Article(id=1194652708490679011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1194652705147822651, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=1734451200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762757001278, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762757001278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762757001278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762757001278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194652705147822651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762757000481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762757000481, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194652708851389160, articleId=1194652708490679011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evaluation and optimization of pretreatment technology for biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator is a monitoring method with broad application prospects. However, the current pretreatment process includes a variety of mussel tissue digestion and microplastic density separation technologies, and the scientific nature of pretreatment technology has yet to be verified, which makes it difficult to guarantee the accuracy of marine microplastic pollution monitoring results obtained by this method and the data are difficult to compare. In order to comprehensively evaluate the accuracy of multiple mussel tissue digestion and microplastic density separation operations and to obtain a cost-effective and reliable pretreatment technology, comparison tests of 4 common digestion methods (mixed acid digestion, potassium hydroxide digestion, Fenton digestion and protease K digestion) and density separation tests of 3 microplastic flotation fluids (sodium chloride saturated solution, sodium iodide saturated solution and potassium formate saturated solution) were carried out. The effects of different digestion methods on the digestion efficiency of mussel tissue and on the morphology, spectral characteristics and recovery rate of common microplastic in the ocean, as well as the separation effect of microplastic in different flotation fluids were evaluated, and the digestion conditions were optimized by single factor and response surface tests. The results showed that the Fenton digestion method had both efficient digestion of mussel tissue and low destructive effect on microplastic, and could be used as the optimal method for digestion of mussel tissue. After optimization, under the conditions of H2O2 (30%) volume 40 mL, Fe2+ concentration 0.020 mol/L, temperature 59℃, pH 3.7 and digestion time 24 h, the digestion rate of 10 g mussel tissue reached 96.7%. At the same time, this study confirmed that potassium formate saturated solution could replace sodium chloride and sodium iodide saturated solution as the flotation fluid with high efficiency. The development of the above research provides a reference for the improvement and standardization of the pretreatment technology for biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator.

