Article(id=1200024647036142435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697558400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-18, revisedDate=1703088000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764037771232, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037771232, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037771232, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037771232, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200024643240292843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764037770328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764056122067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200024647422018417, articleId=1200024647036142435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic performance study of a land-based OWC under the action of irregular wave, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating-water-column (OWC) wave energy converter in a real sea, a two-dimensional nonlinear numerical model of the interaction between irregular waves and a land-based OWC device is developed based on the potential flow theory and the high-order boundary element method (HOBEM) in this paper. The irregular waves are generated based on the JONSWAP spectrum. The viscous damping is introduced on the water surface boundary conditions inside the air chamber to consider the energy dissipation due to water viscosity. And physical modeling experiments are carried out in the wave-current flume at Dalian University of Technology to validate the numerical model. It is found that the OWC hydrodynamic efficiency under irregular waves is reduced in comparison with that under regular waves, especially in the low-frequency wave region where the efficiency difference is the largest. The frequency corresponding to the peak efficiency under the action of irregular waves is larger than that under regular waves. The dimensionless surface elevation inside the chamber decreases, while the dimensionless air pressure inside the chamber increases with the significant wave heights. The OWC hydrodynamic efficiency is less affected by the significant wave height. The frequency corresponding to the peak efficiency is not dependent on wave nonlinearity. This work can provide a reference for the design of OWCs.

, correspAuthors=Rongquan Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei Fu, Dezhi Ning, Rongquan Wang, Mayon Robert), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200024651305944051, articleId=1200024647036142435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不规则波作用下岸基式振荡水柱波能装置的水动力性能研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究真实海域中振荡水柱(OWC)波能转换装置的水动力性能,本文基于势流理论和高阶边界元方法,建立了不规则波与岸基式OWC波能装置相互作用的二维非线性数值模型,不规则波基于JONSWAP谱生成。为了考虑由于水体黏性引起的能量耗散,在气室内水面边界条件中引入人工黏性阻尼。并在大连理工大学波流水槽中开展了物理模型试验,对数值模型的有效性进行了验证。研究发现,在不规则波作用下,OWC波能装置的水动力效率相较于规则波作用下有所降低,特别是在低频波区域效率差值最大。与规则波相比,不规则波浪作用下装置峰值效率对应的频率变大。气室内的相对水面高程随着有效波高的增加而降低,而气室内相对气压则随有效波高的增加而增大。OWC波能装置的水动力效率受有效波高的影响较小,其峰值效率对应的频率不受波浪非线性的影响。本文可以为OWC波能装置的设计提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王荣泉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王荣泉(1989—),男,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事波浪能开发与利用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yjbX/p8fPocauTyGgf+WXw==, magXml=LvPY1Ky7hh6MLH4/fDCCcg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Xut8wgSWHi0afvRrTyQhpw==, pdfFileSize=2360162, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=noSSR4Zs9ea215Y8ftCbtg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VPhqlRWJyb2/YGWJgP+yxA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

傅磊(1999—),男,江苏省镇江市人,从事波浪能高效利用研究。E-mail:

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The specific design dimensions of the physical devices

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结构参数尺寸/m
前墙吃水d0.125
气室宽度b0.7
前墙厚度w0.05
圆孔直径 D0.067
气室高度ha0.2
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物理装置的具体设计参数

