Article(id=1200024646646072156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680537600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-04, revisedDate=1692720000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764037771140, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037771140, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037771140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037771140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200024643240292843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764037770328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764056122067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200024646880953185, articleId=1200024646646072156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A review of coral reef canopy hydrodynamics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Study on the coral reef canopy hydrodynamics not only provides guidance for the health of coral reef ecosystem and the ecological restoration project, but also supports the decision-making process for the reef coast hazard prevention and mitigation under extreme wave events such as the typhoons. Meanwhile, it also has significant value for predicting the sediment transport over the reef and the reef coast evolution. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on reef canopy hydrodynamics, and systematically summarize the research progress from three aspects: the flows inside and outside of reef canopy, the characteristics of canopy resistance as well as the simulation of canopy resistance. This paper finally proposes the further research directions as follows: future study can focus on the hydrodynamics under more severe wave condition or under combined action of wave and current. It should also fully consider the anisotropy of canopy skeleton. Moreover, it can solve the Navier-Stokes equations directly to reproduce the finer flow field at the canopy scale.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu Yao, Baobao Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200024647774339966, articleId=1200024646646072156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题研究综述, columnId=1189609213333594548, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究不仅对维护珊瑚礁生态系统的健康以及生态修复具有指导意义,还能为在台风浪等极端波浪影响下的海岸带防灾减灾提供决策依据,也对预测珊瑚礁上的泥沙输运和珊瑚礁海岸线演变具有重要的参考价值。本文回顾了珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究现状,从冠层内外流动特性、冠层阻力特性及冠层阻力的模拟方法3个方面对当前该领域的研究进展进行了系统的综述,并提出未来冠层内外流动特性的研究可关注更复杂的波浪或波流共同作用下的水动力特性,冠层阻力特性应充分考虑冠层骨架结构的各向异性,冠层阻力的模拟可采用直接求解基于Navier-Stokes方程来复现冠层尺度下的精细化流场。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4Sc07ovYWUxnOzlDR2e5kw==, magXml=ZugZjEyoZHOY4bGmzcjeag==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Qy8zUymyt8ah6D0SPrb9/A==, pdfFileSize=1457708, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7MJRPpX9EdHHEQYJmW7B8Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=f7hrtkiIvcQwZTgi8Ls9cQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姚宇(1982—),男,湖南省湘潭市人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁海岸水沙动力学研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=姚宇, 周宝宝)}, authors=[Author(id=1200091104713470503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yaoyu821101@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200091105443279402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, authorId=1200091104713470503, language=EN, stringName=Yu Yao, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=Yao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
2. Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200091105522971181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, authorId=1200091104713470503, language=CN, stringName=姚宇, firstName=宇, middleName=null, lastName=姚, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114, bio={"content":"

姚宇(1982—),男,湖南省湘潭市人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁海岸水沙动力学研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

姚宇(1982—),男,湖南省湘潭市人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁海岸水沙动力学研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200091104495366682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104503755291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104512143900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200091104579252766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104604418591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104579252766, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104612807200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104579252766, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114)])]), Author(id=1200091105627828785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200091105766240823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, authorId=1200091105627828785, language=EN, stringName=Baobao Zhou, firstName=Baobao, middleName=null, lastName=Zhou, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200091105871098426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, authorId=1200091105627828785, language=CN, stringName=周宝宝, firstName=宝宝, middleName=null, lastName=周, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200091104495366682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104503755291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104512143900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1200091106064036414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=canopy flow), Keyword(id=1200091106160505410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=resistance coefficient), Keyword(id=1200091106261168710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=shear stress), Keyword(id=1200091106366026314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=hydrodynamics), Keyword(id=1200091106454106702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=coral reef), Keyword(id=1200091106533798482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=冠层流), Keyword(id=1200091106634461783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=阻力系数), Keyword(id=1200091106739319389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=剪切应力), Keyword(id=1200091106835788386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=水动力), Keyword(id=1200091106995171942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=珊瑚礁)], refs=[Reference(id=1200091108131828399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lowe R J, Shavit U, Falter J L, et al. Modeling flow in coral communities with and without waves: A synthesis of porous media and canopy flow approaches[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2008, 53(6): 2668−2680., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108236686006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lowe R J, Falter J L. Oceanic forcing of coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2015, 7: 43−66., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108421235391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Finnigan J. Turbulence in plant canopies[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2000, 32: 519−571., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108538675908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Asher S, Shavit U. The effect of water depth and internal geometry on the turbulent flow inside a coral reef[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2019, 124(6): 3508−3522., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108635144902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Falter J L, Atkinson M J, Lowe R J, et al. Effects of nonlocal turbulence on the mass transfer of dissolved species to reef corals[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, 52(1): 274−285., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108748391114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lesser M P, Weis V M, Patterson M R, et al. Effects of morphology