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基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测是一种具有广阔应用前景的监测方法,然而目前该法前处理技术包含贻贝组织消解和微塑料密度分离操作多样,且各操作方案的科学性有待验证,导致利用该法得到的海洋微塑料污染监测结果准确性难以保证且数据不易对比。为全面评估多种贻贝组织消解和微塑料密度分离操作的准确性,并获得一种高效经济和可靠的前处理技术方案,本研究开展4种常见消解法(混合酸消解法、氢氧化钾消解法、芬顿消解法和蛋白酶K消解法)对比试验和3种浮选液(氯化钠饱和溶液、碘化钠饱和溶液和甲酸钾饱和溶液)微塑料密度分离试验,评估不同消解法对贻贝组织消解效率和对海洋中常见微塑料的形貌、光谱特征和回收率的影响及不同浮选液的微塑料分离效果,并通过单因素和响应面试验对消解条件进行优化。结果表明,芬顿消解法兼具对贻贝组织的高消解性和对微塑料的低破坏性,可作为优选消解方法,且经优化后,该法在H2O2(30%)体积40 mL,Fe2+浓度0.020 mol/L,温度59℃,pH 3.7和消解时间24 h条件下,对10 g贻贝组织的消解率达96.7%。同时本研究证实甲酸钾饱和溶液可替代氯化钠和碘化钠饱和溶液,用于高效分离提取消解液中的微塑料。以上研究的开展为基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术完善和标准化提供参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8oVvYI7e2sGmdMzbXBX4Lw==, magXml=yOe/P5ymniZYHw3Js8p5CQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YLhI5HdAh6bSUAHErDzM2A==, pdfFileSize=7439403, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZZx/V/Nu8rScVchZXE3NoQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4fgAwt2eLofixHmCMjPtdg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄辉(1991—),男,浙江省杭州市人,工程师,从事海洋渔业环境监测和修复研究。E-mail:

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黄辉(1991—),男,浙江省杭州市人,工程师,从事海洋渔业环境监测和修复研究。E-mail:

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黄辉(1991—),男,浙江省杭州市人,工程师,从事海洋渔业环境监测和修复研究。E-mail:

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Study on identification of microplastics and the combined pollutants in environmental samples[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(4): 960−974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194975341132366623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, awardId=HYS−CZ−202321, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省科学技术厅院所项目(HYS−CZ−202321), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194975336480883439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194975336489272048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, companyId=1194975336480883439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Figure 1− 3 are respectively PC, PET and PS; a−e refer to pre digestion, nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion, 10%KOH digestion, Fenton digestion and protease K digestion, respectively

, figureFileSmall=BcuKMZYHZNDdO7aykILuOA==, figureFileBig=1QFz8u3i6LVDBxBgpq9yPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975338909385488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PC、PET和PS 颗粒消解前后扫描电镜图

图1~3分别为PC、PET和PS;a− e分别为消解前、硝酸−高氯酸消解、10%KOH消解、芬顿消解和蛋白酶K消解

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Different factor levels in single factor experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
