Article(id=1189609214126318017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721664000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-23, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761554538517, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761554538517, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761554538517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761554538517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189609210015903945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761554537537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558855524, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189609214327644613, articleId=1189609214126318017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=3D geological modelling method of offshore wind farms based on multi-source data fusion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three-dimensional (3D) geological models enable the intuitive representation of seabed geological conditions through using marine survey data, which actively promotes the development and construction of offshore wind farms. To enhance the accuracy and modelling efficiency of 3D geological models for offshore wind farms, a geological modelling method is proposed based on multi-source data fusion. This method conducts an integrated interpretation of geotechnical investigation data and engineering geophysical data, employs spatial interpolation algorithms to generate continuous and smooth layer interfaces, and utilizes Python open-source libraries to construct and visualize the 3D geological models. Furthermore, taking an offshore wind farm in eastern Guangdong as an example, the reliability of the geological modelling method is validated. The results demonstrate that the method achieves the effective integration of geotechnical and geophysical data, and the constructed 3D geological model could reflect the complex geological characteristics of the offshore wind farm. The proposed 3D geological modelling method is applicable to a diverse range of engineering geological conditions, providing solid technical support for the full lifecycle management of offshore wind farms, from exploration, design, installation, operation and maintenance to decommissioning.

, correspAuthors=Youhu Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Deyuan Wang, Xiuzhong Peng, Yuchen Du, Yaoxiang Gao, Youhu Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189609442942378962, articleId=1189609214126318017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=多源数据融合的海上风电场三维地质建模方法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

三维地质模型通过利用海上勘察数据直观地展示海底地质情况,对海上风电场的开发建设具有积极的推动作用。为提高海上风电场三维地质模型的准确性和建模效率,提出一种基于多源数据融合的地质建模方法。该方法对岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据进行综合解释,采用空间插值算法生成连续且平滑的地层分界面,并利用Python开源库实现了三维地质模型的构建与可视化。此外,以粤东地区某海上风电场为例,验证了该地质建模方法的可靠性。结果表明:该方法实现了岩土数据和物探数据的有效融合,所构建的三维地质模型能够反映海上风电场复杂的地质特征。所提出的三维地质建模方法可以适用于不同的工程地质环境,为海上风电场从勘察、设计、安装、运维到退役的全生命周期管理提供坚实的技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=张友虎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张友虎,教授,主要从事海洋岩土工程领域研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L1mZNHy6tnrbedd2y0I0Jw==, magXml=rMYIH3j8aOhF2gsa0iDTJw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QeWFnEP8bE30ZZp1fH9A8w==, pdfFileSize=11034287, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZeeCmlXgwYMfPPNL1PC3bw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yHRZrjgAROvdkrJ7NOYJ9A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王德元(1983—),男,重庆市奉节县人,工程师,主要从事海上风电设计技术研究。E-mail:

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王德元(1983—),男,重庆市奉节县人,工程师,主要从事海上风电设计技术研究。E-mail:

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王德元(1983—),男,重庆市奉节县人,工程师,主要从事海上风电设计技术研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1189609214126318017, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The P-wave velocities of various soil layers in the offshore wind farm area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层类型 淤泥质土 粉砂、砂土 粉土、黏土、粉质黏土
纵波速度/(m·s−1) 1550 1600 1650
), ArticleFig(id=1189620286380057562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609214126318017, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

该海上风电场区域各土层的纵波速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层类型 淤泥质土 粉砂、砂土 粉土、黏土、粉质黏土
纵波速度/(m·s−1) 1550 1600 1650
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多源数据融合的海上风电场三维地质建模方法
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王德元 1 , 彭秀钟 2 , 杜宇琛 1 , 高曜翔 2 , 张友虎 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(2): 85-97
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(2): 85-97
多源数据融合的海上风电场三维地质建模方法
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王德元1 , 彭秀钟2, 杜宇琛1, 高曜翔2, 张友虎2, *
作者信息
  • 1 深圳中广核工程设计有限公司,广东 深圳 518000