and water motion on carbon delivery and productivity in the reef coral, Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus)—Diffusion barriers, inorganic carbon limitation, and biochemical plasticity[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1994, 178(2): 153−179., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108857443021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sebens K P, Helmuth B, Carrington E, et al. Effects of water flow on growth and energetics of the scleractinian coral Agaricia tenuifolia in Belize[J]. Coral Reefs, 2003, 22(1): 35−47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091108970689237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Williams S L, Carpenter R C. Effects of unidirectional and oscillatory water flow on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in coral reef algal turfs, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1998, 226(2): 293−316., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091109075546837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lowe R J, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 1. Velocity structure[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C10): C10016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091109167821532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rosman J H, Hench J L. A framework for understanding drag parameterizations for coral reefs[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2011, 116(C8): C08025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091109310427873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monismith S G, Rogers J S, Koweek D, et al. Frictional wave dissipation on a remarkably rough reef[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015, 42(10): 4063−4071., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091109511754467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pomeroy A, Lowe R J, Ghisalberti M, et al. Mechanics of sediment suspension and transport within a fringing reef[C]//Proceedings of Coastal Sediments 215. San Diego: World Scientific Publishing, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091110648410857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monismith S G. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, 39: 37−55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091110816183021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Raupach M R, Antonia R A, Rajagopalan S. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 1991, 44(1): 1−25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091110925234927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nepf H M, Ghisalberti M, White B, et al. Retention time and dispersion associated with submerged aquatic canopies[J]. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(2): W04422., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111021703922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nepf H M. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2012, 44: 123−142., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111164310263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nepf H M, Vivoni E R. Flow structure in depth-limited, vegetated flow[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2000, 105(C12): 28547−28557., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111298527997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Grant W D, Madsen O S. Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1979, 84(C4): 1797−1808., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111403385602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lowe R J, Koseff J R, Monismith S G, et al. Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 2. Canopy mass transfer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C10): C10017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111512437511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luhar M, Coutu S, Infantes E, et al. Wave-induced velocities inside a model seagrass bed[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2010, 115(C12): C12005., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111638266635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Infantes E, Orfila A, Simarro G, et al. Effect of a seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow on wave propagation[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2012, 456: 63−72., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111717958411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pomeroy A W M, Lowe R J, Ghisalberti M, et al. Sediment transport in the presence of large reef bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(2): 1347−1368., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111839593230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reidenbach M A, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Laboratory experiments of fine-scale mixing and mass transport within a coral canopy[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2007, 19(7): 075107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091111986393874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Van Rooijen A, Lowe R, Rijnsdorp D P, et al. Wave-driven mean flow dynamics in submerged canopies[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(3): e2019JC015935., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112049308436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wiberg P L. A theoretical investigation of boundary layer flow and bottom shear stress for smooth, transitional, and rough flow under waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1995, 100(C11): 22667−22679., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112166748953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Liu Yicheng, Chen Long, et al. Study on the wave-driven current around the surf zone over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 198: 106968., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112284189467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Jinhai, Yao Yu, Chen Songgui, et al. Laboratory study on wave-induced setup and wave-driven current in a 2DH reef-lagoon-channel system[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 162: 103772., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112418407197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Davis K A, Pawlak G, Monismith S G. Turbulence and coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2020, 13: 343−373., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112493904672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reidenbach M A, Monismith S G, Koseff J R, et al. Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2006, 51(5): 1956−1968., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112577790755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Zhicheng, Lenain L, Melville W K, et al. Dissipation of wave energy and turbulence in a shallow coral reef lagoon[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2012, 117(C3): C03015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112695231272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hench J L, Rosman J H. Observations of spatial flow patterns at the coral colony scale on a shallow reef flat[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2013, 118(3): 1142−1156., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112800088872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mei C C. The Applied Dynamics of Ocean Surface Waves[M]. New York: Wiley, 1983., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091112913335082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lentz S J, Churchill J H, Davis K A. Coral reef drag coefficients—surface gravity wave enhancement[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2018, 48(7): 1555−1566., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113072718639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feddersen