温度/℃pHFe2+浓度/(mol·L−1时间/h
1452.50.0056
2503.50.01012
3554.50.01524
4605.50.02036
5656.50.02548
), ArticleFig(id=1194975340679381786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单因素试验因子水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
温度/℃pHFe2+浓度/(mol·L−1时间/h
1452.50.0056
2503.50.01012
3554.50.01524
4605.50.02036
5656.50.02548
), ArticleFig(id=1194975340738102043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental factors and level design of response surface optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A(温度)/℃B(pH)C(Fe2+浓度)/(mol·L−1
−1552.50.010
0603.50.015
1654.50.020
), ArticleFig(id=1194975340805210908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面优化试验因素与水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A(温度)/℃B(pH)C(Fe2+浓度)/(mol·L−1
−1552.50.010
0603.50.015
1654.50.020
), ArticleFig(id=1194975340893291293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different digestion treatments on recovery rates (%) of 6 kinds of microplastic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消解方法PCPEPETPPPSPVC
硝酸−高氯酸91.7±3.193.2±1.883.8±3.094.2±1.394.3±2.592.5±1.3
10%KOH63.0±5.389.3±1.677.7±3.591.7±1.593.7±2.192.6±3.6
芬顿92.0±1.793.7±2.592.3±2.392.0±1.793.0±2.091.3±3.2
蛋白酶K93.3±2.194.3±2.194.1±0.192.7±1.594.7±2.393.7±3.1
), ArticleFig(id=1194975340998148894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652708490679011, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同消解法对6种微塑料回收率(%)的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消解方法PCPEPETPPPSPVC
硝酸−高氯酸91.7±3.193.2±1.883.8±3.094.2±1.394.3±2.592.5±1.3
10%KOH63.0±5.389.3±1.677.7±3.591.7±1.593.7±2.192.6±3.6
芬顿92.0±1.793.7±2.592.3±2.392.0±1.793.0±2.091.3±3.2
蛋白酶K93.3±2.194.3±2.194.1±0.192.7±1.594.7±2.393.7±3.1
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基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术评估与优化
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黄辉 1 , 吴桢 1 , 宋凯 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2025,47(1): 123-132
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2025, 47(1): 123-132
基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术评估与优化
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黄辉1 , 吴桢1, 宋凯1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江省海洋水产研究所 浙江省海洋渔业资源可持续利用技术研究重点实验室,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 黄辉(1991—),男,浙江省杭州市人,工程师,从事海洋渔业环境监测和修复研究。E-mail:

Evaluation and optimization of pretreatment technology for biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator
Hui Huang1 , Zhen Wu1, Kai Song1
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025026