  • 2 东南大学 土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211189
  • 王德元(1983—),男,重庆市奉节县人,工程师,主要从事海上风电设计技术研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张友虎,教授,主要从事海洋岩土工程领域研究。E-mail:
3D geological modelling method of offshore wind farms based on multi-source data fusion
Deyuan Wang1 , Xiuzhong Peng2, Yuchen Du1, Yaoxiang Gao2, Youhu Zhang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1China Nuclear Power Design Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518000, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025013
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三维地质模型通过利用海上勘察数据直观地展示海底地质情况,对海上风电场的开发建设具有积极的推动作用。为提高海上风电场三维地质模型的准确性和建模效率,提出一种基于多源数据融合的地质建模方法。该方法对岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据进行综合解释,采用空间插值算法生成连续且平滑的地层分界面,并利用Python开源库实现了三维地质模型的构建与可视化。此外,以粤东地区某海上风电场为例,验证了该地质建模方法的可靠性。结果表明:该方法实现了岩土数据和物探数据的有效融合,所构建的三维地质模型能够反映海上风电场复杂的地质特征。所提出的三维地质建模方法可以适用于不同的工程地质环境,为海上风电场从勘察、设计、安装、运维到退役的全生命周期管理提供坚实的技术支撑。

海上风电场  /  多源数据  /  岩土勘察  /  工程物探  /  空间插值  /  三维地质模型

Three-dimensional (3D) geological models enable the intuitive representation of seabed geological conditions through using marine survey data, which actively promotes the development and construction of offshore wind farms. To enhance the accuracy and modelling efficiency of 3D geological models for offshore wind farms, a geological modelling method is proposed based on multi-source data fusion. This method conducts an integrated interpretation of geotechnical investigation data and engineering geophysical data, employs spatial interpolation algorithms to generate continuous and smooth layer interfaces, and utilizes Python open-source libraries to construct and visualize the 3D geological models. Furthermore, taking an offshore wind farm in eastern Guangdong as an example, the reliability of the geological modelling method is validated. The results demonstrate that the method achieves the effective integration of geotechnical and geophysical data, and the constructed 3D geological model could reflect the complex geological characteristics of the offshore wind farm. The proposed 3D geological modelling method is applicable to a diverse range of engineering geological conditions, providing solid technical support for the full lifecycle management of offshore wind farms, from exploration, design, installation, operation and maintenance to decommissioning.