F, Guza R T, Elgar S, et al. Velocity moments in alongshore bottom stress parameterizations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2000, 105(C4): 8673−8686., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113173381937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soulsby R, Vlarke S. Bed shear-stresses under combined waves and currents on smooth and rough beds[R]. Wallingford, U. K. : HR Wallingford Ltd. , 2005., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113244685106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jonsson I G. Wave boundary layers and friction factors[C]. Proc. 10th International Conference Coastal Engineering. Tokyo: [s.n.], 1966: 127−148., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113307599668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, He Wenrun, Jiang Changbo, et al. Wave-induced set-up over barrier reefs under the effect of tidal current[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2020, 58(3): 447−459., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113404068663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Buckley M L, Lowe R J, Hansen J E, et al. Wave setup over a fringing reef with large bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2016, 46(8): 2317−2333., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113525703483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thomas F I M, Atkinson M J. Ammonium uptake by coral reefs: effects of water velocity and surface roughness on mass transfer[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1997, 42(1): 81−88., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113668309823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mcdonald C B, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Effects of the depth to coral height ratio on drag coefficients for unidirectional flow over coral[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2006, 51(3): 1294−1301., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113777361729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lentz S J, Davis K A, Chuechill J H, et al. Coral reef drag coefficients–water depth dependence[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2017, 47(5): 1061−1075., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113886413637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Asher S, Niewerth S, Koll K, et al. Vertical variations of coral reef drag forces[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(5): 3549−3563., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091113978688327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lowe R J, Falter J L, Bandet M D, et al. Spectral wave dissipation over a barrier reef[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C4): C04001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115136316234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nelson R C. Hydraulic roughness of coral reef platforms[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 1996, 18(5): 265−274., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115220202314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rogers J S, Monismith S G, Koweek D A, et al. Wave dynamics of a Pacific Atoll with high frictional effects[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 350−367., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115295699790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Swart D H. Offshore sediment transport and equilibrium beach profiles[D]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 1974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115471860561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lentz S J, Churchill J H, Davis K A, et al. Surface gravity wave transformation across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 693−705., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115551552339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Akan A O. Open Channel Hydraulics[M]. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115648021335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Huang Zhenhua, Monismith S G, et al. 1DH Boussinesq modeling of wave transformation over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2012, 47: 30−42., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115752878939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Zhang Qiming, Chen Songgui, et al. Effects of reef morphology variations on wave processes over fringing reefs[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2019, 82: 52−62., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115887096666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Zhang Qiming, Becker J M, et al. Boussinesq modeling of wave processes in field fringing reef environments[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 95: 102025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091115950011229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Roeber V, Cheung K F. Boussinesq-type model for energetic breaking waves in fringing reef environments[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2012, 70: 1−20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116042285920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Roeber V. Boussinesq-type model for nearshore wave processes in fringing reef environment[D]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116134560611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lashley G H, Roelvink D, Van Dongeren A, et al. Nonhydrostatic and surfbeat model predictions of extreme wave run-up in fringing reef environments[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2018, 137: 11−27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116231029603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Demirbilek Z, Nwogu O G, Ward D L. Laboratory study of wind effect on runup over fringing reefs report: 1: data report[R]. Washington: Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2007., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116340081510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Buckley M L, Lowe R J, Hansen J E, et al. Dynamics of wave setup over a steeply sloping fringing reef[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2015, 45(12): 3005−3023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116440744811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Drost E J F, Cuttler M V W, Lowe R J, et al. Predicting the hydrodynamic response of a coastal reef-lagoon system to a tropical cyclone using phase-averaged and surfbeat-resolving wave models[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2019, 152: 103525., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116537213802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quataert E, Storlazzi C, Van Dongeren V, et al. The importance of explicitly modelling sea-swell waves for runup on reef-lined coasts[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 160: 103704., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116650460011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Franklin G, Mariño-Tapia I, Torres-Freyermuth A. Effects of reef roughness on wave setup and surf zone currents[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2013, 118(sp2): 2005−2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116759511920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Baldock T E, Shabani B, Callaghan D P, et al. Two-dimensional modelling of wave dynamics and wave forces on fringing coral reefs[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 155: 103594., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116860175219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Morison J R, Johnson J W, Schaaf S A. The force exerted by surface waves on piles[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1950, 