Article(id=1200028547915022826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698076800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-24, revisedDate=1702137600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764038701275, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038701275, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038701275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038701275, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200028546686091752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764038700981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764060312216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200119190821634492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200028546686091752, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200028548716134894, articleId=1200028547915022826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The study on the early diagenetic processes in REY-rich sediments in Southeast Pacific Ocean and its indicative significance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As potential mineral resources, rare earth elements (REY) and yttrium enriched sediments in the deep sea have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. It has been shown by studies that the enrichment process of REY is most likely to occur at the sediment-water interface (SWI), however studies on the early diagenetic processes in REY-enriched sediments are in general lacking. In this paper, we collected two short sediment cores in REY-enriched sediments in the Southeast Pacific Ocean, then we had conducted an in-depth analysis on the early diagenesis process of REY at SWI and its influence on the enrichment mechanism of REY in deep-sea sediment. The low Fe, Mn concentration and high Mo, U and V concentration in pore-water indicated that the sediment cores were in oxic environment. Compared to the REY in overlying water column, the dissolved REY in pore-water characterized by a middle rare earth elements (MREE). In sediment, phosphate phase is the main phase of REY, while the distribution pattern of REY in pore-water may be controlled by the phosphate content in sediments. Our results show that during the early diagenetic processes, the REY initially combined with Fe/Mn phase and other phases re-released into the pore-water, which is subsequently adsorbed by and eventually buried with the phosphate phase. Therefore, the early diagenetic process is an important mechanism of REY enrichment in deep sea sediments.

, correspAuthors=Li Li, Xuefa Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiejun Li, Hongna Liu, Xiaojing Wang, Li Li, Xuefa Shi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200028550213501451, articleId=1200028547915022826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=东南太平洋富稀土沉积早期成岩过程研究及其指示意义, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

