Article(id=1189609210817016011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1733760000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761554537729, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761554537729, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761554537729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761554537729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189609210015903945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761554537537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558855524, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189609211051897039, articleId=1189609210817016011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Summary of sharing platforms for ocean color remote sensing in situ measurement data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-quality in situ measurement data is a prerequisite for the validation of ocean color remote sensing data products, algorithm development, and climate change research. The collection of in situ measurement data, however, typically requires a substantial investment of human, material and financial resources. The data collected by a single research team often insufficient to support long-term and large-scale research. Driven by the advances in scientific research of “big data”, several open-access data platforms, intergovernmental and national marine scientific data centers, as well as database platforms of major marine-related departments, have released diverse types of in-situ measurement data and shared them with users. This is aimed at giving full play to the value of in-situ measurement data and supporting the research on major scientific issues. It is difficult for data users to quickly understand and apply shared data from these platforms, because of the discrete distribution of datasets on different platforms, and differences in data collection time, regions, disciplinary categories, and acquisition methods. This results in a time-consuming and labor-intensive process of gathering relevant research data. Therefore, this paper compiles and organizes 29 database platforms from which parameters such as ocean optics, biogeochemistry can be obtained. These platforms store in-situ measurement data from the global ocean over the past century. This paper reviews the typical applications of these shared data in the research of ocean color remote sensing, and provides suggestions for data retrieval of commonly used parameters, with the aim of helping data users obtain research data quickly.

, correspAuthors=Xiaopeng Shao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiang Li, Junwu Tang, Huaxin Ge, Guojun Wu, Lingling Jiang, Xiaopeng Shao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189609784362922645, articleId=1189609210817016011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海洋水色遥感原位测量数据共享平台综述, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高质量的原位测量数据是海洋水色遥感数据产品真实性检验、算法开发和气候变化研究的先决条件。原位数据的采集通常需要耗费大量的人力、物力、财力,单个研究团队采集的数据通常难以支持长时序和大范围的研究。在“大数据”科学研究的驱动下,国内外多个开放存取数据平台、政府间和国家级海洋科学数据中心以及主要涉海部门数据库平台发布了不同类型的海洋原位测量数据并向用户共享,以充分发挥原位测量数据的价值,支撑大科学问题的研究。由于各数据集在数据平台中离散分布,数据采集时间、区域、学科门类及数据获取方式不尽相同,数据使用者很难短时间内知晓并应用这些平台数据,导致搜集相关研究数据费时费力。因此,本文收集整理了29个可以获取海洋光学和海洋生物地球化学等参数的数据库平台,这些平台存储了全球海洋近百年来的原位测量数据,列举了共享数据在海洋水色遥感研究中的典型应用,并给出了常用参数的数据检索建议,以期帮助数据使用者快捷获取研究数据。

, correspAuthors=邵晓鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邵晓鹏,教授,主要从事计算光学成像方向研究。E-mail:
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李强(1998—),男,山东省枣庄市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

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Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2010, 57(2): 213−227., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681319916100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=186, rfOrder=189, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stramska M. The diffusive component of particulate organic carbon export in the North Atlantic estimated from SeaWiFS ocean color[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2010, 57(2): 284−296., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681378636357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=187, rfOrder=190, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song Qingjun, Chen Shuguo, Hu Lianbo, et al. Introducing two fixed platforms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea supporting long-term satellite ocean color validation: preliminary data and results[J]. Remote Sensing, 2022, 14(12): 2894., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681454133830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=188, rfOrder=191, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=史鑫皓, 陈树果, 林明森, 等. 中国海洋水色卫星传感器COCTS HY-1D产品初步评价[J]. 