Article(id=1194652705902793432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1194652705147822651, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704384000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-05, revisedDate=1723392000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762757000661, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762757000661, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762757000661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762757000661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194652705147822651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762757000481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762757000481, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194652706183811802, articleId=1194652705902793432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial distribution and influencing factors of organic carbon in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Understanding the distribution and relevant controlling factors of organic carbon in the ocean is of great significance to study the global carbon cycle and tackle climate change. Here, surface sediment samples were collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. For illustrating the source composition, distribution pattern, and their constraints, material characterization such as specific surface area, total organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur contents and their isotopes (TOC, TN, TS, S2‒, δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S), as well as pigment biomarkers and thermos-gravimetric analysis were conducted. The results showed that the TOC and TN contents were lower in the nearshore but higher in the offshore region due to stronger hydrodynamics nearshore. The specific surface area had significant impacts on the distribution of organic carbon. The sediments contain a mixture of organic carbon from land plants, soil, and marine algae. Three-endmember mixing model suggested that sediments near the Huanghe River mouth and the shallower region along the Liaodong Peninsula in the Bohai Sea were dominated by soil-derived organic carbon with a smaller carbon reactivity index, while marine phytoplankton contributed mostly to the southern Yellow Sea with increasing carbon reactivity index. Significant correlation between TOC and TS in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea indicated significant linkages between organic carbon degradation and sulfate reduction. The negative δ34S indicated the process of sulfate reduction-sulfide oxidation-seawater sulfate diffusion at the sediment-water interface, which hinted the oxidation of organic carbon from oxic to anoxic condition. Pigment degradation potentially resulted in its weak correlation with the TOC content. As the risk of harmful algal bloom and hypoxia is becoming more severe, it is essential to monitor the coupling relationship of water chemistry and elemental cycling in the sediment to comprehensively understand the role of the continental shelf on organic carbon burial.

, correspAuthors=Xinxin Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaohui Zhai, Huawei Wang, Tian Xia, Jianhua Gao, Tianyi Nie, Zijun You, Xiuqing Song, Xinxin Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194652966243241991, articleId=1194652705902793432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的分布特征及影响因素研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

了解海洋沉积物有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素对深入探究全球碳循环机制并应对气候变化意义重大。本研究通过渤、黄海表层沉积物碳、氮、硫元素及其同位素(TOC、TN、TS、S2‒、δ13C、δ15N、δ34S)测定,结合比表面积、色素生物标志物、热重分析等,阐明了沉积物有机碳的来源组成、分布特征及其主要约束机制。结果表明,受水动力条件控制,TOC和TN含量呈现近岸低、远岸高的分布特征,且受沉积物比表面积显著影响。同位素端元分析结果表明沉积物中混合了陆地植物、土壤和海洋藻类有机碳。其中黄河口及辽东半岛近岸海域土壤输入影响较大,有机碳碳反应指数较小;而南黄海海洋藻类影响较大,有机碳碳反应指数较高。渤海及北黄海沉积物TOC与TS的显著相关性表明有机碳降解与硫酸盐还原过程密切相关,较负的δ34S表明沉积物−水界面的硫酸盐还原−硫化物氧化−海水硫酸盐扩散的循环过程,暗示了该区域有机质有氧到无氧的降解过程,其中色素降解潜在导致其与表层沉积物TOC之间相关性较弱。随着日益频发的藻华和水体缺氧效应,未来研究需进一步关注海水水体氧化还原条件与表层沉积物元素循环的耦合关系,这对理解大陆架沉积物有机碳埋藏具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=李芯芯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李芯芯,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OIDSmeCARLdBc7hFY/fYkw==, magXml=v6xnJjR2nIj6zDrHo6zhbQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AQHkiLWz/AfUcOKY6M6L2Q==, pdfFileSize=3312987, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Cj3IEpwL0Y11xVyPuc/3AQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HH7ohyn23egxycPgBu0Vjg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

翟晓辉(1981—),男,山东省滨州市人,博士,从事海洋环境科学和生态预警研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=翟晓辉, 王华伟, 夏天, 高建华, 聂天亦, 游子骏, 宋秀青, 李芯芯)}, authors=[Author(id=1194975337017750242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=10723672@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1194975337114219238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, authorId=1194975337017750242, language=EN, stringName=Xiaohui Zhai, firstName=Xiaohui, middleName=null, lastName=Zhai, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Shenzhen Marine Development Research Promotion Center, Shenzhen 518052, China
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2.南方科技大学 海洋科学与工程系,广东 深圳 518055, bio={"content":"

翟晓辉(1981—),男,山东省滨州市人,博士,从事海洋环境科学和生态预警研究。E-mail:

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翟晓辉(1981—),男,山东省滨州市人,博士,从事海洋环境科学和生态预警研究。E-mail:

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a. Pigment content (nmol/g); b. normalized pigment content (nmol/g OC); c. OMTotal content (%); d. OML content (%); e. OMR content (%); f. CRI; g. soil fraction; h. terrestrial vegetation; i. marine fraction

