Article(id=1200024645626856263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693843200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-05, revisedDate=1697558400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764037770896, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037770896, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037770896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037770896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200024643240292843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764037770328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764056122067, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200101616062923673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200024643240292843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200024645840765770, articleId=1200024645626856263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the diel vertical migration characteristics of the deep scattering layer in the southwestern Indian Ocean, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the data from 56 acoustic survey sections in the southwestern Indian Ocean from 2011 to 2020, a total of 201 diel vertical migration were observed. The characteristics of diel vertical migration of the deep scattering layer and its spatiotemporal differences were analyzed. The research results show that the deep scattering layer in the southwestern India Ocean exhibits a stratification phenomenon, with the first scattering layer located in the shallow water layer below 200 m. The average depth of its nautical area scattering coefficient (NASC) peak is (58.66 ± 24.63) m, and there is a significant difference between summer and winter (p < 0.001); the second scattering layer is located in the water layer between 400 m and 700 m, with an average depth of (589.02 ± 66.33) m for its NASC peak. There is no significant difference between summer and winter (p = 0.51). The average time for the scattering layer to migrate upwards is 16:20, the average time for the end of migration is 18:31, and the average migration rate is (5.28 ± 1.53) cm/s; the average time for the scattering layer to start migrating downwards is 4:38, and the average time for the end of migration is 6:52. The average migration rate is (5.56 ± 2.13) cm/s. As latitude increases, the start time of downward migration become later and the migration rate slows down; as the longitude increases, the migration rate of the scattering layer also slows down, and there is a significant difference between different longitude sea areas (p < 0.001). Analysis suggests that studying the seasonal changes in the physical and chemical environment of the sea area, as well as the different life cycle stages of organisms in the scattering layer, are the main reasons for the spatiotemporal differences in the vertical structure and diurnal vertical migration characteristics of the scattering layer. They are of great significance in explaining the diurnal vertical migration behavior of tuna and indicating the distribution of tuna fishing grounds.

, correspAuthors=Xinjun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shujie Wan, Xinjun Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200024649103934349, articleId=1200024645626856263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西南印度洋深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究根据2011−2020年西南印度洋56个声学断面数据观察到的深海散射层201次昼夜垂直迁移现象,分析了其昼夜垂直迁移特征及时空差异。研究结果表明,该海域散射层具有分层现象,第一散射层位于200 m以浅水层,其海洋面积散射系数(NASC)峰值的平均水深为(58.66 ± 24.63)m,夏季和冬季之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001);第二散射层位于400~700 m水层,其NASC峰值的平均水深为(589.02 ± 66.33)m,夏季和冬季之间无显著性差异(p = 0.51)。散射层向上迁移的开始时间平均为16:20,结束迁移的平均时间为18:31,迁移的平均速率为(5.28 ± 1.53)cm/s;向下迁移的开始时间平均为4:38,结束迁移的平均时间为6:52,迁移的平均速率为(5.56 ± 2.13)cm/s。随着纬度的增加,散射层向下迁移的开始时间变晚,迁移速率变慢;随着经度的增加,散射层迁移速率变慢,且不同经度海域之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。分析认为,研究海域理化环境的季节性变化以及散射层中生物的不同生活史阶段是造成散射层垂直结构和昼夜垂直迁移特征时空差异的主要原因,其对解释金枪鱼的昼夜垂直迁移行为和指示金枪鱼渔场分布等具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=陈新军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈新军,男,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业、渔业资源经济学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qxmDsYZUTb80KYLRHpKjFQ==, magXml=Nb4BQq7EjxUiyx6OK8Qzjg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VdDdD8fPBHxkwdRDEQkFkw==, pdfFileSize=2435817, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=z6HVcWxcddbSny4izlzr4A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ieS5XpoudoMoXrzpV7e9KA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

