Article(id=1189609211668455853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=1730390400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761554537932, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761554537932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761554537932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761554537932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189609210015903945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761554537537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558855524, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189609211848810927, articleId=1189609211668455853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on the sources and trends of 239+240Pu in the northern South China Sea, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study compiled data on the 239+240Pu concentration or specific ratio-activity, 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio, and 239+240Pu flux or inventory in seawater, corals, shells and sediment samples in the northern South China Sea. The 239+240Pu sources and trends in surface seawater, water columns, surface sediments, and sediment cores in this area were presented. According to the two end member model, global fallout (GF) and the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) were currently the sources of 239+240Pu in environmental samples investigated from the northern South China Sea. Meanwhile, according to the migration model, it was found for the first time that a positive linear relationship between the water depth corresponding to the 239+240Pu peak concentration in the water column and its migration rate. The correlation between the organic matter content or particle size of surface sediments and the 239+240Pu specific ratio-activity had a segmented nature, showing positive and negative correlations, respectively. The numerical result of the 239+240Pu chrono-marker sedimentation rate in sediment core samples was usually greater than or equal to the maximum apparent diffusion rate of relatively exchangeable 239+240Pu in the same core sample, and there was a significant positive linear relationship between the sedimentation rate and the maximum apparent diffusion rate, the impact of the maximum apparent diffusion rate of relatively exchangeable 239+240Pu in the core sample on the sedimentation rate can be ignored.

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本文对南海北部海域海水、珊瑚、贝壳和沉积物中239+240Pu浓度或比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量等283个站位数据进行整理,归纳总结了该海域239+240Pu在表层海水、水柱、表层沉积物以及柱样沉积物中的来源与变化趋势。根据端元模型研究结果表明,目前全球大气沉降(GF)和太平洋核试验场(PPG)是南海北部海域所调查环境样品中239+240Pu的主要来源。同时,根据迁移模型发现水柱中239+240Pu浓度峰值所对应的海水深度与其迁移速率呈现正相关的线性关系。表层沉积物有机质含量或粒度与239+240Pu比活度相关性具有分段性质,分别呈现正相关性和负相关性。沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率在数值上通常要大于等于可交换态239+240Pu的表观对流速率,并且柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率与最大表观对流速率呈现显著正相关的线性关系;柱样中可交换态239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率对沉积速率的影响可以忽略。

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黄亚楠(1986—),男,河南省正阳县人,研究方向为同位素地球化学与年代学。E-mail:

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黄亚楠(1986—),男,河南省正阳县人,研究方向为同位素地球化学与年代学。E-mail:

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Diffusion rate of 239+240Pu in seawater column samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 海域 柱样名称 v 1−PPG/ (m·a−1 R 2 v 1−GF/ (m·a−1 R 2 239+240Pu峰值深度/m 参考文献
1 赤道海域 AQ-7 9 ± 0 0.99 8 ± 1 0.90 600 文献[26, 37]
2 南太平洋 AQ-13 14 ± 2 0.92 8 ± 1 0.66 300 文献[26, 37]
3 西北太平洋 DR-10 8 ± 1 0.78 7 ± 1 0.78 598 文献[26, 38]
4 白令海 DR-13 8 ± 1 0.66 9 ± 1 0.75 405 文献[26, 38]