富稀土深海沉积物作为一种潜在矿产资源,近年来备受关注。研究发现,稀土元素(REY)和钇(Y)元素的富集过程很可能发生在沉积物−海水界面(SWI),但目前针对富稀土沉积物的早期成岩过程研究较少。本研究采集了东南太平洋富稀土海区两个站位的沉积物短柱,解析了REY在SWI的早期成岩过程及其对REY在沉积物中富集机制的影响。孔隙水中较低的Fe、Mn和较高的Mo、U、V浓度表明研究区沉积物处于氧化环境。对比底层海水中REY,孔隙水中的REY呈中稀土(MREE)富集特征。沉积物中REY的主要富集相态为磷酸盐相,而孔隙水中REY及其配分模式可能受控于沉积物中磷酸盐的含量。本研究表明,在稀土元素早期成岩过程中,原本与铁锰相等其他相态结合的REY重新进入到孔隙水中,最终被磷酸盐相吸附和埋藏,早期成岩过程是深海沉积物中REY富集的重要机制。

, correspAuthors=李力, 石学法, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李力(1976—),女,研究员,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:
石学法(1965—),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i6Czo1zX1jJDROPN6wW4VQ==, magXml=tPRGqLcW8eNzS5kKQkeXDg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JKGKvCjyVloHa+7uL4vkFw==, pdfFileSize=1586124, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mTg39rAdLETibURu7ebSZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7UX4ACM7Ne4vPgLCHXFOwg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李杰军(1998—),男,四川省遂宁市人,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:

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李杰军(1998—),男,四川省遂宁市人,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:

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李杰军(1998—),男,四川省遂宁市人,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:

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Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
3. Key Laboratory of Deep Sea Mineral Resources Development, Shandong (preparatory), Qingdao 266061, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200138010948890800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, authorId=1200138010718204062, language=CN, stringName=李力, firstName=力, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
2.崂山实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
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2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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The analyzed REY concentrations of certified seawater samples (CASS-5 and NASS-6), compared with the reported values in literature , and average blank value, detection limits of dissolved REY (unit: pmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 CASS-5 NASS-6 空白值(n = 4) 检测限
测试值 报道值a 测试值 报道值b
Y 195.6 ± 2.7 c 225.7 ± 1.4 229.0 ± 23.0 0.61 ± 0.22 0.66
La 57.5 ± 1.8 56.5 ± 1.3 70.4 ± 1.3 74.4 ± 4.3 0.37 ± 0.07 0.22
Ce 24.2 ± 1.1 24.1 ± 2.2 25.6 ± 0.9 30.0 ± 3.8 0.69 ± 0.10 0.29
Pr 8.2 ± 0.1 7.8 ± 1.1 10.6 ± 0.3 11.4 ± 1.1 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06
Nd 37.3 ± 1.2 34.8 ± 1.6 45.6 ± 2.8 46.3 ± 1.4 0.31 ± 0.07 0.21
Sm 8.4 ± 1.1 8.2 ± 0.4 7.8 ± 0.8 8.4 ± 1.2 0.04 ± 0.03 0.08
Eu 1.4 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 0.03 ± 0.02 0.05
Gd 8.0 ± 0.7 7.8 ± 1.0 9.6 ± 0.4 8.9 ± 1.3 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07
Tb 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02
Dy 7.8 ± 0.3 7.8 ± 0.5 9.5 ± 0.7 10.0 ± 0.5 0.06 ± 0.04 0.12