offshore wind farm  /  multi-source data  /  geotechnical investigation  /  engineering geophysical exploration  /  spatial interpolation  /  3D geological model
王德元, 彭秀钟, 杜宇琛, 高曜翔, 张友虎. 多源数据融合的海上风电场三维地质建模方法. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 85 -97 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025013
Deyuan Wang, Xiuzhong Peng, Yuchen Du, Yaoxiang Gao, Youhu Zhang. 3D geological modelling method of offshore wind farms based on multi-source data fusion[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (2) : 85 -97 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025013
海上风电以其资源丰富、供电稳定、适合大规模开发的优势,成为推动全球能源结构转型和实现可持续发展目标的重要清洁能源。截至2023年底,全球海上风电累计装机容量达到75.2 GW,中国以占全球总量50%的份额位居首位[1]。目前,江苏、广东、福建等沿海省份正积极规划与建设新的海上风电项目,预计2024年至2028年间将为中国增加72 GW的海上风电装机容量[1]。海上勘察能够提供海底地形、地质构造和地层分布等信息,对于海上风电场的选址、规划和建设至关重要。三维地质模型通过将海上勘察数据转化为立体的虚拟模型,直观地呈现了海底地质情况,在推动海上风电资源高效开发方面具有显著的促进作用。
三维地质建模的概念最初由Houlding[2]提出,用于解决油田开发、矿产资源储量评估以及岩土工程设计等领域的问题。随着计算机技术的进步,三维地质模型已在地质勘探[35]、城市规划[67]、环境工程[8]等多个学科发挥重要作用,其应用范围也逐渐从陆地区域向海洋环境扩展[9]。传统的三维地质建模需要大量岩土勘察数据[10],但是海上岩土勘察成本较高,勘察点位置通常仅布置在风机机位附近,且数量有限。由于海底沉积环境复杂、地质条件水平差异性显著[11],基于有限的岩土勘察数据构建的三维地质模型在地层预测上存在较大的不确定性,难以全面揭示海上风电场真实的地质条件。工程物探具有覆盖范围广、数据采集成本低的优点,能捕捉连续的地下结构图像,从而识别出地层分界、洞穴等关键特征[12]。工程物探数据有效弥补了岩土勘察数据在空间分布上的不连续,岩土勘察数据能为工程物探数据提供土体分类和岩土参数等信息,两者相互补充,能更准确地反映地下地质情况[13]
在过去10年中,欧洲已将基于岩土勘察和工程物探的数据融合技术成功应用于海上风电领域。Eady等[14]通过提升工程物探数据的垂直分辨率,揭示了Ijmuiden Ver海上风电场黏土与砂土互层的地质特征。Arlott等[15]进一步整合岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据,推断出Triton Knoll海上风电场复杂的地层沉积历史。Sauvin等[16]提出的数据融合技术不仅能确定海上风电场的地层分布,还可以获取任意位置的岩土设计参数。通过多源数据融合建立三维地质模型时,通常面临模型复杂度高、建模效率低等挑战。吴志春等[17]采用分层次、分阶段建模的方法,显著降低了构建复杂三维地质模型的难度。雷传扬等[18]运用分块建模技术,有效提升了在大面积、复杂地质条件下三维地质模型的建模效率。薛涛等[19]将异构的岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据转换成同构的虚拟钻孔数据,进而实现了三维地质结构的自动化建模。工程实践[1419]表明,将工程物探数据整合到三维地质建模框架中,以实现岩土勘察数据与工程物探数据的有效融合,是提高三维地质模型精度的可靠方法。
常用的地质建模软件,如Petrel、GeoModeller和GOCAD等[20],支持对岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据进行整合处理,通过人机交互的方式创建三维地质模型。Imam等[21]从高分辨率工程物探数据中提取地质构造的倾向和倾角信息,并使用Petrel软件生成包含复杂断层系统的三维地质模型。罗辉等[22]将地质体划分为沉积模式和侵入模式,运用深探地学建模软件得到了能够准确反映构造运动先后次序的三维地质模型。江汝锋等[23]通过集成PetroMod与Petrel软件,开发出一个能够利用岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据构建盆地三维地质模型的平台。随着地质学理论、统计学方法和机器学习技术的不断发展,基于多源数据融合的三维地质建模方法呈现出多元化发展的趋势。花卫华等[24]在三维地质建模过程中引入断裂矢量场概念,解决了复杂接触关系下断裂网络模型的构建问题。Olierook等[25]使用贝叶斯反演技术,得到了在统计学上可靠且在地质学上合理的三维地质模型。Jia等[26]发现机器学习的堆叠方法能使三维地质模型在岩性分类上表现出较高的精度。