2(5): 149−154., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091116956644211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Zhenhua, Yao Yu, Sim S Y, et al. Interaction of solitary waves with emergent, rigid vegetation[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2011, 38(10): 1080−1088., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117074084726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Suzuki T, Hu Zhan, Kumada K, et al. Non-hydrostatic modeling of drag, inertia and porous effects in wave propagation over dense vegetation fields[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2019, 149: 49−64., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117166359416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, He Fang, Tang Zhengjiang, et al. A study of tsunami-like solitary wave transformation and run-up over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2018, 149: 142−155., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117254439802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rijnsdorp D P, Buckley M I, Da Silva R F, et al. A numerical study of wave-driven mean flows and setup dynamics at a coral reef-lagoon system[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2021, 126(4): e2020JC016811., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117325742972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Higuera P, Lara J, Losada I J. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous coastal structures using OpenFOAM®. Part I: Formulation and validation[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2014, 81: 243−258., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117409629056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Del Jesus M. Three-dimensional interaction of water waves with coastal structures[D]. Santander: Universidad de Cantabria, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117506098053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=De Ridder M. Non-hydrostatic wave modelling of coral reefs with the addition of a porous in-canopy model[D]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117602567047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Chen Xiaojin, Xu Conghao, et al. Modeling solitary wave transformation and run-up over fringing reefs with large bottom roughness[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 218: 108208., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117678064521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Yu, Chen Xianjin, Xu Conghao, et al. Numerical modelling of wave transformation and runup over rough fringing reefs using VARANS equations[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2022, 118: 102952., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117753561997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He Dongbin, Ma Yuxiang, Dong Guohai, et al. A numerical investigation of wave and current fields along bathymetry with porous media[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 244: 110333., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117866808207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Yanxu, Yin Zegao, Liu Yong. Numerical investigation of solitary wave attenuation and resistance induced by rigid vegetation based on a 3-D RANS model[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2020, 146: 103755., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091117971665813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Osorio-Cano J D, Alcérreca-Huerta J C, Osprio A F, et al. CFD modelling of wave damping over a fringing reef in the Colombian Caribbean[J]. Coral Reefs, 2018, 37(4): 1093−1108., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200091118059746197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Xiao, Rosman J H, Hench J L. Interaction of waves with idealized high-relief bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(4): 3038−3059., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200091107825644187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, awardId=2021YFC3100500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3100500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200091107926307489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, awardId=CX20220913, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20220913), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200091104495366682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104503755291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104512143900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104495366682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200091104579252766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104604418591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104579252766, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200091104612807200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, companyId=1200091104579252766, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200091107183915635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The reef canopy at a reef site in the South China Sea (a) and the reef canopy on Vanuatu, an island country in South Pacific (b), figureFileSmall=x294xwVQ7+vXatXTotR4Iw==, figureFileBig=A+L3nOLdjZ0tv3yIFex83g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200091107288773242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海某地的珊瑚礁冠层(a)和在南太平洋的岛国瓦努阿图某地的珊瑚礁冠层(b), figureFileSmall=x294xwVQ7+vXatXTotR4Iw==, figureFileBig=A+L3nOLdjZ0tv3yIFex83g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200091107477516932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=A conceptual model of the flow structure in the boundary layer of reef surface, figureFileSmall=mOdezptlWO2DLWm0Na53MQ==, figureFileBig=loq/klpVWJyTvoRAHKpr4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200091107590763144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024646646072156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=珊瑚礁礁床边界层流动结构概念模型, figureFileSmall=mOdezptlWO2DLWm0Na53MQ==, figureFileBig=loq/klpVWJyTvoRAHKpr4g==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441459026210850, delFlag=0, nameCn=海洋学报, nameEn=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4193, eissn=null, cn=11-2055/P, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262543687, updatedTime=1761729782936, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=H, firstLetterEn=H, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=Natural Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, picEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190344242636624294, language=CN, name=海洋学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, createdTime=1761729782971, updatedTime=1761729782971, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190344242712121767, language=EN, name=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.aosocean.com/, createdTime=1761729782989, updatedTime=1761729782989, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1149651085930835976, websiteList=[Website(id=1188165202219512001, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761210259251, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210330879, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=海洋学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166688563413602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210613623, updateTime=1761210613623, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688538247775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210613617, updateTime=1761210613617, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688529859166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210613615, updateTime=1761210613615, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688555024993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761210613621, updateTime=1761210613621, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688546636384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761210613619, updateTime=1761210613619, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688575996515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210613626, updateTime=1761210613626, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688596968036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210613631, updateTime=1761210613631, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1188165202282426564, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761210259266, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210377920, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Haiyang