万树杰(1994—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事渔业声学研究。E-mail:

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万树杰(1994—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事渔业声学研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=cLN8HR2c9BFOpfenF16UiA==, figureFileBig=MkcFWLw6UimwnQBCIDCCww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200101401981448318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=CN, label=图8, caption=NASC峰值所处水深的分布与Mann-Whitney U 检验, figureFileSmall=cLN8HR2c9BFOpfenF16UiA==, figureFileBig=MkcFWLw6UimwnQBCIDCCww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200101402052751487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Upward migration characteristics of DSL

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季节样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
整体20116:2018:4313:0618:3120:4116:295.28 ± 1.5310.662.2
夏季8616:5018:4314:3119:0820:4117:455.11 ± 1.489.592.2
冬季11515:5717:2113:0618:0319:2916:295.42 ± 1.5510.662.31
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402132443264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深海散射层向上迁移的特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
整体20116:2018:4313:0618:3120:4116:295.28 ± 1.5310.662.2
夏季8616:5018:4314:3119:0820:4117:455.11 ± 1.489.592.2
冬季11515:5717:2113:0618:0319:2916:295.42 ± 1.5510.662.31
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402220523649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Downward migration characteristics of DSL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
整体2014:386:201:226:529:563:235.56 ± 2.1312.261.44
夏季864:025:331:226:189:563:235.55 ± 2.2311.332.41
冬季1155:066:203:057:179:295:105.57 ± 2.0612.261.44
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402342158466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深海散射层向下迁移的特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
整体2014:386:201:226:529:563:235.56 ± 2.1312.261.44
夏季864:025:331:226:189:563:235.55 ± 2.2311.332.41
冬季1155:066:203:057:179:295:105.57 ± 2.0612.261.44
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402413461635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Characteristics of DVM in different latitude regions of DSL

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迁移方向纬度范围样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
向上迁移20°~31°S12416:2018:2214:0018:3720:4117:105.50 ± 1.269.592.49
31°~43°S7116:2318:4313:0618:2520:4116:384.99 ± 1.8610.662.2
向下迁移20°~31°S1274:306:102:246:499:564:195.98 ± 2.0512.262.82
31°~43°S724:526:201:226:569:123:234.86 ± 2.1211.011.44
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402480570500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同纬度海区深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迁移方向纬度范围样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s-1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
向上迁移20°~31°S12416:2018:2214:0018:3720:4117:105.50 ± 1.269.592.49
31°~43°S7116:2318:4313:0618:2520:4116:384.99 ± 1.8610.662.2
向下迁移20°~31°S1274:306:102:246:499:564:195.98 ± 2.0512.262.82
31°~43°S724:526:201:226:569:123:234.86 ± 2.1211.011.44
), ArticleFig(id=1200101402551873669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200024645626856263, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Characteristics of DVM in different longitude regions of DSL

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迁移方向经度范围样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s?1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
向上迁移44°~52.5°E1316:3918:1115:1818:2519:5217:446.36 ± 1.158.584.62
52.5°~67.5°E15716:2018:4313:0618:3120:4116:385.31 ± 1.5810.662.2
82.5°~97.5°E2616:0917:0414:5118:3119:4716:294.71 ± 1.187.672.46
向下迁移44°~52.5°E124:415:353:096:397:464:436.82 ± 2.3812.263.86
52.5°~67.5°E1574:416:201:226:539:563:235.62 ± 2.0811.791.44
82.5°~97.5°E274:245:492:246:499:124:194.88 ± 2.14101.64
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不同经度深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迁移方向经度范围样本数量开始时间(T1)结束时间(T2)迁移速率/(cm·s?1