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结构参数尺寸/m
前墙吃水d0.125
气室宽度b0.7
前墙厚度w0.05
圆孔直径 D0.067
气室高度ha0.2
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Wave conditions of regular and irregular waves

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规则波 与规则波同波浪
参数的不规则波1
与规则波同单宽波
功率的不规则波2
T/s H/m Tp/s Hs/m Tp/s Hs/m
1.4 0.06 1.4 0.06 1.4 0.087 2
1.5 0.06 1.5 0.06 1.5 0.087 5
1.6 0.06 1.6 0.06 1.6 0.087 7
1.7 0.06 1.7 0.06 1.7 0.087 9
1.8 0.06 1.8 0.06 1.8 0.088 0
1.9 0.06 1.9 0.06 1.9 0.088 0
2.0 0.06 2.0 0.06 2.0 0.087 9
2.1 0.06 2.1 0.06 2.1 0.087 8
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规则波与不规则波的波浪条件

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规则波 与规则波同波浪
参数的不规则波1
与规则波同单宽波
功率的不规则波2
T/s H/m Tp/s Hs/m Tp/s Hs/m
1.4 0.06 1.4 0.06 1.4 0.087 2
1.5 0.06 1.5 0.06 1.5 0.087 5
1.6 0.06 1.6 0.06 1.6 0.087 7
1.7 0.06 1.7 0.06 1.7 0.087 9
1.8 0.06 1.8 0.06 1.8 0.088 0
1.9 0.06 1.9 0.06 1.9 0.088 0
2.0 0.06 2.0 0.06 2.0 0.087 9
2.1 0.06 2.1 0.06 2.1 0.087 8
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不规则波作用下岸基式振荡水柱波能装置的水动力性能研究
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傅磊 1, 2 , 宁德志 1, 2 , 王荣泉 1, 2, * , Mayon Robert 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(1): 101-110
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(1): 101-110
不规则波作用下岸基式振荡水柱波能装置的水动力性能研究
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傅磊1, 2 , 宁德志1, 2, 王荣泉1, 2, * , Mayon Robert1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.大连理工大学 大连市海洋可再生能源重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 傅磊(1999—),男,江苏省镇江市人,从事波浪能高效利用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王荣泉(1989—),男,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事波浪能开发与利用研究。E-mail:
Hydrodynamic performance study of a land-based OWC under the action of irregular wave
Lei Fu1, 2 , Dezhi Ning1, 2, Rongquan Wang1, 2, * , Mayon Robert1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2. Dalian Key Laboratory of Offshore Renewable Energy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024005
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为了研究真实海域中振荡水柱(OWC)波能转换装置的水动力性能,本文基于势流理论和高阶边界元方法,建立了不规则波与岸基式OWC波能装置相互作用的二维非线性数值模型,不规则波基于JONSWAP谱生成。为了考虑由于水体黏性引起的能量耗散,在气室内水面边界条件中引入人工黏性阻尼。并在大连理工大学波流水槽中开展了物理模型试验,对数值模型的有效性进行了验证。研究发现,在不规则波作用下,OWC波能装置的水动力效率相较于规则波作用下有所降低,特别是在低频波区域效率差值最大。与规则波相比,不规则波浪作用下装置峰值效率对应的频率变大。气室内的相对水面高程随着有效波高的增加而降低,而气室内相对气压则随有效波高的增加而增大。OWC波能装置的水动力效率受有效波高的影响较小,其峰值效率对应的频率不受波浪非线性的影响。本文可以为OWC波能装置的设计提供参考。

振荡水柱  /  波能转换装置  /  不规则波  /  高阶边界元  /  波浪非线性

To study the hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating-water-column (OWC) wave energy converter in a real sea, a two-dimensional nonlinear numerical model of the interaction between irregular waves and a land-based OWC device is developed based on the potential flow theory and the high-order boundary element method (HOBEM) in this paper. The irregular waves are generated based on the JONSWAP spectrum. The viscous damping is introduced on the water surface boundary conditions inside the air chamber to consider the energy dissipation due to water viscosity. And physical modeling experiments are carried out in the wave-current flume at Dalian University of Technology to validate the numerical model. It is found that the OWC hydrodynamic efficiency under irregular waves is reduced in comparison with that under regular waves, especially in the low-frequency wave region where the efficiency difference is the largest. The frequency corresponding to the peak efficiency under the action of irregular waves is larger than that under regular waves. The dimensionless surface elevation inside the chamber decreases, while the dimensionless air pressure inside the chamber increases with the significant wave heights. The OWC hydrodynamic efficiency is less affected by the significant wave height. The frequency corresponding to the peak efficiency is not dependent on wave nonlinearity. This work can provide a reference for the design of OWCs.

