100~700 m的次表层,而热带太平洋的增暖则主要集中在0~700 m。进一步分析2013–2020年北太平洋西部和东部、热带太平洋以及南太平洋不同水层海洋热含量变化趋势。图7a图7d分别给出了上述4个海域0~100 m、0~300 m、0~500 m、0~700 m以及0~1 500 m海洋热含量时间序列。由图7a可知,北太平洋西部0~1 500 m海洋热含量时间序列(红色实线)主要与0~700 m海洋热含量时间序列(橙色实线)基本重合。这表明北太平洋西部海洋热含量增加集中于上700 m,并且,0~100 m海洋热含量(紫色实线)的变化相对其他水层要小得多,数值接近0 × 1022 J。因此,北太平洋西部的增暖主要集中在100~700 m的次表层。同样地,北太平洋东部0~1 500 m海洋热含量时间序列也主要与0~700 m基本重合,而0~100 m海洋热含量变化较小。因此,北太平洋东部的增暖同样主要集中在100~700 m的次表层。对于热带太平洋,其0~100 m海洋热含量表现出显著变化,0~1 500 m海洋热含量基本可以由0~700 m来解释,因此,热带太平洋增暖主要集中在0~700 m。而对于南太平洋,0~1 500 m海洋热含量变化基本可以由0~700 m的变化来解释。并且,南太平洋各层呈现略微变冷趋势。鉴于北太平洋西部和热带太平洋具有最大的海洋热含量增加趋势,接下来,本文将主要分析这两个海盆海洋热含量增加特征和潜在的增暖机制。
在增暖趋势最大的北太平洋西部,海洋热含量的快速增加主要集中在黑潮延伸体海域,并且该快速增加趋势很可能与黑潮延伸体主轴北移有关。图8a给出了2013–2020年北太平洋西部0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势的空间分布。在北太平洋西部,海洋热含量快速增加主要集中在黑潮延伸体海域附近(约140°~160°E),这里单位面积海洋热含量增加趋势超过了0.4×109 J/(m2·a),显著高于其他海域。黑潮延伸体海域海洋热含量的快速增加很可能是黑潮延伸体主轴向北移动引起的。仿照Qiu和Chen[32]的方法,本文采用绝对动力高度为100 cm的等值线代表黑潮和黑潮延伸体主轴位置。该等值线能够抓住黑潮和黑潮延伸体海表地转流流速最大的位置,即主轴位置。图8b展示了2013–2020年年平均黑潮和黑潮延伸体主轴位置。2013–2020年期间,黑潮延伸体主轴发生明显北移,从2013–2015年35°N附近移动到36°N附近。特别在2020年,主轴到达最北。黑潮延伸体主轴北移显著扩大了暖水的范围,使得延伸体30°~40°N之间出现海洋热含量的快速增加。值得注意的是,日本以南出现了明显的、局地的海洋热含量减少。这里单位面积海洋热含量减少趋势超过了–0.4 × 109 J/(m2·a)。该减少趋势很可能与黑潮“大弯曲”现象持续加深有关。2017年8月以后日本以南出现黑潮大弯曲现象[3637],并至少持续到2020年。从2017年到2020年,该黑潮主轴最南端持续向南移动,不断加深大弯曲的程度(图8b)。黑潮大弯曲的出现和持续加深使得日本以南出现冷水池,引起海洋热含量的明显减少。需要指出的是,尽管日本以南出现了局地的海洋热含量减少趋势,整个北太平洋西部总体表现出快速增暖。
在海洋热含量增加趋势次之的热带太平洋,海洋热含量快速增加很可能由温跃层加深导致的。图9a图9c分别展示了2013–2020年热带太平洋海洋热含量、热带太平洋温跃层深度(D20)以及海表高度异常的线性趋势的空间分布。在热带太平洋,海洋热含量的增加主要呈纬向条带状分布。两支最为显著的条带一支位于4°~10°N附近,另一支则位于10°~14°S附近。海洋热含量的线性趋势与温跃层深度和海表高度异常的线性趋势有良好的空间对应关系。在海洋热含量增加最为显著的两支条带,同样出现了明显的温跃层加深和海表高度升高。温跃层的显著加深使得上层海洋能够堆积更多的暖水,从而增加上层海洋热含量。鉴于温跃层和海洋热含量线性趋势良好的空间对应关系,本文推测热带太平洋海洋热含量的增加很可能来自于温跃层的加深。此外,海表高度异常的线性趋势也表现出与海洋热含量和温跃层深度一样的空间分布。这表明海洋热含量的变化与海表高度的变化存在紧密联系。
整个太平洋海洋热含量快速增加也反映在海表高度的快速升高上。进一步,将太平洋每个格点上的海表高度异常线性趋势和0~1 500 m海洋热含量线性趋势散点对绘制在一起,结果如图10所示。可以看到,这两个趋势存在正线性相关关系,两者的Pearson相关系数为0.68。太平洋海洋热含量增加(减少)趋势会伴随海表高度升高(降低)趋势一同出现。并且,1 cm/a的海表高度异常线性趋势对应于0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a)的海洋热含量线性趋势(图10红色拟合线)。这表明海表高度的变化趋势可以作为一种指示,用来推测和评估太平洋整层增暖或变冷的趋势。相较于海洋次表层温盐数据而言,海表高度数据更加容易获得,直接利用海表高度的线性趋势估算整层海洋热含量的线性趋势更加方便。