遥感学报, 2023, 27(4): 943−952., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681500271175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=188, rfOrder=192, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi Xinhao, Chen Shuguo, Lin Mingsen, et al. Preliminary performance of the COCTS onboard HY-1D satellite in the global ocean[J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2023, 27(4): 943−952., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681554797128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=189, rfOrder=193, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Field C B, Behrenfeld M J, Randerson J T, et al. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components[J]. Science, 1998, 281(5374): 237−240., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681613517385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=190, rfOrder=194, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mueller J L, Morel A, Frouin R, et al. Ocean optics protocols for satellite ocean color sensor validation, Revision 4[R]. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Space Center, 2003: 1−63., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1189620681693209162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=191, rfOrder=195, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IOCCG. IOCCG ocean optics and biogeochemistry protocols for satellite ocean colour sensor validation[R]. 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Partial application cases of the data published in the Scientific Data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集描述 数据集 参数名称 应用案例
GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ
dataset for optical sensing of water quality[16]
文献[17] a CDOM, Chl a, R rs, SDD, TSM 文献[12, 18]
A database of chlorophyll a in Australian waters[19] DOI:10.4225/69/586f220c3f708 Chl a 文献[20]
Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon,
nitrogen, and phosphorus in the global ocean[21]
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d702p
https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/526747
POC, PON, POP 文献[10, 22]
Nutrient, pigment, suspended matter and turbidity measurements
in the Belgian part of the North Sea[23]
http://mda.vliz.be/ HPLC, TSM, 营养盐, 浑浊度 文献[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664161018231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

《科学数据》发表数据及其部分应用案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集描述 数据集 参数名称 应用案例
GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ
dataset for optical sensing of water quality[16]
文献[17] a CDOM, Chl a, R rs, SDD, TSM 文献[12, 18]
A database of chlorophyll a in Australian waters[19] DOI:10.4225/69/586f220c3f708 Chl a 文献[20]
Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon,
nitrogen, and phosphorus in the global ocean[21]
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d702p
https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/526747
POC, PON, POP 文献[10, 22]
Nutrient, pigment, suspended matter and turbidity measurements
in the Belgian part of the North Sea[23]
http://mda.vliz.be/ HPLC, TSM, 营养盐, 浑浊度 文献[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664261681528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partial application cases of the data published in the Earth System Science Data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集描述 数据集 参数名称 应用案例
The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid
chromatography marine pigment measurements[25]
文献[26] HPLC 文献[2831]
Coastcolour round robin data sets: a database to evaluate the performance of
algorithms for the retrieval of water quality parameters in coastal waters[32]
文献[33] Chl a, TSM, CDOM 文献[12, 34]
Photosynthesis–irradiance parameters of marine phytoplankton:
synthesis of a global data set[35]
文献[36] Chl a, 光合−辐照度参数 文献[37]
A global compilation of in situ aquatic high spectral resolution inherent and
apparent optical property data for remote sensing applications[38]
文献[39] a tot, a CDOM, a nap, a p, a ph, b btot, b bp, c, c p, R, R rs 文献[24, 40]
Collection and analysis of a global marine phytoplankton
primary-production dataset[41]
文献[42] Chl a, PP 文献[43]
The HYPERMAQ dataset: bio-optical properties of moderately
to extremely turbid waters[44]
文献[45] Chl a, HPLC, TSM, ρ w, a tot, c 文献[46]
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean colour
satellite applications–version three[47]
文献[48] Chl a, a ph, a dg, b bp, Kd, R rs, TSM 文献[12, 49]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664349761913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

《地球系统科学数据》期刊发表数据的部分应用案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集描述 数据集 参数名称 应用案例
The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid
chromatography marine pigment measurements[25]
文献[26] HPLC 文献[2831]
Coastcolour round robin data sets: a database to evaluate the performance of