然而,采用人机交互的建模方式在很大程度上依赖于技术人员的专业知识和实践经验,而应用先进的建模技术则需要多学科专家之间的紧密合作。当面对数据规模庞大、地质条件复杂的场景时,建模过程往往需要投入大量的时间和精力。因此,需要探索一种高效的三维地质建模方法,该方法不仅能充分发挥岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据的价值,同时在建模过程中尽可能地减少人工干预,达到模型准确性与建模效率的平衡。
为了准确高效地构建海上风电场的三维地质模型,本文提出一种基于岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据的三维地质建模方法,建模过程包括数据的综合解释、空间插值和三维可视化。同时,通过构建粤东地区某海上风电场的三维地质模型,验证了该方法的可靠性。所提出的三维地质建模方法具有较好的普适性,可为海上风电场的全生命周期管理提供技术支持。
多源数据融合涉及两种类型的海上勘察数据,包括岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据,如图1所示。图1a中,岩土勘察数据分为钻孔数据和静力触探(CPT)数据[2728]。钻孔数据是通过钻机向地下钻孔得到的土样信息,而CPT数据是利用圆锥形探头,按一定速率压入土中,测得随贯入深度变化的锥尖阻力、侧摩阻力和孔隙水压力曲线。图1b中,工程物探数据主要有多波束测深数据和地震数据。多波束测深数据是由高密度网格点组成的海底地形图像,每个网格点都记录着对应位置的水深值。地震数据通过海洋地震勘探技术获取,其中地震信号的振幅变化可以采用红蓝渐变的形式呈现,从而形成具有连续条纹特征的地震图像[29]。地震图像的纵坐标为双程旅行时,表示地震纵波从震源传播到反射点,再折返至接收点所需的总时间。
在海上风电场三维地质建模过程中,岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据相辅相成。岩土勘察数据具有空间分布离散、竖向精度高的特点,能直接提供勘察点处地层的分界面高程、各层土的类别以及土的物理力学参数等信息。工程物探数据覆盖面积大、空间连续,当地震测线经过岩土勘察点附近时,可为岩土勘察成果的内插、外推提供依据。通过对这两种数据进行对比验证,能够有效降低三维地质模型的不确定性。
与传统的应用于城市、矿山等三维地质模型相比,海上风电场三维地质建模对模型精细化程度的要求更高,需要准确地反映出淤泥、黏土等软弱土层的空间分布特征,从而科学指导海上风机单桩基础的安装,减少在施工过程中可能出现的溜桩、桩靴穿刺等工程风险。另一方面,由于海洋岩土勘察成本高、技术难度大,海上岩土勘察点的数量和分布密度普遍低于陆上工程。因此,在构建海上风电场的三维地质模型时,会更加注重利用工程物探数据,从中提取出海底地质构造、地层分布以及沉积环境等关键信息,从而克服岩土勘察数据不足的挑战。
基于多源数据融合的三维地质模型构建流程如图2所示。海上勘察通过采集岩土勘察数据和工程物探数据为三维地质模型提供可靠的输入信息。地质建模方法是一种将多源异构数据进行系统地分析和整合的技术,通过综合解释、空间插值和三维可视化的步骤,将海底地形、地质构造和地层分布等信息转化为复杂的三维地质模型,以可视化的方式直观展示海上风电场的地质状况。三维地质模型能应用于海上风电场全生命周期管理,协同勘察、设计、安装、运维到退役各阶段的设计需求,做到海上勘察工作有的放矢。
在三维地质建模中,多源数据融合方法可以实现以数据为驱动的模型优化。通过对三维地质模型进行不确定性评价,识别出需要重点勘察的区域,从而合理布置新增勘察点位置和数量,优化勘察方案。随着新增勘察数据的输入,三维地质模型将得到不断更新。这种动态的过程确保了三维地质模型能尽可能地反映最真实的地质情况,为海上风电场的地质评估和风险管理提供可靠的决策依据[30]
在海上勘察数据的分析过程中,岩土工程专业负责岩土勘察数据的解释,地球物理专业专注于工程物探数据的解释,这两个过程通常是独立进行的,导致岩土勘察数据与工程物探数据之间缺乏相互印证。为确保岩土勘察与工程物探数据解释结果的一致性,需要开展海上勘察数据的综合解释工作。
海上勘察数据的综合解释是指将岩土勘察数据与工程物探数据进行整合,结合区域地质背景,在地震图像上识别出地层界面及各层的土体类型。海上勘察数据综合解释的内容包括以下几个方面:
(1) 统一坐标投影系统和建立速度模型。统一坐标投影系统是为了确保岩土勘察点、多波束测深数据和地震测线在平面图上的相对位置能得到正确显示。此外,通过建立合理的速度模型[31],可以将地震图像的纵坐标从双程旅行时转变为深度值,这一过程被称作地震数据的“时深转换”,用于岩土勘察数据与地震图像在深度方向上实现准确对应。时深转换公式如下式:
$ Z = \frac{{T{v_{{\text{av}}}}}}{{2\,000}} ,$
$ v_{\text{av}}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^nt_iv_i}{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^nt_i}, $
式中:ZT分别为地震纵波在穿过n个地层后到达的深度(m)和双程旅行时(ms),v av为地震纵波在n个地层中传播的平均速度(m/s),t iv i分别为地震纵波在第i个地层中的双程旅行时(ms)和传播速度(m/s)。