oscillating water column  /  wave energy converter  /  irregular wave  /  higher-order boundary element  /  wave nonlinearity
傅磊, 宁德志, 王荣泉, Mayon Robert. 不规则波作用下岸基式振荡水柱波能装置的水动力性能研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (1) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024005
Lei Fu, Dezhi Ning, Rongquan Wang, Mayon Robert. Hydrodynamic performance study of a land-based OWC under the action of irregular wave[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (1) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024005
陆地上有限的可用资源以及严峻的环境污染,促使人们探索海上可再生能源,包括波浪能、海上风能、潮汐能和海洋生物热能。其中,波浪能作为主要的优质能源之一,具有能量储量大、能流密度高、分布范围广的特点[1]。为了利用这一浩瀚的资源,一些波浪能转换技术被开发出来[23]。振荡水柱(Oscillating-Water-Column, OWC)波能装置因为其机械结构简单和可靠性高等优点,在国内外被认为是最先进的波能转换技术之一[45]。不同于其他波能发电装置,OWC装置通过驱动气室内的水体运动来吸收波浪能,采用空气作为能量传递的媒介,这保证了其发电机组可靠性和稳定性[6]。迄今,研究人员基于理论分析、数值模拟和模型试验等方法已证明该装置具有广阔的前景。Cheng等[78]对混合OWC系统展开数值模拟研究,发现混合系统具有更高的转换效率和更好的消波性能。姚宇等[9]基于RANS方程对桩基式OWC进行了三维数值模拟,分析了波浪爬高对装置受力的影响。Mora等[10]基于数值方法得出了OWC模型的渐进解,发现收缩的锥型水道提高了OWC转换效率。Konispoliatis和Mavrakos[11]基于线性势流理论分析了浮式圆筒型OWC装置,并计算出二阶波浪荷载。
真实的海浪条件表现为随机波浪,对不规则波下OWC装置进行水动力性能试验研究能准确反映出其在实际海况中的水动力效果。Vyzikas等[12]对有无能量提取系统的固定式OWC装置展开不规则波试验研究,并考虑了海底地形的影响,发现斜坡反射产生的非线性效应导致了气室内的波谱差异。史宏达等[13]通过试验研究了不规则波场景下沉底式OWC装置的俘能效率,发现在长周期下且前墙吃水较低时效率较高。OWC效率对透平阻尼和波浪周期比较敏感,但是其受入射波高的影响相对较小。Liu等[14]在水槽试验中采用了涡轮机模型去获取波能,研究了包括规则波和不规则波条件下驱动系统的电子阻力对OWC水动力性能的影响。研究结果表明,规则和不规则波下OWC峰值效率对应的波浪周期存在差异。Zabihi等[15]的研究主要集中在OWC气室内的液面晃荡,OWC装置的相对深度、波高、槽尺寸和前壁吃水都会影响气室内液面波动和晃荡频率。
一些学者还对不规则波与OWC装置的相互作用进行了数值模拟。Gervelas等[16]在时域模型中开展了对OWC装置的不规则波研究,该模型能成功模拟气室内液面与压强的变化。Rezanejad等[17]采用的边界积分方程法(BIEM)研究了岸基式OWC装置,但是忽略了黏性对装置的影响。Zhou等[18]采用高阶边界元方法对OWC水动力特性进行了数值研究,发现在大多数波浪频率下,不规则波条件下OWC转换效率低于其在规则波中的水动力效率。然而,大多学者在研究不规则波下OWC水动力性能时,缺少对气室内波浪非线性的关注。
本文基于时域高阶边界元方法,建立了二维完全非线性数值模型,研究了不规则波下岸基式OWC的水动力性能,并通过一系列物理试验验证了数值结果。揭示了气室内自由波面、压强和转换效率的变化规律。这将有助于理解不规则波浪作用下OWC波能装置的水动力性能,为实际情况中装置设计提供参考。
本文研究的岸基式OWC波能转换装置如图1所示,采用笛卡尔坐标系xoz对数值水槽模型进行空间定义。定义静水线为x轴,指向入射波方向;造波源处为z轴,指向竖直向上。在模型的左端放置一个消波阻尼层来吸收反射波,OWC装置布置在水槽右端。在图1中,h表示静水水深,a表示气室的开口尺寸,b表示气室宽度,w表示墙体厚度,d表示气室前墙吃水深度,Ld表示阻尼层长度。在流体无黏、无旋、不可压缩的假定下,计算域内流体速度可用速度势的梯度表示为