, figureFileSmall=unQFPDNc5GU70aWS40kCog==, figureFileBig=Rdzu39O8iPTyxRitFF0TCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975341790868292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=图3, caption=渤、黄海表层沉积物色素生物标志物、热重分析参数及来源贡献的空间分布

a. 色素含量(nmol/g);b. 归一化色素含量(nmol/g OC);c. OMTotal含量(%);d. OML含量(%);e. OMR含量(%);f. CRI;g. 土壤贡献;h. 陆源植物贡献;i. 海洋藻类贡献

, figureFileSmall=unQFPDNc5GU70aWS40kCog==, figureFileBig=Rdzu39O8iPTyxRitFF0TCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975341878948678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Pigment composition and relative proportion in surface sediments of Bohai Sea (a), northern Yellow Sea (b), and southern Yellow Sea (c), figureFileSmall=QDXqujWtfEO4KhjklCfPtw==, figureFileBig=ZeZiUjQlaDT9sfbApkyYTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975341975417672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=图4, caption=渤海(a)、北黄海(b)和南黄海(c)表层沉积物色素生物标志物组成及相对比例, figureFileSmall=QDXqujWtfEO4KhjklCfPtw==, figureFileBig=ZeZiUjQlaDT9sfbApkyYTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342042526538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Correlation between TOC and TN contents (a); relationship between molar C/N and δ13C (b); correlation between TOC content and specific surface area (SSA) (c)

Solid lines represent organic carbon (OC) load of 1.0 mg/m2 and 0.4 mg/m2 respectively

, figureFileSmall=juE9SaFmDoq8y04eOWb9HQ==, figureFileBig=5NK9MUCuSGVh/copnhHruA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342138995532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渤、黄海表层沉积物中TOC和TN含量关系(a);C/N与δ13C关系(b);TOC含量和比表面积(SSA)间关系(c)

两条黑色实线分别代表有机碳载荷为1.0 mg/m2和0.4 mg/m2

, figureFileSmall=juE9SaFmDoq8y04eOWb9HQ==, figureFileBig=5NK9MUCuSGVh/copnhHruA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342243853134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Relationship between TOC content and specific surface area (a), relationship between C/S and C/N (b), and relationship between δ13C and δ34S(c) of organic matter in the surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=SusoAXba9soAlK1tMoAZqQ==, figureFileBig=a+MPIdJjLPuvr3nba1exsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342323544911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=图6, caption=渤、黄海表层沉积物中TOC含量与比表面积的相关关系(a);C/S与C/N的相关关系(b),以及有机碳的δ13C和δ34S的相关关系(c), figureFileSmall=SusoAXba9soAlK1tMoAZqQ==, figureFileBig=a+MPIdJjLPuvr3nba1exsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342407430993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Principal component analysis of the organic carbon parameters in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=zIyVw75x2ef7tGorjSXVlw==, figureFileBig=KuLkOa8XxifcVwkDTeUpLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342474539858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=图7, caption=渤、黄海表层沉积物各参数的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=zIyVw75x2ef7tGorjSXVlw==, figureFileBig=KuLkOa8XxifcVwkDTeUpLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194975342541648724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Endmember mixing model results of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区陆源植物/%土壤有机碳/%海洋藻类/%
渤海20 ± 854 ± 1628 ± 11
北黄海21 ± 737 ± 1642 ± 10
南黄海18 ± 1139 ± 3653 ± 25
), ArticleFig(id=1194975342621340502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1194652705902793432, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳端元分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区陆源植物/%土壤有机碳/%海洋藻类/%
渤海20 ± 854 ± 1628 ± 11
北黄海21 ± 737 ± 1642 ± 10
南黄海18 ± 1139 ± 3653 ± 25
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渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的分布特征及影响因素研究
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翟晓辉 1, 2 , 王华伟 2 , 夏天 2 , 高建华 3 , 聂天亦 2 , 游子骏 2 , 宋秀青 4 , 李芯芯 2, 4, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(1): 13-24
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(1): 13-24
渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的分布特征及影响因素研究
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翟晓辉1, 2 , 王华伟2, 夏天2, 高建华3, 聂天亦2, 游子骏2, 宋秀青4, 李芯芯2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市海洋发展研究促进中心,广东 深圳 518052
  • 2.南方科技大学 海洋科学与工程系,广东 深圳 518055
  • 3.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京,210023
  • 4.上海市地震局 上海佘山地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站,上海,201602
  • 翟晓辉(1981—),男,山东省滨州市人,博士,从事海洋环境科学和生态预警研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李芯芯,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
Spatial distribution and influencing factors of organic carbon in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea
Xiaohui Zhai1, 2 , Huawei Wang2, Tian Xia2, Jianhua Gao3, Tianyi Nie2, Zijun You2, Xiuqing Song4, Xinxin Li2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shenzhen Marine Development Research Promotion Center, Shenzhen 518052, China
  • 2. Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 3. School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
  • 4. Shanghai Sheshan National Geophysical Observatory, Shanghai Earthquake Agency, Shanghai 201602, China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025012
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了解海洋沉积物有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素对深入探究全球碳循环机制并应对气候变化意义重大。本研究通过渤、黄海表层沉积物碳、氮、硫元素及其同位素(TOC、TN、TS、S2‒、δ13C、δ15N、δ34S)测定,结合比表面积、色素生物标志物、热重分析等,阐明了沉积物有机碳的来源组成、分布特征及其主要约束机制。结果表明,受水动力条件控制,TOC和TN含量呈现近岸低、远岸高的分布特征,且受沉积物比表面积显著影响。同位素端元分析结果表明沉积物中混合了陆地植物、土壤和海洋藻类有机碳。其中黄河口及辽东半岛近岸海域土壤输入影响较大,有机碳碳反应指数较小;而南黄海海洋藻类影响较大,有机碳碳反应指数较高。渤海及北黄海沉积物TOC与TS的显著相关性表明有机碳降解与硫酸盐还原过程密切相关,较负的δ34S表明沉积物−水界面的硫酸盐还原−硫化物氧化−海水硫酸盐扩散的循环过程,暗示了该区域有机质有氧到无氧的降解过程,其中色素降解潜在导致其与表层沉积物TOC之间相关性较弱。随着日益频发的藻华和水体缺氧效应,未来研究需进一步关注海水水体氧化还原条件与表层沉积物元素循环的耦合关系,这对理解大陆架沉积物有机碳埋藏具有重要意义。