均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值均值最大值最小值
向上迁移44°~52.5°E1316:3918:1115:1818:2519:5217:446.36 ± 1.158.584.62
52.5°~67.5°E15716:2018:4313:0618:3120:4116:385.31 ± 1.5810.662.2
82.5°~97.5°E2616:0917:0414:5118:3119:4716:294.71 ± 1.187.672.46
向下迁移44°~52.5°E124:415:353:096:397:464:436.82 ± 2.3812.263.86
52.5°~67.5°E1574:416:201:226:539:563:235.62 ± 2.0811.791.44
82.5°~97.5°E274:245:492:246:499:124:194.88 ± 2.14101.64
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西南印度洋深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征研究
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万树杰 1 , 陈新军 1, 2, 3, 4, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(1): 53-63
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(1): 53-63
西南印度洋深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征研究
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万树杰1 , 陈新军1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
  • 4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 万树杰(1994—),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事渔业声学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈新军,男,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业、渔业资源经济学研究。E-mail:
Study on the diel vertical migration characteristics of the deep scattering layer in the southwestern Indian Ocean
Shujie Wan1 , Xinjun Chen1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3. National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Ocean Fisheries Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024016
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本研究根据2011−2020年西南印度洋56个声学断面数据观察到的深海散射层201次昼夜垂直迁移现象,分析了其昼夜垂直迁移特征及时空差异。研究结果表明,该海域散射层具有分层现象,第一散射层位于200 m以浅水层,其海洋面积散射系数(NASC)峰值的平均水深为(58.66 ± 24.63)m,夏季和冬季之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001);第二散射层位于400~700 m水层,其NASC峰值的平均水深为(589.02 ± 66.33)m,夏季和冬季之间无显著性差异(p = 0.51)。散射层向上迁移的开始时间平均为16:20,结束迁移的平均时间为18:31,迁移的平均速率为(5.28 ± 1.53)cm/s;向下迁移的开始时间平均为4:38,结束迁移的平均时间为6:52,迁移的平均速率为(5.56 ± 2.13)cm/s。随着纬度的增加,散射层向下迁移的开始时间变晚,迁移速率变慢;随着经度的增加,散射层迁移速率变慢,且不同经度海域之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。分析认为,研究海域理化环境的季节性变化以及散射层中生物的不同生活史阶段是造成散射层垂直结构和昼夜垂直迁移特征时空差异的主要原因,其对解释金枪鱼的昼夜垂直迁移行为和指示金枪鱼渔场分布等具有重要意义。

深海散射层  /  昼夜垂直迁移  /  时空差异  /  西南印度洋

Based on the data from 56 acoustic survey sections in the southwestern Indian Ocean from 2011 to 2020, a total of 201 diel vertical migration were observed. The characteristics of diel vertical migration of the deep scattering layer and its spatiotemporal differences were analyzed. The research results show that the deep scattering layer in the southwestern India Ocean exhibits a stratification phenomenon, with the first scattering layer located in the shallow water layer below 200 m. The average depth of its nautical area scattering coefficient (NASC) peak is (58.66 ± 24.63) m, and there is a significant difference between summer and winter (p < 0.001); the second scattering layer is located in the water layer between 400 m and 700 m, with an average depth of (589.02 ± 66.33) m for its NASC peak. There is no significant difference between summer and winter (p = 0.51). The average time for the scattering layer to migrate upwards is 16:20, the average time for the end of migration is 18:31, and the average migration rate is (5.28 ± 1.53) cm/s; the average time for the scattering layer to start migrating downwards is 4:38, and the average time for the end of migration is 6:52. The average migration rate is (5.56 ± 2.13) cm/s. As latitude increases, the start time of downward migration become later and the migration rate slows down; as the longitude increases, the migration rate of the scattering layer also slows down, and there is a significant difference between different longitude sea areas (p < 0.001). Analysis suggests that studying the seasonal changes in the physical and chemical environment of the sea area, as well as the different life cycle stages of organisms in the scattering layer, are the main reasons for the spatiotemporal differences in the vertical structure and diurnal vertical migration characteristics of the scattering layer. They are of great significance in explaining the diurnal vertical migration behavior of tuna and indicating the distribution of tuna fishing grounds.