Ho 2.1 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.2 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02
Er 6.9 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.2 8.1 ± 0.4 8.0 ± 0.4 0.03 ± 0.03 0.08
Tm 1.1 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01
Yb 6.3 ± 0.6 6.3 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.3 7.7 ± 0.4 0.02 ± 0.02 0.05
Lu 1.2 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1200138013847154994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准海水(CASS-5、NASS-6)REY浓度分析结果与前人结果比较以及实验流程平均空白值和检测限(单位:pmol/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 CASS-5 NASS-6 空白值(n = 4) 检测限
测试值 报道值a 测试值 报道值b
Y 195.6 ± 2.7 c 225.7 ± 1.4 229.0 ± 23.0 0.61 ± 0.22 0.66
La 57.5 ± 1.8 56.5 ± 1.3 70.4 ± 1.3 74.4 ± 4.3 0.37 ± 0.07 0.22
Ce 24.2 ± 1.1 24.1 ± 2.2 25.6 ± 0.9 30.0 ± 3.8 0.69 ± 0.10 0.29
Pr 8.2 ± 0.1 7.8 ± 1.1 10.6 ± 0.3 11.4 ± 1.1 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06
Nd 37.3 ± 1.2 34.8 ± 1.6 45.6 ± 2.8 46.3 ± 1.4 0.31 ± 0.07 0.21
Sm 8.4 ± 1.1 8.2 ± 0.4 7.8 ± 0.8 8.4 ± 1.2 0.04 ± 0.03 0.08
Eu 1.4 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 0.03 ± 0.02 0.05
Gd 8.0 ± 0.7 7.8 ± 1.0 9.6 ± 0.4 8.9 ± 1.3 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07
Tb 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02
Dy 7.8 ± 0.3 7.8 ± 0.5 9.5 ± 0.7 10.0 ± 0.5 0.06 ± 0.04 0.12
Ho 2.1 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.2 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02
Er 6.9 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.2 8.1 ± 0.4 8.0 ± 0.4 0.03 ± 0.03 0.08
Tm 1.1 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01
Yb 6.3 ± 0.6 6.3 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.3 7.7 ± 0.4 0.02 ± 0.02 0.05
Lu 1.2 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1200138014002344246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analytical results of the reference seawater (NASS-6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NASS-6 Mo浓度/(nmol·L−1 U浓度/(nmol·L−1 V浓度/(nmol·L−1
测量值(n = 17) 103.6 ± 4.5 12.8 ± 0.4 30.1 ± 2.5
标准值 103.1 ± 7.5 12.6a 28.7 ± 3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200138014107201849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准海水(NASS-6)分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NASS-6 Mo浓度/(nmol·L−1 U浓度/(nmol·L−1 V浓度/(nmol·L−1
测量值(n = 17) 103.6 ± 4.5 12.8 ± 0.4 30.1 ± 2.5
标准值 103.1 ± 7.5 12.6a 28.7 ± 3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1200138014207865150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pearson correlation analysis result among other compositions and REY in sediment cores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MnO P2O5 REY
Al2O3 1
CaO −0.85** 1
Fe2O3 0.90** −0.95* 1
MnO 0.43* −0.42* 0.41* 1
P2O5 0.99** −0.85** 0.90** 0.45** 1
REY 0.99** −0.85** 0.90** 0.41* 0.99** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200138014321111363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200028547915022826, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沉积物中各组分和REY元素含量的皮尔森相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MnO P2O5 REY