渤、黄海  /  表层沉积物  /  有机碳  /  硫同位素  /  色素  /  热重分析

Understanding the distribution and relevant controlling factors of organic carbon in the ocean is of great significance to study the global carbon cycle and tackle climate change. Here, surface sediment samples were collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. For illustrating the source composition, distribution pattern, and their constraints, material characterization such as specific surface area, total organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur contents and their isotopes (TOC, TN, TS, S2‒, δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S), as well as pigment biomarkers and thermos-gravimetric analysis were conducted. The results showed that the TOC and TN contents were lower in the nearshore but higher in the offshore region due to stronger hydrodynamics nearshore. The specific surface area had significant impacts on the distribution of organic carbon. The sediments contain a mixture of organic carbon from land plants, soil, and marine algae. Three-endmember mixing model suggested that sediments near the Huanghe River mouth and the shallower region along the Liaodong Peninsula in the Bohai Sea were dominated by soil-derived organic carbon with a smaller carbon reactivity index, while marine phytoplankton contributed mostly to the southern Yellow Sea with increasing carbon reactivity index. Significant correlation between TOC and TS in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea indicated significant linkages between organic carbon degradation and sulfate reduction. The negative δ34S indicated the process of sulfate reduction-sulfide oxidation-seawater sulfate diffusion at the sediment-water interface, which hinted the oxidation of organic carbon from oxic to anoxic condition. Pigment degradation potentially resulted in its weak correlation with the TOC content. As the risk of harmful algal bloom and hypoxia is becoming more severe, it is essential to monitor the coupling relationship of water chemistry and elemental cycling in the sediment to comprehensively understand the role of the continental shelf on organic carbon burial.

Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea  /  surface sediments  /  organic carbon  /  sulfur isotope  /  pigment  /  thermo-gravimetric analysis
翟晓辉, 王华伟, 夏天, 高建华, 聂天亦, 游子骏, 宋秀青, 李芯芯. 渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的分布特征及影响因素研究. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (1) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025012
Xiaohui Zhai, Huawei Wang, Tian Xia, Jianhua Gao, Tianyi Nie, Zijun You, Xiuqing Song, Xinxin Li. Spatial distribution and influencing factors of organic carbon in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (1) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025012
近海碳循环是全球碳循环中最为复杂的环节之一。虽然近海区域面积仅占全球海洋总面积的7%~10%,但其对全球海洋初级生产力的贡献却占到30%~50%,其沉积物有机碳的埋藏量更是占到全球海洋的80%以上[12]。近海沉积物有机碳的来源主要包括河流输入的陆源有机碳和上覆水体初级生产的海源有机碳 [34]。在微生物的降解作用下,仅有约30%的陆源有机碳和1%的海源有机碳能够在长时间尺度上保存于沉积物中[56]。因此,深入了解近海沉积物有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素对探究全球碳循环并应对气候变化具有重要意义。
海洋沉积环境复杂多变,例如水动力状况、氧化还原条件、沉积和埋藏速率、微生物及其酶活性和温度等都会影响沉积物有机碳的组成和分布[79]。自20世纪80年代以来,大量学者就中国近岸海域开展了有关表层沉积物有机碳分布特征、来源组成及其影响因素的研究。例如,渤海湾中西部和南黄海中部表层沉积物的有机碳含量较高(>0.5%),而渤海海峡与辽东湾的有机碳含量较低(<0.2%),表明了黄河输入和沉积物粒径的直接影响[10],也反映了沉积环境、氧化还原与生物化学过程的共同影响[11]。渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳中老化和化石碳的占比达到约51%,且主要由黄河输入贡献[12]。东海表层沉积物中同样混合了来自陆源和海源的有机碳,且经历了广泛降解[1314]
虽然对沉积物有机碳循环已进行了多方面的研究,但由于近海水文状况和生物地球化学过程的复杂性,我国近海沉积物有机碳循环呈现明显的时空差异,关于沉积物有机碳反应活性,以及早期成岩过程,尤其是硫酸盐还原对有机碳埋藏的影响有待进一步研究。本研究以渤、黄海表层沉积物为研究对象,通过总碳、氮、硫元素和色素生物标志物分析,结合C−N−S多同位素分析技术以及区域大面积样品热重特征分析,从而探究沉积物有机碳的来源组成、分布特征、反应活性及其影响因素。本研究不仅有助于揭示有机碳循环过程,也有利于预测近海环境的演化趋势,能够为区域水环境、渔业资源的分布和变化提供可靠依据,为近海海洋碳汇的政策制定和相关管理提供理论基础。
渤海是中国最大的内海,平均水深约18 m,沿岸有黄河、海河、滦河、辽河等河流注入,其中黄河径流量和输沙量最大[15],2014年夏季在渤海中部首次发现缺氧区[16]。黄海位于中国大陆与朝鲜半岛之间,是半封闭性浅海,海底较为平缓,平均水深为44 m。黄海在低能沉积环境或涡旋环流的作用下发育形成北黄海西部和南黄海中部等泥质区,其中南黄海中部泥质区由于受到黄海暖流的影响,具有较高的海洋初级生产力[17]
本研究于2019年12月到2020年1月期间搭乘国家自然科学基金委渤、黄海共享航次调查船,利用抓斗采泥器,共采集了49个表层(0~2 cm)沉积物样品,其中14个采自渤海,35个采自黄海。采样站位如图1所示。
为表征沉积物的物理特性,称取1.0~1.5 g冷冻干燥后的样品于玻璃蒸发皿中,在马弗炉中以350℃煅烧12 h以去除沉积物中的有机组分。经脱气抽真空后,300℃加热3 h。待冷却至室温后使用全自动比表面积分析仪(ASAP 2460,麦克默瑞提克公司, 美国)进行上机测试。
称取约20 mg冷冻干燥且充分研磨后的沉积物样品于银杯中,用浓盐酸蒸汽熏蒸以去除无机碳。然后使用锡杯进行包样,利用元素分析−同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)进行总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量,以及稳定碳、氮同位素(δ13C、δ15N)组成分析。其中,δ13C和δ15N分别以V-PDB和空气为标准,测试精度分别为±0.1‰和±0.4‰。
称取冷冻干燥且充分研磨后的沉积物样品在800℃燃烧,所得气体产物用元素分析仪分析得到总硫(TS)含量。称取一定量沉积物样品于反应容器中,在氮气保护下,利用铬还原法将产生的H2S气体由AgNO3-NH4OH溶液吸收,反应产生Ag2S,将提取的Ag2S过滤干燥后,放入烘箱中烘干,进行称量并转移到塑料试管中。提取的Ag2S固体使用玛瑙研钵研磨,之后称取适量样品与V2O5以1∶2的比例混合后用锡杯包好,上机测试采用元素分析−同位素比值质谱仪(DELTA V PLUS)分析得到硫化物及硫同位素值,数据经国际标准物质(IAEA-S1,IAEA-S2,IAEA-S3)校正至VCDT国际标准,测试标准偏差小于0.2‰。