deep scattering layer  /  diel vertical migration  /  spatiotemporal differences  /  southwestern Indian Ocean
万树杰, 陈新军. 西南印度洋深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (1) : 53 -63 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024016
Shujie Wan, Xinjun Chen. Study on the diel vertical migration characteristics of the deep scattering layer in the southwestern Indian Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (1) : 53 -63 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024016
昼夜垂直迁移(Diel Vertical Migration,DVM)是指水体中的浮游动物和鱼类在一个日周期内进行的,从下到上和从上到下的同步迁移运动,该现象在海洋和淡水生态系统中均普遍存在[12]。一般来说,DVM的研究多为黄昏时向上迁移到水面,黎明前下降到更深水层的常规迁移,但也存在反向迁移的现象[3]。DVM是地球上规模最大的生物迁移行为[4],水声探测技术被广泛应用于DVM现象的研究中[56],由于参与迁移的生物种类和数量巨多,在水体中形成了资源密度极高的生物层,该生物层对声波具有强烈的散射作用,因此被称为深海散射层(Deep Scattering Layer,DSL),也称声散射层(Sound Scattering Layer,SSL)[7]。DSL在被观察到之初,一度被解读为海底[8],但随着观测技术和研究方法的发展,DSL被证明由数以百万计的浮游动物和鱼类,尤其是小型中上层鱼类组成[911]
DVM对海洋生态系统具有重要的意义,一方面其连通了海洋内不同深度的食物关系,帮助构建了复杂的食物网络[1213],另一方面,通过DVM将海洋上层浮游植物固定的碳输送到深层, 然后在深层呼吸、代谢、排遗和被捕食, 成为碳的垂向输送以及海洋中层能量和物质补充的重要途径[1417]。因此,DVM是浮游动物行为生态学和种群动力学研究的重要组成部分,其中关于DVM的发生机制则是重要的研究内容,许多研究提出了各种不同的理论假说来解释这种现象,主要假说有:光驱动假说、逃避捕食者假说、能量和资源利用假说等,但目前尚未有统一的定论[1820]。影响散射层昼夜垂直迁移的原因是多方面的,有内在生理上的原因,也有外在环境的影响,内因包括生物自身的性别、年龄、体长和内在节律;外因包括光照、海流、温度、盐度、溶解氧、捕食者和饵料的丰度分布等[21]。这些因素影响着DVM的迁移时间、方向、距离以及迁移速率。
印度洋海域DSL由小型鱼类、头足类、甲壳类和胶状生物等构成[22],其生物资源丰富,同时DSL也是金枪鱼等大型海洋动物的重要食物来源[23],因此DSL在印度洋海域海洋生态系统和渔场形成中具有重要作用。本研究基于2011−2020年间西南印度洋56个声学断面数据,观察并提取该海域深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移现象,分析了DSL的垂直分布结构及不同季节和经纬度海域其昼夜垂直迁移的方向、迁移时间以及速率,以期为探究DSL的活动规律和空间分布,深入把握其移动机制提供参考。
本研究所采用的声学数据来自澳大利亚海洋综合观测系统(Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System, IMOS)中的生物声学观测计划(https://portal.aodn.org.au/)[24]。该观测系统开始于2010年,主要采集不同商业渔船及科考船上装备的SIMARD系列鱼探仪的声学数据,包括ES60及EK60型号,且相关鱼探仪均完成了科学校准工作。研究选取了2011−2020年间,西南印度洋海域(20°~54°S,44°~118°E)的56航次调查数据,调查期间为不间断走航调查,声学断面的分布如图1所示。