5 南澳大利亚海盆 PA-4 15 ± 1 0.80 13 ± 1 0.90 1000 文献[26, 39]
6 珀斯海盆 PA-5 15 ± 1 0.81 13 ± 1 0.89 1000 文献[26, 39]
7 西澳大利亚海盆 PA-7 8 ± 1 0.65 6 ± 1 0.63 200 文献[26, 39]
8 安达曼海 PA-9 5 ± 1 0.63 5 ± 0 0.80 400 文献[26, 39]
9 孟加拉湾 PA-10 5 ± 1 0.49 5 ± 1 0.58 200 文献[26, 39]
10 南海北部海域 SEATSII 12 ± 1 0.92 9.84 0.91 500 文献[17, 26]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263084893003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海水柱样中239+240Pu的扩散速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 海域 柱样名称 v 1−PPG/ (m·a−1 R 2 v 1−GF/ (m·a−1 R 2 239+240Pu峰值深度/m 参考文献
1 赤道海域 AQ-7 9 ± 0 0.99 8 ± 1 0.90 600 文献[26, 37]
2 南太平洋 AQ-13 14 ± 2 0.92 8 ± 1 0.66 300 文献[26, 37]
3 西北太平洋 DR-10 8 ± 1 0.78 7 ± 1 0.78 598 文献[26, 38]
4 白令海 DR-13 8 ± 1 0.66 9 ± 1 0.75 405 文献[26, 38]
5 南澳大利亚海盆 PA-4 15 ± 1 0.80 13 ± 1 0.90 1000 文献[26, 39]
6 珀斯海盆 PA-5 15 ± 1 0.81 13 ± 1 0.89 1000 文献[26, 39]
7 西澳大利亚海盆 PA-7 8 ± 1 0.65 6 ± 1 0.63 200 文献[26, 39]
8 安达曼海 PA-9 5 ± 1 0.63 5 ± 0 0.80 400 文献[26, 39]
9 孟加拉湾 PA-10 5 ± 1 0.49 5 ± 1 0.58 200 文献[26, 39]
10 南海北部海域 SEATSII 12 ± 1 0.92 9.84 0.91 500 文献[17, 26]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263189750604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The correlation between 239+240Pu (x) and 240Pu/239Pu (y) in surface sediments of the northern South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 拟合方程 n R 样品类型 相关性 参考文献
1 y = −0.0021 × (1/x) + 0.269 25 −0.854 沉积物 负相关 文献[21]
2 y = −0.0022 × (1/x) + 0.271 44 −0.705 沉积物 负相关 文献[23]
3 y = −0.00124 × (1/x) + 0.249 36 −0.536 沉积物 负相关 文献[25]
4 Y = 0.0184 × lg(x)+0.275 91 0.599 沉积物 正相关 文献[41]
5 Y = 0.0347 × lg(x)+0.238 175 0.439 沉积物 正相关 本研究
6 Y = 0.0402 × lg(x)+0.233 187 0.486 沉积物+珊瑚 正相关 本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263282025293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

南海北部表层沉积物中239+240Pu(x)与240Pu/239Pu(y)相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 拟合方程 n R 样品类型 相关性 参考文献
1 y = −0.0021 × (1/x) + 0.269 25 −0.854 沉积物 负相关 文献[21]
2 y = −0.0022 × (1/x) + 0.271 44 −0.705 沉积物 负相关 文献[23]
3 y = −0.00124 × (1/x) + 0.249 36 −0.536 沉积物 负相关 文献[25]
4 Y = 0.0184 × lg(x)+0.275 91 0.599 沉积物 正相关 文献[41]
5 Y = 0.0347 × lg(x)+0.238 175 0.439 沉积物 正相关 本研究
6 Y = 0.0402 × lg(x)+0.233 187 0.486 沉积物+珊瑚 正相关 本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263365911374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The correlation between particle size or organic matter and 239+240Pu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 区间 拟合方程 n R 相关性
1 粒度−239+240Pu 0~20 μm y = −0.013x + 0.388 47 −0.281 负相关
2 粒度−239+240Pu 20~30 μm y = −0.038x + 1.303 9 −0.904 负相关
3 粒度−239+240Pu 40~180 μm y = −0.0005x + 0.185 8 −0.445 负相关
4 有机质−239+240Pu 0~1% y = 0.173x + 0.107 21 0.400 正相关
5 有机质−239+240Pu 1~10% y = 0.050x − 0.029 45 0.644 正相关
6 有机质−239+240Pu 10~20% y = 0.014x − 0.100 3 0.954 正相关
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263437214543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

粒度或有机质与239+240Pu比活度的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 区间 拟合方程 n R 相关性
1 粒度−239+240Pu 0~20 μm y = −0.013x + 0.388 47 −0.281 负相关
2 粒度−239+240Pu 20~30 μm y = −0.038x + 1.303 9 −0.904 负相关
3 粒度−239+240Pu 40~180 μm y = −0.0005x + 0.185 8 −0.445 负相关
4 有机质−239+240Pu 0~1% y = 0.173x + 0.107 21 0.400 正相关
5 有机质−239+240Pu 1~10% y = 0.050x − 0.029 45 0.644 正相关
6 有机质−239+240Pu 10~20% y = 0.014x − 0.100 3 0.954 正相关
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263537877840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of 239+240Pu samples in the northern South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 239+240Pu样品类型 采样年份 个数 测试方法 标样验证 参考文献
1 表层海水 1984−1997 9 α谱仪 n.a. MARIS
2 表层海水 2007前 1 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[14]