色素分析全程避光操作,具体步骤参照Chen等[18]。简言之,称取约1 g冻干且研磨后的沉积物样品于离心管中,加入5 mL丙酮,充分混匀,并在冰水浴超声破碎。将处理后的样品置于冰箱中冷藏12 h,使色素被充分萃取。然后,以4500 r/min离心5 min,并转移上清液至样品瓶中,通过氮气吹干后,加入100 μL甲醇水溶液复溶后转入测试用进样瓶中,随后使用超高效液相色谱仪(UPLC,waters)分析。色素的定量以22种标准色素样品组成的混合物(DHI,丹麦)为标准,并采用单标定量法,单位为nmol/g OC。
将约20 mg冻干研磨后的沉积物样品置于氧化铝坩埚中,然后使用热重分析仪(TG)进行测试。设置以10℃/min的增温速度从25℃加热至1000℃。绘制有机碳质量损失与温度的关系图,将温度限定在200~650℃的范围内,以消除结合水和碳酸盐的干扰。通过热重分析,可将沉积物中总有机质(OMTotal)分为活性有机质(OML,200~400℃)和惰性有机质(OMR,400~650℃)。碳反应指数(CRI)用于表征有机质的降解活性[19],其计算公式为:CRI = OMR/OMTotal[20]。CRI越高表明总有机质中的惰性组分比例越高,可以反映出总有机碳惰性越强,越难以被生物降解,反之则有机碳活性越强,越易于被生物降解。
两参数三端元结合可用于追溯和评估沉积物中有机碳的来源和相对贡献。即使用δ13C和摩尔N/C来定量分析沉积物有机碳中C3植物、土壤和海洋藻类的端元比例。使用N/C比值而不是C/N比值,因为N/C作为陆源有机碳端元更为敏感。简言之,陆源C3植物的平均摩尔N/C为0.044(C/N:22.7),δ13C约为‒29.10‰;而海洋藻类摩尔N/C大都介于0.111~0.500之间(C/N:5~9),本研究采用0.155(C/N:6.46),δ13C为‒20.50‰;陆地土壤摩尔N/C为0.080(C/N:12.53),δ13C端元值为‒23.10‰[21-22]。通过以下方程组计算各端元值:
$ \sum _{1}^{i}f _i =1 ,$
$ \sum _{1}^{i}f _i \times {\text{δ}}^{13} {\mathrm{C}}_i={\text{δ}}^{13} {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{sample}}, $
$ \sum_{1}^{i}f_i \times ({\mathrm{N}}/{\mathrm{C}})_i=({\mathrm{N}}/{\mathrm{C}})_{\mathrm{sample}} ,$
式中:fii端元的分数,i分别是C3植物、土壤、海洋藻类端元。
渤、黄海表层沉积物的比表面积为2.0~37.0 m2/g[(16.9 ± 9.5)m2/g](图2a),其中最高值出现在南黄海中北部(B7站位),最低值位于北黄海东北部(B16站位)(图1)。总体上,渤海表层沉积物的比表面积[(22.4 ± 8.7) m2/g]高于黄海[(14.9 ± 8.9) m2/g]。在渤海,表层沉积物的比表面积呈现近岸低,离岸高的趋势;在黄海,表层沉积物比表面积的高值区主要出现在北黄海西部和南黄海中部泥质区(图2a)。
渤、黄海表层沉积物中TOC和TN的含量范围分别为0.06%~1.23%(0.40% ± 0.28%)和0.01%~0.18%(0.05% ± 0.04%)。空间上,TOC和TN含量的分布具有高度相似性(图2bc),且均与沉积物比表面积的分布呈现一致性(图2a),即沉积物比表面积高的区域具有较高含量的TOC和TN。对比2012年、2015年、2016年和2017年夏秋季渤、黄海表层沉积物TOC含量(平均值分别为0.43%、0.46%、0.46%、0.47%),本研究中TOC的含量略低,而空间分布趋势与前人研究结果一致[8, 2326]
渤、黄海表层沉积物的摩尔C/N范围为5.4~22.4(10.0 ± 2.5,图2d),反映出该区域混合了来自陆源和海源的有机碳。整体上,渤海的摩尔C/N(10.8 ± 1.6)略高于黄海(9.7 ± 2.8),且黄海具有更高的空间异质性。在渤海,表层沉积物的摩尔C/N自黄河口向渤海海峡方向上呈现高值,并且在西北部的滦河口附近也相对较高。而在黄海,除了靠近长江口呈现较高的摩尔C/N之外,山东半岛南部近海区域也显示出较高的摩尔C/N,而北黄海西部和南黄海中部区域摩尔C/N呈现出自西向东逐渐减小的趋势。
渤、黄海表层沉积物δ13C(−24.68‰~−19.06‰)同样反映了陆源和海源有机碳的混合,与上述摩尔C/N的分析结果一致。渤海表层沉积物有机碳的δ13C变化范围为−24.68‰~−22.76‰(−23.66‰ ± 0.58‰),略低于黄海的δ13C(−23.77‰~−19.06‰)(−22.70‰ ± 0.98‰)。在渤海和北黄海,表层沉积物有机碳的δ13C整体变化幅度不大(图2e)。南黄海表层沉积物有机碳的δ13C呈现从北向南逐渐增大的趋势,最高值位于南黄海南部的E5站位。渤、黄海表层沉积物总氮的δ15N为−1.69‰~5.58‰(3.48‰ ± 1.68‰)。δ15N与比表面积的分布模式大体相似,分别在渤海中部、北黄海西部以及南黄海中部呈现高值区(图2af)。