Al2O3 1
CaO −0.85** 1
Fe2O3 0.90** −0.95* 1
MnO 0.43* −0.42* 0.41* 1
P2O5 0.99** −0.85** 0.90** 0.45** 1
REY 0.99** −0.85** 0.90** 0.41* 0.99** 1
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东南太平洋富稀土沉积早期成岩过程研究及其指示意义
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李杰军 1 , 刘洪娜 1 , 王小静 1 , 李力 1, 2, 3, * , 石学法 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(2): 40-51
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(2): 40-51
东南太平洋富稀土沉积早期成岩过程研究及其指示意义
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李杰军1 , 刘洪娜1, 王小静1, 李力1, 2, 3, * , 石学法1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.崂山实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.山东省深海矿产资源开发重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 李杰军(1998—),男,四川省遂宁市人,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李力(1976—),女,研究员,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:
石学法(1965—),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质。E-mail:
The study on the early diagenetic processes in REY-rich sediments in Southeast Pacific Ocean and its indicative significance
Jiejun Li1 , Hongna Liu1, Xiaojing Wang1, Li Li1, 2, 3, * , Xuefa Shi1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Deep Sea Mineral Resources Development, Shandong (preparatory), Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024007
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富稀土深海沉积物作为一种潜在矿产资源,近年来备受关注。研究发现,稀土元素(REY)和钇(Y)元素的富集过程很可能发生在沉积物−海水界面(SWI),但目前针对富稀土沉积物的早期成岩过程研究较少。本研究采集了东南太平洋富稀土海区两个站位的沉积物短柱,解析了REY在SWI的早期成岩过程及其对REY在沉积物中富集机制的影响。孔隙水中较低的Fe、Mn和较高的Mo、U、V浓度表明研究区沉积物处于氧化环境。对比底层海水中REY,孔隙水中的REY呈中稀土(MREE)富集特征。沉积物中REY的主要富集相态为磷酸盐相,而孔隙水中REY及其配分模式可能受控于沉积物中磷酸盐的含量。本研究表明,在稀土元素早期成岩过程中,原本与铁锰相等其他相态结合的REY重新进入到孔隙水中,最终被磷酸盐相吸附和埋藏,早期成岩过程是深海沉积物中REY富集的重要机制。

早期成岩  /  孔隙水  /  稀土元素  /  沉积物  /  东南太平洋

As potential mineral resources, rare earth elements (REY) and yttrium enriched sediments in the deep sea have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. It has been shown by studies that the enrichment process of REY is most likely to occur at the sediment-water interface (SWI), however studies on the early diagenetic processes in REY-enriched sediments are in general lacking. In this paper, we collected two short sediment cores in REY-enriched sediments in the Southeast Pacific Ocean, then we had conducted an in-depth analysis on the early diagenesis process of REY at SWI and its influence on the enrichment mechanism of REY in deep-sea sediment. The low Fe, Mn concentration and high Mo, U and V concentration in pore-water indicated that the sediment cores were in oxic environment. Compared to the REY in overlying water column, the dissolved REY in pore-water characterized by a middle rare earth elements (MREE). In sediment, phosphate phase is the main phase of REY, while the distribution pattern of REY in pore-water may be controlled by the phosphate content in sediments. Our results show that during the early diagenetic processes, the REY initially combined with Fe/Mn phase and other phases re-released into the pore-water, which is subsequently adsorbed by and eventually buried with the phosphate phase. Therefore, the early diagenetic process is an important mechanism of REY enrichment in deep sea sediments.