Xuebao, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166798101856873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210639739, updateTime=1761210639739, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798076691046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210639733, updateTime=1761210639733, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798068302437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210639731, updateTime=1761210639731, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798093468264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761210639737, updateTime=1761210639737, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798085079655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761210639735, updateTime=1761210639735, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798106051178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210639740, updateTime=1761210639740, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798110245483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210639741, updateTime=1761210639741, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=海洋学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Haiyang Xuebao, journalPhotoCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPhotoEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, journalFirstLetter=H, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2024002, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/10.12284/hyxb2024002, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2024002, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2024002, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题研究综述
收藏切换
PDF下载
姚宇 1, 2 , 周宝宝 1
海洋学报 | 综述 2024,46(1): 1-11
收起
收藏切换
海洋学报 | 综述 2024, 46(1): 1-11
珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题研究综述
全屏
姚宇1, 2 , 周宝宝1
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 姚宇(1982—),男,湖南省湘潭市人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁海岸水沙动力学研究。E-mail:

A review of coral reef canopy hydrodynamics
Yu Yao1, 2 , Baobao Zhou1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024002
文章导航
收藏切换

珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究不仅对维护珊瑚礁生态系统的健康以及生态修复具有指导意义,还能为在台风浪等极端波浪影响下的海岸带防灾减灾提供决策依据,也对预测珊瑚礁上的泥沙输运和珊瑚礁海岸线演变具有重要的参考价值。本文回顾了珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究现状,从冠层内外流动特性、冠层阻力特性及冠层阻力的模拟方法3个方面对当前该领域的研究进展进行了系统的综述,并提出未来冠层内外流动特性的研究可关注更复杂的波浪或波流共同作用下的水动力特性,冠层阻力特性应充分考虑冠层骨架结构的各向异性,冠层阻力的模拟可采用直接求解基于Navier-Stokes方程来复现冠层尺度下的精细化流场。

冠层流  /  阻力系数  /  剪切应力  /  水动力  /  珊瑚礁

Study on the coral reef canopy hydrodynamics not only provides guidance for the health of coral reef ecosystem and the ecological restoration project, but also supports the decision-making process for the reef coast hazard prevention and mitigation under extreme wave events such as the typhoons. Meanwhile, it also has significant value for predicting the sediment transport over the reef and the reef coast evolution. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on reef canopy hydrodynamics, and systematically summarize the research progress from three aspects: the flows inside and outside of reef canopy, the characteristics of canopy resistance as well as the simulation of canopy resistance. This paper finally proposes the further research directions as follows: future study can focus on the hydrodynamics under more severe wave condition or under combined action of wave and current. It should also fully consider the anisotropy of canopy skeleton. Moreover, it can solve the Navier-Stokes equations directly to reproduce the finer flow field at the canopy scale.

canopy flow  /  resistance coefficient  /  shear stress  /  hydrodynamics  /  coral reef
姚宇, 周宝宝. 珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题研究综述. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024002
Yu Yao, Baobao Zhou. A review of coral reef canopy hydrodynamics[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024002
珊瑚礁冠层是由碳酸钙组成的珊瑚虫骨骼历经数百年至数千年的生长及堆积形成的珊瑚骨架结构,表现为大粗糙度的典型物理特性(图1a图1b)。水体流经骨架结构分支形成的流态通常被称为“冠层流(canopy flow)”[12]。珊瑚礁冠层附近的流体流态与陆地冠层(如森林冠层、城市建筑冠层等)及其他水生冠层(海草、红树林等)附近的流态相似[3],但由于珊瑚冠层内部结构极其不均匀且会受到波浪、潮汐等海洋动力因素的作用[4],因此珊瑚礁冠层流有其特有的水动力特性。
研究珊瑚礁冠层尺度下水动力学特性具有重要的学术价值和实际意义,主要体现在以下3个方面:首先,冠层尺度湍流运动决定了幼虫、营养物、热量、污染物、病原体等的垂向输运[5],直接影响到底栖生物诸如光合作用[6]、呼吸作用[7]、固氮作用[8]等重要的生理活动,因此研究冠层尺度下的水动力问题对维护珊瑚礁生态系统的健康和开展珊瑚礁生态系统修复工程均有指导意义;其次,礁面的大粗糙度不仅通过礁面摩擦耗散波浪能量,而且会对波浪驱动的水流施加阻力,进而导致入射波高的衰减[910],冠层几何结构复杂性的增加会增大摩擦带来的能量损耗[11],因此深入研究珊瑚礁冠层的水动力特性能够为台风浪等极端波浪影响下的珊瑚礁海岸防灾减灾提供科学依据;最后,大糙率的珊瑚骨架亦改变了近底床附近的流速分布和剪切力,对内礁坪以及礁后岸滩珊瑚砂的运动产生遮蔽效应[12],冠层内水动力作用直接影响到冠层内泥沙输运过程及珊瑚砂岛的冲淤过程,因此进一步研究珊瑚礁冠层内水沙动力过程对于预测珊瑚砂输运和珊瑚礁海岸岸线演变均具有重要的参考价值。
珊瑚礁冠层尺度下水动力学问题在国外起步于20世纪90年代,Monismith[13]提出的珊瑚礁海域流动尺度划分标准主要是指礁面边界层尺度(1~10 m)的流动问题。国内在该领域的研究起步较晚,随着中国南海岛礁建设步伐的加快,周围的珊瑚礁生态系统也由于工程建设受到了一定程度的破坏。2016年国家海洋局印发《全国生态岛礁工程“十三五”规划》,明确了生态岛礁工程建设的指导思想、基本原则和工程目标。因此,大力倡导生态岛礁建设,对珊瑚礁生态系统开展系统修复工程,是面向海洋绿色开发利用的重点内容之一。针对上述重大需求和关键问题,研究冠层流水动力特性,不仅对于丰富海岸动力学内涵有重要科学意义,也为我国在南海岛礁开发利用与保护提供亟需的科技支撑。
本文着重综述冠层附近水动力特性,从冠层内外流动特性、冠层阻力特性和模拟冠层阻力的方法3个方面入手,对当前该领域的研究进展进行分析和总结,旨在为今后国内外珊瑚礁冠层水动力学方面的相关研究提供一定的参考和借鉴。
珊瑚冠层附近的流动通常以冠层顶部作为分界线区分冠层内部和冠层上方两块区域。在单向流作用时,在冠层粗糙边壁附近形成的湍流边界层一般可划分为惯性子层(inertial sublayer)和粗糙子层(roughness sublayer)。惯性子层也称之为对数层,发展于粗糙子层之上。在惯性子层范围内,高雷诺数时水平平均流速($ \bar u $)的垂向分布不再受到粗糙单元的影响,符合Raupach 等[14] 提出的“壁面函数”:
$ \bar u = \frac{{{u_{ * c}}}}{\kappa }\ln \left(\frac{{z - d}}{{{z_0}}}\right) \text{,} $
式中,$ z $为床面以上的高度;$ \kappa $为冯·卡曼常数,一般取0.4;$ d $为平均流速的理论零点相对于床面的垂向偏移量,$ d $值与动量穿透进粗糙度单元的厚度有关;$ {z_0} $为水力粗糙度;$ {u_{*c}} $被称为剪切流速(shear velocity)或摩阻流速(friction velocity),其中下标$ c $表示单向流条件。通常采用上式根据实测数据进行拟合可得到$ {u_{*c}} $$ d $$ {z_0} $
粗糙子层范围内$ \bar u $的垂向分布会受到粗糙单元形阻的显著影响。Nepf等[15]提出了一个冠层理论模型,预测了在一定的冠层密度和冠层高度范围内,水体与冠层之间垂向输运的时间尺度;模型将粗糙单元建模为简单的几何体(如立方体、圆柱体),并将粗糙单元描述为冠层高度$ {h_c} $、阻水面积$ a $和阻力系数$ {C_D} $的函数,即粗糙单元函数$ {C_{{D}}}a{h_c} $。当床面粗糙度较小时($ {C_{{D}}}a{h_c} $量级小于$ {10^{ - 2}} $),如同在一个平坦的沙床上,水的动量可穿透至粗糙单元底部附近($ d \approx 0 $),此时$ {u_{*{c}}} \approx {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{bed}}}} $,其中$ {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{bed}}}} $为床面剪切速度(图2a)。但当床面粗糙度较大时(即$ {C_{{D}}}a{h_c} $量级大于$ {10^{ - 2}} $),粗糙单元的形状阻力使得水平平均流速出现衰减 [3, 16],导致$ \bar u $的垂向分布在糙率单元顶部出现拐点(此处出现最大的湍流剪切应力),$ {u_{*c}} $不再等同于$ {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{bed}}}} $,而是等同于糙率单元顶部的湍流剪切速度$ {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{rough}}}} $,即$ {u_{*c}} \approx {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{rough}}}} $图2b),此时冠层内水流的减小显著降低了$ {u_{*c,\;{\mathrm{bed}}}} $。随着冠层高度$ {h_c} $和总水深$ h $的比值变化,冠层内水流的驱动力有所不同:当冠层高度占总水深的小部分时,冠层附近的流动相对自由,由于冠层顶部形状阻力的不连续性,在冠层顶部形成一个强剪切层,剪切层将动量从上层水中传递到冠层内驱动内部水流运动;当冠层高度占总水深大部分时,冠层附近流动受水深限制,冠层内部流动由背景流造成的压力梯度以及由剪切层转移至冠层内的动量同时驱动[17]。当冠层高度与水深相当($ {h_c} \approx h $)时,冠层附近的流动称之为非淹没流,冠层顶部不存在剪切层,冠层流完全由背景流造成的外部压力梯度驱动[16]
在波浪作用时,海床附近形成了一定厚度($ {\delta _w} $)的波浪边界层(Wave Boundary Layer,WBL)。由于波浪的振荡特性,水体流经冠层结构产生的湍流在WBL内只能在垂向经历有限的发展。相关学者已提出了WBL内涡黏系数的多种分布形式,其中使用较多且形式较简单的是由Grant和Madsen[18]提出的。基于该理论,当床面粗糙度较小时,$ {\delta _{w}} $由波浪产生的最大剪切速度$ {u_{*w}} $(其中下标$ w $表示波浪条件)和波浪角频率$ \omega $决定。与等强度的单向流条件相比较而言,较薄的WBL可产生更大的床面剪切速度(如图2c所示)。现有的关于波浪作用的研究已经深入到了分析大粗糙度如何改变冠层内与波浪相位相关的流场结构。珊瑚礁冠层[1, 19]和海草冠层[20]的实验室研究以及海草冠层的现场观测研究[21]均表明,冠层内波浪均方根速度的衰减程度总是小于同等强度的单向流作用下的衰减程度,这是由于波浪造成的压力梯度受到了糙率单元拖曳力和惯性力的共同抵制。与此同时,与波浪相位相关的剪切应力在糙率单元顶部达到最大值,在冠层内部逐步衰减为0,但在接近床面的区域又逐渐增大。因此,对于大糙率的情况,$ \bar u $的垂向分布会形成两个WBL,其中较厚的WBL位于冠层顶部附近,较薄的WBL位于床面附近(如图2d所示)。