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基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测是一种具有广阔应用前景的监测方法,然而目前该法前处理技术包含贻贝组织消解和微塑料密度分离操作多样,且各操作方案的科学性有待验证,导致利用该法得到的海洋微塑料污染监测结果准确性难以保证且数据不易对比。为全面评估多种贻贝组织消解和微塑料密度分离操作的准确性,并获得一种高效经济和可靠的前处理技术方案,本研究开展4种常见消解法(混合酸消解法、氢氧化钾消解法、芬顿消解法和蛋白酶K消解法)对比试验和3种浮选液(氯化钠饱和溶液、碘化钠饱和溶液和甲酸钾饱和溶液)微塑料密度分离试验,评估不同消解法对贻贝组织消解效率和对海洋中常见微塑料的形貌、光谱特征和回收率的影响及不同浮选液的微塑料分离效果,并通过单因素和响应面试验对消解条件进行优化。结果表明,芬顿消解法兼具对贻贝组织的高消解性和对微塑料的低破坏性,可作为优选消解方法,且经优化后,该法在H2O2(30%)体积40 mL,Fe2+浓度0.020 mol/L,温度59℃,pH 3.7和消解时间24 h条件下,对10 g贻贝组织的消解率达96.7%。同时本研究证实甲酸钾饱和溶液可替代氯化钠和碘化钠饱和溶液,用于高效分离提取消解液中的微塑料。以上研究的开展为基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术完善和标准化提供参考。

海洋微塑料  /  生物监测  /  前处理技术  /  芬顿消解法  /  甲酸钾

Biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator is a monitoring method with broad application prospects. However, the current pretreatment process includes a variety of mussel tissue digestion and microplastic density separation technologies, and the scientific nature of pretreatment technology has yet to be verified, which makes it difficult to guarantee the accuracy of marine microplastic pollution monitoring results obtained by this method and the data are difficult to compare. In order to comprehensively evaluate the accuracy of multiple mussel tissue digestion and microplastic density separation operations and to obtain a cost-effective and reliable pretreatment technology, comparison tests of 4 common digestion methods (mixed acid digestion, potassium hydroxide digestion, Fenton digestion and protease K digestion) and density separation tests of 3 microplastic flotation fluids (sodium chloride saturated solution, sodium iodide saturated solution and potassium formate saturated solution) were carried out. The effects of different digestion methods on the digestion efficiency of mussel tissue and on the morphology, spectral characteristics and recovery rate of common microplastic in the ocean, as well as the separation effect of microplastic in different flotation fluids were evaluated, and the digestion conditions were optimized by single factor and response surface tests. The results showed that the Fenton digestion method had both efficient digestion of mussel tissue and low destructive effect on microplastic, and could be used as the optimal method for digestion of mussel tissue. After optimization, under the conditions of H2O2 (30%) volume 40 mL, Fe2+ concentration 0.020 mol/L, temperature 59℃, pH 3.7 and digestion time 24 h, the digestion rate of 10 g mussel tissue reached 96.7%. At the same time, this study confirmed that potassium formate saturated solution could replace sodium chloride and sodium iodide saturated solution as the flotation fluid with high efficiency. The development of the above research provides a reference for the improvement and standardization of the pretreatment technology for biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator.

marine microplastic  /  biological monitoring  /  pretreatment technology  /  Fenton digestion  /  potassium formate