渤、黄海表层沉积物中TS含量为0.01%~0.29%(0.10% ± 0.05%),整体与沉积物比表面积和TOC含量的分布相似,即渤海中部、北黄海西部和南黄海中部泥质区呈现高值,而苏北近岸海域以及北黄海东北部总硫含量相对较低(图2g)。渤、黄海表层沉积物中硫化物的含量为0%~0.27%(0.03% ± 0.05%)。硫化物含量的高值区主要集中在北黄海西部泥质区和山东半岛东部近海区域(图2h)。
沉积物δ34S的变化范围为−45.67‰~−15.63‰(−29.75‰ ± 6.79‰)。总体上,δ34S在渤海相对较高,北黄海相对较低,而南黄海存在明显自西向东逐渐下降的趋势,且低值区出现在南黄海中部泥质区(图2i)。
渤、黄海表层沉积物中色素的总含量为0.002~0.135 nmol/g[(0.027 ± 0.026)nmol/g],其中最高值位于靠近长江口附近的E7站位,而最低值出现在苏北浅滩近岸(C9站位)(图3a)。此外,在北黄海西部泥质区以及滦河口附近也呈现出相对较高的色素含量,而南黄海大部分区域色素的含量相对较低。利用沉积物中TOC的含量对色素进行归一化处理,可以发现在渤海、北黄海以及南黄海南部区域沉积物中,色素的归一化含量相对较高,尤其是滦河口附近、辽东半岛周边、山东半岛北部和东部以及长江口附近(图3b)。然而,南黄海中部色素的归一化含量整体相对较低。渤海区域主要色素组成为脱镁叶绿素a(43.2%)>叶绿素a(27.5%)>岩藻黄素(11.4%)>脱植基叶绿素a(5%)(图4a);北黄海区域为脱镁叶绿素a(54.8%)>岩藻黄素(20.1%)>脱镁叶绿甲酯酸a(12.2%)>玉米黄素(6.5%),叶绿素含量仅为0.12%(图4b);南黄海区域为脱镁叶绿素a(27.7%)>叶绿素a(20.1%)>脱镁叶绿甲酯酸a(19.6%)>岩藻黄素(18.5%)>新黄素(6.3%)(图4c)。
通过热重分析测得的渤、黄海表层沉积物中OMTotal的平均含量为4.39% ± 1.47%(1.90%~7.56%),其中渤海OMTotal的含量(5.30% ± 1.82%)略高于黄海(4.02% ± 1.14%)。在空间上,沉积物OMTotal含量的高值区呈现在黄河口附近、北黄海西部、南黄海中部以及长江口附近区域,而辽东半岛近海和山东半岛南部近海等地存在明显低值区(图3c)。沉积物中OML的含量为0.36%~1.96%(0.92% ± 0.40%),其空间分布模式与沉积物的比表面积和TOC含量的分布高度相似(图2ab图3d)。与OML相比,沉积物中OMR的含量为1.54%~6.42%(3.47% ± 1.20%),其分布模式与OMTotal的含量一致(图3e)。渤、黄海表层沉积物的CRI介于0.68~0.88(0.79 ± 0.05)。CRI在黄河口附近、山东半岛近海以及苏北浅滩等近岸区域呈现高值区,而OML含量较高的区域呈现较低的CRI分布(图3df)。
渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的端元贡献具有明显空间分布特征。相对而言,渤海、黄海近岸以及辽东半岛附近土壤有机碳贡献较大(图3g),陆源植物贡献相对较低(图3h),而离岸区域海源有机碳贡献最大(图3i)。整体而言,渤海表层沉积物中土壤有机碳的平均贡献(54% ± 16%)高于黄海(37%~39%),而北黄海和南黄海海源有机碳的平均贡献更大,分别为42% ± 10%和53% ± 25%(表1)。南黄海东南部区域海源藻类贡献最大(图3i)。
从渤海到北黄海再到南黄海,表层沉积物有机碳含量逐渐升高(图2b),这与前人研究的结果相一致[8, 10, 12]。TOC含量的空间分布与TN高度相似,均呈现近岸低、远岸高的特征,且最小值都出现在河口区域附近(图2bc)。长江口(约0.26%)和伊拉瓦迪河口(约0.5%)也都有类似的分布特征[27-28],这主要是由于在河口附近较强的水动力环境使得有机碳沉积较为困难,导致河口即附近区域TOC和TN的含量较低。然而,在珠江口(约0.84%)、亚马孙河口(约1.02%)和密西西比河口(1.8%),由于水动力环境较弱,有机碳能够沉积下来,所以TOC含量相对较高[2932]
TOC和TN含量存在显著正相关(R2 = 0.96,p<0.01,最靠近长江口的E7站位除外,图5a),且回归线在TN轴上的截距近似为0,表明TN主要来自于有机质,即总氮中无机氮的贡献极小。本研究中渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的δ13C和δ15N相关性不显著,且δ15N呈现更大变异性,表明有机质降解或外源输入影响了δ15N的分布。有机质降解过程中,15N亏损的组分优先降解,使得残留下来的有机质出现15N的富集,即δ15N升高[33]。人类活动,如生活污水排放和水产养殖等,所携带的高δ15N的信号,能够造成河口和海湾等局部区域δ15N升高[34]。例如,波罗的海沉积物中逐渐升高的δ15N是受到了污水排放的影响。本研究中,尽管黄河口附近、北黄海西部和南黄海中部泥质区存在一定量的陆源贡献,但其较高的δ15N(4‰~6‰,图2f)可能受到了有机质降解作用的影响,而渤海海峡以及南黄海东南部较低的δ15N(<2‰)可能与浮游植物的固氮作用有关[35-36]。同时δ15N在近岸区域比如山东半岛南部的出现高值可能是与人类活动(污水排放和海产养殖)来源有关[37-38]