声学数据的处理由MATLAB R2020a完成,数据处理流程参考Ryan等[25]制定的声学数据处理框架,主要通过滤波的方式剔除海洋环境中的间歇性噪声尖峰、持续的间歇性噪声、衰减脉冲和最终的背景噪声。通过对数据的分析处理,最终的数据输出单元为水平距离(1 000 m)× 垂直距离(10 m)的水体体积后向散射强度(Mean Volume Backscattering Strength,MVBS,Sv),单位:dB,其中垂直水体的水深范围为20~1 000 m。相关研究认为,海洋面积散射系数(Nautical Area Scattering Coefficient,NASC,SA),单位:m2/(n mile2),可作为表征DSL中生物资源的丰度指标[26],因此在得到Sv的基础上,进一步计算相应NASC值作为本研究中DSL的相对资源丰度值。
基于声学数据的处理结果,得到不同经纬度在各个水层的NASC值所构成的垂直方向上的连续数据,即一个声学断面的数据。利用MATLAB R2020a,将声学断面数据进行再处理。以本研究中2016年5月1−8日的声学断面数据为例(图2),图2中每一个像素点即为该断面的一个声学数据点,通过截取5月3日20:00至5月4日8:00的图像(UTC时间),基于目视判别,结合昼夜垂直迁移是白天下沉至深海,夜晚上浮到海表的基本特征,可以实现对昼夜垂直迁移过程的判断。
通过对昼夜垂直迁移发生时,图中相应像素点的信息提取,即可得到昼夜垂直迁移的相关特征值。采样点共4个(图3),包括向下迁移开始和结束时的S1和S2以及向上迁移开始和结束时的S3和S4。采样结果如图4所示,其中X代表纬度(取北纬为正),Y代表水深,Z = 0。由于本研究中所有声学断面均为单一航向,不存在重复采样,因此图中任一像素点的纬度值均有唯一对应的经度、时间和NASC值。最终本研究选取了迁移开始时间(TS1TS3)、结束时间(TS2TS4)、迁移速率($ V= \Delta D/ \Delta T $,单位:cm/s),共3个特征值。其中,迁移速率表示散射层夜晚上浮到海洋表层,白天下潜到海洋深处这一迁移现象的快慢。
为探究西南印度洋海域DSL昼夜垂直迁移的时空差异,本研究在时间尺度上将2011−2020年间,每一年划分为夏季(10月至翌年3月)和冬季(4−9月),迁移时间均为当地时间;在空间尺度上,依据DSL的水平分布特征,纬度分布划分为3个区域,即20°~31°S、31°~43°S、43°~54°S,经度分布划分为5个时区,即东三区(44°~52.5°E)、东四区(52.5°~67.5°E)、东五区(67.5°~82.5°E)、东六区(82.5°~97.5°E)和东七区(97.5°~112.5°E)。
样本的显著性检验基于R Studio 4.2完成,其中两组独立样本的显著性检验采用Mann-Whitney U检验,3组及以上独立样本采用Kruskal−Wallis检验。
通过对56个声学断面数据的处理与分析,共提取到201组DSL昼夜垂直迁移的数据。如图5所示,在季节分布上,夏季86组,冬季115组;不同纬度海域分布上,31°S以北海域124组,31°~43°S海域71组,43°S以南海域6组;不同经度分布上,东三区12组(44°~52.5°E),东四区157组(52.5°~67.5°E),东五区27组(67.5°~82.5°E),东六区3组(82.5°~97.5°E),东七区1组(97.5°~112.5°E)。其中,43°~54°S、82.5°~97.5°E、97.5°~112.5°E 3个海域内样本量较少(图5中红色框线以东及以南海域),不参与后续的统计分析。
通过计算不同水层的NASC值,得到每一个DSL在垂直方向上的分布情况。如图6所示,不同年份及季节之间,NASC值变化趋势较为一致,基本为“双峰”分布。随着水深的增加,各散射层NASC值变动剧烈,首先从海表到200 m水层之间NASC出现第一个峰值,后急剧下降,在200~400 m水层之间,NASC值保持在较低的水平,在400~700 m水层之间,NASC值快速增加后出现第二个峰值,随后随着水深的继续增加,NASC值又迅速降低。在800 m以及更深的水层,NASC值虽有所变大,但峰值远小于其他两个峰值。