(2) 构建地层框架并提取地层界面。通过对岩土勘察数据和地震图像进行比较分析,同时考虑地质历史的影响,识别出岩土性质差异显著、地震振幅明显增强的地层界面,从而构建一个能够反映该区域宏观地质特征的地层框架。基于地层框架,将地震图像上的振幅反射特性与岩土勘察数据中获得的土层信息相关联,确定主地层及相应的地层属性。在主地层内,寻找清晰的地震反射信号,将其与岩土勘察数据解析出的地层分布进行详细比对,以评估这些反射信号是否代表夹层分界,同时鉴定夹层的组成。
(3) 检查地震解释结果的闭合性。如果各测线在交汇点处的解释结果能够相互验证,具有良好的一致性,则表明该综合解释是准确可信的。反之,若观察到显著的解释差异,需要对主地层或夹层的分界进行重新分析和解释,通过反复迭代来不断完善解释结果。
空间插值的基本原理是利用从综合解释中得到的测线处地层信息,补充测线间空白区域的地层分布情况,从而预测未勘察位置的各地层分界深度值[32]。在地震图像上,地层分界可以被离散成一系列排列紧密的数据点。通过空间插值,由这些数据点可以生成连续且平滑的网格面,网格面上的节点被称为插值点。空间插值的原理如图3所示,其中插值点的位置用空间坐标 (x, y, z) 表示,数据点的位置由空间坐标 (x i, y i, z i) 描述,i的取值范围从1到NN代表插值点周围属于同一地层分界的数据点总数。
图3可以看出,数据点数量众多,沿测线方向上分布密集。为了高效处理这些数据,确保插值结果在空间上的连续性和平滑性,可以假设插值点的深度值z是已知数据点深度值z i的加权线性组合,如下式:
$ z = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\omega _i}{z_i}} ,$
式中:ω i表示第i个数据点的权重系数。
根据权重系数计算方式的不同,常用的空间插值方法包括反比距离加权法[33]和普通克里金法[34]。这两种方法具有原理清晰、操作简便和灵活性强的特点,在地理信息系统和地质统计学领域得到广泛应用。
反比距离加权法的核心思想是,距离插值点越近的数据点对插值点深度值的影响越大,相应的权重系数也越高。因此,这种方法中权重系数的计算仅与距离有关,如下式[33]
$ {\omega _i} = \frac{{d_i^{ - 2}}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {d_i^{ - 2}} }} ,$
$ {d_i} = \sqrt {{{(x - {x_i})}^2} + {{(y - {y_i})}^2}} ,$
式中:d i为第i个数据点相对于插值点在XY平面上的距离,如图3所示。
在普通克里金法中,地层的深度被视作一个随机变量场,其中点(x, y)处的深度值用随机变量Zx, y)表示。半变异函数γd)可以用来描述两个点之间距离为d时深度值的空间相关性,其数学表达式为[34]
$ \gamma (d) = \frac{1}{2}{\text{Var}}[Z(x,y,d) - Z(x,y)] ,$
式中:Zx, y, d)表示从点(x, y)沿任意方向移动距离d后深度值的随机变量。已知数据点的坐标(x i, y i)和相应的深度值z i,通过计算两点间不同距离d下深度差值的半方差,可以拟合得到半变异函数γd)的解析式[34]。在此基础上,各数据点的权重系数计算方法如下[34]
$ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\omega _1}} \\ {{\omega _2}} \\ \vdots \\ {{\omega _N}} \\ b \end{array}} \right] = {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\gamma ({d_{11}})}&{\gamma ({d_{12}})}& \cdots &{\gamma ({d_{1N}})}&1 \\ {\gamma ({d_{21}})}&{\gamma ({d_{22}})}& \cdots &{\gamma ({d_{2N}})}&1 \\ \vdots & \vdots &{}& \vdots & \vdots \\ {\gamma ({d_{N1}})}&{\gamma ({d_{N2}})}& \cdots &{\gamma ({d_{NN}})}&1 \\ 1&1& \cdots &1&0 \end{array}} \right]^{ - 1}}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\gamma ({d_1})} \\ {\gamma ({d_2})} \\ \vdots \\ {\gamma ({d_N})} \\ 1 \end{array}} \right], $
式中:d ij为两个数据点 (x i, y i) 和 (x j, y j) 之间的距离,d i为插值点 (x, y) 和数据点 (x i, y i) 之间的距离,b为拉格朗日乘子。
三维可视化[3537]通过借助海上勘察数据和空间插值结果,创建海上风电场的三维地质模型,将海底地形地貌和地层分布特征形象地展示出来。在三维地质模型的构建过程中,模型可以被划分为两个部分,即主地层和夹层。这两部分在空间形态上具有相似的特征,都能用上表面、下表面和侧面构成的封闭边界曲面来表示。因此,主地层和夹层的建模可以采用标准化的流程进行处理。
本文采用开源的Python库PyVista[38]进行三维地质模型的构建。图4展示了三维可视化的基本原理,实现流程如下:
(1) 网格生成。对于主地层和夹层,从所有测线的综合解释结果中提取对应的地层分界数据,这些数据在XY平面上的投影能勾勒出主地层或夹层的平面轮廓。在平面轮廓内,可以生成一系列六面体网格和楔形体网格,网格的平面尺寸与插值点间距相匹配,网格高度应略大于主地层或夹层的最大厚度。