algorithms for the retrieval of water quality parameters in coastal waters[32]
文献[33] Chl a, TSM, CDOM 文献[12, 34]
Photosynthesis–irradiance parameters of marine phytoplankton:
synthesis of a global data set[35]
文献[36] Chl a, 光合−辐照度参数 文献[37]
A global compilation of in situ aquatic high spectral resolution inherent and
apparent optical property data for remote sensing applications[38]
文献[39] a tot, a CDOM, a nap, a p, a ph, b btot, b bp, c, c p, R, R rs 文献[24, 40]
Collection and analysis of a global marine phytoplankton
primary-production dataset[41]
文献[42] Chl a, PP 文献[43]
The HYPERMAQ dataset: bio-optical properties of moderately
to extremely turbid waters[44]
文献[45] Chl a, HPLC, TSM, ρ w, a tot, c 文献[46]
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean colour
satellite applications–version three[47]
文献[48] Chl a, a ph, a dg, b bp, Kd, R rs, TSM 文献[12, 49]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664429453690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Partial application cases of the data published in the PANGAEA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类别 参数名称 数据集 应用案例
生物地球化学
参数
HPLC The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid
chromatography marine pigment measurements[26]
Global surface ocean HPLC phytoplankton pigments and hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance[50];
Global retrieval of diatom abundance based on phytoplankton pigments and satellite data[51];
Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the South Atlantic Ocean[52]
Phytoplankton pigment concentration and phytoplankton groups measured on water samples and from radiometric measurements obtained during POLARSTERN cruise PS113 in the Atlantic Ocean[53]
文献
[11, 29, 40, 54]
TSM Suspended particulate matter concentrations and organic matter fractions from water samples[55] 文献[56]
DOC Hydrographical, biogeochemical and biooptical water properties in the Mackenzie
Delta Region during 4 expeditions from spring to fall in 2019[57]
文献[5859]
Chla GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset
for optical sensing of water quality[17];
The HYPERMAQ dataset[45];
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48]
文献[46]
POC Spring phytoplankton communities of the Labrador Sea (2005−2014): pigment signatures,
photophysiology and elemental ratios[60]
PP Global marine phytoplankton production dataset[42] 文献[61]
PFT-Chl a Global data sets of Chlorophyll a concentration for diatoms, coccolithophores
(haptophytes) and cyanobacteria obtained from in situ observations and satellite retrievals[62]
文献[63]
表观光学量(AOPs) Rrs GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality[17];
CoastColour Round Robin datasets, Version 1[33];
In situ high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical
property data from diverse aquatic environments[39];
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48];
Global surface ocean HPLC phytoplankton pigments and
hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance[50];
The SeaSWIR dataset[64];
Remote sensing reflectance during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/1[65];
文献
[12, 18, 32]
固有光学量(IOPs) ap Properties of seawater and particulate matter from a WETLabs AC-S spectrophotometer
and a WETLabs chlorophyll fluorometer mounted on the continuous surface water
sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009−2013[66]
文献[67]
aph GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality[17]
bbp A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664509145467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PANGAEA中部分数据应用案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类别 参数名称 数据集 应用案例
生物地球化学
参数
HPLC The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid
chromatography marine pigment measurements[26]
Global surface ocean HPLC phytoplankton pigments and hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance[50];
Global retrieval of diatom abundance based on phytoplankton pigments and satellite data[51];
Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the South Atlantic Ocean[52]
Phytoplankton pigment concentration and phytoplankton groups measured on water samples and from radiometric measurements obtained during POLARSTERN cruise PS113 in the Atlantic Ocean[53]
文献
[11, 29, 40, 54]
TSM Suspended particulate matter concentrations and organic matter fractions from water samples[55] 文献[56]
DOC Hydrographical, biogeochemical and biooptical water properties in the Mackenzie
Delta Region during 4 expeditions from spring to fall in 2019[57]
文献[5859]
Chla GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset
for optical sensing of water quality[17];
The HYPERMAQ dataset[45];
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48]
文献[46]
POC Spring phytoplankton communities of the Labrador Sea (2005−2014): pigment signatures,