early diagenetic process  /  pore-water  /  rare earth elements  /  sediment  /  Southeast Pacific Ocean
李杰军, 刘洪娜, 王小静, 李力, 石学法. 东南太平洋富稀土沉积早期成岩过程研究及其指示意义. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (2) : 40 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024007
Jiejun Li, Hongna Liu, Xiaojing Wang, Li Li, Xuefa Shi. The study on the early diagenetic processes in REY-rich sediments in Southeast Pacific Ocean and its indicative significance[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (2) : 40 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024007
稀土元素(REE)和钇(Y)元素(统称REY)是电子产品和一些新型材料制造的关键元素,其需求在过去20年里急速增长[15]。因此,富含REY(特别是中、重稀土)的深海沉积物被视为潜在矿产资源,近年来备受关注[67]。石学法等[8]将REY含量超过700 µg/g的深海沉积物定义为富稀土沉积物。研究发现,生物磷灰石颗粒(鱼骨、鱼牙)可能是深海沉积物中REY的主要载体,其REY含量一般高于9 × 103µg/g,有些部位甚至高达32 × 103 µg/g[911]。但活的鱼牙、鱼骨中REY含量一般较低,仅为1~427 µg/g,因此,鱼牙、鱼骨对REY的富集过程应发生在鱼死亡后[5, 9]。同时,沉积物中生物磷灰石的REY含量不随埋藏深度增加而增加[10, 1415],表明其对REY的富集可能主要发生在沉积物−海水界面(Sediment-Water Interface,SWI)。孔隙水是REY在固相–液相间迁移转化的重要过渡介质,对孔隙水的研究有助于深入了解REY在SWI的早期成岩过程[1617]。孔隙水中的溶解态REY因其含量低、基体复杂、样品体积小,测试极具挑战[1819],所以国内外学者运用矿物学和地球化学的方法对深海沉积物中REY的含量及其主要赋存载体的研究较多,而针对孔隙水中的REY在SWI的早期成岩过程的研究相对匮乏。
本研究在东南太平洋富稀土海区内采集了两根沉积物短柱,测定了孔隙水中REY及其氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Elements,RSEs)(Fe、Mn、Mo、U、V)的垂向分布,结合沉积物和上覆海水的REY数据及其他相关参数,阐明了REY在海水、孔隙水、沉积物三相中的分布特征、配分模式、赋存相态,探讨了REY在SWI的迁移转化过程及其规律,为深入了解REY在沉积物中的富集机制提供了参考。
研究区域位于东南太平洋海隆两侧的鲍尔海盆和蒂基海盆。东南太平洋东部具有相对复杂的海脊和海山系统,东太平洋海隆(East Pacific Rise,EPR)是典型的快速−超快速扩张洋脊,其全扩张速率约为80~200 mm/a[2021]。该洋脊高出海底约2 000~4 000 m[5],在东南太平洋大致呈南北走向,两侧伴有较多转换断层,且有强烈的热液和火山活动[2223]。该区域分为多个深海盆地(图1b),包括蒂基海盆、鲍尔海盆、尤潘基海盆等。蒂基海盆位于EPR西侧,马克萨斯群岛南部,水深在4 000~4600 m之间,海盆形状不规则,整体南窄北宽,岩芯沉积物基本以远洋红黏土、钙质超微化石软泥为主[2425]。鲍尔海盆位于EPR10°S东侧、加拉帕哥斯海隆以西海域,其西侧为威尔克斯断裂带,水深4 000~5 000 m,受热液活动影响显著,沉积物以多金属软泥为主,其次为钙质软泥[26]。尤潘基海盆矿物组成以黏土矿物为主(~50%),其次还含有钙十字沸石(~15%)、铁锰微结核(~15%)、少量的生物磷灰石(~5%)和方解石(~5%),此外还有陆源碎屑物质,如石英、长石等(~10%) [5]。蒂基海盆除生物磷灰石含量(~7.5%)略高于尤潘基海盆,碳酸盐矿物含量(~2.5%)略低于尤潘基海盆外,其余各矿物组成含量与尤潘基海盆相当[27]
南太平洋东部水团较为丰富(图1a),研究区海水主要受亚热带表层水(Subtropical Surface Water,STSW)、亚南极水(Subantarctic Water,SAAW)、南极中层水(Antarctic Intermediate Water,AAIW)以及北太平洋深层水(North Pacific Deep Water,NPDW)的影响[2830]
2018年3−5月,本研究搭载大洋46航次“向阳红01”科考船在位于EPR两侧的鲍尔海盆的S014站位(水深为4 271 m;采样深度为31 cm)和蒂基海盆的S028站位(水深为4 313 m;采样深度为38.5 cm)采集沉积物短柱样品各两根,采样站位如图1b所示。
使用箱式插管在同一站位采集两根沉积物短柱样品,其中一根采集后转移至充满N2的手套袋内,应用Rhizon采样器(Rhizonsphere 公司,荷兰)采集孔隙水(10 cm以上间隔1 cm,10 cm以下间隔2 cm)用于氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn、Mo、U、V,统称为RSEs)的分析测试,采集的孔隙水酸化至pH = 2保存。另一根短柱使用陶瓷刀进行分层取样(10 cm以上间隔1 cm,10 cm以下间隔2 cm),采集的沉积物使用离心机(7 000 r/min,10 min)收集孔隙水并过滤后(0.22 µm),酸化至pH = 2保存。