黄辉, 吴桢, 宋凯. 基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术评估与优化. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (1) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025026
Hui Huang, Zhen Wu, Kai Song. Evaluation and optimization of pretreatment technology for biological monitoring of marine microplastic pollution based on mussel indicator[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (1) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025026
微塑料,通常指直径小于5 mm的塑料碎片、颗粒、薄膜和纤维[12],在海洋生态中分布极广,无论从表层海水到深海沉积物[34],从近岸海域到远洋甚至是极地海域[5],还是从浮游动物[6]、底栖动物[7]到游泳动物[8]都发现其踪迹。微塑料作为一种新兴污染物,具有表面积大、体积小及难降解等特性,能吸附有毒物质并在生物体内蓄积。研究表明,微塑料被生物摄入后会通过循环系统进入不同的组织和细胞,引起机体的不良反应,导致生物发病甚至死亡[910]。微塑料亦可增加生物栖息地如珊瑚礁的患病风险,影响渔业的发展[11]。此外,微塑料可经水产品在人类食物链传播,对人类生命健康构成威胁[1213]
鉴于微塑料污染的危害性,微塑料污染的监测受到广泛关注。欧盟海洋战略框架指令(EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive,MSFD)和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)均发布了海洋微塑料污染的理化监测方法,即通过拖网或真空抽滤获取水体微塑料,但这些方法易受如潮水、风向和波阵面等环境因素的影响,监测数据具有随机性。海洋微塑料污染生物监测受环境因素影响小,且能判断微塑料污染对生命有机体的暴露风险及危害程度,更直观掌握微塑料污染的生态毒性,是理化监测方法的有效补充手段。贻贝作为世界性广布的滤食性动物,能摄取和富集环境中的微塑料[14],是海洋微塑料污染监测的理想指示物种,因此基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测方法具有广阔应用前景。
监测技术的完善和标准化是监测方法开展的必要前提,基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测法的关键技术为贻贝体内微塑料的分离鉴定,具体流程如图1所示,然而目前该技术的前处理步骤包含贻贝组织消解和微塑料密度分离采用方法多种多样。消解生物组织常用的方法有酸消解法、碱消解法、氧化消解法和酶消解法等[1518],但目前并无系统性研究不同消解法对贻贝组织消解效率及对微塑料形态特征的影响,因此需通过比对试验,筛选对贻贝组织消解效率高且对微塑料破坏低的消解法。贻贝组织含有不能被彻底消解的物质如泥沙,干扰后续微塑料鉴定,需通过密度浮选操作分离提取消解液中的微塑料,常用的密度浮选液有氯化钠、氯化锌和碘化钠3种饱和溶液。氯化钠饱和溶液密度低,会造成高密度微塑料提取率低,氯化锌饱和溶液具有毒性,碘化钠饱和溶液价格昂贵,因此有必要选择更合适的密度浮选液。
鉴于目前基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术存在的不足,本研究开展4种消解法(混合酸消解法、氢氧化钾消解法、芬顿消解法和蛋白酶K消解法)对贻贝组织消解效率影响的比对试验及对海洋中最为常见的6种微塑料[聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)、聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)、聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)、聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)和聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)]形貌、光谱特征和回收率影响试验,筛选科学的消解方法,并进一步优化消解条件,提高消解法实用性。同时,本研究对比3种密度浮选液的微塑料分离提取效果,优化密度浮选液的种类,为基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测技术的完善提供技术支撑。
仪器:AE260电子天平[瑞士梅勒特−托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]、Milli-Q IQ7000超纯水仪(德国默克公司)、BHYC-200变频恒温摇床(上海锦玟仪器设备有限公司)、BS14-VF205A真空抽滤系统(德国WIGGENS公司)、DHG9003鼓风干燥箱(上海合恒仪器设备有限公司)、Frontier傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国珀金埃尔默股份有限公司)、Apreo 2C扫描电镜(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
试剂:硝酸、高氯酸、氢氧化钾、30%过氧化氢、硫酸亚铁、氯化钠、碘化钠和甲酸钾(分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司);蛋白酶K(酶活力>30 U/mg,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司),Tris-HCl(50 mmol/L,pH 7.5,含5 mmol/L氯化钙,美国赛默飞世尔科技公司),尼龙纤维滤膜(直径60 mm,孔径1 µm,天津市津腾实验设备有限公司)。
微塑料标准品:PC、PE、PET和PS购自镇江奇美化工有限公司;PP和PVC购自路博润特种化工(上海)有限公司。