photophysiology and elemental ratios[60]
PP Global marine phytoplankton production dataset[42] 文献[61]
PFT-Chl a Global data sets of Chlorophyll a concentration for diatoms, coccolithophores
(haptophytes) and cyanobacteria obtained from in situ observations and satellite retrievals[62]
文献[63]
表观光学量(AOPs) Rrs GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality[17];
CoastColour Round Robin datasets, Version 1[33];
In situ high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical
property data from diverse aquatic environments[39];
A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48];
Global surface ocean HPLC phytoplankton pigments and
hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance[50];
The SeaSWIR dataset[64];
Remote sensing reflectance during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/1[65];
文献
[12, 18, 32]
固有光学量(IOPs) ap Properties of seawater and particulate matter from a WETLabs AC-S spectrophotometer
and a WETLabs chlorophyll fluorometer mounted on the continuous surface water
sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009−2013[66]
文献[67]
aph GLORIA-A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality[17]
bbp A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications-version 3[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664618197372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Partial application cases of the data published in the Dryad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集 参数名称 应用案例
Bio-optical Database of the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cnp5hqc17] R rs, Kd, a tot, a ph, b btot, b bp, POC, Chl a 文献[27]
Data from: Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus in the global ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d702p]
POC, PON, POP 文献[21]
A synthetic database of hyperspectral ocean optical properties [DOI: 10.6076/D1630T] R rs 文献[68]
Data from: Effects of sea ice cover on satellite-detected primary
production in the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34f4q]
PP 文献[69]
Tracking freshwater browning and coastal water darkening from boreal forests
to the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1gq]
Chl a, SDD 文献[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664735637885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Dryad中部分数据应用案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集 参数名称 应用案例
Bio-optical Database of the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cnp5hqc17] R rs, Kd, a tot, a ph, b btot, b bp, POC, Chl a 文献[27]
Data from: Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus in the global ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d702p]
POC, PON, POP 文献[21]
A synthetic database of hyperspectral ocean optical properties [DOI: 10.6076/D1630T] R rs 文献[68]
Data from: Effects of sea ice cover on satellite-detected primary
production in the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34f4q]
PP 文献[69]
Tracking freshwater browning and coastal water darkening from boreal forests
to the Arctic Ocean [DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1gq]
Chl a, SDD 文献[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664827912574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Partial application cases of the data published in the Zenodo

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集 参数名称 应用案例
Baltic Sea shipborne Hyperspectral Reflectance data from 2016.
[DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5572537]
R rs 文献
[12, 71]
Data set for the paper: Intercomparison of ocean colour algorithms for picophytoplankton
carbon in the ocean. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1067229]
Pico-C phy 文献[31]
Particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen concentrations and stable isotope composition of seawater sampled during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3859515] POC, PON 文献[72]
Phytoplankton pigment concentrations of seawater sampled during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE)
during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3816726]
HPLC 文献[73]
Particulate light absorption coefficients (350–750 nm) measured using the filter pad method during the Antarctic
Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the austral summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3993096]
a p 文献[73]
Sky irradiance over photosynthetically active radiation wavelengths (400−700 nm) recorded shipboard during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3859836] PAR 文献[73]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664907604351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Zenodo中部分数据应用案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集 参数名称 应用案例
Baltic Sea shipborne Hyperspectral Reflectance data from 2016.
[DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5572537]
R rs 文献
[12, 71]
Data set for the paper: Intercomparison of ocean colour algorithms for picophytoplankton
carbon in the ocean. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1067229]
Pico-C phy 文献[31]
Particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen concentrations and stable isotope composition of seawater sampled during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3859515] POC, PON 文献[72]
Phytoplankton pigment concentrations of seawater sampled during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE)
during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3816726]
HPLC 文献[73]
Particulate light absorption coefficients (350–750 nm) measured using the filter pad method during the Antarctic
Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the austral summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3993096]
a p 文献[73]
Sky irradiance over photosynthetically active radiation wavelengths (400−700 nm) recorded shipboard during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) during the Austral Summer of 2016/2017. [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3859836] PAR 文献[73]
), ArticleFig(id=1189620664978907520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comprehensive comparison of data-sharing platforms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
章节 数据共享平台 是否开放 时间跨度 空间覆盖 数据类型* 易用性**
3.1 国际海洋数据和信息交换中心(IODE) 1884− 全球 ABCDEF
3.2 世界海洋数据库(WOD) 1772− 全球 ABCDEF
3.3 海洋数据网(SeaDataNet) 1805− 全球 ABCDEF
3.4 国际海洋考察理事会(ICES) 1877− 大西洋、北太平洋、北极、地中海、黑海等 ABC
3.5 SeaWiFS生物光学档案和存储系统(SeaBASS) 1933− 全球 ABCDF
3.6 生物和化学海洋学数据管理办公室(BCO-DMO) 1949− 全球 ABCDEF
3.7 英国海洋数据中心(BODC) 1842− 全球 ABCDEF
3.8 中国国家海洋科学数据中心 1846− 全球 ABCDEF
3.9 澳大利亚海洋数据网(AODN) 1844− 澳大利亚沿岸 ABCDF
3.10 日本海洋数据中心(JODC) 1772− 日本近海 ABC
3.11 加利福尼亚海洋渔业合作调查(CalCOFI) 1949− 美国近海 ABC
3.12 近岸和海洋观察(CoastWatch • OceanWatch) 2014−2021 美国近海 CD
3.13 中国南海海洋数据中心 申请 1959− 中国南海 ABCDEF
3.14 香港环境保护署环境保护互动中心 1986− 中国南海 ABC
3.15 持续浮游生物记录(CPR)调查 1931− 北大西洋 C
3.16 帕尔默长期生态研究(Palmer LTER) 1989− 南极 ACD
4.1 海洋光学浮标(MOBY) 1997− 北太平洋 D
4.2 长时间序列光学浮标(BOUSSOLE) 2003−2023 地中海 ACD
4.3 气溶胶自动网络(AERONET) 1992− 全球 DF
4.4 生物地球化学剖面浮标(BGC-Argo) 2002− 全球 ABCD
4.5 夏威夷海洋时间序列(HOT) 1988− 北太平洋 ABCD
百慕大大西洋时间序列(BATS) 1988− 北大西洋 ABCD
4.6 欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站 (ESTOC) 1994− 北大西洋 ABC
4.7 黄东海光学遥感海上检验场 2019− 黄/东海 DF
), ArticleFig(id=1189620665050210689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

数据共享平台综合对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
章节 数据共享平台 是否开放 时间跨度 空间覆盖 数据类型* 易用性**
3.1 国际海洋数据和信息交换中心(IODE) 1884− 全球 ABCDEF
3.2 世界海洋数据库(WOD) 1772− 全球 ABCDEF
3.3 海洋数据网(SeaDataNet) 1805− 全球 ABCDEF
3.4 国际海洋考察理事会(ICES) 1877− 大西洋、北太平洋、北极、地中海、黑海等 ABC
3.5 SeaWiFS生物光学档案和存储系统(SeaBASS) 1933− 全球 ABCDF
3.6 生物和化学海洋学数据管理办公室(BCO-DMO) 1949− 全球 ABCDEF
3.7 英国海洋数据中心(BODC) 1842− 全球 ABCDEF
3.8 中国国家海洋科学数据中心 1846− 全球 ABCDEF
3.9 澳大利亚海洋数据网(AODN) 1844− 澳大利亚沿岸 ABCDF
3.10 日本海洋数据中心(JODC) 1772− 日本近海 ABC
3.11 加利福尼亚海洋渔业合作调查(CalCOFI) 1949− 美国近海 ABC
3.12 近岸和海洋观察(CoastWatch • OceanWatch) 2014−2021 美国近海 CD
3.13 中国南海海洋数据中心 申请 1959− 中国南海 ABCDEF
3.14 香港环境保护署环境保护互动中心 1986− 中国南海 ABC
3.15 持续浮游生物记录(CPR)调查 1931− 北大西洋 C
3.16 帕尔默长期生态研究(Palmer LTER) 1989− 南极 ACD