S006、S020站位海水样品使用 CTD(Sea-Bird 911 plus)上的 Niskin采样瓶采集。样品采集后,用预先清洗过的 C-flex管(Cole-Parmer公司)两端分别连接采样瓶及预先清洗过的AcroPak囊式过滤器(0.2 μm,Pall 公司),通过便携式蠕动泵进行抽滤。过滤后的海水样品收集于已洗净的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)采样瓶中,并加入高纯硝酸(Fisher公司,Optima级)酸化至 pH为 2,拧紧瓶盖,然后套入两层塑料袋,常温密封保存用于溶解态 REY的分析。实验所需的注射器、离心管以及针头滤器等均需事先清洗干净,清洗过程均在超净实验室的洁净台下操作完成。先用10% HCl浸泡24 h,之后用 Milli-Q 水冲洗3~5遍,并晾干备用。
沉积物样品冷冻干燥后,称取约50 mg研磨好的样品放入于Teflon溶样罐,依次加入1 mL浓HCl、1 mL浓HNO3和1 mL浓HF,在烘箱内190℃加热48 h;在电热板上加热蒸干后,加入1.5 mL浓HNO3、1.5 mL Milli-Q 水及Rh内标后,置于烘箱内150℃加热8 h;2% HNO3定容,待测。Al、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ti、P和Ba的元素含量采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES, ICAP 7000 series, Thermo Fisher公司)进行测试,REY的含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS, XII series, Thermo Fisher公司)进行测试。
溶解态REY的分析测试采用Liu等[18]的方法,简单来说,预富集前将6.5 mL孔隙水样品用Milli-Q水(pH = 2)稀释至13 mL,再加入In内标混匀,最后用自动预富集系统(seaFAST, ESI公司)离线模式进行富集。具体富集过程为:先用1 mol/L HNO3清洗富集系统;然后加入5 mL NH4AC缓冲溶液调节树脂(Nobias PA1®)pH ≈ 6,紧接着将孔隙水样品通过树脂,再一次通过缓冲溶液和超纯水,去除树脂上残余的Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+等离子;最后用1 mL 1.4 mol/L的HNO3将富集在树脂柱上的REY洗脱,随后用ICP-MS在碰撞池模式下进行测试。通过标准海水CASS-5和NASS-6来确定REY分析的精密度和准确度,实测值与报道值吻合较好,空白值较低(表1)。分析过程中通过在空白样品中加入一系列混标的方法来确定REY的回收率,REY的回收率在80%~120%之间。
孔隙水样品用2%的HNO3稀释20倍,使用ICP-MS在碰撞池模式下进行分析测试,所有样品中加入Sc、Rh和In作为内标。通过标准海水NASS-6 (加拿大国家研究委员会)来确定Mo、U、V方法的精密度和准确度,实测值与认证值吻合较好(表2)。另外通过在随机选择的10%的样品中加入混标的方法来确定方法回收率,并校正元素的基质效应。分析结果表明,RSEs的加样回收率一般在90% ~116%之间。
样品的分析均在自然资源部第一海洋研究所的千级洁净实验室中进行。沉积物和孔隙水的REY含量一般使用澳大利亚后太古页岩(PAAS)进行标准化[34];元素Gd、Y异常值以及中稀土富集程度(MREE/MREE*)的计算参照以下公式[25, 30]
$ \rm Gd/Gd^*=2\times Gd_n/(Eu+Tb)_n\text{,} $
$ \rm Y/Y^*=2\times Y_n/(Dy+Ho)_n\text{,} $
$ \rm{M}REE/MREE^*=(Gd+Dy)_n/(Nd+Yb)_n, $
式中,n指REY含量经PAAS标准化后的数值。
孔隙水中RSEs的垂向分布如图2所示。两个站位溶解态Fe、Mn浓度([Fe]diss、[Mn]diss)极低,仅为0.05~0.3 µmol/L(图2a, 图2c),远低于近岸还原环境下孔隙水中Fe、Mn的浓度([Fe]diss = 25~200 µmol/L,[Mn]diss = 16~180 µmol/L)[17, 3536]。S014站位孔隙水中[Fe]diss、[Mn]diss随深度的增加无明显变化(图2a),而S028站位在25 cm以下[Mn]diss略有升高(图2c)。S014站位溶解态Mo、U、V浓度范围为105~145 nmol/L、7~10 nmol/L和40~52 nmol/L;S028站位溶解态Mo、U、V浓度范围为124~187 nmol/L、7~12 nmol/L和28~42 nmol/L(图2b, 图2d)。
早期成岩过程中,底层海水的溶解氧浓度以及有机碳再矿化速率决定了SWI的氧化还原程度。根据底层海水溶解氧的浓度,可将界面氧化还原环境划分为氧化(> 63 µmol/L)、亚氧(< 63 µmol/L)和缺氧( 0 µmol/L)状态[37]。本研究区底层海水的溶解氧浓度约为180 µmol/L(CTD所携带的溶解氧探头测得),表明研究区SWI处于氧化环境[35, 37],沉积物短柱中 [Fe]、[Mn]主要以铁锰氧化物存在,因此在孔隙水中浓度较低(图2a, 图2c)。随着深度的增加,溶解氧含量逐渐耗尽,铁锰氧化物开始被还原[36, 38],从而观察到S028站位孔隙水中[Fe]diss、[Mn]diss在25 cm以下逐渐升高(图2c)。Homoky 等[38]研究发现,当远洋沉积物的孔隙水中存在溶解氧和NOx时,孔隙水中的[Fe]diss(0.03~0.22 µmol/L)也明显高于海水中[Fe]diss,且其同位素组成与成岩物质的Fe同位素组成无明显差异、远高于还原溶解Fe的同位素组成,因此这部分[Fe]diss应是成岩物质风化(非还原溶解)所释放的胶体态Fe,研究区孔隙水中存在的[Fe]diss可能也主要为成岩物质风化所释放的胶体态Fe。相对于Fe和Mn,孔隙水中Mo、U、V在表层相对富集(图2b图2d)。Mo和V的富集可能与表层颗粒物有机质的降解释放有关,而U的富集可能是由底层水向下扩散导致[36]。随着深度的增加进入铁锰氧化物的还原区, Mo、U、V从铁锰氧化物中释放进入孔隙水使得含量升高[36, 39],本研究中S028站位25 cm以下Mo、U、V浓度的升高与此有关(图2d)。总体来说,底层海水中较高的溶解氧浓度以及孔隙水中较低的[Fe]diss、[Mn]diss和较高的Mo、U、V浓度表明沉积物短柱基本处于氧化状态。