摩尔C/N与δ13C呈弱负相关关系(图5b),说明总体上沉积物有机碳是典型的陆源和海源有机质混合贡献。除个别站位如E5(−19.06‰,位于南黄海东南部)等可能受到局部因素(如不同的浮游植物类群)的影响,其他站位都可以利用三端元混合模型评估。结果表明,渤、黄海表层沉积物中陆源土壤有机碳的平均贡献率为43% ± 28%。该值略低于Yu等[12]运用δ13C和Δ14C的三端元混合模型的结果(~51% ± 14%),主要归因于其额外考虑了岩源有机碳的贡献(~13% ± 6%)。Tao等[39]通过少数站位利用δ13C和Δ14C三端元混合模型评估的陆源土壤有机碳的贡献为36%~69%,反映了旧黄河口侵蚀的影响。Hu等[10]虽然未进行端元计算,但从摩尔N/C和δ13C的有机碳来源分析中,可以得出土壤有机碳和海源有机碳是渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的主要来源。空间分布上,渤海区域土壤有机碳贡献较大(表1),考虑到黄河是渤、黄海最主要的陆源物质供应者,并且黄河流域植被以C3植物为主,因此黄河侵蚀使此区域土壤和植物贡献大于海洋藻类贡献。北黄海环山东半岛,陆源植物、海洋藻类贡献比渤海相对增加。南黄海距离陆地较远,导致陆源输入受限,而海洋藻类沉积贡献显著(图3i表1)。
由于受有机碳来源和水动力条件影响[12, 39-40],渤、黄海表层沉积物中的TOC含量与比表面积总体上呈正相关关系(图5c)。其中渤海和北黄海样品的TOC/SSA一般小于0.4 mg OC/m2,与典型的水动力活跃的三角洲沉积物的有机碳和比表面积的关系性质相似,而南黄海样品不同,其TOC/SSA小于1.0 mg/m2,在0.4 mg/m2左右浮动,与陆架沉积物的有机碳和比表面积的关系性质类似[3, 9]。Yu等[12]研究指出渤、黄海表层沉积物TOC/SSA大多数小于0.4~1.0 mg/m2,但并未细分渤海和黄海区域的差异。Yao等[28]在长江口及近岸区域表层沉积物中同样得到了相似的有机碳载荷[(0.41 ± 0.14)mg/m2]。机制上,大部分有机碳容易吸附于孔隙度更高、比表面积更大的细颗粒上[41-42],这些不同细颗粒含量的沉积物造成近海有机碳含量随着沉积环境的变化而改变。Wang等[43]通过对比沉积物中不同细颗粒含量对TOC含量影响的研究发现,细颗粒为主的沉积物中TOC含量较粗颗粒高50%左右,沉积物中细颗粒有利于有机碳的保存。因此渤、黄海表层沉积物的粒径分布可对有机碳的含量造成影响。
渤、黄海表层沉积物中TS和硫化物含量高值区的分布与OMTotal和有机碳含量有明显一致性(图2图3),反映了有机碳与硫的生物地球化学循环过程密切相关。TOC与TS在渤海和北黄海区域具有显著相关性(图6a),表明未降解的有机碳与硫酸盐还原并被硫铁矿固定的硫相关。此外,δ34S明显低于海水(21‰),表明硫铁矿硫主要来自于有机碳驱动的硫酸盐还原过程(${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}}+2{\mathrm{CH}}_2{\mathrm{O}} \to {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{S}}+ 2{\mathrm{HCO}}^- $),而非硫酸盐驱动的甲烷无氧氧化过程(${\mathrm{CH}}_4+{{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}}\to {\mathrm{HCO}}^-+ {\mathrm{HS}}^- + {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}} $[44]。在东海内陆架,Liu等[45]研究的柱状沉积物上层同样表现出明显负偏的δ34S(约−35‰),沉积物剖面更容易显示出有机碳驱动的硫酸盐还原过程。此外,C/S与C/N以及δ34S与δ13C没有显著相关性(图6bc),说明硫元素循环过程受河流输入以及人类活动等来源性影响较小。
渤、黄海表层沉积物δ34S与TS含量有弱负相关趋势,且硫化物含量总体较低。而南黄海中部表层沉积物中硫化物含量低于检测限(图2h),同时对应了较低的δ34S。在渤海、环山东半岛近岸以及南黄海西部较高的δ34S,暗示该区域有机碳的有氧降解、铁锰氧化,或者硫化物迅速氧化为硫酸盐过程。同时该区域是黄、渤海沿岸流主导的黄河沉积物输送的主要通道,结合较低的有机碳含量,能够反映该强烈水动力输送水团的氧化状态。一般而言,沉积速率也会影响δ34S,但研究区域的平均δ34S无显著差异(图6c),说明沉积速率的影响有限。
沉积物δ34S的主要影响因素是海水${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $扩散及其氧化有机碳生成硫化物或者硫铁矿的过程。海水δ34S一般为+20‰,而海洋浅表层沉积物δ34S更负(−15‰~−35‰)。海洋沉积物${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $还原作用发生在海水−沉积物界面的孔隙水中[46],并通过海水${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $扩散补给。正常沉积条件下,引起沉积物硫化物浓度变化的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $可扩散至4~6 cm深度,代表了硫循环的半开放体系,为外化学过程(allochemical processes)。此过程往往优先利用32S,是不可溶硫化物的主要形成方式,留下δ34S较高的硫酸盐[47]。而4~6 cm以下可认为是封闭系统,硫的矿化降解过程是内化学过程(isochemical processes)。大陆架沉积物中,生物扰动和硫化物氧化也会干扰硫酸盐深度剖面,同时导致研究区域表层沉积物更负的δ34S值(图6c)。