波浪作用下,描述冠层内水流运动动量方程与单向流作用下动量方程基本相似,但两者仍然存在关键区别:(1)波浪作用可产生额外的振荡压力梯度;(2)波浪振荡运动造成的加速度可产生额外的惯性力。对于冠层上方的自由流,假设波浪驱动的流是无黏的,波浪驱动的压力梯度仅与自由振荡流的加速度有关。简单量纲分析表明,这个压力梯度项对剪应力项的重要性随着波浪运动水平位移幅值与冠层高度的比值的增加而增加,因此与等强度的单向流相比,波浪作用造成的振荡压力梯度显著增强了冠层内的流动强度,这些结论通过文献中报道的一些物理模型实验研究(例如,Lowe等[9]采用理想的圆柱体阵列模拟的冠层,Reidenbach等[23]采用实际枝状珊瑚群落模拟的冠层和Lowe等[1]同时采用了上述两种方法模拟的冠层)得到证实。最近,Van Rooijen等[24]采用波浪水槽实验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了冠层淹没时波生流的垂向分布,利用测量的水流和冠层阻力推导了阻力和惯性力系数,并验证了非静压SWASH模型;随后利用数值模拟的结果对水平动量方程进行了逐项分析,结果表明:冠层内波生流是由波浪雷诺应力和湍流雷诺应力的垂向梯度共同驱动,并与冠层阻力相平衡;但波浪雷诺应力梯度是冠层流的主要驱动力,并与波浪运动在冠层顶部产生的涡量大小直接相关。
波流共同作用的条件下,波浪和海流的非线性叠加改变了床面附近的湍流结构和增强了床面剪切应力。Wiberg[25]对多种波流相互作用理论模型进行了综述,发现这些模型大多描述了床粗糙度相对较小的底床上的湍流结构,即粗糙度高度相对于波流边界层厚度更小。在此类波流共同作用条件下,平均流速垂向分布存在一个薄波浪边界层,其厚度由最大剪切速度$ {u_{*\max }} $控制。在波浪边界层上方,平均流速剖面同样符合式(1)描述的对数分布,但其中$ {u_{*c}} $由波浪作用下增强的平均速度$ {u_{*m}} $所替代,$ {z_0} $由表观粗糙度尺度$ {z_{0a}} $所替代,即波浪作用下相较于纯单向流作用下增强的粗糙度。
目前,文献中尚未有成熟的水动力学理论可以描述波流共同作用下珊瑚礁冠层内水流运动特性。Lowe等[1, 19]进行的波流共同作用的实验室研究表明:在波流共存的条件下,粗糙单元的形阻对流动中水流分量的减弱程度大于对波浪分量的减弱程度,也就是说冠层内水流运动受波浪运动影响更大,类似的结论也适用于冠层上方附近以及离冠层更远的水体。在冠层以上足够的高度,流动结构类似于经典的粗糙壁面波流边界层,具有由$ {u_{*m}} $$ {z_{0a}} $决定的对数分布特征。最近,Pomeroy等[22]在西澳大利亚宁加洛(Ningaloo)礁北岸波流共存的区域开展了为期3周的现场观测,数据分析同样表明:在珊瑚礁的冠层上方形成了一个清晰水流对数分布层,但该层没有延伸到冠层中;相反,冠层内速度剖面发生弯曲,在靠近底床(冠层下部)区域的流速相对减小。因此,上方水流为了克服冠层阻力,施加在冠层上剪应力区别于底床实际受到的剪应力。现有的物理模型实验研究主要集中在单向流或振荡流与珊瑚礁冠层的相互作用问题,仅少数涉及波流共同作用下的冠层附近的水流特征。以往的实验研究中[2627],学者们仅关注礁坪特定位置处沿水深的水流分布规律,冠层一般采用均匀的柱体阵列或特定种类的珊瑚群落模型来实现,未来尚需要对沿礁不同位置(例如礁前斜坡、礁坪)的水流垂向分布规律以及采用更接近于真实礁面的冠层模型(比如3D打印的真实海床)来进一步研究波流共同作用下珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题;此外对于更复杂的不规则波(频谱波)与珊瑚礁冠层的相互作用问题也是未来可以探索的方向。
珊瑚礁海域的水流存在不同尺度的运动,在大尺度上是潮汐,在中尺度上是海流和波浪,在小的尺度上则是湍流[28]。湍动能(TKE)一般被用来表征湍动强度,其计算式如下:
$ {\mathrm{TKE }}= {1 / 2}\left( {\overline {u'u'} + \overline {v'v'} + \overline {w'w'} } \right) \text{,} $
式中,$ u' $$ v' $为水平方向两个维度的脉动速度;$ w' $为垂直方向的脉动速度,它们均由该方向的瞬时速度分量减去相应方向的平均速度计算,上划线表示取时间平均。Reidenbach等[29]通过在红海亚喀巴(Aqaba)湾某处的珊瑚岸礁开展了为期17 d的实地观测,研究了存在珊瑚冠层的粗糙床面对边界层湍流运动的影响,发现在冠层上方TKE随着距离床底高度的增加而减小,冠层上方湍流能谱遵循$ {k^{-5/3}} $次幂定律($ k $为波数)。Asher和Shavit[4]采用真实珊瑚骨架结构模拟冠层开展了物理模型实验,研究了水深和冠层内部几何形状对珊瑚礁冠层附近湍流运动的影响,发现在完全淹没的情况下,冠层内部水流湍流能谱遵循$ {k^{-7/3}} $次幂定律。
为了深入认识珊瑚冠层内外湍流的产生、耗散及输运机制,通常还会对湍动能TKE进行平衡分析,TKE的平衡分析主要涉及TKE的产生率$ p $,耗散率$ \varepsilon $及湍流输送率。Reidenbach等[29]通过现场观测同样研究了该岸礁边界层湍动能的平衡问题,结果表明:对于底部大粗糙度环境而言,随着向岸方向平均流强度的增加,湍流产生和耗散也增加,但存在局部TKE产生−耗散平衡,TKE的非局部垂直输运可以忽略不计。当流量较大时,存在一个明显的惯性子层时,TKE的产生和耗散均从底边界向水面方向衰减,在珊瑚冠层1 m范围内TKE的输运较局部生产率低102~104倍。随后,Reidenbach等[23]采用物理模型实验研究了波浪作用对冠层水流湍动的影响,在波流水槽中采用特定的珊瑚种类(扁缩滨珊瑚Porites compressa)骨架结构仿制成的模型模拟真实冠层结构。测量分析发现:在冠层以上,TKE的产生和耗散处于平衡状态,输运量最小;而在冠层顶部形成的剪切层区域湍流混合非常活跃,TKE的产生速率极大,与耗散不相等。在冠层内部,TKE平衡方程中的所有项均很小,即TKE的产生、输运和耗散均很小。Huang等[30]在澳大利亚伊力特女士(Lady Elliot)岛的迎风面珊瑚礁−潟湖系统进行了为期3周的现场观测,通过对波浪、水流和湍流的同步测量对系统中波浪能和湍动能的耗散率进行分析,发现潟湖中的波能耗散受潮汐调制并与底部摩擦密切相关,在该以波浪主导的潟湖中观测到的TKE耗散率要大于文献报道的其他岸礁上单向流作用时的耗散率。Hench和Rosman[31]在法属波利尼亚莫雷阿(Moorea)礁北岸的一个浅礁坪进行了现场观测,分析了水平尺度小于100 m的空间流动特性,发现水流流经单个珊瑚时,珊瑚后方的水流速度显著降低,湍流耗散增加;存在湍动强烈的尾流,湍动能的耗散率和产生率并不存在局部平衡,湍流输运同样重要;当水流流经整个珊瑚群落时,在其后方形成一个回流区,当流过珊瑚群落的水流叠加回流区的湍动和尾流时,速度具有向下的分量,湍动能存在显著的向下输运。关于粗糙边界内及以上湍流特性的研究文献相对较少,目前主要关注湍动能在冠层内外沿水深的分布并通过湍动能的平衡方程进行解释。以往针对珊瑚冠层湍流特性的研究通常把冠层粗糙单元当成垂向几何结构无差异单元,如圆柱体或者概化为一个整体,不考虑冠层内部具体结构对流速分布以及湍动能的分布、产生、耗散的影响。然而,珊瑚礁环境中的层状结构较为复杂且珊瑚冠层粗糙度具有多尺度的本质特征,导致珊瑚礁环境中产生的湍流具有各向异性。现有的接触式声学多普勒或电磁感应测流法(ADV、EMF等)受到了测流探头尺寸的限制,非接触的粒子图像测速法(PIV、LDA等)则受到了粗糙单元对粒子遮蔽的影响,两类方法均难以深入冠层内部进行较为全面的流速测量,未来采用更先进的方法测量分析天然珊瑚礁内孔隙度和阻力单元的不均匀空间分布对湍流特性的影响是一个重要的研究方向。
湍流剪切应力($ \tau $)是水流与底床粗糙度之间摩擦作用的度量,表征了糙率单元对水流的阻力大小,也代表了水流驱动床面泥沙运动的动力强度,是研究边界层水沙运动特性的一个重要概念。$ \tau $通常被定义为雷诺剪切应力和黏性切应力的总和,公式为
$ \tau = - \rho \overline {{{u}}'w'} + \mu \frac{{\partial \bar u}}{{\partial z}}\text{,} $
式中,$\rho $为水的密度;$ \mu $为水的动力黏度;$z$表示沿水深方向(垂向),珊瑚礁环境中通常为高雷诺数的流动,式(3)右边第二项一般可以忽略。
单向流条件下,珊瑚礁冠层的阻水效应(以形阻为主)可通过经典的二次摩擦定律来描述[32]
$ \tau = \rho {C_D}{U_2}^2 \text{,} $
式中,$ \tau $表示冠层顶部湍流剪切应力,也代表水流流经大糙率床面受到的总阻力;$ {C_D} $是拖曳力系数;$ {U_2} $是一个参考速度,通常选取距床面一定高度处的流速或流速沿水深的平均值。如果获得了前述的剪切速度,湍流剪切应力$ \tau $亦可根据$ {u_*} $的定义计算:
$ \tau = \rho u_*^2. $
对于波浪条件,Lentz等[33]基于红海4处珊瑚礁展开了6个月的现场观测,研究了波浪对于底床阻力的影响,发现波浪的作用增大了冠层阻力系数。他们采用Feddersen等[34]提出的公式解释了波浪的增强作用:
$ \tau = \rho {C_D}\overline {\left( {\bar u + \tilde u} \right)\left| {\bar u + \tilde u} \right|} \text{,} $
式中,$ \tilde u $是与波浪相位相关的流速,由瞬时流速减去相位平均流速求得。在波流共同作用下,波浪和海流的非线性叠加增加了床面剪切应力[22]。床面剪切应力的最大值大于纯单向流作用下的床面剪切应力和纯波浪作用下床面剪切应力的代数叠加[35]
对于波浪运动本身,冠层阻力也常采用波浪摩擦系数$ {f_w} $来参数化,同样采用二次摩擦定律[36]
$ \tau = \frac{1}{2}\rho {f_w}U_w^2 \text{,} $
式中,$ {U_w} $是波浪作用下的特征流速。因此,在建立波浪作用下珊瑚冠层附近水动力的能量守恒和动量守恒方程时,波浪摩擦系数($ {f_w} $)和拖曳力系数($ {C_D} $)常常分别用来表征底部粗糙单元对波浪和平均流施加的阻力作用[1, 3738]
Reidenbach等[29]的现场观测和Lowe等[1, 9]的物理模型实验均研究了冠层附近湍流应力垂向分布,发现在单向流条件下和波浪条件下湍流应力的垂向分布趋势相似:在冠层顶部附近,湍流应力增加并在冠层顶部形成峰值;深入到冠层内部,湍流剪切应力随着高度的降低而减小,直至完全消失。在同等强度的波浪条件下和单向流条件下的湍流应力大小存在差异;在冠层上方,波浪作用下的湍流应力值小于单向流作用下的湍流应力值;而冠层内部则相反。因而,可以认为在冠层顶部会形成强湍流混合区[1]。Asher和Shavit[4]采用实际珊瑚骨架结构模拟冠层的物理模型实验中,进一步分析了湍流剪切应力的垂向分布特性,发现在水深与冠层高度比值大于1($ {h /{{h_c}}} > 1 $)时,湍流应力在冠层内部接近于0值,随后在冠层顶部急剧增加至峰值,从冠层顶部至水面呈线性下降。水体在接近冠层顶部的位置处产生了开尔文−亥姆霍兹(Kevin-Helmholtz)不稳定性波,从而在小尺度上形成了旋涡运动。
根据波流作用的不同,珊瑚冠层阻力一般用拖曳力系数($ {C_D} $)和(或)波浪摩擦系数($ {f_w} $)来进行描述。其值取决于珊瑚冠层的形态、密度以及水流速度、深度等流动特性[39]。对于以流为主导的情况,Reidenbach等[29]在红海Aqaba湾对某岸礁礁前斜坡两个地点和附近的沙质岸滩斜坡1个地点进行了对比观测,剪切速度($ {u_*} $)直接通过仪器测量的湍流雷诺应力推算得到,则$ {C_D} $由式(4)和式(5)右边相等后得到下式:
$ {C_D} = \frac{{u_*^2}}{{{U^2}}} . $
研究结果表明:$ {C_D} $值从0.009至0.015不等,是沙质海床的3~5倍。Mcdonald等[40]采用实际珊瑚骨架结构模拟冠层开展物理模型实验,研究了水深与珊瑚高度之比对特定珊瑚种类(P. compressa)在单向流的作用下阻力系数($ {C_D} $)的影响,利用仪器分别测得冠层上方和冠层内的流速,发现在冠层上方不同深度测得的$ {C_D} $值变化范围为0~1.68,并显著依赖于水深与冠层高度的比值($ {h \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {h {{h_c}}}} \right. } {{h_c}}} $)。在较低的雷诺数下,$ {C_D} $取决于雷诺数和$ {h \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {h {{h_c}}}} \right. } {{h_c}}} $的比值;在较高的雷诺数下,$ {C_D} $$ {h \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {h {{h_c}}}} \right. } {{h_c}}} $呈反比,两者之间的关系可由经验公式描述。随后,Rosman和Hench[10]通过理论分析研究了众多文献中报道的拖曳力系数$ {C_D} $变化范围跨越两个数量级的原因,发现主要是由于根据所采用$ {C_D} $定义的不同以及计算$ {C_D} $时选取的参考速度不同导致,该文随后提出了一个概化的双层(two-layer)理论模型来进一步解释了$ {C_D} $的变化。后来,Lentz等[41]综合了红海4处珊瑚礁6个月的现场观测结果和随后的实验室研究对阻力系数的估算结果,发现所估算区域水深的不同亦是阻力系数出现较大范围变化的原因之一。前述研究是获取整个冠层区域的单一值,为了克服上述方法的不足,Asher等[42]通过物理模型实验研究单向流作用时,发现水流流经真实多孔珊瑚冠层模型时所受到的阻力呈垂向分布,因此,考虑到了冠层内部结构对该分布的影响。研究发现:$ {h \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {h {{h_c}}}} \right. } {{h_c}}} = 2 $$ {h \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {h {{h_c}}}} \right. } {{h_c}}} = 3 $时的测量结果与由Mcdonald等[40]及Rosman和Hench[10]分别提出的公式得到的预测值符合较好;冠层总阻力随着流速增加呈抛物线增大,证实了阻力与速度的平方成正比。
波浪摩擦系数($ {f_w} $)通常用于描述底床摩擦所损耗的波浪能量,对于珊瑚礁冠层,$ {f_w} $值通常要比$ {C_D} $值高出一个数量级,例如:Buckley等[38]基于大糙率礁面(采用小方块阵列模拟)的物理模型实验数据运用半经验半理论模型得到$ {C_D} = 0.028 $$ {f_w} = 0.2 $。另一方面,Lowe等[43]通过现场观测研究了夏威夷瓦胡(Oahu)岛卡内奥赫(Kaneohe)湾的波浪能量耗散,发现在该处常浪条件下,Kaneohe湾的大部分波浪能量是通过底部摩擦耗散的,不同于通常在沙质岸滩和其他珊瑚礁观察到的主要由波浪破碎耗散。通过数据分析得出该处$ {f_w} $值为0.24 ± 0.03,大约是沙质岸滩的波浪摩擦系数($ {f_w} \approx 0.01 $)的30倍,与此前Nelson[44]在澳大利亚约翰布鲁尔(John Brewer)礁测得的$ {f_w} \approx 0.1 $量级一致。Rogers[45]通过现场观测分析了太平洋中部的巴尔米拉(Palmyra)环礁上的波能耗散规律,并改进了Swart[46]提出的$ {f_w} $的经验公式用于数值模型SWAN。随后,Lentz等[47]通过现场观测研究了红海东部某台礁上波浪能量耗散规律,同样根据沿礁波能流守恒估算得到$ {f_w} $值的范围为0.5~5,且$ {f_w} $值随着波浪近底床最大水平位移值的减小而增加。该$ {f_w} $值范围与Rogers等[45]所报道的在数量级上完全一致。
采用计算机进行数值模拟可以克服现场观测和物理模型实验的某些不足,近几十年来在冠层流水动力学研究领域得到了广泛应用。对于珊瑚礁冠层阻力特性的模拟,国内外学者最初将珊瑚礁面当作粗糙底床,采用单一的摩擦系数来描述床面阻力,比较常采用的摩阻公式有曼宁公式:
$ {R_f} = \frac{{g{n^2}}}{{{h^{{1 / 3}}}}}\left| u \right|u \text{,} $
式中,$ h $为总水深;$ n $为曼宁摩擦系数,通常的取值范围为0.01~0.1[48]。例如:Yao等[49]基于Boussinesq方程与含曼宁系数底部摩阻项相结合,在实验室尺度模拟了规则波作用下岸礁剖面上的波高和增水的沿礁变化,随后该模型被分别推广应用到了不规则波作用下的[50]和现场尺度下的[51]的珊瑚礁地形,着重分析了低频长波的产生及礁坪共振问题。Roeber和Cheung[52]同样通过在Boussinesq方程中结合曼宁系数表示礁面粗糙度的方法,基于Roeber[53]的物理模型实验,分析了孤立波在岸礁剖面上的传播变形过程。Lashley等[54]分别基于Demirbilek等[55]的物理模型实验数据以及Buckley等[56]的物理模型实验数据,通过在XBeach模型中添加曼宁公式模拟礁面粗糙度,验证了该方法对模拟极端波浪作用下珊瑚岸礁礁后岸滩上波浪爬高的合理性。除了采用曼宁系数进行礁面粗糙度模拟外,文献中有学者在模型中基于二次摩擦定律采用类似于前述拖曳力系数($ {C_D} $)和波浪摩擦系数($ {f_w} $[5758]来分别表示冠层对水流和波浪的阻水效应,同时,也有学者在模型中采用Nikuradse粗糙度来考虑冠层的阻水作用[5960]。然而,采用单一概化的摩阻系数法模拟冠层阻力作用的优点是简单方便且不增加额外的计算开销,缺点是该方法将冠层阻力概化为常数,相当于一个黑箱模型,只考虑整体的阻力效应,忽略了冠层内部几何结构的影响。