孔隙水中溶解态REY浓度([REY]diss)的垂向分布特征如图3a所示。S014站位 [REY]diss范围为200~1 557 pmol/L,平均值为585 pmol/L,在表层10 cm内变化不大,10 cm以下随深度升高,均值达到约1 100 pmol/L,峰值在23 cm处;S028站位[REY]diss介于291~1 304 pmol/L,平均值为478 pmol/L,其垂相浓度变化不大,在19 cm处出现峰值。Deng等[4041]在西太平洋表层孔隙水中[REY]diss可高达8 500~34 000 pmol/L,Haley等[17]在加利福尼亚边缘和秘鲁纳斯卡岭中观测到的[REY]diss的最大值可达5 800 pmol/L,Abbott等[42]在俄勒冈陆架的站位孔隙水中发现[REY]diss可达10 909 pmol/L。与前人在西太平洋、美国西海岸陆架报道的数据相比(5 800~34 000 pmol/L),本研究海区的孔隙水中[REY]diss偏低。
海水中颗粒物下沉过程中对溶解态REY有清扫作用,部分颗粒物沉降到沉积物表面,在早期成岩过程中,被吸附在颗粒物上的REY可通过有机质降解或铁锰氧化物还原溶解等过程,重新被释放进入孔隙水[17, 4041, 43]。如前所述,研究区表层沉积物基本处于氧化状态,未发生Fe氧化物还原溶解过程,其孔隙水中的[Fe]diss可能来自成岩物质风化[38],而孔隙水中[REY]diss也可能来自于这一过程的伴随产物[4041]。同时,本课题组之前研究显示,研究区沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量整体较低,仅为0.10%~0.13%,但其表层(0~10 cm)TOC含量较底层(10~40 cm)偏高0.03% [25],我们认为仍存在有机质降解的过程。因此,表层孔隙水中[REY]diss的产生也可能与有机质降解相关。同时,较深层(25~38.5 cm)沉积物中应存在一定程度的微还原环境,导致RSEs的波动(图2c),伴随铁锰氧化物的还原过程,也会释放一些溶解态REY进入孔隙水[17]
将两个站位孔隙水的REY数据采用PAAS进行标准化(图3b, 图3c),两个站位的REY配分模式有明显差异,S014站位呈显著中稀土(MREE)、重稀土(HREE)富集模式(图3b),而S028站位则更类似海水、呈HREE富集模式(图3c)。Fe氧化物还原溶解和沉积物中磷酸盐相吸附的减少可能是导致孔隙水中MREE相对富集的原因[17, 4041],如前所述,研究区沉积物基本处于氧化状态,S014站位未受Fe氧化物还原溶解的影响(图2a),因此,我们推测S014站位孔隙水呈中、重稀土富集模式可能是受磷酸盐吸附的影响。此外,两个站位都观测到有轻微的Gd正异常以及明显的Y正异常(图3c图3d)。孔隙水中的Gd正异常(1.0~1.4)与研究区测得的海水Gd正异常(1.0~1.3)相当[30]。富含Gd的城市废水排入海洋可能是导致海水中Gd正异常的一个原因[4445];其次,Gd的4f电子层处于半充满状态,与碳酸盐的络合能力更强,较其相邻元素在水体中更易稳定存在[30]。与Gd不同,孔隙水Y的正异常(1.1~2.5)则明显低于海水(2.1~4.0)。水体中Y的正异常是由于其与相邻元素地球化学性质的差异,导致其被去除的速率偏低,例如Ho在水体中被清扫的速率是Y的两倍[41, 46]。此外,孔隙水中的Y正异常低于海水可能是受沉积物吸附作用的影响。
海水(S020、S006站位)与孔隙水(S014、S028站位)中REY的垂相分布特征如图4所示,其中(La/Sm)n、(La/Yb)n和(Sm/Yb)n分别代表LREE/MREE、LREE/HREE和MREE/HREE的比值。对比发现,两个站位浅层孔隙水(0~10 cm)中[REY]diss与底层海水相似或略低。但相比底层海水,两个站位孔隙水中(La/Sm)n较低,(Sm/Yb)n较高,(La/Yb)n比值与底层海水相当或略低,均显示MREE相对富集(MREE/MREE*)的特征。前人研究显示,颗粒物在海水中会优先清扫LREE、MREE,因此在SWI的早期成岩过程中,颗粒物上原先吸附的LREE、MREE会被优先释放进入孔隙水,从而导致表层孔隙水中LREE、MREE相对富集[17, 4748]。在太平洋其他海域,表层孔隙水中LREE、MREE相对富集的情况也有相关的报道[40, 48]
沉积物中的常量元素和REY含量的垂向分布如图5所示。S014站位沉积物中REY含量为(915 ± 80)µg/g,P2O5含量为(1.28 ± 0.08 )wt.%,Al2O3含量为(4.38 ± 0.31)wt.%,CaO含量为(15.02 ± 2.74)wt.%,MnO含量为(4.57 ± 0.27 )wt.%,Fe2O3含量为(14.87 ± 1.05)wt.%,Ba含量为(14.80 ± 1.29)mg/g。S028站位沉积物中REY含量为(1 993 ± 100)µg/g,P2O5含量为(2.51 ± 0.14)wt.%,Al2O3含量为(9.18 ± 0.49)wt.%,CaO含量为(8.10 ± 2.62)wt.%,MnO含量为(4.75 ± 0.28)wt.%,Fe2O3含量为(17.95 ± 0.86)wt.%,Ba含量为(2.75 ± 0.14)mg/g。
针对沉积物中各参数的相关性分析显示(表3),REY含量与P2O5、Al2O3、Fe2O3之间呈显著正相关(p < 0.01),与CaO含量呈显著的负相关(p < 0.05),显示研究区REY的赋存相态为磷酸盐、铝硅酸盐和铁锰氧化物,与前人研究结果一致[5, 4950]
沉积物中稀土元素配分模式如图6所示,均为MREE富集模式,呈明显的Ce、Yb负异常以及Y、Tm正异常。该配分模式与前人在尤潘基盆地对沉积物中生物磷灰石原位分析的REY配分模式非常类似(图6),显示研究区沉积物中REY的主要赋存相态可能为生物磷灰石[5, 9, 5051]
Fe/Ti比值可用于指示沉积物受热液影响的程度,通常其比值大于20即被认为受到了热液影响[5]。S014和S028站位沉积物中的Fe/Ti比值分别为76~84和27~31(均大于20),指示两个站位的沉积物均可能受到热液影响。此外,沉积物中Ba的浓度也可用于指示沉积物受热液影响的程度,热液流体中的Ba浓度(1~119 µmol/L)远高于海水中的Ba浓度(40~100 nmol/L),研究区沉积物中较高的Ba浓度可能是受热液的影响[5, 5253]。比较两个站位,S014站位的Fe/Ti比值和Ba含量远高于S028站位(图5g),显示其受热液影响程度可能更高。同时,S014站位CaO含量明显高于S028站位(图5b)。因此,我们认为钙质组分和热液释放颗粒快速沉降的稀释作用是导致S014站位的REY含量明显低于S028站位的主要原因[14, 49, 54]