贻贝组织:将购买自舟山市某农贸市场鲜活的厚壳贻贝解剖分离出整个软体部,用超纯水清洗3次后再剪碎,制成贻贝组织样本。
硝酸−高氯酸混合酸(4∶1)消解液:量取400 mL硝酸于烧杯中,再缓慢加入100 mL高氯酸,混匀后保存于棕色试剂瓶中;10%KOH消解液:称取100 g氢氧化钾于干净烧杯中,用超纯水溶解,待溶液冷却后定容至1 L;FeSO4溶液(1.0 mol/L):称取15.2 g FeSO4于干净烧杯中,用超纯水溶解定容至100 mL,现用现配;蛋白酶K消解液(500 µg/mL):称取500 mg蛋白酶K粉末,溶解于1 000 mL Tris-HCl溶液中,轻轻摇动,直至蛋白酶K完全溶解,现用现配。
氯化钠、碘化钠和甲酸钾饱和溶液:分别称取360 g氯化钠、1840 g碘化钠和3160 g甲酸钾于3个烧杯中,每个烧杯加入1 L超纯水溶解粉末。
分别称取2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0和12.0 g贻贝组织于250 mL锥形瓶中,设置混合酸、氢氧化钾、芬顿和蛋白酶K 4种消解体系,分别量取40 mL混合酸、10%KOH、30%过氧化氢和蛋白酶K消解液到锥形瓶中,其中芬顿消解体系添加1 mL FeSO4溶液,每种体系3个平行。将4种消解体系置于55℃、170 r/min的恒温震荡培养箱中消解24 h,获得的消解液用孔径1 µm的尼龙纤维滤膜真空抽滤,再将尼龙纤维滤膜置于50℃干燥箱中干燥后称重,并按下式计算消解率。
$ {\mathrm{DR}}=100 \%- \dfrac{{{{\mathrm{AD}} - {\mathrm{BD}}}}}{{{W}}}\times 100 \%, $
式中:DR为消解率;AD为消解后滤膜重量,g;BD为消解前滤膜重量,g;W为贻贝组织重量,g。
称取5.0 g贻贝组织到250 mL锥形瓶中,如2.3.1节操作,设置4种消解体系,向每个消解体系分别添加6种微塑料(PC、PE、PET、PP、PS和PVC),添加量为0.5 g。设置空白组,即锥形瓶中不含微塑料,每组试验设置3个平行。消解条件同2.3.1节,将处理前后的微塑料颗粒通过扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行分析,并按公式(2)计算微塑料回收率。
$ {\mathrm{RR}}= \dfrac{{{{\mathrm{TF - BF}}}}}{{{\text{0.5}}}} \times 100 \%, $
式中:RR为回收率;TF为试验组滤膜重量,g;BF为空白组滤膜重量,g。
通过分析2.3.1节和2.3.2节试验结果,筛选芬顿消解法作为消解贻贝组织的优选方法,为进一步提高该法的实用性,本研究先通过单因素试验筛选对消解效率影响显著的因子,再通过响应面优化试验探究影响显著因子间的相互作用,优化消解条件,从而获得一种高效、经济和可靠的贻贝组织消解方法。
(1) 单因素试验
在预实验的基础上对温度、pH、催化剂浓度和时间4个因子进行单因素试验,具体试验范围如表1所示,其中pH使用1 mol/L硫酸和1 mmol/L氢氧化钠进行调节。每个单因素试验除探究因子外,其余消解条件与2.3.1节中芬顿消解法一致。
(2) 响应面优化试验
根据单因素试验结果,确定对芬顿消解效率影响最为显著的3个因素及水平,采用Design Expert 12 Box-Behnken设计试验方案,开展3因素3水平的响应面优化试验,如表2所示,所有响应面优化试验均在170 r/min的恒温震荡培养箱中进行,消解时间为24 h。
将厚壳贻贝外壳泥沙收集后按泥沙重量(g):过氧化氢(30%)体积(mL)=2∶1比例进行消解,去除泥沙中的有机质,将混合液静置沉淀48 h,倒出上清液后用碘化钠饱和溶液浮选去除泥沙样品中本身所含的微塑料,所得样品经50℃烘干后作为浮选试验泥沙样。
取1.0 g泥沙样于50 mL锥形瓶中,分别加入0.1 g PC、PE、PET、PP、PS、PVC和混合微塑料,混合微塑料包含6种微塑料,每种0.0167 g。设置3种密度浮选体系,分别量取20 mL氯化钠、碘化钠和甲酸钾饱和溶液到锥形瓶中。将锥形瓶置于磁力搅拌器上以200 r/min的转速摇匀30 min,静置沉降24 h,待混合液分层。使用真空抽滤系统对上清液进行抽滤,将获得的含微塑料滤膜置于50℃干燥箱中干燥后称重,利用空白组滤膜重量对实验组滤膜重量进行修正,计算各密度浮选液的微塑料回收率。
使用SPSS 19.0软件对试验数据进行统计分析,结果用平均值±标准差表示,使用Origin 2024进行图表绘制。
整个试验过程需特别注意避免微塑料污染,避免使用塑料制品,分析时所使用的锥形瓶、烧杯和玻璃棒等器材均用超纯水清洗3次后再用铝箔纸密封,实验人员穿纯棉实验服,戴口罩和丁腈手套。
图2所示,混合酸消解效果最好,贻贝组织添加量达到12 g,该消解法的消解率仍超过90%,其次为10% KOH和芬顿处理组,这两种消解方式的消解效率相近。蛋白酶K的消解效率明显弱于其他3种,随着组织投入量的增加,蛋白酶K的消解效率明显地下降,这与实验现象相符,经24 h的消解,蛋白酶K消解组的消解液明显浑浊,主要因为贻贝组织成分多,除蛋白外,还有脂质和纤维等[19],蛋白酶K并不能对所有成分都进行有效消解。
PC消解前后形貌如图3(1a−1e)所示,混合酸和10% KOH消解对PC形貌产生明显影响。经混合酸消解后,PC颗粒表面孔隙增加,有腐蚀迹象(图31b)。经10% KOH消解后,PC颗粒表面被显著腐蚀,颗粒内部形成明显空隙,同时PC颗粒间形成粘连(图31c)。经芬顿和蛋白酶K消解后,PC形貌并无明显变化。与PC类似,PET经混合酸消解后,表面粗糙程度增加,裂纹增多(图32b)。经10% KOH消解后,PET被明显腐蚀,颗粒表面凹凸不平(图32c)。Hurley等[20]利用KOH提取富含有机质土壤中的微塑料时,同样发现KOH可将PET腐蚀。经芬顿和蛋白酶K消解后,PET微塑料形貌无明显变化。PS经混合酸消解后,颗粒表面粗糙度增加,部分颗粒被明显腐蚀(图33b),经其余3种消解方式处理后,PS形貌并无明显改变。PE、PP和PVC 3种微塑料颗粒形貌在本研究4种消解条件下并未观察到明显变化。综合分析4种消解法对6种微塑料的形貌影响可知,硝酸−高氯酸消解方案对微塑料形貌影响最广,影响6种微塑料中的3种,其次是10% KOH消解方案,涉及2种微塑料,而芬顿消解法和蛋白酶K消解法对6种微塑料形貌无明显影响。由此可知,虽然塑料性质稳定,但小粒径的微塑料仍会被酸碱溶液破坏,而芬顿和蛋白酶K消解法消解过程反应温和,对微塑料形貌无明显影响。