$ {\boldsymbol{u}} = {\boldsymbol{\nabla}} \Phi \text{,} $
式中,${\boldsymbol{ \nabla}} = {\left( {\dfrac{\partial }{{\partial x}},\dfrac{\partial }{{\partial z}}} \right)^{\mathrm{T}}} $u(x, z, t) = (u, w)是流体质点的速度矢量。
本文采用的入射不规则波波谱为JONSWAP谱,能量谱$ S( f ) $随波频f分布为
$\begin{split} S( f ) = \ &\beta {H_{\text{s}}}^2{f_{\text{p}}}^4{f^{ - 5}}\exp - 1.25\left[ {{{\left( {f/{f_{\text{p}}}} \right)}^{ - 4}}} \right] \cdot \\&\gamma \exp \left[ { - {{\left( {f/{f_{\text{p}}}} \right)}^2}/2{\sigma ^2}} \right] \text{,}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}\beta =\ & 0.062\;38\left( {1.094 - 0.019\;15\ln \gamma } \right)/\\&\left[{0.230 + 0.033\;6\gamma - 0.185/\left( {1.9 + \gamma } \right)} \right] \text{,} \end{split}$
式中,Hs表示有效波高;fp表示谱峰频率;γ为谱增强系数,取3.3。当f ≤ fp时,σ 取0.07,当f > fp时,σ 取0.09。经验参数βγ相关。本数值模型采用规则波叠加法来生成不规则波。假定入射波能谱分布在最低截止频率fL到最高截止频率fH范围内,并将该区域分成M个小区间,每个小区域的能量谱可以看出是规则波所输出的,公式为
$ \Delta {f_i} = {f_{i + 1}} - {f_i} = ({f_{\text{H}}} - {f_{\text{L}}})/M \text{,} $
$ {A_i} = \sqrt {2S({f_i})\Delta {f_i}} \text{,} $
式中,Ai为所叠加的规则波入射波幅。
本模型采用域内源造波技术来产生入射波,控制方程为泊松方程:
$ {\nabla ^2}\Phi = {q^ * }\left( {{x_s},z,t} \right) \text{,} $
式中,$ {q^ * }\left( {{x_s},z,t} \right) = 2u\delta \left( {x - {x_s}} \right) $为源造波强度;$ \delta \left( {x - {x_s}} \right) $是狄拉克函数;$ {x_s} $为造波源的横坐标(本文xs = 0);u是水质点水平速度,本文给定的解析解为
$ u = \sum\limits_{i \;= \;1}^M {{A_i}{\omega _i}\left[ {\frac{{\cosh {k_i}(z + h)}}{{\sinh {k_i}h}}\cos ({k_i}x - {\omega _i}t + {\varepsilon _i})} \right]} \text{,} $
式中,εi为叠加的规则波的随机初始相位;M个不同初相位的规则波分量通过线性叠加构成了不规则波波群;ωi为入射波的角频率,ωi = 2πfiki为波数,可以根据色散关系ω2 = gk tanh(kh)求得。
为了考虑由于水体黏性引起的能量耗散,在气室内自由水面边界条件中引入黏性阻尼μ。自由水面边界条件可以写为
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{{\partial \Phi }}{{\partial z}} - \nabla \Phi \cdot \nabla \eta - \nu (x)\eta - \mu \eta, \\ \frac{{\partial \Phi }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{1}{2}{\left| {\nabla \Phi } \right|^2} - g\eta - \nu (x)\Phi - \frac{P}{\rho } - \mu \frac{{\partial \Phi }}{{\partial n}}, \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
式中,η为水面铅垂位移;P为气室内的空气压力; ρ为水密度;g为重力加速度;$\nu $(x)是施加在水槽最左端阻尼层系数,定义为