3 表层海水 2014−2015 36 α谱仪 n.a. 文献[15]
4 表层海水 2014−2015 1 MC-ICP-MS IEAE-443 文献[16]
5 海水(表层+柱样) 2012−2013 19 MC-ICP-MS IEAE-443 文献[17]
6 珊瑚 2018 1 ICP-MS和AMS n.a. 文献[18]
7 珊瑚 2018 11 ICP-MS和AMS n.a. 文献[19]
8 柱样沉积物 1996−1997 1 SF-ICP-MS n.a. 文献[20]
9 沉积物(表层+柱样) 2009−2012 28 SF-ICP-MS IAEA-368 文献[21]
10 沉积物(表层+柱样) 2012 3 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4334I 文献[10]
11 表层沉积物 2013 44 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[22]
12 表层沉积物 n.a. 3 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[23]
13 表层沉积物 2018 13 ICP-MS/MS NIST-4334 文献[24]
14 表层沉积物 2021 17 ICP-MS/MS NIST-4357 文献[11]
15 表层沉积物 2022 36 SF-ICP-MS n.a. 文献[25]
16 表层沉积物 2006−2010 25 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4357 文献[26]
17 柱样沉积物 2009−2023 7 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4357 文献[27]
18 贝壳 2021 5 AMS UKAEA 文献[28]
19 表层海水 2019 23 ICP-MS/MS n.a. 文献[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620263621763921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609211668455853, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南海北部海域239+240Pu样品的数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 239+240Pu样品类型 采样年份 个数 测试方法 标样验证 参考文献
1 表层海水 1984−1997 9 α谱仪 n.a. MARIS
2 表层海水 2007前 1 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[14]
3 表层海水 2014−2015 36 α谱仪 n.a. 文献[15]
4 表层海水 2014−2015 1 MC-ICP-MS IEAE-443 文献[16]
5 海水(表层+柱样) 2012−2013 19 MC-ICP-MS IEAE-443 文献[17]
6 珊瑚 2018 1 ICP-MS和AMS n.a. 文献[18]
7 珊瑚 2018 11 ICP-MS和AMS n.a. 文献[19]
8 柱样沉积物 1996−1997 1 SF-ICP-MS n.a. 文献[20]
9 沉积物(表层+柱样) 2009−2012 28 SF-ICP-MS IAEA-368 文献[21]
10 沉积物(表层+柱样) 2012 3 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4334I 文献[10]
11 表层沉积物 2013 44 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[22]
12 表层沉积物 n.a. 3 SF-ICP-MS NBS-947 文献[23]
13 表层沉积物 2018 13 ICP-MS/MS NIST-4334 文献[24]
14 表层沉积物 2021 17 ICP-MS/MS NIST-4357 文献[11]
15 表层沉积物 2022 36 SF-ICP-MS n.a. 文献[25]
16 表层沉积物 2006−2010 25 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4357 文献[26]
17 柱样沉积物 2009−2023 7 SF-ICP-MS NIST-4357 文献[27]
18 贝壳 2021 5 AMS UKAEA 文献[28]
19 表层海水 2019 23 ICP-MS/MS n.a. 文献[29]
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中国南海北部海域239+240Pu的来源与变化趋势研究
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黄亚楠 1, 2 , 刘志勇 3 , 管永精 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(2): 56-68
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(2): 56-68
中国南海北部海域239+240Pu的来源与变化趋势研究
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黄亚楠1, 2 , 刘志勇3, 管永精4
作者信息
  • 1 南宁师范大学 环境与生命科学学院,广西 南宁 530001
  • 2 中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
  • 3 苏州大学 放射医学与防护学院,江苏 苏州 215123
  • 4 广西大学 物理科学与工程技术学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 黄亚楠(1986—),男,河南省正阳县人,研究方向为同位素地球化学与年代学。E-mail:

Research on the sources and trends of 239+240Pu in the northern South China Sea
Yanan Huang1, 2 , Zhiyong Liu3, Yongjing Guan4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Environment and Life sciences, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
  • 2School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3School of Radiation Medicine and protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
  • 4School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025014
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本文对南海北部海域海水、珊瑚、贝壳和沉积物中239+240Pu浓度或比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量等283个站位数据进行整理,归纳总结了该海域239+240Pu在表层海水、水柱、表层沉积物以及柱样沉积物中的来源与变化趋势。根据端元模型研究结果表明,目前全球大气沉降(GF)和太平洋核试验场(PPG)是南海北部海域所调查环境样品中239+240Pu的主要来源。同时,根据迁移模型发现水柱中239+240Pu浓度峰值所对应的海水深度与其迁移速率呈现正相关的线性关系。表层沉积物有机质含量或粒度与239+240Pu比活度相关性具有分段性质,分别呈现正相关性和负相关性。沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率在数值上通常要大于等于可交换态239+240Pu的表观对流速率,并且柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率与最大表观对流速率呈现显著正相关的线性关系;柱样中可交换态239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率对沉积速率的影响可以忽略。