本实验条件下,6种微塑料经4种消解方法处理后傅里叶变换红外光谱仅有略微变化,但特征峰未发生变化。如PC颗粒除蛋白酶K消解组外,经过混合酸、10% KOH和芬顿3种消解方式处理后,在2969 cm−1附近碳氢键的光谱吸收强度有轻微的减弱(图4)。类似的,4个处理组PS颗粒在2915 cm−1附近的碳氢键光谱吸收强度也发生轻微的减弱,但这些微塑料的的红外特征吸收波长在消解后均没有产生明显变化。因此,本实验条件下,混合酸、碱、芬顿和蛋白酶K 4种消解处理对微塑料种类的鉴定均无影响。有研究发现,经KOH消解后,蛋白质、脂质及钾盐覆盖到微塑料表面,形成涂层,从而在红外光谱鉴定中产生强峰干扰[21],而本实验未观测到该现象,这可能是本实验消解条件与之不同,组织成分被消解更为彻底,消除了残留杂质对微塑料鉴定的影响。
表3所示,10%KOH处理组对微塑料回收率的影响最为明显,其中PC的回收率仅为63.0%,明显低于其他处理组,此外PET回收率也偏低,为77.7%。由此可得,10% KOH在消解过程对PC和PET微塑料产生明显的腐蚀和溶解作用,导致微塑料重量减轻。类似的,Dehaut等[22]发现NaOH溶液可使PC溶解,在60℃下温育24 h后,PC重量减少约50%。混合酸处理组对PET的回收率也产生影响,PET回收率为83.8%,低于芬顿和蛋白酶K处理组。虽然混合酸处理对PC和PS形态均产生影响,但PC和PS回收率与芬顿和蛋白酶K处理组无明显差别,表明酸处理虽对部分PC和PS颗粒有侵蚀作用,但对这两种微塑料整体重量影响小。整体对比不同消解法的微塑料回收率可得,对微塑料回收率影响从小到大依次为蛋白酶K组,芬顿组,硝酸−高氯酸组和10%KOH组。
综合分析不同消解方法对贻贝组织的消解效率及对微塑料形态、光谱特征和回收率的影响可知,硝酸−高氯酸,10%KOH和芬顿消解法均表现出优异的贻贝组织消解能力,同时不改变微塑料的特征光谱,不影响微塑料的鉴定,但硝酸−高氯酸和10%KOH两种消解法对部分微塑颗粒产生腐蚀甚至溶解作用,导致微塑料回收率降低。因此,本试验条件下硝酸−高氯酸和10%KOH两种消解法并不适用于贻贝体内微塑料的提取。蛋白酶K消解法反应温和,对微塑料形态及鉴定无影响,但对贻贝组织的消解效率低,若在实际中推广应用,监测成本高。基于以上对4种消解方法的对比可知,芬顿消解法兼具对贻贝组织的高效消解性和对微塑料的低破坏性,可作为消解贻贝组织的优选方法。
本试验芬顿体系在H2O2(30%)体积40 mL、Fe2+浓度0.025 mol/L、温度55℃、pH 4.8(H2O2 初始pH)和消解时间24 h条件下,对10 g贻贝组织的消解率为88.6%,其消解效率仍有提升必要。此外,消解过程产生的泡沫随消解组织量的增加而增多,导致生物样组织及其所含微塑料溢出反应容器的风险增高。为进一步提高芬顿消解的效率及减少反应中泡沫的产生,需对芬顿反应条件进行优化。
芬顿反应是一种催化反应,主要包含反应(3)和(4)过程。随反应持续进行,该体系生成大量具有强氧化能力的自由基,如·OH和·O2H,实现对生物组织的消解。
$ \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{2+}} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{2}}\to \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{3+}} \mathrm{+\cdot OH+OH}^{ \mathrm{-}}, $
$ \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{3+}} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{2}}\to \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{2+}} \mathrm{+\cdot O}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{H+H}^{ \mathrm+}. $
芬顿体系生成自由基的量受反应温度、pH、Fe2+浓度和反应时间影响,由图5a可知,当温度区间在45℃至60℃时,芬顿体系的组织消解率逐步提升,并在60℃处到达最高,但当温度进一步提升至65℃时,消解效率下降。反应温度的提升有助于提高反应物分子的平均动能,促进反应的进行,但与此同时,H2O2自身分解速度也会增快,抑制反应的进行。刘中兴等[23]研究发现,温度从50℃分别增加到60℃、70℃和80℃时,H2O2分解率分别提升至1.1倍、2.6倍和3.9倍,可知随温度升高,H2O2分解速度明显加快。因此,在芬顿反应体系中,需在提升反应物分子平均动能和避免H2O2过多分解中寻找平衡,本试验选择温度区间为55~65℃做进一步优化。
pH对芬顿消解效率也有明显的影响:一是pH影响反应(3)的进行,在酸性条件有利于Fe2+催化H2O2分解产生·OH;二是pH影响H2O2的稳定性,酸性条件下,H2O2较为稳定,但当pH超过5时,H2O2稳定性开始下降,自身分解率显著提升,导致氧化剂的无效消耗[23];三是pH影响不同价态铁离子的转化及络合形态,pH过低时,Fe2+结合H2O生成Fe(H2O)62+,不利于·OH的生成[24],同时因为大量H+的存在,会抑制反应(4)的正向进行,导致Fe3+向 Fe2+转变受阻,进而对反应(3)产生影响。若pH过高,可导致Fe3+与OH 形成Fe(OH)3络合物,影响Fe3+向 Fe2+的转变[25]。因此选择合适的pH对芬顿反应至关重要。本试验研究结果(图5b)表明,当pH增大至3.5时,体系消解效率达到最高,当pH进一步增大时,体系消解效率逐步降低,且随pH增高消解率降低幅度变大,因此选择pH区间为 2.5~4.5做进一步优化。
Fe2+在体系中起催化作用,对反应(3)有显著影响。Fe2+浓度的提高有利于产生更多的·OH,从而提升体系的消解效率。由图5c可知,随着Fe2+投入量的增加至0.015 mol/L,体系消解效率提升至最高,但当Fe2+投入量超过0.02 mol/L时,体系消解效率略有下降。有研究发现反应(3)中产生的·OH可与过量的Fe2+ 进行反应,导致·OH的有效利用率下降[26],这可能是本试验高浓度Fe2+导致消解效果变差的原因之一。与其他单因素相比,Fe2+浓度对泡沫的产生量起决定性作用,随着Fe2+投入量的持续增加至0.025 mol/L,锥形瓶中泡沫的产生量也急剧增加,导致大量未消解的组织黏附于瓶壁,降低了消解率。因此,将Fe2+浓度控制在0.01~0.02 mol/L,可保证高效消解组织的同时抑制泡沫的大量产生。