$ \nu (x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \dfrac{{2{\text{π}} }}{{{T_{\text{p}}}}}{\left( {\dfrac{{x - {x_1}}}{{{L_{\mathrm{d}}}}}} \right)^2}&{x_1} - {L_{\mathrm{d}}} < x < {x_1}, \\ 0&x \geqslant {x_1} ,\end{array} \right. $
式中,Tp为波谱$ S( f ) $的谱峰周期;x1为阻尼层的起始位置(本文取x1 = 0)。在水槽侧壁Γs、水底边界Γd和OWC壁面Γb物面边界条件为
$ \frac{{\partial \Phi }}{{\partial n}} = 0 \text{,} $
本模型的初始条件为
$ {\left. \Phi \right|_{t{\text{ = }}0}} = {\left. \eta \right|_{t{\text{ = }}0}} = 0 \text{,} $
即假定初始时刻t = 0自由水面静止。
基于格林第二定理将上述边值方程转化为关于速度势及其空间导数的积分方程[19]。边界曲线采用三节点的二次等参数单元离散。采用四阶龙格−库塔(fourth-order Runge-Kutta, RK4)方法更新自由水面。该模型采用自适应网格生成技术以避免波面的网格与OWC物面网格不匹配而产生程序崩溃,所以在每个时间步都再次进行划分网格。
在二维数值模拟中,通过气动阻尼来模拟气体压强,假定气室内气压P与空气流速U(t)呈二次关系[2021]
$ {P_{}}(t) = {D_{\text{m}}}\left| {U(t)} \right|U(t) \text{,} $
式中,Dm是二次气动阻尼系数,主要由气室开孔率和气室气体体积决定。
根据OWC装置的工作原理,装置捕获的平均功率Ep
$ {E_{\mathrm{p}}} = \frac{1}{{{T_{\text{C}}}}}\int_t^{t + {T_{\text{C}}}} {P(t) \cdot Q(t){\text{d}}t} \text{,} $
式中,TC表示不规则波的循环周期。生成的不规则波波群表现出周期性,并且循环周期TCTp相关。因此,应以一个循环周期为基础去计算不规则波下OWC的平均功率。Q(t)为通过气孔的体积流量,可由下式确定:
$ Q(t) = aU(t) \text{,} $
单宽入射波功率Ew可以表示为
$ {E_{\mathrm{w}}} = \rho g\int_0^{ + \infty } {S({\omega _i}){C_g}({\omega _i}){\text{d}}\omega } \text{,} $
$ {C_{\mathrm{g}}}({\omega _i}) = \frac{{{\omega _i}}}{{2{k_i}}}\left( {1 + \frac{{2{k_i}h}}{{\sinh 2{k_i}h}}} \right) \text{,} $
式中,Cg(ωi)为ωi对应的波群速度。
OWC装置的转换效率为
$ \zeta = \frac{{{E_{\mathrm{p}}}}}{{{E_{\mathrm{w}}}}} . $
为了验证本文所提出数值模型的准确性,在大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室的波浪水槽(长 69 m、宽 2.0 m、深 1.8 m)中开展了物理模型缩比试验。水槽的一端安装有可主动吸收反射波的推板式造波机,在该造波机前放置一个浪高仪来识别反射波,避免结构物二次反射对入射波的影响[22]。在水槽的另一端安装有消波斜坡。试验仪器包括浪高仪、压力传感器、数据采集和处理系统。OWC装置试验照片和布置如图2所示,试验缩比模型的具体设计参数见表1。气孔的开口率(气孔面积与气室的投影面积之比)根据Ning等[23]的研究,定为0.66%。浪高仪布置在气室正中间,压力计布置在圆孔边2 cm处。水槽水深固定为1 m,装置模型放置在离造波板43 m处。试验所生成的不规则波的有效波高Hs 为0.06 m、0.08 m和0.10 m,波谱峰周期Tp范围为1.40~2.10 s,对应的无量纲kph范围为2.114~1.127。每个波浪工况的采集时长为10~12 min,包括完整的不规则波序列,并进行重复性试验结果的有效性测试。图3展示了Hs = 0.06 m,Tp = 2.1 s波浪条件下,浪高仪和压力计测得的时间历程数据。从图中可以看出,两次重复试验的吻合性很好,说明试验中所造的不规则波列是固定的,所采集的数据是可靠的。