239+240Pu  /  变化趋势  /  南海北部海域  /  来源

This study compiled data on the 239+240Pu concentration or specific ratio-activity, 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio, and 239+240Pu flux or inventory in seawater, corals, shells and sediment samples in the northern South China Sea. The 239+240Pu sources and trends in surface seawater, water columns, surface sediments, and sediment cores in this area were presented. According to the two end member model, global fallout (GF) and the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) were currently the sources of 239+240Pu in environmental samples investigated from the northern South China Sea. Meanwhile, according to the migration model, it was found for the first time that a positive linear relationship between the water depth corresponding to the 239+240Pu peak concentration in the water column and its migration rate. The correlation between the organic matter content or particle size of surface sediments and the 239+240Pu specific ratio-activity had a segmented nature, showing positive and negative correlations, respectively. The numerical result of the 239+240Pu chrono-marker sedimentation rate in sediment core samples was usually greater than or equal to the maximum apparent diffusion rate of relatively exchangeable 239+240Pu in the same core sample, and there was a significant positive linear relationship between the sedimentation rate and the maximum apparent diffusion rate, the impact of the maximum apparent diffusion rate of relatively exchangeable 239+240Pu in the core sample on the sedimentation rate can be ignored.

239+240Pu  /  trend  /  northern South China Sea  /  source
黄亚楠, 刘志勇, 管永精. 中国南海北部海域239+240Pu的来源与变化趋势研究. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025014
Yanan Huang, Zhiyong Liu, Yongjing Guan. Research on the sources and trends of 239+240Pu in the northern South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (2) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025014
2011年3月11日,里氏9.0级大地震造成的日本福岛核事故震惊全世界[12]。福岛第一核电厂(FDNPP)事故对日本环境已经造成了严重污染,尤其是钚同位素的释放[3]。福岛第一核电厂反应堆中虽然大多数燃料是UO2,但是第三单元反应堆有32个含有约6%Pu的混合氧化物燃料组件[1];3个受损的反应堆堆芯含有约256 t核燃料。初步估算福岛核事故产生(2.9~19)×10−6 PBq的238Pu、(1.0~6.4)×10−6 PBq的239+240Pu和(1.1~12)×10−4 PBq的241Pu[1, 34](1 PBq = 1×1015 Bq)。然而,令人遗憾的是2023年8月24日,日本政府无视国际法和国际规则,且不顾中国及东南亚沿海各国等的强烈反对,第一次向福岛核电厂东部太平洋海域排放7800 t核污水。因此,排海放射性核素的监测再次成为世界各国核污染研究的焦点。其中,239+240Pu属于极毒的α放射性核素,在海洋环境中被生物富集后,会产生内照射危害[2]。南海是西太平洋的边缘海,也是中国最大的边缘海;南海北部海域具有广阔的大陆架,水深多在 200 m以浅[5]。吕宋海峡是太平洋海水进入南海尤其是南海北部的唯一直接通道,地理位置介于台湾岛和吕宋岛之间,其又被位于其中的巴丹群岛和巴布延群岛分割为巴士海峡、巴林塘海峡和巴布延海峡 3 条水道[5]。在北赤道流和黑潮的双重影响下,南海北部海域是最有可能首先受到日本排海核污水负面影响的区域之一。
海洋环境中的239+240Pu是人工放射性核素(239Pu半衰期为24110 a,240Pu 半衰期为6561 a),主要来源上个世纪(1945−1980年)全球543大气核试验(GF)和太平洋核试验场(PPG)核试验。UNSCEAR[6](联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会)估计约有10.87 PBq的239+240Pu进入全球大气;Aarkrog[7]估计PPG向周围海域释放的239+240Pu总量约为2 PBq。Hamilton[8]估计239+240Pu进入全球海洋的量约有12 PBq,其中8.6 PBq的239+240Pu进入太平洋,约5 PBq的239+240Pu进入北太平洋海域[89]。南海北部海域作为太平洋海域的一部分,不仅拥有丰富的生物资源和大量海洋养殖场,还有我国建设运营的沿海核电厂(例如,广东大亚湾核电厂、陆丰核电厂、阳江核电厂、广西防城港核电厂、海南昌江核电厂和台湾垦丁第三核电厂等)[1012]。因此,南海北部海域成为研究海洋环境中239+240Pu核素地球化学行为的理想场所(图1)。尤其是在核电厂周围的土壤中发现了中子增殖现象,土壤中的240Pu/239Pu原子比值相较于原始土壤有所升高[13]。然而,目前南海北部海域对于239+240Pu的研究是分散且不系统的,各区域环境要素之间的关联仍不清楚,不同样品中239+240Pu变化趋势的综合研究还处于空白。因此,本文通过对南海北部海域随机调查样品中239+240Pu比活度或浓度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量等数据进行比较分析,以期为未来南海北部海域环境样品中239+240Pu的来源、清除、累积以及变化趋势的研究提供一定的科学参考。