(2) 边界引入。通过空间插值,可以得到建模对象的上表面和下表面的插值点。应用Delaunay三角剖分算法,这些插值点能被转化为上、下网格面。所生成的网格面能作为主地层或夹层的边界,被引入到由六面体网格和楔形体网格组成的三维网格体系中。
(3) 体积切割。将上、下边界定义为切割面,对三维网格体系执行体积切割操作,分离出相应的主地层或夹层。随后,提取所有主地层和夹层的边界曲面,并按照实际的地层层序进行有序组装。通过这些步骤,最终构建出完整的海上风电场三维地质模型。
本文以粤东某海上风电场为例,按照图2所示的建模流程,构建了该海上风电场的三维地质模型。
该海上风电场位于南海北部大陆架、珠江口以东的海域,覆盖面积达到41 km2,风电场中心距离最近的海岸约22 km,具体位置如图5所示。该地区风能资源丰富,冬季盛行东北风,夏季盛行西南风。在第四纪地质时期,受到海平面周期性变化和陆源沉积物堆积的影响,该区域的海底地层形成了粉质黏土与粉质砂土互层的复杂地质结构[3940]
该海上风电场共有25个风机机位,总装机容量为300 MW。每个风机机位附近布置有两个岩土勘察点,两者相距20~40 m。图5展示了岩土勘察点的分布情况,包括40个钻孔和10个CPT,岩土勘察的深度范围从海床面开始向下延伸至90 m深度处。多波束测深数据和地震测线平面布置如图5所示,其中多波束测深数据采用1985年国家高程基准面作为计算零点,垂直向下为正方向。测深数据表明,该区域水深大致30~40 m,海底地形从西北向东南方向倾斜,倾斜角约0.04°。地震测线总长约170 km,其中包括13条南北向测线(间距约500 m)和21条东西向测线(间距约300 m)。每条测线对应的地震图像双程旅行时范围为0~300 ms。
该海上风电场项目主要关注海床面以下约90 m深度范围内的地层分布情况。表1列出了该海上风电场区域各土层的纵波速度。分析表明,尽管该区域的地质特征表现为复杂的粉质黏土与粉质砂土互层现象,但不同地层的纵波速度彼此相近,变化幅度为3%左右。为了降低计算的复杂性,地震图像在时深转化过程中采用恒定速度模型,使得式 (1) 中的平均速度v av沿深度方向上保持不变,取值为1600 m/s。以测线H09地震图像为例,海上勘察数据的综合解释结果如图6a所示。其中,横坐标为地震图像上各测点相对于起始测点的偏移距离,纵坐标表示以1985年国家高程基准面为零点计算的深度值。从图中可以观察到,CPT中锥尖阻力较大的区域,地震信号的振幅也相应较强,两者之间存在显著的相关性,这表明岩土勘察数据与地震图像在深度方向上匹配良好。因此,在时深转换过程中,将平均速度v av设为恒定值1600 m/s能够确保深度计算结果的准确性。
该海上风电场区域的海底地质结构被划分为5个主地层,各地层的详细分析如下:(1)地层A、地层B和地层C分别对应淤泥质土、粉土和黏土,这些地层的力学强度较低,地震信号振幅也相对较弱。地震图像普遍呈现出近似水平的条纹分布,表明这些地层在地质历史上具有相对稳定的沉积环境。其中,地层A和地层B均属于全新世海相沉积层,地层C为全新世海陆过渡相沉积层。(2) 地层D由粉质黏土和粉质砂土组成。粉质黏土强度中等,粉质砂土较为密实。在地质历史上,该地层的沉积环境发生显著变化,从晚更新世海陆交互相沉积向全新世海陆过渡相沉积转变,导致沉积物表现出高度不均匀性。在地震数据中,局部区域可以观察到水平和倾斜的条纹图像,通过与岩土勘察数据进行比对分析,能够识别出粉质黏土夹层和粉砂夹层。(3) 地层E的主要成分为密实的砂土,在局部区域夹杂有强度较高的粉质黏土,其沉积环境为晚更新世海陆交互相沉积。地震图像表现为一系列密集且不连续的高振幅反射波,反映出该地层内部结构的复杂性。地层E的上部区域由粉质黏土与粉砂混合土构成,下部区域则以砂土为主,其中不均匀地分布着粉质黏土夹层。
地震图像的综合解释结果汇总如图6b所示。通过地震解释工具,可以从地震图像中提取各地层分界,进而构建一个地层界面数据集,如图6c所示。这一数据集为后续执行空间插值算法提供了必要的输入数据,确保地层界面能够准确重建。
地层分界T4的地形起伏明显,图7呈现了该地层分界在不同插值间距下使用反比距离加权法和普通克里金法的空间插值结果。当插值间距为200 m或100 m时,两种插值算法生成的网格表面平滑,但在落差较大的区域,网格面与地层分界数据的贴合度较差。当插值间距减小至50 m或25 m时,虽然两种算法的计算时间增加,但网格面与地层分界数据的贴合度明显改善,能更好地反映地层的细节特征。另一方面,随着插值间距的减小,反比距离加权法和普通克里金法在插值效果上的差异愈发显著。在反比距离加权法中,测线位置上的地层细节得到充分展现,而在测线间的空白区域,网格表面则较为平缓,插值结果趋向于周围数据点的平均值,精度较低。相比之下,普通克里金法在计算中考虑了深度值的空间变异性,提供线性无偏估计并实现最小方差[34],从而能够更精确地捕捉测线间空白区域的地层起伏细节。然而,由于普通克里金法在计算权重系数时涉及矩阵求逆运算,计算复杂度增加,导致其处理时间较反比距离加权法更长。
图7中,未布置测线的区域在插值后出现阶梯状的网格表面,这种现象在插值间距较小时尤为明显。这是因为未布置测线区域的插值结果主要受附近测线上数据点的影响,当插值点从一条测线附近移动到另一条测线附近时,由于邻近数据点的变化,插值结果可能会产生突变,导致阶梯状网格的出现,此时插值精度较低。