基于高阶边界元方法,建立了如图4所示的二维完全非线性数值模型。数值水槽长5.5λpTp对应的特征波长),其中消波区域(Ld = 1.5λp)设置阻尼用来消除二次反射波。其他设计参数,如波浪参数、OWC结构尺寸等都与试验保持一致。时间和空间增量是由收敛性验证来决定的[18]。本模拟中的时间步为∆t = Tp/140。在自由表面边界处每λp划分20个单元,即∆x = λp/20。在近物面区域、气室内、物体表面进行指数型网格加密∆xe = 0.95x。水槽底部边界采用格林镜像函数[19],不参与网格划分和计算。
数值模型中的物体几何尺寸与试验保持一致,气室宽度b = 0.7 m,前墙吃水d = 0.125 m,前墙厚度w = 0.05 m,气孔宽度a = 0.004 62 m(开口率为0.66%)。二次气动阻尼系数Dm取1.0。为了考虑由于水体黏性引起的能量耗散,本模型在气室内液面边界条件中引入黏性阻尼来模拟OWC装置在不规则波作用下的水动力表现。图5 展示了在Hs = 0.06 m情况下,不同黏性阻尼系数μ的转换效率的预测结果与试验结果。从图中可以看出,在不考虑黏性效应(μ = 0 m/s)时,势流模型预测的水动力效率比模型试验要高,而通过引入合理的人工黏性系数(μ = 0.2 m/s),势流模型可以很好地预测OWC装置的水动力效率,结果与Wang等[24]开展的规则波与OWC波能装置相互作用相似。
为了进一步验证所选人工黏性阻尼系数的合理性,图6分别展示了峰值周期Tp为1.4 s和2.1 s时数值与试验中波能谱和压强谱。有效波高为0.06 m。可以看出数值预测和试验测得的谱密度吻合得很好。与规则波场景不同,不规则波作用下气室内的波能谱覆盖一定的波频率范围,波能密度在谱峰频率处达到最大值。随着波峰周期的增加,入射波的能量会增加,波频范围会向低频处偏移,谱峰处的能量密度增大。气室内的压强谱呈相同的趋势。由于Tp = 2.1 s时气压波能和压强密度都大于Tp = 1.4 s时,Tp = 2.1 s时OWC装置的平均功率会大于Tp = 1.4 s时。总之,水槽试验结果很好地表明本数值模型的合理性和数据准确性。
图7给出了不规则波Hs = 0.06 m时,数值模拟中气室内液面高程和气体压强的时域曲线。从总体上来说,气室内水柱运动幅度随着谱峰周期的增大而增强,气室内压强有着相同的结论。此外,3条曲线在76~80 t/Tp范围内出现了明显的相位差。这是因为不规则波是由随机相位的规则波叠加生成的,在时域曲线中无法出现完全统一的周期性和规律性。
为了量化不规则波作用下OWC气室内的水柱运动和气压变化,通常会采用特征统计值来研究其变化规律。图8a表示了气室内液面高程特征值随无量纲波频kph的变化。Hs = 0.06 m,Tp范围为1.40~2.10 s。可以看出有效液面高程ηs(最大1/3平均高程),最大1/10平均高程η1/10和最大高程逐渐增大,且都随着波频的增大而减小。这是因为高频波的透射性较低,容易被前墙反射,而低频波有更强的透射能力,有更多的能量进入了气室内。此外, ηmax大约为ηs的1.4倍,η1/10大约为ηs的1.25倍。
图8b所示,气室内气压变化与液面位移有着相同的结论:所有特征值随着波频的增大而减小。气压是由气室内液面波动引起的,并且两者存在非线性关系。观察压强曲线可以发现,最大压强存在明显的波动。这说明压强的最值变化在不规则波中更加敏感,在某一时刻下会产生比较大的压强。正是由于最值的不确定性,在分析不规则波下装置的水动力时,多使用有效值作为衡量标准。
图9给出了在规则波和不规则波作用下OWC效率ζkph的变化。为了方便分析,给出了规则波数据的二次拟合曲线。不规则波给出了两种对比方法:一种是保持波浪参数与规则波一致,即不规则波有效波高与规则波波高一致、不规则波谱峰周期与规则波周期一致;另一种是基于相同的单宽波功率,同时确保谱峰周期与规则波周期相等,具体入射波参数见表2。在不规则波和规则波场景下,OWC水动力效率随波浪频率的变化趋势是相似的,总体呈抛物线型趋势。在测试工况中,规则波作用下OWC的效率总体来说大于不规则波作用下的效率。装置在与规则波同波浪参数的不规则波作用下的效率略大于与规则波同入射波功率的不规则波作用下的效率。两个不规则波工况的有效波高是不同的,波浪非线性差异导致OWC捕能效率发生变化。在4.3节中将对不规则波非线性条件对OWC水动力表现的影响进行更详细的讨论。
相较于规则波的效率曲线,不规则的效率曲线变化趋势更缓。在低频波区域中,OWC装置在不规则波中的水动力效率会明显低于规则波作用下产生的效率。为了解释这一现象,图10给出了谱峰周期1.9 s时(kph = 1.3)不规则波1作用下的入射波谱、气室外侧和气室中点的波能谱,从图中可以看到,不规则波的波能密度分散在一定波频范围内,其中高频波分量(ω/ω0 > 1.3)由于透射能力较差被前墙反射而无法进入气室内部,从而导致装置的能量转换效率比规则波作用时低。此外,由于气室后墙的反射作用,使得气室内波能密度在谱峰处高于入射波谱密度。而在高频波区域中(kph > 2.0),装置在不规则波中的效率会略微超过规则波场景中的效率,这是由于高频不规则波具有部分低频波分量可以进入气室中。值得注意的是,在不同波浪场景下OWC的峰值效率对应的频率发生了改变。在随机波浪作用下,装置的峰值效率对应的频率向高频偏移,这与Liu等[14]的研究结果一致。