南海北部海域239+240Pu样品数据来源于已经发表的19篇文献和资料[1011, 1429],样品站位主要分布在14°N以北的海域(例如,北部湾海域、雷州湾、流沙湾、湛江湾、大亚湾、大鹏湾、珠江口、汕头港、韩江口近岸海域和海南岛近岸海域等),共计283个站位样品,样品采样水深1~4988 m不等,该海域样品调查时间跨度为40 a,约86.6%的样品采集于 2011 年 3 月 11 日福岛核事故发生后,2023年8月24日福岛核事故第一次人为排放核污水前。所调查样品的数据类型主要有粒度、有机质、239+240Pu比活度或浓度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和和239+240Pu累积通量等;样品的类别分别为海水(表层海水+水柱)、珊瑚(分别为峰巢珊瑚科、鹿角珊瑚科、菌珊瑚科、枇杷珊瑚科和滨珊瑚科)、贝壳(生蚝壳与扇贝壳)和沉积物(表层沉积物+柱样沉积物)。样品中239+240Pu的测试方法主要有能谱法(α谱仪)和质谱法(ICP-MS和AMS);其中,电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测试样品相对简单,费用较低被广泛使用;而加速器质谱法(AMS)测试样品费用相对较高,仪器操作复杂,并不适合大量环境样品测试研究。目前,根据ICP-MS联用的仪器不同,可以分为多通道接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)、扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)和双四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS/MS)。不同实验室测试样品基本经过标样(IAEA-368、IEAE-443、UKAEA、NBS-947、NIST-4334和NIST-4357)验证,同时本文假设所有的数据真实可靠。
海洋环境样品中240Pu/239Pu原子比值之所以可以用来示踪来源,这是因为不同源头的240Pu/239Pu原子比值差异显著[3032]。例如,PPG 来源的特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值在 0.30~0.36 之间[30],而全球沉降的特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值为 0.18[31]。另外,核事故也可能是环境中239+240Pu来源的局部源头。例如,1986年切尔诺贝利核事故产生的特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值相对较高,为0.408 ± 0.003,2011年福岛核事故特征240Pu/239Pu 原子比值为0.323−0.330[1]。需要说明的是福岛核事故特征240Pu/239Pu 原子比值与PPG 来源的特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值存在一定的重叠,但是在时间上,PPG 的239+240Pu集中在1946−1958年核试验释放,福岛核事故的239+240Pu集中在2011年以后排放。为了定量说明混合来源239+240Pu的差异,端元模型可以计算出不同来源239+240Pu的贡献比例[30, 32]。其中,两端元模型已经被广泛应用于海洋环境样品(海水、沉积物、贝壳、和珊瑚等)中239+240Pu的研究[1729]。该模型仍有一定的局限性,只定义了全球大气核试验(GF)和太平洋核试验场(PPG)这 2 种239+240Pu 的来源方式;没有考虑到福岛核事故(FDND)排放可能会引起的240Pu/239Pu 原子比值异常。假设海洋环境样品中239+240Pu 是由全球大气沉降(R G)与PPG(RP)混合而成,那么式(1)表示两者占的比例为100%。利用式(2)实际测得的 240Pu/239Pu原子比值 R m 计算出全球大气沉降的239+240Pu 和 PPG 携带239+240Pu各自贡献的比例。
$ {\mathrm{Pu}}\left(P\right)+{\mathrm{Pu}}\left(G\right)=1, $
$ \frac{{\mathrm{Pu}}\left(P\right)}{{\mathrm{Pu}}\left(G\right)}=\frac{{R}_{G}-{R}_{m}}{{R}_{m}-{R}_{P}}\times \frac{1-3.674{R}_{P}}{1+3.674{R}_{G}}, $
式中:3.674是240Pu/239Pu原子比值与比活度值之间转换的因子。
海水中的核素分为溶解态和非溶解态(颗粒态),其中溶解态的稳定核素和放射性核素在研究海水中的混合交换、迁移和生物地球化学过程等方面有重要的作用[3234]。海水中Pu的输运是一个长期的过程,在输运的过程中Pu易被海洋颗粒物所吸附。这是因为海水中的Pu具有相对较高的颗粒活性,在海水中更易与悬浮颗粒物等固相结合[9, 30]。例如,GF来源的239+240Pu主要被氧化铁小尺寸(0.1~1.0 μm)颗粒物所吸附,而PPG来源的239+240Pu主要被氢氧化钙大尺寸(>1.0 μm)颗粒物所吸附[30]
南海北部海域历年所调查表层海水中239+240Pu浓度范围是:(0.0083 ± 0.0026) mBq/m3到(54.02 ± 5.55) mBq/m3之间(n = 91);240Pu/239Pu 原子比值在0.184 ± 0.017到0.353 ± 0.168之间(n = 47),这说明海水中239+240Pu主要来源于GF与PPG两部分的混合。经过两端元模型计算可知平均约有48.5%的239+240Pu来自于PPG,这说明太平洋核试验场产生的239+240Pu通过长距离输运已经入侵到南海北部海域。海水中239+240Pu浓度最大值出现在1978年,最小值出现在2014年。现有的数据表明随着年份的推移,海水中239+240Pu的浓度呈现指数下降或递减的趋势;这说明南海北部海域海水中的239+240Pu被清除了,最后(2014−2019年)[29]海水中的239+240Pu浓度趋于稳定(图2)。表层海水中239+240Pu浓度的变化也可能是受到不同局部海域底质等多重海洋环境因素的影响。
广东大亚湾核电厂、海南昌江核电厂和广西防城港核电厂近岸海域中239+240Pu浓度的平均值分别为(0.026 ±0.014)mBq/m3、(0.043 ± 0.025)mBq/m3和(0.128 ± 0.133) mBq/m3[15],这说明近岸海域受到陆源泥沙物质的影响海水中悬浮颗粒物浓度较高,海水中的239+240Pu浓度较低,易于被悬浮颗粒物清除。根据北半球大气中放射性核素239+240Pu历年(1945−1992年)沉降的变化趋势[6]239+240Pu的全球沉降集中在1963年,并以1963年为时间起点,即假设在时间t = 0时所对应的表层海水中239+240Pu浓度为c 0 [9]。同时假设PPG来源的Pu向周围海域年输入量是恒定的,且向南海北部海域持续的污染输运情况下,当时间t足够长时,理论上式(3)中右侧两项将最终实现动态平衡,使得c趋于c PPG/k,也即表层海水中239+240Pu的浓度趋于稳定[9]。通过拟合发现,目前南海北部海域表层海水中239+240Pu浓度均值为2 mBq/m3图2)。
$ c={c}_{0}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-kt} + \dfrac{{c}_{{\mathrm{PPG}}}}{k} (1- {{\mathrm{e}}}^{-kt} ). $
需要说明的是,图2仅反映了南海北部海域海水中已经调查样品的239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势,海水中的239+240Pu浓度将趋于稳定状态,这与前人的研究基本一致[9,17];同时,受到有限取样数量的影响,局部海域239+240Pu浓度可能存在一定的空间差异性,表层海水中239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势需要更多的数据进行验证和研究。在拟合海水中239+240Pu浓度与采样年份(1978−2014年)的变化趋势时,两者之间皮尔森相关性系数R为0.604。