为了更准确地描述珊瑚礁冠层粗糙单元的排列结构对水流阻力的影响,有学者进一步将冠层理想化为由一个与水流相互作用圆柱体阵列组成。从形态学上说,该方法比较适合于以枝状珊瑚为结构构成的冠层。冠层所受的力($ {f_c} $)可通过Morison等[61]的方程来描述:
$ {f_c} = \frac{1}{2}\rho {C_D}{h_c}{b_c}{N_c}u\left| u \right| + \rho \left( {1 + {C_M}} \right){h_c}{A_c}{N_c}\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial t}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {b_c} $为柱体(糙率单元)直径;$ {N_c} $为每平方米糙率单元数量;$ {A_c} $为单个柱体(糙率单元)的阻水面积。采用Morison等[61]的公式描述冠层阻力作为附加阻力项添加到数值模型的动量方程中是文献中常见的模拟海岸植被(例如红树林)冠层阻力的方法[6263]。对于珊瑚礁冠层阻力的模拟,Yao等[64]首次通过在Boussinesq方程中加入该附加阻力项来模拟实验室尺度的珊瑚礁粗糙度(由圆柱体阵列组成)对孤立波传播变形的影响,分析孤立波在具有不同礁形结构(礁前斜坡、礁后斜坡、礁坪宽度、礁冠宽度)的岸礁上的爬高规律。Rijnsdorp等[65]通过在SWASH模型中加入Morison等[61]的公式以提高对现场尺度的冠层结构的模拟精度,分析了西澳大利亚Ningaloo礁礁坪−潟湖系统中波浪增水和波生流的分布规律,并重点探讨了波浪的非线性和底床摩擦的影响。
将孔隙介质模型和数值模型的动量方程相结合是近年来一种新兴的用于模拟冠层阻力的方法,相较于圆柱体阵列的假设,该方法适用于多种类珊瑚共生的复杂礁面情况。例如,有学者采用Higuera等[66]和Del Jesus[67]提出的基于求解体积平均的Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(VARANS)方程,将多孔介质在流场的阻力效应,作为动量方程中的闭合项(Closure Term,CT)添加到控制方程中,公式为
$ \left| {{\mathrm{CT}}} \right| = {a_p}\frac{{{u_i}}}{\phi }{\text{ + }}{b_p}\left| {\frac{{{u_i}}}{\phi }} \right|\frac{{{u_i}}}{\phi }{\text{ + }}{c_p}\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\frac{{{u_i}}}{\phi } \text{,} $
式中,右边第一项表示边界层黏性效应引起的摩擦效应;第二项表示包含湍流效应在内的各种二次效应;最后一项用于模拟多孔介质中流体加速的附加质量效应;$ {u_i} $为第$ i $个空间维度的达西流速;$ \phi $为介质的孔隙率。右边各项中相应的乘积系数定义如下:
$ {a_p} = \alpha \frac{{{{\left( {1 - \phi } \right)}^3}}}{{{\phi ^2}}}\frac{\mu }{{D_{50}^2}} \text{,} $
$ {b_p} = \beta \left( {1 + \frac{{7.5}}{{{\mathrm{KC}}}}} \right)\frac{{1 - \phi }}{{{\phi ^2}}}\frac{\rho }{{{D_{50}}}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {D_{50}} $是多孔介质的特征直径(一般取中值粒径);$ \alpha $$\ \beta $是待测系数;$ {c_p} $是经验系数;KC(Keulegan-Carpenter)数表征水质点运动的特征长度尺度与多孔介质的特征长度尺度之比,计算式为
$ {\mathrm{KC}} = {{\left| u \right|T}/ {\phi {D_{50}}}} \text{,} $
式中,$ T $是波浪周期。De Ridder[68]探讨了Xbeach-nh + 非静压模型结合多孔介质理论在珊瑚礁环境中的应用,采用文献[9]的实验数据(圆柱体阵列模拟冠层)和文献[1]的实验数据(真实珊瑚骨架模拟冠层)对冠层内的流速以及冠层对波浪运动的影响进行了验证,发现该种结合可以同时适应单向流和振荡流与珊瑚礁相互作用的模拟;最后将该模型成功地应用于现场尺度模拟西澳大利亚Ningaloo礁一个持续5 d的涌浪事件。Yao等[69]采用基于VARANS方程的模型模拟了孤立波在实验室粗糙岸礁地形上的传播变形和爬高过程,并基于模拟结果提出了预测孤立波爬高的经验公式,最后分析了孤立波作用下流场和涡量场的沿礁变化。Yao等[70]将上述模型扩展到了规则波与实验室大糙率礁面相互作用的情况,分析了水动力因素、礁形因素和礁面粗糙度对波浪传播变形和波浪爬高的影响,并同样根据数值结果提出了一个预测波浪爬高的经验公式,随后讨论了礁面粗糙度对波谱、波形参数(偏斜度和不对称度)和波浪非线性程度参数(Ursell数)的沿礁分布的影响,最后通过数值模拟分析了TKE及其耗散率的沿礁变化。He等[71]将多孔介质模型与非静压模型相结合,模拟了珊瑚礁−潟湖−口门系统中的波浪传播变形和波生流运动,并重点分析了礁面大糙率对系统中波高、平均水位和波生流分布的影响。
基于Morison等[61]的方程和孔隙介质方法虽然相对单一摩阻系数(如曼宁系数)的方法可以更精确地描述冠层某些结构特征对阻力特性的影响,然而仍未能对冠层内部流动结构做细致描述;同时模型参数的增加也一定程度上增加了模型的率定难度。对于较为复杂的冠层结构尤其是针对珊瑚冠层形状极不规则且孔隙特征显著时,相应阻力系数值较难确定。如何将内部骨架结构极其复杂的冠层的粗糙度进行合理量化,是今后需要关注的一个问题。
冠层阻力显式模拟法就是在冠层内外直接划分计算网格,在此基础上直接求解三维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,可以模拟包括湍流脉动在内的所有瞬时流动的时空演变过程,是冠层流水动力数值模拟中最精确的方法。相关研究中通常是将水流与冠层粗糙单元的相互作用看作柱体绕流问题,并通过三维的数值模拟获得冠层内外精细的流场结构,可为进一步分析冠层内的湍流特征和粗糙单元的阻力特征提供研究手段。该方法在波浪与红树林等海岸植被相互作用的模拟中已有所应用[72]。对于珊瑚礁冠层流的模拟,Osorio-Cano等[73]加勒比海罗萨里奥群岛国家公园内特索罗(Tesoro)岛的某处的真实礁床形态,采用基于雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程(RANS)显式模拟了沿礁的波浪运动,分析了在不同波浪条件、礁冠水深和底床粗糙度下,波浪破碎和礁面糙率分别引起的波浪能衰减程度。Yu等[74]采用大涡模拟(LES)方法模拟了波浪与简化为半球阵列的粗糙单元的相互作用,分析了在波幅、周期和半球间距改变时,糙率单元附近的水动力学特性与无量纲KC数的相关性。由于基于Navier-Stokes方程显式模拟的方法需要更长的时间和更大量的计算资源,目前仅用于观测局部问题或者简单波浪作用。但是该模拟方法克服了前述3种方法对冠层内流动特性的物理现象描述的缺失,直观复现了冠层内精细的流动过程及相关物理现象,因此对于冠层内部精细化流场的解构有着不可替代的作用。采用基于Navier-Stokes方程方法对冠层附近水动力和阻力特性进行精细化模拟是今后数值模拟的发展方向,如何改进计算效率以适应更大尺度更复杂的波流问题需要进一步突破。
珊瑚礁冠层水动力学研究是珊瑚礁研究领域的热点问题,不仅为珊瑚礁生态系统的构建和修复提供一定的理论参考,还能为海岸线演变预测和海岸带防灾减灾措施制定提供一定的参考依据。本文从冠层内外流动特性、冠层阻力特性和冠层阻力模拟方法3个方面,总结了国内外珊瑚礁冠层水动力学的研究现状。首先,在冠层内外流动特性方面的综述主要介绍了在单向流、波浪以及波流共同作用下冠层附近的平均流和湍流特性;随后,关于冠层阻力特性的综述主要介绍湍流剪切应力和阻力系数(拖曳力系数和波浪摩擦系数)的计算方法;最后,对于冠层阻力模拟方法的综述主要介绍了单一摩擦系数、基于Morison等[61]的公式的方法、基于孔隙介质模型的方法和直接模拟4种方法。
本文指出今后对珊瑚冠层水动力学的研究可着重关注以下几个方面:
(1) 未来尚需要对沿礁不同位置(例如礁前斜坡、礁坪)的水流垂向分布规律以及采用更接近于真实礁面的冠层模型(比如3D打印的真实海床)来进一步研究波流共同作用下珊瑚礁冠层水动力学问题;此外对于更复杂的不规则波(频谱波)与珊瑚礁冠层的相互作用问题也是未来可以探索的方向。
(2) 真实珊瑚礁珊瑚种群多样,冠层内部骨架结构复杂,空间分布极不均匀,采用更接近于真实礁面的冠层模型研究阻力系数的空间分布,侧重考虑冠层结构的各向异性,进一步分析冠层内阻力系数的垂向分布和水平分布是今后一个可以努力的方向,准确地参数化描述冠层阻力特征的空间可变性并给出普适的预测公式也需要进一步开展研究。
(3) 冠层阻力显式模拟方法克服了以往3种方法对冠层附近流动物理现象描述的缺失,直观复现冠层内精细地流动过程及相关物理现象,对结构冠层内部精细化流场有着不可替代的作用。直接求解基于Navier-Stokes方程对冠层附近水动力过程进行精细化模拟是今后数值模拟的发展方向,如何改进计算效率以适应更大尺度更复杂的波流问题需要进一步突破。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3100500)
  • 湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20220913)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Lowe R J, Shavit U, Falter J L, et al. Modeling flow in coral communities with and without waves: A synthesis of porous media and canopy flow approaches[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2008, 53(6): 2668−2680.
2
Lowe R J, Falter J L. Oceanic forcing of coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2015, 7: 43−66.
3
Finnigan J. Turbulence in plant canopies[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2000, 32: 519−571.
4
Asher S, Shavit U. The effect of water depth and internal geometry on the turbulent flow inside a coral reef[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2019, 124(6): 3508−3522.
5
Falter J L, Atkinson M J, Lowe R J, et al. Effects of nonlocal turbulence on the mass transfer of dissolved species to reef corals[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, 52(1): 274−285.
6
Lesser M P, Weis V M, Patterson M R, et al. Effects of morphology and water motion on carbon delivery and productivity in the reef coral, Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus)—Diffusion barriers, inorganic carbon limitation, and biochemical plasticity[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1994, 178(2): 153−179.
7
Sebens K P, Helmuth B, Carrington E, et al. Effects of water flow on growth and energetics of the scleractinian coral Agaricia tenuifolia in Belize[J]. Coral Reefs, 2003, 22(1): 35−47.
8
Williams S L, Carpenter R C. Effects of unidirectional and oscillatory water flow on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in coral reef algal turfs, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1998, 226(2): 293−316.
9
Lowe R J, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 1. Velocity structure[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C10): C10016.
10
Rosman J H, Hench J L. A framework for understanding drag parameterizations for coral reefs[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2011, 116(C8): C08025.
11
Monismith S G, Rogers J S, Koweek D, et al. Frictional wave dissipation on a remarkably rough reef[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015, 42(10): 4063−4071.
12
Pomeroy A, Lowe R J, Ghisalberti M, et al. Mechanics of sediment suspension and transport within a fringing reef[C]//Proceedings of Coastal Sediments 215. San Diego: World Scientific Publishing, 2015.
13
Monismith S G. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, 39: 37−55.
14
Raupach M R, Antonia R A, Rajagopalan S. Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 1991, 44(1): 1−25.
15
Nepf H M, Ghisalberti M, White B, et al. Retention time and dispersion associated with submerged aquatic canopies[J]. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(2): W04422.
16
Nepf H M. Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2012, 44: 123−142.
17
Nepf H M, Vivoni E R. Flow structure in depth-limited, vegetated flow[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2000, 105(C12): 28547−28557.
18
Grant W D, Madsen O S. Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1979, 84(C4): 1797−1808.
19
Lowe R J, Koseff J R, Monismith S G, et al. Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 2. Canopy mass transfer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C10): C10017.
20
Luhar M, Coutu S, Infantes E, et al. Wave-induced velocities inside a model seagrass bed[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2010, 115(C12): C12005.