本文利用3套次表层温盐观测数据,RG_Argo 、BOA_Argo和EN4,分析了2004–2020年太平洋0~1 500 m海洋热含量的线性趋势。研究发现,太平洋海洋热含量在2013年出现长期趋势由负向正的转变。2013–2020年太平洋海洋热含量相对于2004–2012年快速增加,前者的线性趋势达到约0.50 × 1022 J/a,显著高于后者。研究辨识认为,2013–2020年太平洋出现快速增暖现象。
太平洋快速增暖现象具有独特的时空特征。2013–2020年期间,太平洋海洋热含量增加趋势最大出现在北太平洋西部,其次是热带太平洋和北太平洋东部,而南太平洋海洋热含量呈略微减少趋势。北太平洋西部和东部的增暖主要集中在100~700 m的次表层,而热带太平洋的增暖则主要集中在0~700 m。在增暖趋势最大的北太平洋西部,海洋热含量的快速增加主要集中在黑潮延伸体海域。该海洋热含量快速增加趋势很可能是黑潮延伸体主轴北移引起的。北移的黑潮延伸体显著扩大了暖水的范围,能够使得延伸体30°~40°N之间出现海洋热含量的快速增加。值得一提的是,日本以南出现了局地海洋热含量减少趋势,该变冷趋势与黑潮大弯曲加深有关。在增暖趋势次之的热带太平洋,海洋热含量的快速增加很可能是温跃层加深导致的。此外,太平洋快速增暖还反映在海表高度快速升高之中。1 cm/a的海表高度异常线性趋势对应于0.11 × 109 J/(m2·a)的海洋热含量线性趋势。海表高度的变化和趋势可以作为评估太平洋增暖或变冷的一种简单指标。
本文主要辨识了近期太平洋快速增暖现象并分析了该快速增暖的时空特征。但是,该快速增暖现象背后的物理机制尚不明确。2013年至今,全球平均表层温度在全球增暖停滞现象以后又开始迅速上升[22]。那么,是近期全球温度快速上升引起了Walker环流和Hadley环流等调整,导致太平洋信风和西风等风场发生变化,最终带来了太平洋快速增暖?一些研究已经表明在全球变暖背景下,Hadley环流会向两极扩张[38]。未来,仍然需要对近期太平洋快速增暖现象的物理机制展开深入研究。需要指出的是,黑潮和黑潮延伸体的变率和趋势对太平洋,乃至全球气候有重要影响。一方面,向北移动的黑潮延伸体使得北太平洋西部拥有更多暖水,从而显著增加海洋热含量。另一方面,2017年8月以来发生的黑潮大弯曲是过去70多年里黑潮大弯曲事件中持续时间最长的[39]。它造成了海洋热含量局地明显减少,形成了一个深厚的冷水池,对周边气象和气候状况有重要影响。针对黑潮延伸体南北移动和黑潮大弯曲事件的研究具有科学价值和现实意义。本文报道了全球变暖停滞结束以来太平洋快速增暖现象,加深了我们对近期太平洋热力状况的了解,为未来探究太平洋快速增暖现象的物理机制奠定了基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(42106019)
  • 舟山科技计划项目浙江海洋大学专项(2022C41020)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024019
  • 接收时间:2023-10-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-06
  • 修回日期:2024-01-21
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(42106019)
舟山科技计划项目浙江海洋大学专项(2022C41020)
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    1.浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316000

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*郭永青(1990—),男,江苏省金湖县人,博士,主要从事北太平洋副热带环流及其气候影响方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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