分配系数(K d)是定量研究海水放射性核素与富集生物体之间的富集能力大小的参数。例如,239+240Pu核素在珊瑚中239+240Pu核素比活度(Bq/kg)与海水中239+240Pu核素浓度(Bq/L)之间的比值(K d)表示珊瑚对海水中239+240Pu核素的富集能力[35]。有研究表明当K d<1,表示为不富集;1<K d1000,表示为中等富集;K d1000,表示为高富集[35];因此,根据南海北部海域海水中239+240Pu浓度的均值(2 mBq/m3图2虚线),这为珊瑚中K d的的估算提供了有价值的参考。因此,估算出北部湾海域涠洲岛珊瑚K d值的大小范围为:447521720 L/kg;南海北部海域涠洲岛珊瑚对海水中239+240Pu的富集程度为高度富集[19, 35]。而南海贝壳对239+240Pu的富集程度为中度富集[28],与石垣岛珊瑚对于海水中239+240Pu的富集程度(K d值为490 L/kg)相似[35],低于南海北部海域涠洲岛珊瑚239+240Pu富集程度1~2个量级。由于珊瑚的生长受到复杂海洋环境条件的影响,因此,为何涠洲岛珊瑚较石垣岛珊瑚中K d值相对较高,仍需要进一步的研究。
目前,南海北部海域海水柱样中239+240Pu的垂向变化研究还比较少,仅在SEATS站取了2个代表性水柱样品(SEATSI和SEATSII)[17]。SEATS站(the South East Asian Time-series Study;18°N,116°E)作为南海北部海域热带寡营养盐海区的代表站位,也是唯一一个位于低纬度陆架边缘海域的时间序列站。SEATS站的设立主要是研究南海连续长时间尺度上(几个月到几十年时间)碳和其他生源要素生物地球化学循环的过程和机理[36]。SEATSI柱样239+240Pu浓度随着深度(0~300 m)呈现递增趋势。SEATSII柱样239+240Pu浓度随着深度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,SEATSII柱样中239+240Pu浓度之所以在500 m深度(图3,五角星)呈现出峰值[(15.69 ± 0.78) mBq/m3],是因为239+240Pu在海水中易被悬浮颗粒物所吸附并下沉,在一定海水深度处因悬浮颗粒物被降解而释放,因此深层海水中239+240Pu的浓度一般高于表层海水的[9, 33],并在更深海水层进一步降低。
水柱中239+240Pu累积通量可以进一步说明溶解态和非溶解态(颗粒态)中239+240Pu的去除效率和横向传输形式。水柱中的去除效率在很大程度上与水深和悬浮颗粒物的浓度有关[17]。根据公式(4)计算表明SEATSII水柱中239+240Pu累积通量为(11.7 ± 0.4) Bq/m21000 m以浅);由于该水柱中239+240Pu分布并非完整分布,所以根据推算SEATS站位整个水柱中239+240Pu累积通量为29 Bq/m2,这与北半球10°~20°N纬度带内的推荐值(22 Bq/m2)非常接近[6, 17]
$I = \frac{1}{2}\left\{\sum _{i=1}^{N}\left({C}_{i+1} + {C}_{i}\right)\left({d}_{i+1} - {d}_{i}\right) + 2{C}_{1}{d}_{1} + {C}_{i}\left({d}_{i+1} - {d}_{i}\right)({d}_{B} - {d}_{N})\right\}, $
式中:I是水柱中239+240Pu的总量(Bq/m2),N是采样深度的数量,C i是深度i处海水中的239+240Pu浓度(Bq/m3),d i是海水的第i个采样深度(m),d B是到底部的总深度(m)。
再者,根据端元模型可知,南海北部海域SEATSI水柱PPG的239+240Pu贡献平均值为71%,SEATSII水柱PPG的239+240Pu贡献平均值为50%。这说明黑潮携带的PPG-239+240Pu已经入侵到南海北部,并向深层传输。对于SEATSII水柱来说随着水深从1000 m增加到3840 m(实际海水深度),PPG来源的239+240Pu的有相对减少的趋势,这说明浅海水层受到黑潮入侵与混合作用较强[17]
对于南海北部海域SEATSII水柱中239+240Pu的分布和扩散问题,可以利用海水平流−扩散方程模型进行研究。为了便于理解海水柱样中239+240Pu的迁移规律与不同参数之间的关联,本文给出了原始文献[26]中的模型,如下式所示:
$\begin{split} C\left(z,t\right)=\;&{I}_{1}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{{\text{π}} {D}_{1}t}}\left\{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\tfrac{(z+{v}_{1}t)}{{4D}_{1}t}t}+{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\tfrac{(z-{v}_{1}t)}{{4D}_{1}t}t}\right\}+ ( {I}_{0} - {I}_{1} )\\&\frac{1}{2\sqrt{{\text{π}} {D}_{2}t}}\left\{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\tfrac{(L-z+{v}_{2}t)}{{4D}_{1}t}t}+{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-\tfrac{(L-z-{v}_{2}t)}{{4D}_{1}t}t}\right\} .\end{split} $
海底沉积物中239+240Pu的再悬浮也可以被视为扩散源[26]。方程中D 1(m2/a)是239+240Pu从表面海水扩散的常数,D 2(m2/a)是239+240Pu从底部海水扩散的常数。v 1(m/a)是239+240Pu从上部海水向底部海水平均的垂向迁移速率,v 2(m/a)是239+240Pu从底部海水向上层海水平均的垂向传输速率,L(m)表示表层沉积物的水深,I 0为海水柱中总239+240Pu累积通量,I 1表示从表层海水扩散的239+240Pu累积通量,(I 0I 1)表示从底层海水扩散的239+240Pu累积通量。初始条件为t = 0和C = 0。需要说明的是由于水柱中239+240Pu扩散迁移的机制不能从分子水平上得到,因此,模型中的扩散系数需要大量的实测数据(即海水分层间隔更小)才能更准确地获得拟合结果[26]
根据两端元模型PPG-239+240Pu的v 1平均值为(12 ±1) m/a,高于GF中239+240Pu的9.84 m/a,表明PPG-239+240Pu比GF中的239+240Pu更容易输送到底层海水。PPG-239+240Pu的D 1平均值为(980 ± 184) m2/a,与GF的239+240Pu相似[(680 ± 227) m2/a],推测239+240Pu在海水中的扩散可能主要由溶解态决定。需要说明的是尽管海水平流−扩散方程模型进行了许多假设来简化计算,但拟合参数Dv在一定程度上仍然可以初步地反映239+240Pu核素在水柱中传输的物理化学(例如温度、盐度、pH和溶解氧等)性质[26]
虽然文献[26]中给出了v 1-PPG和v 1-GF的数据,但是原文并未说明其与水柱中239+240Pu最大浓度深度之间的相关关系。对于239+240Pu的垂向迁移研究,本研究首次发现GF-239+240Pu或者PPG-239+240Pu与水柱中239+240Pu最大值深度(239+240Pu浓度峰值)呈现出显著正相关的线性关系(表2图4);这种线性关系与239+240Pu的来源无关。
同时,这表明239+240Pu浓度峰值越大,水柱中239+240Pu的扩散速率也相应增大。这些水柱随机采集于赤道海域、南太平洋、西北太平洋、白令海、南澳大利亚海盆、珀斯海盆、西澳大利亚海盆、安达曼海、孟加拉湾以及南海北部海域,这也说明水柱中239+240Pu的垂向迁移与采样的地理位置无关。对于南海北部海域SEATSII站位水柱中239+240Pu的扩散速率出现了偏离的现象(图4椭圆虚线),这是因为SEATSII站位水柱中239+240Pu的累积通量并不是完整剖面的,在利用模型拟合时,得到的v-239+240Pu不能代表整个水柱的数据,因此计算出水柱中的v-239+240Pu的数据“偏大”。另外,对于平面空间方向上239+240Pu的远距离迁移研究表明,来自PPG-239+240Pu通过南海贯穿流到达南海南部(南沙群岛)海域[26, 40],通过印尼贯穿流到达东印度洋海域[39]