基于DSL“双峰”分布的特点,本研究将20~200 m水层称为“第一散射层”,400~700 m水层称为“第二散射层”。通过统计两个散射层的资源丰度在整体20~1000 m水层的占比表明(图7),第一散射层NASC值的平均占比为24.72%,其中最高占比为49.15%(夏季),最低占比为6.19%(冬季)。第二散射层的NASC值的平均占比为54.25%,其中最高占比为80.95%(冬季),最低占比为22.12 %(夏季)。
通过计算NASC峰值所处的水深表明(图8),第一个峰值平均水深为(58.66 ± 24.63)m,其中夏季平均水深为(45.24 ± 20.57)m,冬季为(66.71 ± 23.31)m,Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明,夏季和冬季其峰值水深存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。第二个峰值所处平均水深为(589.02 ± 66.33)m,其中夏季平均水深为(572.86 ± 84.02)m,冬季为(598.71 ± 50.52)m,Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明,夏季和冬季其峰值水深无显著性差异(p = 0.51)。
通过提取并计算DSL昼夜垂直迁移的特征值(表1),结果表明,散射层向上迁移开始时间平均为16:20,结束时间平均为18:31,观察到的最晚开始向上迁移时间为18:43(夏季),最晚结束迁移时间为20:41(夏季),最早开始向上迁移时间为13:06(冬季),最早结束时间为16:29(冬季)。夏季向上迁移开始时间平均为16:50,结束时间平均为19:08,冬季向上迁移开始时间平均为15:57,结束时间平均为18:03,可以发现冬季向上迁移的时间均早于夏季。Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明,夏季和冬季向上迁移开始和结束的时间均存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。散射层向上迁移的平均速率为(5.28 ± 1.53)cm/s,其中最大速率为10.66 cm/s(冬季),最小速率为2.2 cm/s(夏季)。冬季向上迁移的平均速率大于夏季,冬季平均为(5.42 ± 1.55)cm/s,夏季平均为(5.11 ± 1.48)cm/s,Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明,夏季和冬季向上迁移的速率存在显著性差异(p = 0.03)。
表2可知,散射层向下迁移开始时间平均为4:38,结束时间平均为6:52,观察到的最晚开始向下迁移时间为6:20(冬季),最晚结束迁移时间为9:56(夏季),最早开始向下迁移时间为1:22(夏季),最早结束时间为3:23(夏季)。夏季向下迁移开始时间平均为4:02,结束时间平均为6:18,冬季向下迁移开始时间平均为5:06,结束时间平均为7:17,可以发现冬季向下迁移的时间均晚于夏季,Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明夏季和冬季向下迁移开始和结束的时间均存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。散射层向下迁移的平均速率为(5.56 ± 2.13)cm/s,其中最大速率为12.26 cm/s(冬季),最小速率为1.44 cm/s(冬季)。冬季向下迁移的平均速率与夏季较为接近,Mann-Whitney U检验的结果表明两者无显著性差异(p = 0.54)。
表3可知,随着纬度的增加,散射层向上迁移的开始时间和结束时间较为接近,不同纬度海域之间没有显著性差异(p = 0.65,p = 0.06)。此外,随着纬度的变大,散射层向上的迁移速率变慢,且不同海域之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。与向上迁移不同,不同纬度海域的散射层向下迁移的开始时间存在着显著性差异(p < 0.001),其中31°~43°S海域平均时间为4:52,20°~31°S海域平均时间为4:30,表明纬度越高海域,散射层越晚开始向上迁移,但两海域结束迁移的时间相对接近,且无显著性差异(p = 0.45)。而随着纬度的变大,不同海域之间的迁移速率存在显著性差异(p < 0.001),且呈现出变慢的趋势。