对有效波高Hs为0.06 m、0.08 m和0.10 m的不规则波进行波浪非线性分析。图11a图11b分别给出了数值模型中气室内相对液面高程与相对气体压强的计算结果,将数据无量纲化以便不同波高工况下的比较。如图11a,相对液面高程随着有效波高的增加而减小。这是因为波浪非线性越强,其高阶成分越容易被激发。而高阶成分的波能由于透射能力弱被OWC前墙反射,不能进入气室内部,从而导致气室内部的液面随入射波高的增加而降低[23]图12给出了Tp = 1.9 s (kph = 1.3)时气室内液面变化的谱分析。高频波(ω/ω0 > 1)的无量纲化波谱密度随着有效波高的增加而降低,在谱峰频率处波谱密度降低的最多,这支撑了上述结论。如图11b所示,不同于自由波面,气压变化与波高的有着相反的关系。在气动阻尼相同的情况下,气室内更慢的水柱运动减缓了气体流速,使得压强更大。
图13所示,OWC波能装置水动力转换效率曲线呈现了与压强变化一样的趋势,随着有效波高的增加而轻微的增加。OWC吸收的波能同时取决于气室内波面和气体压强,随着有效波高的增加,气体压强增加的速度大于液面减小的速度。与规则波下岸基OWC非线性研究有着不同的结论,Wang等[24]发现其效率随着波幅的增大,先增大(波幅为0.01~0.03 m)后减小(波幅为0.03~0.06 m),并且效率的数值变化非常明显。相比较而言,不规则波的效率变化不明显。说明在不规则波下波浪非线性对OWC能量转换效率的影响不大。这是因为在随机波的时域序列中波高是不断变化的(图10)。因此在实际应用中,OWC可以在随机波高一定程度变化的目标海域中获得相对稳定的功率输出。
本文对不规则波场景下的岸基式OWC装置开展了水动力性能研究。基于势流理论和高阶边界元方法,建立了二维完全非线性数值模型,并在气室内自由表面边界处引入人工黏性阻尼。利用物理模型试验的结果,对数值模型的准确性进行了验证。通过气室内自由液面和压强的时域曲线和特征参数来体现随机波浪对OWC气室内的影响。结果表明,总体来说不规则波作用下的OWC水动力效率低于规则波作用下的装置效率,在低频处效率差值最大,这是由不规则波中高频分量的弱透射性导致的。与常规波浪相比,随机波浪中OWC峰值效率对应的频率变大,在实际设计中需要注意调整气室相关尺寸。在不同的有效波高下,气室内的相对液面高程随着有效波高的增加而降低,而相对气体压强随着有效波高的增加而增加。与规则波作用下不同,在所研究的范围内发现不规则波作用下OWC波能装置的水动力转换效率受有效波高的影响不大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52271260)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52001054)
  • 辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2002033)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT23RC(3)017)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024005
  • 接收时间:2023-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-18
  • 修回日期:2023-12-21
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52271260)
国家自然科学基金项目(52001054)
辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2002033)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT23RC(3)017)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.大连理工大学 大连市海洋可再生能源重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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*王荣泉(1989—),男,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事波浪能开发与利用研究。E-mail:
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