需要说明的是,南海SEATSII站位水柱中239+240Pu的扩散速率出现的偏离的现象,并非扩散模型的不适用,而是因为水柱中239+240Pu的剖面不完整导致累积通量的计算值并非真实值,在模型的拟合中出现了一定的不显著或者偏离。这也说明水柱中239+240Pu的扩散模型与水柱的取样位置无关,而与239+240Pu浓度峰和累积通量相关。
南海北部海域表层沉积物中239+240Pu比活度的范围是(0.002 ± 0.002)mBq/g到(1.847 ± 0.327)mBq/g(n = 176,图5黑色圆点),240Pu/239Pu原子比值的范围是0.158 ± 0.028到0.314 ± 0.018(n = 176)。南海北部涠洲岛珊瑚中239+240Pu比活度的范围是(8.95 ± 0.53) mBq/g到(43.44 ± 4.95) mBq/g(n = 12),240Pu/239Pu原子比值的范围是0.173 ± 0.009到0.226 ± 0.027(n = 12,图5蓝色圆点)。根据两端元模型(图5红色虚线,PPG特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值为0.30~0.36,GF特征240Pu/239Pu原子比值为0.18)计算可知,表层沉积物中来自于PPG-239+240Pu的平均比率是55.3%,珊瑚中来自于PPG-239+240Pu的平均比率是19.1%;这定量说明来自于PPG-239+240Pu已经通过北赤道流和黑潮入侵的到南海北部海域。南海北部涠洲岛海域珊瑚中,来自于PPG-239+240Pu比例要小于表层沉积物中的,这是受到地理位置的影响。需要说明的是,暂时无法利用两端元模型说明表层样品中是否混有来自于日本福岛核事故239+240Pu的输入。因此,对于日本福岛核事故核废水排海的影响,世界各国应该持续的关注。
黑潮发源于吕宋海峡以东的菲律宾和中国台湾省的东部海域,是北太平洋的西部边界流,其主要通过吕宋海峡中部巴林塘海峡向西北进入南海[5]。黑潮入侵南海的形式主要有3 种情况:分支(发生的概率为 44.8%)、跨越(39.5%)和流套(15.7%)[5]。同时,南海北部海域还受到广东沿岸流,南海暖流、北部湾环流等的影响。由于受到雷州半岛和海南岛的阻隔,南海东北部海域与北部湾海域仅有狭长的琼州海峡连接,使得黑潮(携带有PPG-239+240Pu)向西入侵北部湾海域的强度减弱[11, 17, 2225]。例如,北部湾表层沉积物239+240Pu比活度的变化趋势表明,从北部湾湾口以南顺时针的递减趋势与北部湾表层洋流相似[25]。需要说明的是南海北部海域沉积物和珊瑚等大部分样品虽然受到黑潮海水入侵的影响,但是个别样品或者区域暂时未检测出黑潮入侵携带的来自于PPG-239+240Pu的信息。这是因为海水中的239+240Pu是非保守性的,240Pu/239Pu原子比值能够指示黑潮入侵的结果,但是不能指示黑潮入侵变化的过程。
再者,南海北部海域表层沉积物中239+240Pu(x)比活度与240Pu/239Pu(y)原子比值存在一定程度的相关性(表3),这表明不同源头的239+240Pu在海洋中是一个长期混合过程;但是不同局部海域相关性存在差异,这表明PPG-239+240Pu来源的比例存在差异,南海北部海域从东到西PPG-239+240Pu来源比例呈现减小的趋势;例如,韩江口近岸海域为58.2%,珠江口近岸海域为56.2%,北部湾海域为44.1%。具体表现为,早先研究发现局部海域240Pu/239Pu(y)原子比值的倒数与239+240Pu(x)比活度呈现负相关关系(表3);最近的研究表明整体海域239+240Pu(x)比活度的对数与240Pu/239Pu(y)原子比值呈现正相关关系,例如,样品数在增大,从91个到169个再到181个。239+240Pu(x)比活度与240Pu/239Pu(y)原子比值的相关性新的变化主要表现在2个方面:第一,在相关性正负性出现理论反转,这与先前的研究显著不同;第二,在不同样品类别中(沉积物和珊瑚样品),两者正相关关系依然存在。
表层沉积物的有机质含量或粒度与239+240Pu比活度也存在一定的相关性,但是两者相关性的类型不同(表4)。需要说明的是沉积物粒度的测试主要利用激光粒度仪,有机质含量测定利用烧失量法。首先,利用谢帕德三角图给出表层沉积物粒度的分布(图6n = 73),谢帕德三角图分类是美国斯克里普斯海洋研究所Shepard教授于1954年提出[42],该分类法以砂、粉砂和黏土为三角图解的3个端元[4243],各端元的平均值分别为30%、55%和15%。南海北部海域沉积物组成又可分为黏土质砂,砂质黏土和粉砂质黏土3个部分。砂质黏土和粉砂质黏土占比为70%,这两部分组成对于239+240Pu的吸附是有利的。
海洋环境中239+240Pu具有一定的颗粒性,被悬浮颗粒物吸附后而沉积到海底。沉积物粒度(0~180 μm)-239+240Pu比活度存在负相关性。表层沉积物粒度越大比表面积越小,吸附239+240Pu的能力越小,两者之间负相关性越显著。然而,沉积物黏土-239+240Pu比活度却呈现正相关性,239+240Pu(mBq/g)= 0.0068×黏土 + 0.1146n = 17,R = 0.674)[24]。整体上,南海北部海域表层沉积物粒度与239+240Pu比活度相关性具有分段性质,不同粒度区间负相关性存在显著差异(表4)。表层沉积物的粒度主要分布在0~20 μm区间,显著负相关性在20~30 μm区间(R = −0.904)。
其次,南海北部海域表层沉积物中有机质−239+240Pu比活度存在显著正相关性(表4,数据来源表1文献[1011, 1429])。表层沉积物中有机质含量平均值为4.25%(n = 69),这表明表层沉积物中有机质含量较低。然而,实际上沉积物中有机质含量越多,有机质对于239+240Pu的吸附能力越强,两者之间的正相关性越显著(表4)。整体上,南海北部海域表层沉积物有机质含量与239+240Pu比活度相关性也具有分段性质,不同有机质区间相关性存在显著差异(表3)。表层沉积物的有机质含量主要分布在1%~10% 区间,显著正相关性在10%~20% 区间(R = 0.954)。
柱样沉积物中239+240Pu的垂向分布主要有4种类型:无峰分布、伪单峰分布,典型单峰分布以及多峰分布[41]。其中,伪单峰分布多在冲绳海槽深水区有所发现。目前,南海北部海域SN2柱样、A8 柱样和PA-11柱样这3根柱样239+240Pu的垂向分布(图7)分别为多峰分布、单峰分布和无峰分布[10, 2021],这些分布类型在东海、黄海和渤海也有类似发现[4445]
柱样沉积物中239+240Pu 累积通量的大小,不仅与239+240Pu来源差异的影响有关,也与柱样的地理位置相关。柱样中239+240Pu的累积通量可以根据下式计算[44]
$ I=\sum\limits_{i=1}^nA_i\times B_i\times C_i\ . $
式中:I 是采样站位点的239+240Pu核素的累积通量(Bq/m2); i 为层序号;n为分样的层数;A i为第i采样层的沉积物容重(kg/m3);B i为第i采样层的厚度(m);C i为第 i 采样层中239+240Pu核素的比活度(mBq/g)。
比较可知这3根柱样中239+240Pu累积通量可知:PA-11 (3.75 ± 0.29 Bq/m2) < SN2 (约70 Bq/m2) < A8 (365.6 ±3.0 Bq/m2)。根据两端元模型计算出来自于PPG-239+240Pu的比例分别为30%(南海海盆)、0%~5%(三娘湾)和33%~52%(珠江口)。假设黑潮入侵南海仅通过吕宋海峡,并且黑潮余流入侵北部湾仅通过琼州海峡,那么黑潮携带的PPG-239+240Pu对各个柱样的影响存在差异。再者A8柱样位于珠江口近岸海域,受到珠江口陆海径流及沉积的影响,239+240Pu的累积通量显著增大,高于20°~30°N全球大气沉降的推荐值(40 Bq/m2[21]。SN2 位于三娘湾近岸海域,受到雷州半岛和海南岛的阻隔,239+240Pu的累积通量受到陆源的影响[10]。而PA-11位于南海海盆深水区,远离陆源物质悬浮颗粒性较少,并且南海北部海域属于寡营养盐区,初级生产力也较低,这些因素显著降低239+240Pu的累积通量[20]。再者,南海南部海域(南沙群岛)沉积物柱样中PPG-239+240Pu比例平均值为11.3%[39],较南部北部海域PA-11柱样PPG-239+240Pu比例(30%)更低。