通过对不同经度范围的DSL昼夜垂直迁移特征值的统计(表4)可知,不同经度的散射层,其向上迁移开始和结束的平均时间变化较小,均不存在显著性差异。向上迁移的速率受经度变化影响明显,随着经度的增大,迁移速率变慢,且不同经度的迁移速率之间存在显著性差异(p < 0.001)。散射层向下迁移的平均开始时间与结束时间变化小,且不存在显著性差异(p = 0.31,p = 0.85)。其向下迁移的速率变化情况与向上迁移相同,不同经度的迁移速率逐渐减小且存在显著性差异(p = 0.03)。
DSL在世界各大洋中均有分布,其深度在20~1000 m水深范围之间变化[27]。本研究结果表明,西南印度洋海域存在两个主要的散射层,分别位于200 m以浅水层和400~700 m水层。在垂直方向上,散射层的NASC值存在两个峰值,分布于两个主要散射层中,其所处水深分别为(58.66 ± 24.63)m和(589.02 ± 66.33)m。显著性检验的结果表明,在夏季和冬季,第一峰值所处水深存在显著性差异,而第二峰值的水深则不存在显著性差异。
DSL的垂直分层现象和峰值水深及季节性差异受多种因素的影响[28]。Røstad等[29]的研究表明,DSL的分布与光照强度变化有关,在两个不同的光学环境中,DSL的分布存在明显差异,且散射层内生物的分布深度与两种环境中的光舒适区分布一致。海水环境的变化对DSL的分布深度则有一定的影响,如太平洋海域浮游动物垂向分布加深的时间和深度与该海区观测的叶绿素浓度最大层的变化特征一致, 分析认为秋冬混合层的加深带来深层营养盐, 使浮游植物的垂向分布向下扩展, 浮游动物的分布深度也随之加深[30]。在阿拉伯海中部水域,Wishner等[31]认为该海域中层出现溶解氧含量低于0.2 mL/L的最低含氧带导致了其浮游动物生物量出现双峰分布的垂直分层现象。
DSL中并非所有生物都具有迁移的特性,约有一半的中型浮游动物具有昼夜垂直迁移的特性,研究表明个体越小的生物越早开始发生迁移,而且为了躲避捕食者,会出现暂时停留在原栖息水层,而不向上或者向下迁移的行为发生[32]。此外,DSL中很多大型的桡足类随着自身的生长发育,会发生季节性垂直迁移(Seasonal Vertical Migration,SVM)现象。例如北太平洋亚极地海区的一些大型哲水蚤会在海洋上层摄食和生长,待个体成熟后下沉到数百米的深海交配和产卵,并且不会再次上浮到海洋上层[33];极地海区的一些种类要经历数年的发育期才能够成熟,期间会多次经历季节性垂直迁移过程[34]。这些都会导致散射层的资源丰度在深度上出现明显的分层。当前,可以通过对浮游动物个体的行为进行定量地测定,从更微观的个体行为发生机制的层面上来探讨环境因子或者生物内在生理过程(如内在节律)对垂直迁移行为的激发和控制机制,进一步阐明DSL垂直分层的原因[35]
全球范围内DSL 迁移的时间和速率显示出大规模的区域差异。平均而言,在亚热带环流、热带西部太平洋、亚北极大西洋和南大洋海域,迁徙开始得更早,结束得更晚[4]。相反,在东热带太平洋和大西洋、亚北极太平洋和北印度洋海域,DSL 迁移开始较晚,结束较早。迁徙速率往往在低纬度地区更快,且随着纬度的增加而下降,而与向上迁移的速率相比,向下迁移速率更快[4]。迁移速率的不对称现象在北半球很明显,在南半球并不明显,如在西热带太平洋和亚热带环流海域的迁移速度最快,在亚北极北太平洋、亚北极北大西洋、阿拉伯海和东北热带太平洋海域最慢[4]。本研究结果发现,西南印度洋海域DSL昼夜垂直迁移的时间、水深和迁移速率具有明显的季节和纬度差异。从季节上来看,向上迁移的时间,冬季相较于夏季开始的早,结束的早,并观察到冬季最早开始向上迁移时间为13:06,这一时间显著早于其他采样区域;而向下迁移的时间,冬季较夏季则开始的晚,结束的晚。开始向上迁移的水深,冬季和夏季较为接近,而结束迁移的水深夏季要比冬季更深。而无论是向上迁移或向下迁移,冬季和夏季的迁移速率均较为接近。从不同纬度的分布特征来看,迁移开始和结束的时间差异较小,但发生迁移的水层和迁移速率差异较为明显。其中,随着纬度的增加,向上和向下迁移的速率均呈现出变小的趋势。而相较于纬度分布差异,经度范围导致的时区差异对西南印度洋海域DSL的昼夜垂直迁移特征的影响并不明显。