在建立海上风电场三维地质模型时,为平衡计算精度和效率,本文采用普通克里金法进行空间插值,插值间距设为50 m。图8为该插值间距下使用普通克里金法对地层分界T1~T4进行空间插值的结果。图8a展示了各地层分界的空间分布形态,其中“基准面”根据1985年国家高程基准面确定,海床则基于多波束测深数据进行建模。在图8b和图8c中,地层分界T1和T2的地形变化与海床的倾斜特征相似,呈现出从东南向西北逐渐升高的趋势。在地层分界T3的北部区域,可以观察到一条东西走向的凹陷带,宽度介于800 m至1000 m之间,最大凹陷深度约15 m,如图8d所示。该凹陷带的边缘陡峭,底部狭窄,剖面呈漏斗状,内部主要填充黏土沉积物。在地层分界T4中,存在一条东北‒西南走向的广阔凹陷区,宽度有2000~3000 m,最大凹陷深度在20 m上下,如图8e所示。该凹陷区的边缘较为平缓,底部宽阔,主要沉积物为粉质黏土、粉砂等粉质土。地层分界T3和T4中的凹陷构造可能由水流冲刷作用形成,表明这些区域在地质历史上可能存在古河道,为该地区古水文地质条件的研究提供了重要线索。
粤东某海上风电场的三维地质模型如图9所示。图9a为该海上风电场的主地层三维地质模型。在稳定的沉积环境下,地层A和地层B展现出较为均匀的厚度分布。在地层C的北部地区,由于受到下伏地层中凹陷构造的影响,导致了较厚的黏土沉积物累积。地层D的内部可以观察到粉质黏土夹层和粉砂夹层,这些夹层的形态特征及其分布情况如图9b所示。图9c揭示了地层E复杂的内部结构,其中上部区域与下部区域的地质特征具有显著差异。在上部区域,粉质黏土夹层、粉砂夹层和混合土夹层紧密交叠,形成了复杂的互层结构。而下部区域以砂土为主,中间分布着近似椭圆形的粉质黏土透镜体。这些透镜体的平面尺寸可达数千米,厚度在3 m至6 m之间。由于大多数透镜体的规模超出了本次建模的范围,其完整形态未能在三维地质模型中得到展现。
为确保该海上风电场三维地质模型的可靠性,基于地质规律分析和静态数据分析[18],对模型进行质量评估。地质规律分析用于验证三维地质模型表达的沉积构造是否与该地区的地质历史条件相符合。分析表明,该模型的地层沉积特征与中国南海北部不同地质历史时期的海平面变化情况[41]能够对应。在晚更新世,海平面的波动导致该地区沉积环境在陆地和海洋之间不断转换,在相应的地层E中形成了粗粒土中夹杂细粒土的沉积特征。晚更新世至全新世期间,海平面持续上升,该地区可能处于滨海或浅海环境,使得相应的地层D由成分多样、空间分布不均匀的粉质土组成。自全新世以来,海平面趋于稳定,该地区保持在浅海环境,相应的地层A、B和C为相对均质的细粒土。静态数据分析是将三维地质模型中的土体分层情况与源头数据进行比较。图9d展现了从三维地质模型中提取的8个模型钻孔与相应实际钻孔之间的对比结果。可以发现,模型钻孔中的土体分层情况总体上与实际钻孔一致。然而,在某些土体分界面的对应上仍存在显著偏差,主要有如下两个原因:(1) 在海上勘察数据的综合解释过程中,根据CPT数据和地震数据提供的信息,对钻孔数据进行了修正处理,确保岩土勘察数据与工程物探数据在解释结果上具有良好的一致性;(2) 模型精度受到插值间距和插值方法的影响,存在一定误差。
因此,所构建的三维地质模型能够准确反映该海上风电场区域复杂的地质特征,展示了本文所提出的地质建模方法在有效性和可靠性方面的优势。该三维地质模型不仅能成为深化理解场地地质条件的重要工具,还能为海上风电场的长期运营维护以及最终退役阶段提供坚实的地质信息支持。
(1) 三维地质模型将海上勘察数据进行直观的可视化展示,为海上风电场的勘察、设计、安装、运维乃至退役等全生命周期管理提供有力的支持。通过不断整合新的勘察数据,三维地质模型将持续得到更新和优化。
(2) 在海上风电场的三维地质模型构建过程中,岩土勘察数据能提供土层类型和土的物理力学参数等信息,工程物探数据有助于揭示海底地形、地质构造、地层分布以及沉积环境等地质特征,这两种数据类型相互结合,能提高地质模型的准确性。
(3) 三维地质建模方法包括海上勘察数据的综合解释、空间插值和三维可视化。综合解释确定了地震图像中的地层分界和土体类型,空间插值有效填补了测线间空白区域的地层分界,三维可视化能直观地呈现海底地形和地层分布等地质特征。
(4) 当插值间距在50 m以下时,由插值算法生成的网格面能较好地贴合地层分界数据。普通克里金法在计算效率上不及反比距离加权法,但其能够精准地捕捉测线间空白区域的地层起伏细节,从而提供精度更高的插值结果。
(5) 粤东某海上风电场的三维地质模型包含5个主地层,并精细地呈现了夹层的形态特征及其分布情况,能够准确地捕捉海上风电场所在区域复杂的地质条件,验证了所采用地质建模方法的有效性和可靠性。
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025013
  • 接收时间:2024-07-23
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
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    1 深圳中广核工程设计有限公司,广东 深圳 518000
    2 东南大学 土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211189

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张友虎,教授,主要从事海洋岩土工程领域研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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