对比来看,两个站位孔隙水的REY配分模式存在明显差异,S014站位呈中、重稀土富集模式(图3b),S028站位呈重稀土富集模式(图3c)。沉积物中,REY的配分模式均呈中、重稀土富集,与生物磷灰石的REY配分模式极为类似(图6),但S028站位的磷酸盐含量(2.27 wt.%~2.74 wt.%)和REY含量(1 824~2 165 µg/g)远高于S014站位的磷酸盐含量(1.15 wt.%~1.46 wt.%)和REY含量(827~1 106 µg/g)(图5f, 图5h)。
如3.1.2节所述,通过氧化环境下的成岩物质风化、有机质降解以及小尺度还原溶解等过程,原本与铁锰颗粒物以及有机质结合的REY可析出,这部分REY随后可能被磷酸盐相吸附,最终赋存于磷酸盐相,即存在一个REY从铁锰相、有机质迁移至磷酸盐相的过程[5, 41, 48]。我们认为,在这个迁移转化的过程中,沉积物中磷酸盐的含量有可能决定孔隙水中溶解态REY的分布特征[41]。一方面,比较两根柱子的数据我们发现,沉积物中磷酸盐含量较低的S014站位,其沉积物中REY含量也较低,对孔隙水中REY的吸附能力较弱,从而观察到S014站位孔隙水中REY浓度在深部较S028站位偏高(图3a)。另一方面,S014站位孔隙水呈MREE富集模式(图3b),且未受Fe氧化物还原溶解的影响(图2a),根据整体沉积物和生物磷灰石中的REY配分模式显示,磷酸盐相应优先富集中、重稀土(图6),从而导致沉积物中磷酸盐含量较低的S014站位中孔隙水呈中、重稀土富集的配分模式(图3b)。由此我们推论,研究区沉积物中磷酸盐的吸附程度可能是孔隙水中REY浓度及其配分模式的决定因素,孔隙水作为REY从铁锰相、有机质迁移至磷酸盐相的过渡相态,在磷酸盐相对REY的富集过程中起到关键作用。
石学法等[8]在全球大洋中划分了4个富稀土成矿带,分别为东南太平洋成矿带(700~2 738 µg/g)、中−东太平洋成矿带(700~1 732 µg/g)、西太平洋成矿带(700~7 974 µg/g)和中印度洋海盆−沃顿海盆成矿带(700~1 987 µg/g)。研究区位于东南太平洋成矿带,两个站位REY含量介于830~2 165 µg/g之间(图5h),属于富稀土沉积物。目前,超过碳酸盐饱和深度的水深、低沉积速率以及氧化环境被认为是富稀土沉积形成的前提条件[8, 14]。研究区水深超过4 000 m,位于碳酸盐饱和深度下,其受钙质组分稀释作用影响较小;其次,研究区沉积物类型以远洋红黏土和多金属软泥为主,受陆源碎屑、火山碎屑的影响较小,具有较低沉积速率(约0.22 cm/ka)[25],鱼牙、微结核等REY的主要赋存载体能更有效吸收海水中的REY;此外,研究区水团丰富(图1a),同时受南极绕极流(ACC)的影响[5],为底层海水带来了充足的溶解氧(CTD携带的溶解氧探头测得浓度为180 µmol/L),这些环境条件都有利于沉积物中REY的富集。目前关于富稀土沉积物中REY的来源存在一定的争议,由于观测到生物磷灰石和海水REY配分模式的相似性,部分学者认为生物磷灰石中的REY主要来源于海水[5, 9, 55],但活体鱼牙、鱼骨中的REY含量远低于深海富稀土沉积物中生物磷灰石中的REY含量[1213]。因此,生物磷灰石(鱼牙、鱼骨)对REY的富集应主要发生在SWI[14],且研究表明,水体中的REY进入生物磷灰石(鱼牙)的扩散系数极低(约70 mm2/Ma),导致生物磷灰石直接从海水中吸收REY并大量富集较为困难[56]。近期研究发现,水成成因的微结核向成岩微结核转变的过程中会从铁锰相释放REY,并最终被生物磷灰石重新吸收[5, 57],表明孔隙水可能是生物磷灰石中REY富集的来源。通过本研究,我们猜想稀土在SWI的富集过程也有类似过程发生。即在早期成岩过程中,原先与铁锰相、有机质等结合的REY会释放进入孔隙水,继而被磷酸盐吸附并最终埋藏,该过程是深海沉积物完成稀土富集的重要机制。
本研究测试分析了东南太平洋富稀土区两根沉积物短柱中的REY和常量元素含量、孔隙水中的氧化还原敏感元素和溶解态REY浓度及其垂向分布特征,得出以下结论:
(1)研究区所采集的沉积物短柱基本处于氧化状态。孔隙水中溶解态REY的来源应主要包括成岩物质风化溶解、有机质降解以及铁锰氧化物的还原溶解。相较于之前的研究报道,研究区孔隙水的溶解态REY浓度整体偏低。对比底层海水,孔隙水中REY均呈中稀土相对富集(MREE/MREE*)的特征。
(2)两根沉积物短柱的REY含量和其他地化参数均有差异。S014站位磷酸盐和REY含量相较S028较低,其Ba、Ca含量及Fe/Ti比值明显高于S028站位,显示S014站位受热液颗粒沉降和钙质生物碎屑影响较大。结合两根短柱孔隙水中溶解态REY的含量和配分模式差异,我们推测磷酸相的吸附可能是导致孔隙水中REY差异的主要因素。
(3)孔隙水是早期成岩过程中接固、液相的重要相态。根据本研究数据我们推测,REY从铁锰相及有机质等固相上还原溶解或解吸附进入至孔隙水,最终被磷酸盐相吸附并埋藏,因此早期成岩过程是深海沉积物富集稀土的重要机制。
致谢:对大洋第 46航次全体船员和科考队员为采集样品所付出的艰辛努力,谨致谢忱!
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076046)
  • 国家自然科学基金(91858209)
  • 国际海域资源调查与开发“十三五”项目(DY135-R2-1)
  • 山东泰山学者攀登计划资助项目(tspd20181216)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024007
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
  • 修回日期:2023-12-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076046)
国家自然科学基金(91858209)
国际海域资源调查与开发“十三五”项目(DY135-R2-1)
山东泰山学者攀登计划资助项目(tspd20181216)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2.崂山实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.山东省深海矿产资源开发重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061

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*李力(1976—),女,研究员,研究方向为海洋地球化学。E-mail:
石学法(1965—),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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