DSL昼夜垂直迁移的时间、深度和速率可能直接受光照度、温度和氧气含量等环境变量的控制,其中光照强度被认为是激发DSL迁移的主要诱因,其与日出、日落时间密切相关[36]。Bianchi和Mislan[4]的研究表明,DSL一般在日出前(21 ± 20)min时,开始向下迁移;在日落后(18 ± 23)min时,开始向上迁移;DSL的迁移速率在0.8~30 cm/s之间变化,向下迁移的速率要小于向上迁移的速率。Cohen和Forward[36]认为当迁移的深度相同,在同一光照强度水平下,较清澈的水域会较早达到,而在较浑浊的水域会较晚达到。因此,水体较清澈的区域(如低营养亚热带海域),迁移开始的较早、迁移速率较快、迁移深度较深,而在水体较浑浊的区域(如上升流系统和沿岸海域),迁移开始的较晚、迁移速率较慢、迁移深度较浅[4]。其他环境变量如氧气等,对DSL的迁移模式可能存在更近一步的影响,如在北太平洋次极地海域观察到的DSL的迁移深度较浅,该海域同时存在严重缺氧的情况[4]。除光照强度与氧气外,某些物种迁移的时间则与自身的内源性节律有关[36],迁移速率同时受DSL内物种的组成差异、发育阶段与迁移深度等的影响[3739]。随季节变化的光照和温度条件以及由此驱动的海洋环境的协同变化可能是导致DSL昼夜垂直迁移呈现出显著季节特征的原因。
DSL是高营养级生物的重要食物来源,其昼夜垂直迁移行为会对大型捕食者的分布产生一定的影响。以金枪鱼等大型中上层鱼类为例,研究表明大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)在深度分布上具有双峰模式,其在夜间通常栖息在混合层中,白天下潜到更深的水层进行觅食[40]。造成金枪鱼深潜行为(水深大于1 000 m)的可能原因就是为了捕食深水中的鱿鱼或者其他鱼类[41]。Lebourges-Dhaussy等[23]的研究发现,每年的10月至翌年2月,赤道大西洋海域(0°~5°N,10°~20°W)是金枪鱼的重要渔场,该渔场的形成与同时期该海域串灯鱼(Vinciguerria nimbaria,该海域DSL的主要组成部分)的大量生长和繁殖显著相关。因此DSL对解释金枪鱼的昼夜垂直迁移行为和指示金枪鱼渔场分布等具有重要意义。然而,本研究作为从声学数据中提取大规模DVM行为模式的初步尝试,只提取到了单一频率下DSL的昼夜垂直迁移现象,后续研究中可结合多频声学、光学识别和现场取样等方法,深入分析DSL昼夜垂直迁移的特征,进一步阐明生物与非生物环境变化对DSL昼夜垂直迁移行为的调控机制及其互相关系。
致谢:感谢澳大利亚海洋综合观测系统(IMOS)对相关数据的公开与共享。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFD0901401)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024016
  • 接收时间:2023-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-05
  • 修回日期:2023-10-18
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国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFD0901401)
作者信息
    1.上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
    3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
    4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306

通讯作者:

*陈新军,男,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业、渔业资源经济学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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