海水中色素含量高一般可以用来指示较强的初级生产力。色素性质不稳定,色素在沉积物中的含量高低,主要取决于表层水体初级生产力、沉积速率、底层水体溶解氧含量等多个因素[48]。水体中初级生产力越高、沉积速率越快、底层水溶氧水平越低越有利于色素在沉积物中的保存[49]。本研究中,渤、黄海表层沉积物TOC与色素含量之间的相关性较弱(R2 = 0.23),说明该区域初级生产力并不是沉积物有机碳含量的主要控制因素,或者说该区域色素存在较强的降解作用。作为降解产物,脱镁叶绿甲酯酸a和脱镁叶绿素a含量较高也反映出这一点(图4)。尤其是北黄海沉积物中叶绿素a含量占比仅为0.12%,降解产物占比大,一定程度上指示了该区域较慢的沉积速率以及底层水较高的溶氧环境,这与硫相关参数指示的结果一致。
输入海洋沉积物中的有机碳约90%被降解[6]。降解程度受控于有机质的反应活性,而这与OML和OMR的混合程度有关。OML反应活性较高,易于再矿化,OMR则具有较低的反应活性,更利于有机碳的埋藏。碳反应指数CRI为评估有机碳在海洋沉积环境中的反应活性提供了有效方法。在本研究区域,CRI呈现显著空间梯度变化(图3f),主成分分析结果也表明渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳的CRI反应活性随离岸距离和水深增加而降低的趋势(图7)。CRI高值区普遍出现在山东半岛沿岸一带,该区域存在较高的惰性陆源土壤有机碳输入(表1)。在沿岸流的作用下,近岸区域具有较高的埋藏速率,使得OMTotal含量也相对较高。
南黄海中部泥质区表层沉积物中OML的含量较高(图3d),同时呈现出较低的CRI和较高的TOC含量(图7)。与其他区域相比,该泥质区有机碳的主要来源为海洋贡献,相较于陆源有机碳更具反应活性。此外,结合硫同位素和色素等参数,渤海以及北黄海平均水深较浅,在冬季风的影响下,水体混合度较高,底层水含氧量高,加之强烈的水动力条件使得沉积物发生多次再悬浮−再沉积循环,从而造成OML的快速降解。因此,山东半岛近岸海域表层沉积物中有机碳的反应活性低于南黄海中部泥质区(图3f)。
另外,主成分分析中两个主成分能够解释约58%的变异度,其中PC1(38.2%)可解释为有机碳的含量,PC2(19.8%)可解释为有机碳的活性。TOC含量高的样品位于PC1右侧,同时OML含量较高、比表面积大,色素含量较低,δ34S值较低,而OMR在PC2上方,对应较高的OMTotal和低色素含量。空间上,较高的有机碳含量位于渤海中部、北黄海西部以及南黄海中部的泥质区,且渤海表层沉积物中OML的含量较高。总的来说,统计规律与各参数分别得出的结论一致。
基于2019−2020年冬季采集的渤、黄海表层沉积物样品,本研究通过比表面积、TOC、TN、TS的含量及其稳定同位素组成(δ13C、δ15N、δ34S),以及色素生物标志物和热重实验等分析,发现渤、黄海表层沉积物中TOC与TN含量相关性显著,空间分布特征具有高度一致性。由于水动力的差异,TOC和TN的含量呈现为近岸低、远岸高的分布特征。摩尔C/N和δ13C分析结果表明,渤、黄海表层沉积物有机碳混合了陆地和海洋来源的有机碳,其中黄河口及辽东半岛附近海域显示了陆源土壤输入对沉积物有机碳的显著影响,碳反应指数CRI较小;南黄海海源有机碳的贡献随着离岸距离增加而增加,碳反应指数CRI逐渐升高。偏负的δ34S表明研究区域活跃的硫酸盐还原过程,而近岸海域较高的δ34S反映了硫化物迅速氧化过程,暗示了水体的有氧条件。这使得色素有效降解,潜在导致表层沉积物TOC与色素之间的弱相关性。随着气候变化和缺氧效应的不时发生,未来研究需进一步关注海水水体氧化还原条件与表层沉积物的元素循环的耦合关系,这对理解大陆架沉积物的有机碳埋藏具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076029)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42276045)
  • 深圳市海洋发展研究促进中心项目(SZDL2023000925)
  • 上海佘山地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站开放课题项目(SSKP202202)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025012
  • 接收时间:2024-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-05
  • 修回日期:2024-08-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076029)
国家自然科学基金(42276045)
深圳市海洋发展研究促进中心项目(SZDL2023000925)
上海佘山地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站开放课题项目(SSKP202202)
作者信息
    1.深圳市海洋发展研究促进中心,广东 深圳 518052
    2.南方科技大学 海洋科学与工程系,广东 深圳 518055
    3.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京,210023
    4.上海市地震局 上海佘山地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站,上海,201602

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*李芯芯,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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