对于完整柱样沉积物中239+240Pu的静态研究,可以根据239+240Pu的垂向分布特征计算出沉积速率;对于完整柱样中239+240Pu的动态研究,可以利用一维对流扩散方程(CDE模型)计算出最大“表观对流速率”。这是基于海洋沉积物中239+240Pu存在两种形式的假设,一种是相对的不可交换态,另外一种是相对的可交换态。一维对流扩散的物理过程是CDE模型已经被初步应用到海洋沉积物中可交换态239+240Pu的扩散研究中。
$ \frac{\partial C}{\partial t}=D\frac{\partial2_C}{\partial z^2}-v\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}-\lambda C\ . $
式中:Czt)表示239+240Pu在深度z(cm)内的体积活性浓度(mBq/cm3);v (cm/a)表示是反映239+240Pu与孔隙水对流的表观对流速率;D (cm2/a) 是表观扩散系数,它是溶质分子扩散和流体动力学分散结合为一个常数;λ(a−1)是放射性核素的衰变常数。对于239Pu和240Pu,它们在沉积柱样中的衰变可以忽略不计,可以省略λ C[26]
假设在半无限时空(z,t > 0)边界条件下,在t = 0时脉冲状输入J 0Czt)= 0,方程中J 0是最初沉积在海洋沉积物柱样中239+240Pu核素的蓄积总量(Bq/m2),可以通过测量239+240Pu在沉积物柱样中的垂向分布来计算。
$ C(z,t)=C_0\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\text{π}Dt}}\mathrm{e}^{-(z-\nu t)^2/4Dt}. $
目前,本研究中柱样沉积物主要来自于南海、东海和黄海以及阿拉伯海,样品的取样位置具有随机性。水深变化范围10~4988 m不等。以1963 ± 1时标计算的沉积速率(v,cm/a)的范围在0到4.05 cm/a。为了理论上计算方便在利用CDE模型(8)时,同时假设柱样中可交换态的239+240Pu占据100%,此时计算出239+240Pu的表观对流速率为最大表观对流速率。对应计算出239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率(v,cm/a)的范围在(0.00 ± 0.01) cm/a到(2.22 ± 0.09) cm/a。虽然这两个速率的单位(cm/a)是相同的,但是这两个量的物理意义完全不同。沉积速率的最大值出现在东海长江口海域的SC18柱样[46]239+240Pu在柱样中分布得较深(231 cm),这是因为长江口海域是泥沙沉积高通量区,沉积速率受到陆源物质输入的影响,以239+240Pu为时标(1963 ± 1)计算的沉积速率也相应增大。此时,SC18柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率大于239+240Pu的表观对流速率。沉积速率的最小值出现在南海的PA-1和PA-11柱样,这2根柱样属于典型的无峰分布,柱样位置所处的水深较深分别为4988 m和4234 m[20]。相应地,239+240Pu在柱样中分布得也较浅,最大埋藏深度分别为6 cm和14 cm。此时,PA-1或PA-11柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率与239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率在数值上相当。
根据文献[27, 4753]统计发现,在海洋沉积环境中同一根柱样239+240Pu的沉积速率在数值上通常要大于等于239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率;这说明239+240Pu在海洋沉积物柱样中的扩散对于239+240Pu在柱样中垂向分布的影响或者沉积速率的影响可以忽略。因此,可交换态239+240Pu在沉积物中的迁移不会影响柱样中239+240Pu的垂向分布。同时,本研究首次归纳出海洋沉积柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率与239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率呈现出显著正相关的线性关系(图8),这意味着239+240Pu峰值位置在柱样中越深,其对应的沉积速率与最大表观对流速率在数值上同步相应增大。因此,沉积柱样中239+240Pu的对流扩散不改变239+240Pu在柱样中的分布特征。在未来柱样239+240Pu的的研究中,可以仅仅考虑主要以239+240Pu为时标的沉积速率,而无需再考虑所谓的最大“表观对流速率”。这也为南海北部海域未来沉积物柱样中239+240Pu沉积速率的研究提供理论参考。
(1)南海北部海域表层海水中239+240Pu浓度范围:(0.0083 ± 0.0026)mBq/m3到(54.02±5.55) mBq/m3,海水中239+240Pu的浓度呈现指数递减的变化趋势。240Pu/239Pu原子比值在0.184 ± 0.017到0.353 ± 0.168,主要来源全球大气沉降(GF)和太平洋核试验场(PPG)。典型水柱中239+240Pu浓度随着深度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,并且首次发现水柱中239+240Pu浓度峰值与对应深度呈现正相关的线性关系。
(2)南海北部海域中表层沉积物239+240Pu比活度范围:(0.002 ± 0.002) mBq/g到(1.847 ± 0.327) mBq/g,240Pu/239Pu原子比值的范围:0.158 ± 0.028到0.314 ± 0.018。表层沉积物239+240Pu比活度的对数与240Pu/239Pu原子比值呈现正相关的线性关系。
(3)南海北部海域表层沉积物有机质含量或粒度与239+240Pu比活度相关性具有分段性质,分别呈现正相关性和负相关性。
(4)南海北部海域239+240Pu柱样垂向分布主要呈现:多峰分布、单峰分布和无峰分布。柱样239+240Pu的沉积速率在数值上通常要大于等于可交换态239+240Pu的最大表观对流速率,并且完整柱样中239+240Pu的沉积速率与最大表观对流速率呈现显著正相关的线性关系,可交换态239+240Pu在海洋沉积物柱样中的对流与扩散对于239+240Pu在柱样中垂向分布的影响可以完全忽略。
(5)中国以及沿太平洋国家,对于日本福岛核事故排放的放射性核素(例如14C、79Se、99Tc、129I和239+240Pu等)的污染应该持续的关注与研究。
致谢:感谢兰州大学核科学与技术学院侯小琳教授和中国核动力研究设计院梁帮宏副研究员的支持,同时也特别感谢南京大学潘少明教授,广西师范大学沈洪涛教授,中山大学地球科学与工程学院孙晓明教授以及中国疾病预防控制中心吉艳琴研究员的支持。
  • 南宁师范大学博士科研启动项目(602021239517)。
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025014
  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
  • 修回日期:2024-11-01
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南宁师范大学博士科研启动项目(602021239517)。
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    1 南宁师范大学 环境与生命科学学院,广西 南宁 530001
    2 中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
    3 苏州大学 放射医学与防护学院,江苏 苏州 215123
    4 广西大学 物理科学与工程技术学院,广西 南宁 530004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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