4.1 海洋光学浮标(MOBY) 1997− 北太平洋 D
4.2 长时间序列光学浮标(BOUSSOLE) 2003−2023 地中海 ACD
4.3 气溶胶自动网络(AERONET) 1992− 全球 DF
4.4 生物地球化学剖面浮标(BGC-Argo) 2002− 全球 ABCD
4.5 夏威夷海洋时间序列(HOT) 1988− 北太平洋 ABCD
百慕大大西洋时间序列(BATS) 1988− 北大西洋 ABCD
4.6 欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站 (ESTOC) 1994− 北大西洋 ABC
4.7 黄东海光学遥感海上检验场 2019− 黄/东海 DF
), ArticleFig(id=1189620665134096770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table A1, caption=

Glossary of abbreviations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缩写 英文全称 中文全称
a CDOM Absorption coefficient by the colored dissolved organic matter 有色溶解有机物的吸收系数
AOD Aerosol optical depth 气溶胶光学深度
AOP Apparent optical property 表观光学属性
a dg Detrital plus CDOM absorption coefficient 碎屑与有色溶解有机物吸收系数之和
a nap Absorption coefficient by the non-algal particles 非藻类颗粒物吸收系数
a p Absorption coefficient by the particles 颗粒物吸收系数
a ph Absorption coefficient by the phytoplankton 浮游植物吸收系数
a tot Total absorption coefficient 总吸收系数
b bp Particulate backscattering coefficients 颗粒物后向散射系数
b btot Total backscattering coefficients 总后向散射系数
c tot Beam attenuation coefficient 光束衰减系数
c p Particulate attenuation coefficient 颗粒物衰减系数
CDOM Colored dissolved organic matter 有色溶解有机物
Chl a Chlorophyll-a 叶绿素-a
DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 溶解有机碳
E d Downward irradiance 下行辐照度
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography 高效液相色谱
Kd Diffuse attenuation coefficient 漫射衰减系数
IOP Inherent optical properties 固有光学属性
L w Water-leaving radiance 离水辐亮度
L wn Normalized water-leaving radiance 归一化离水辐亮度
PAR Photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射
PFT Phytoplankton functional type 浮游植物功能类型
Pico-C phy Pico- Phytoplankton carbon Pico级浮游植物碳
POC Particulate organic carbon 颗粒有机碳
PON Particulate organic nitrogen 颗粒有机氮
POP Particulate organic phosphorus 颗粒有机磷
PP Primary production 初级生产力
PSD Particle size distribution 颗粒物粒径分布
R Irradiance reflectance 辐照度反射率
R rs Remote sensing reflectance 遥感反射比
SDD Secchi disk depth 透明度
TSM Total suspended matter 总悬浮物
TSS Total suspended solids 总悬浮固体
ρ w Water-leaving reflectance 离水反射率
), ArticleFig(id=1189620665230565763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表A1, caption=

名词缩写说明表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缩写 英文全称 中文全称
a CDOM Absorption coefficient by the colored dissolved organic matter 有色溶解有机物的吸收系数
AOD Aerosol optical depth 气溶胶光学深度
AOP Apparent optical property 表观光学属性
a dg Detrital plus CDOM absorption coefficient 碎屑与有色溶解有机物吸收系数之和
a nap Absorption coefficient by the non-algal particles 非藻类颗粒物吸收系数
a p Absorption coefficient by the particles 颗粒物吸收系数
a ph Absorption coefficient by the phytoplankton 浮游植物吸收系数
a tot Total absorption coefficient 总吸收系数
b bp Particulate backscattering coefficients 颗粒物后向散射系数
b btot Total backscattering coefficients 总后向散射系数
c tot Beam attenuation coefficient 光束衰减系数
c p Particulate attenuation coefficient 颗粒物衰减系数
CDOM Colored dissolved organic matter 有色溶解有机物
Chl a Chlorophyll-a 叶绿素-a
DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 溶解有机碳
E d Downward irradiance 下行辐照度
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography 高效液相色谱
Kd Diffuse attenuation coefficient 漫射衰减系数
IOP Inherent optical properties 固有光学属性