消解时间对芬顿反应的组织消解效率影响如图5d所示,结果显示芬顿反应可高效消解组织,当消解时间为6 h时,消解效率可达84.8%,当消解时间为24 h时,消解率为88.7%,进一步延长消解时间至48 h,消解率为90.1%。由此可知,该反应前期便可完成绝大部分组织消解,延长消解时间并不能显著提升消解效率,从提高整体消解流程效率考虑,可将消解时间定为24 h。
(1)响应面方差分析
本研究在单因素试验的基础上,采用Design Expert 12 Box-Behnken设计试验方案,以温度(A)、pH(B)和Fe2+浓度(C)为影响因素,以贻贝组织消解率为响应值(Y),进行响应面优化试验,得到贻贝组织消解率在不同芬顿反应条件下的二次回归方程:Y=−630.65+19.59A+54.49B+4361.00C−0.18AB−96.00AC+665.00BC−0.14A2−7.81B221200.00C2。二次回归模型P<0.0001,达到极显著水平。失拟项P>0.05,表明该模型无失拟因素存在,该模型能充分反应实际情况。在各影响因素中,一次项A和C,交互项AC和BC,二次项A2和B2对响应值有显著影响。
(2)响应面交互分析
图6a可知,消解率随着温度和pH的提升而逐步提高,当温度和pH接近中间水平时,消解率达到最高值,当温度和pH的进一步提升,消解率反而降低。由图6b可知,当Fe2+浓度处于低水平时,温度对消解率的影响显著,响应面等高线密集。当Fe2+处于高浓度时,反应体系的消解效率均处于较高水平,温度对消解率的影响减弱。当反应温度处于低温区时,Fe2+浓度的提升对消解率有明显提高作用,但当反应温度处于中间水平时,Fe2+浓度的提升对消解率的提高作用变小。随着反应温度进一步提高接近65℃时,Fe2+浓度的提升却降低了消解率。由图6c可知,当Fe2+浓度处于低水平时,pH对消解率的影响显著,随着Fe2+浓度提升,pH对消解率的影响减小。当pH较低时,提升Fe2+浓度有降低消解率的趋势。当pH较高时,提升Fe2+浓度有利于提高消解率。
综合考虑因素之间的相互作用可知,当温度和pH处于中等水平,Fe2+浓度处于较高水平时,芬顿消解效率高。相较于温度和pH,Fe2+浓度的变化对芬顿反应消解效率的影响更为明显,这也体现了催化反应中催化剂对反应进程所施加的显著影响。
(3)最佳芬顿反应条件确认和验证
根据响应面软件得出的理论最佳消解条件为:温度59.45℃,pH 3.68,Fe2+浓度0.02 mol/L,消解率为97.9%。为实际操作方便,将芬顿反应最佳条件调整为:温度59℃,pH 3.7,Fe2+浓度0.02 mol/L,在此条件下实际测得对10 g贻贝组织的消解率为96.7%,与预测值相近,表明该模型能较好地预测辅助提高芬顿反应的消解效率。
生物组织经消解后会残留颗粒对微塑料的鉴定产生干扰,因此需要通过密度浮选法对消解液中的微塑料进行分离提取,目前常用的浮选液有氯化钠、碘化钠和氯化锌饱和溶液。氯化钠饱和溶液价廉无毒,被广泛使用,MSFD也将该溶液推荐为首选浮选液。海洋中微塑料种类多,密度范围大,氯化钠饱和溶液对高密度的PET和PVC浮选效果差,而PET和PVC的产量几乎占世界塑料产量的17% [27],因此利用氯化钠饱和溶液进行浮选操作,极易低估微塑料污染。碘化钠和氯化锌饱和溶液密度大,选浮效果好,但碘化钠价格昂贵,氯化锌具有很强的腐蚀性和危害性,因此有必要重新选择浮选效果好,绿色安全又廉价的浮选液。甲酸钾饱和溶液密度为1.6 g/cm3,高于环境中大部分微塑料密度[28],同时该试剂无环境危害性且价格低,符合优质浮选液的要求,具有良好的应用前景。
本研究对比氯化钠、碘化钠和甲酸钾3种饱和溶液的密度浮选效果,结果如图7所示。低密度微塑料PE、PP和PS在3种饱和溶液中的提取率均超过87%,但中高密度的PC、PET、PVC以及混合微塑料在氯化钠饱和溶液的提取率分别只有72.3%、18.3%、12.0%和59.7%,而在碘化钠饱和溶液和甲酸钾饱和溶液中的提取率均高于88%,因此,氯化钠饱和溶液浮选效果弱于碘化钠和甲酸钾饱和溶液。此外,对比微塑料提取率发现碘化钠和甲酸钾2种饱和溶液浮选效果相当。本试验证实甲酸钾饱和溶液可替代氯化钠和碘化钠饱和溶液,用于组织消解液中微塑料的分离提取。
硝酸−高氯酸、10%KOH和芬顿3种消解法均具有良好的贻贝组织消解能力,而蛋白酶K消解法消解能力相对较弱。硝酸−高氯酸消解法对PC、PET和PS,以及10%KOH消解法对PC和PET均产生不同程度腐蚀作用,导致部分微塑料回收率降低,而芬顿和蛋白酶K消解法对微塑料形貌和回收率无明显影响。4种消解法均不改变6种海洋常见微塑料的特征红外光谱,对微塑料鉴定无影响。基于以上试验结果可得,芬顿消解法兼具对贻贝组织的高消解性和对微塑料的低破坏性,可作为优选消解方案。
经单因素试验证实温度,pH和Fe2+浓度对芬顿消解效果影响明显,且经响应面试验对反应条件进行优化后,芬顿消解法在H2O2(30%)体积40 mL,Fe2+浓度0.020 mol/L,温度59℃,pH 3.7和消解时间24 h条件下,对10 g贻贝组织的消解率可达96.7%。
甲酸钾饱和溶液对6种微塑料的分离提取率均高于88%,提取效果明显优于氯化钠饱和溶液,与碘化钠饱和溶液提取效果相当,但性价比高于碘化钠饱和溶液,因此甲酸钾饱和溶液可作为一种高效经济的密度浮选液用于消解液中微塑料的分离提取。
通过开展以上研究,评估和优化了贻贝组织的消解和微塑料密度分离流程,为完善基于贻贝指示的海洋微塑料污染生物监测前处理技术提供参考。
  • 浙江省科学技术厅院所项目(HYS−CZ−202321)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025026
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 修回日期:2024-12-18
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浙江省科学技术厅院所项目(HYS−CZ−202321)
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    1.浙江省海洋水产研究所 浙江省海洋渔业资源可持续利用技术研究重点实验室,浙江 舟山 316021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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