21
Infantes E, Orfila A, Simarro G, et al. Effect of a seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow on wave propagation[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2012, 456: 63−72.
22
Pomeroy A W M, Lowe R J, Ghisalberti M, et al. Sediment transport in the presence of large reef bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(2): 1347−1368.
23
Reidenbach M A, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Laboratory experiments of fine-scale mixing and mass transport within a coral canopy[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2007, 19(7): 075107.
24
Van Rooijen A, Lowe R, Rijnsdorp D P, et al. Wave-driven mean flow dynamics in submerged canopies[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(3): e2019JC015935.
25
Wiberg P L. A theoretical investigation of boundary layer flow and bottom shear stress for smooth, transitional, and rough flow under waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1995, 100(C11): 22667−22679.
26
Yao Yu, Liu Yicheng, Chen Long, et al. Study on the wave-driven current around the surf zone over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 198: 106968.
27
Zheng Jinhai, Yao Yu, Chen Songgui, et al. Laboratory study on wave-induced setup and wave-driven current in a 2DH reef-lagoon-channel system[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 162: 103772.
28
Davis K A, Pawlak G, Monismith S G. Turbulence and coral reefs[J]. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2020, 13: 343−373.
29
Reidenbach M A, Monismith S G, Koseff J R, et al. Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2006, 51(5): 1956−1968.
30
Huang Zhicheng, Lenain L, Melville W K, et al. Dissipation of wave energy and turbulence in a shallow coral reef lagoon[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2012, 117(C3): C03015.
31
Hench J L, Rosman J H. Observations of spatial flow patterns at the coral colony scale on a shallow reef flat[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2013, 118(3): 1142−1156.
32
Mei C C. The Applied Dynamics of Ocean Surface Waves[M]. New York: Wiley, 1983.
33
Lentz S J, Churchill J H, Davis K A. Coral reef drag coefficients—surface gravity wave enhancement[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2018, 48(7): 1555−1566.
34
Feddersen F, Guza R T, Elgar S, et al. Velocity moments in alongshore bottom stress parameterizations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2000, 105(C4): 8673−8686.
35
Soulsby R, Vlarke S. Bed shear-stresses under combined waves and currents on smooth and rough beds[R]. Wallingford, U. K. : HR Wallingford Ltd. , 2005.
36
Jonsson I G. Wave boundary layers and friction factors[C]. Proc. 10th International Conference Coastal Engineering. Tokyo: [s.n.], 1966: 127−148.
37
Yao Yu, He Wenrun, Jiang Changbo, et al. Wave-induced set-up over barrier reefs under the effect of tidal current[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2020, 58(3): 447−459.
38
Buckley M L, Lowe R J, Hansen J E, et al. Wave setup over a fringing reef with large bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2016, 46(8): 2317−2333.
39
Thomas F I M, Atkinson M J. Ammonium uptake by coral reefs: effects of water velocity and surface roughness on mass transfer[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1997, 42(1): 81−88.
40
Mcdonald C B, Koseff J R, Monismith S G. Effects of the depth to coral height ratio on drag coefficients for unidirectional flow over coral[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2006, 51(3): 1294−1301.
41
Lentz S J, Davis K A, Chuechill J H, et al. Coral reef drag coefficients–water depth dependence[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2017, 47(5): 1061−1075.
42
Asher S, Niewerth S, Koll K, et al. Vertical variations of coral reef drag forces[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(5): 3549−3563.
43
Lowe R J, Falter J L, Bandet M D, et al. Spectral wave dissipation over a barrier reef[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2005, 110(C4): C04001.
44
Nelson R C. Hydraulic roughness of coral reef platforms[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 1996, 18(5): 265−274.
45
Rogers J S, Monismith S G, Koweek D A, et al. Wave dynamics of a Pacific Atoll with high frictional effects[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 350−367.
46
Swart D H. Offshore sediment transport and equilibrium beach profiles[D]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 1974.
47
Lentz S J, Churchill J H, Davis K A, et al. Surface gravity wave transformation across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 693−705.
48
Akan A O. Open Channel Hydraulics[M]. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.
49
Yao Yu, Huang Zhenhua, Monismith S G, et al. 1DH Boussinesq modeling of wave transformation over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2012, 47: 30−42.
50
Yao Yu, Zhang Qiming, Chen Songgui, et al. Effects of reef morphology variations on wave processes over fringing reefs[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2019, 82: 52−62.
51
Yao Yu, Zhang Qiming, Becker J M, et al. Boussinesq modeling of wave processes in field fringing reef environments[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 95: 102025.
52
Roeber V, Cheung K F. Boussinesq-type model for energetic breaking waves in fringing reef environments[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2012, 70: 1−20.
53
Roeber V. Boussinesq-type model for nearshore wave processes in fringing reef environment[D]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2010.
54
Lashley G H, Roelvink D, Van Dongeren A, et al. Nonhydrostatic and surfbeat model predictions of extreme wave run-up in fringing reef environments[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2018, 137: 11−27.
55
Demirbilek Z, Nwogu O G, Ward D L. Laboratory study of wind effect on runup over fringing reefs report: 1: data report[R]. Washington: Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2007.
56
Buckley M L, Lowe R J, Hansen J E, et al. Dynamics of wave setup over a steeply sloping fringing reef[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2015, 45(12): 3005−3023.
57
Drost E J F, Cuttler M V W, Lowe R J, et al. Predicting the hydrodynamic response of a coastal reef-lagoon system to a tropical cyclone using phase-averaged and surfbeat-resolving wave models[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2019, 152: 103525.
58
Quataert E, Storlazzi C, Van Dongeren V, et al. The importance of explicitly modelling sea-swell waves for runup on reef-lined coasts[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 160: 103704.
59
Franklin G, Mariño-Tapia I, Torres-Freyermuth A. Effects of reef roughness on wave setup and surf zone currents[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2013, 118(sp2): 2005−2010.
60
Baldock T E, Shabani B, Callaghan D P, et al. Two-dimensional modelling of wave dynamics and wave forces on fringing coral reefs[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2020, 155: 103594.
61
Morison J R, Johnson J W, Schaaf S A. The force exerted by surface waves on piles[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1950, 2(5): 149−154.
62
Huang Zhenhua, Yao Yu, Sim S Y, et al. Interaction of solitary waves with emergent, rigid vegetation[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2011, 38(10): 1080−1088.
63
Suzuki T, Hu Zhan, Kumada K, et al. Non-hydrostatic modeling of drag, inertia and porous effects in wave propagation over dense vegetation fields[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2019, 149: 49−64.
64
Yao Yu, He Fang, Tang Zhengjiang, et al. A study of tsunami-like solitary wave transformation and run-up over fringing reefs[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2018, 149: 142−155.
65
Rijnsdorp D P, Buckley M I, Da Silva R F, et al. A numerical study of wave-driven mean flows and setup dynamics at a coral reef-lagoon system[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2021, 126(4): e2020JC016811.
66
Higuera P, Lara J, Losada I J. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous coastal structures using OpenFOAM®. Part I: Formulation and validation[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2014, 81: 243−258.
67
Del Jesus M. Three-dimensional interaction of water waves with coastal structures[D]. Santander: Universidad de Cantabria, 2011.
68
De Ridder M. Non-hydrostatic wave modelling of coral reefs with the addition of a porous in-canopy model[D]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, 2018.
69
Yao Yu, Chen Xiaojin, Xu Conghao, et al. Modeling solitary wave transformation and run-up over fringing reefs with large bottom roughness[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 218: 108208.
70
Yao Yu, Chen Xianjin, Xu Conghao, et al. Numerical modelling of wave transformation and runup over rough fringing reefs using VARANS equations[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2022, 118: 102952.
71
He Dongbin, Ma Yuxiang, Dong Guohai, et al. A numerical investigation of wave and current fields along bathymetry with porous media[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 244: 110333.
72
Wang Yanxu, Yin Zegao, Liu Yong. Numerical investigation of solitary wave attenuation and resistance induced by rigid vegetation based on a 3-D RANS model[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2020, 146: 103755.
73
Osorio-Cano J D, Alcérreca-Huerta J C, Osprio A F, et al. CFD modelling of wave damping over a fringing reef in the Colombian Caribbean[J]. Coral Reefs, 2018, 37(4): 1093−1108.
74
Yu Xiao, Rosman J H, Hench J L. Interaction of waves with idealized high-relief bottom roughness[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2018, 123(4): 3038−3059.
2024年第46卷第1期
PDF下载
240
98
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024002
  • 接收时间:2023-04-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-31
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-04
  • 修回日期:2023-08-23
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3100500)
湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20220913)
作者信息
    1.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
    2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2024002
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