L w Water-leaving radiance 离水辐亮度
L wn Normalized water-leaving radiance 归一化离水辐亮度
PAR Photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射
PFT Phytoplankton functional type 浮游植物功能类型
Pico-C phy Pico- Phytoplankton carbon Pico级浮游植物碳
POC Particulate organic carbon 颗粒有机碳
PON Particulate organic nitrogen 颗粒有机氮
POP Particulate organic phosphorus 颗粒有机磷
PP Primary production 初级生产力
PSD Particle size distribution 颗粒物粒径分布
R Irradiance reflectance 辐照度反射率
R rs Remote sensing reflectance 遥感反射比
SDD Secchi disk depth 透明度
TSM Total suspended matter 总悬浮物
TSS Total suspended solids 总悬浮固体
ρ w Water-leaving reflectance 离水反射率
), ArticleFig(id=1189620665318646148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=EN, label=Table A2, caption=

Summary of data-sharing platform websites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
章节 平台名称 网址[2023年11月]
2.1 《科学数据》(Scientific Data) https://www.nature.com/sdata/
2.2 《地球系统科学数据》(Earth System Science Data) https://www.earth-system-science-data.net/
2.3 地球与环境科学数据出版社—PANGAEA https://www.pangaea.de/
2.4 开放数据发布平台—Dryad https://datadryad.org/
2.5 数字图书馆—Zenodo https://zenodo.org/
3.1 国际海洋数据和信息交换中心(IODE) https://www.iode.org/
3.2 世界海洋数据库(WOD) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-database/
3.3 海洋数据网(SeaDataNet) https://www.seadatanet.org/
3.4 国际海洋考察理事会(ICES) https://www.ices.dk/
3.5 SeaWiFS生物光学档案和存储系统(SeaBASS) https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/
3.6 生物和化学海洋学数据管理办公室(BCO-DMO) http://bco-dmo.org/
3.7 英国海洋数据中心(BODC) https://www.bodc.ac.uk/
3.8 中国国家海洋科学数据中心 https://mds.nmdis.org.cn/
3.9 澳大利亚海洋数据网(AODN) http://portal.aodn.org.au/
3.10 日本海洋数据中心(JODC) https://www.jodc.go.jp/
3.11 加利福尼亚海洋渔业合作调查(CalCOFI) https://calcofi.org/
3.12 近岸和海洋观察(CoastWatch • OceanWatch) https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/insitu/insituSearch.html
3.13 中国南海海洋数据中心 http://data.scsio.ac.cn/
3.14 香港环境保护署环境保护互动中心 https://cd.epic.epd.gov.hk/EPICDI/
3.15 持续浮游生物记录(CPR)调查 https://www.cprsurvey.org/
3.16 帕尔默长期生态研究(Palmer LTER) https://pallter.marine.rutgers.edu/
4.1 海洋光学浮标(MOBY) https://mlml.sjsu.edu/moby/
4.2 长时间序列光学浮标(BOUSSOLE) http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/Boussole/
4.3 气溶胶自动网络(AERONET) https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/
4.4 生物地球化学剖面浮标(BGC-Argo) https://biogeochemical-argo.org/
4.5 夏威夷海洋时间序列(HOT) https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/
百慕大大西洋时间序列(BATS) https://bats.bios.asu.edu/
4.6 欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站(ESTOC) https://plocan.eu/
), ArticleFig(id=1189620665436086661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210817016011, language=CN, label=表A2, caption=

数据共享平台网址汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
章节 平台名称 网址[2023年11月]
2.1 《科学数据》(Scientific Data) https://www.nature.com/sdata/
2.2 《地球系统科学数据》(Earth System Science Data) https://www.earth-system-science-data.net/
2.3 地球与环境科学数据出版社—PANGAEA https://www.pangaea.de/
2.4 开放数据发布平台—Dryad https://datadryad.org/
2.5 数字图书馆—Zenodo https://zenodo.org/
3.1 国际海洋数据和信息交换中心(IODE) https://www.iode.org/
3.2 世界海洋数据库(WOD) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-database/
3.3 海洋数据网(SeaDataNet) https://www.seadatanet.org/
3.4 国际海洋考察理事会(ICES) https://www.ices.dk/
3.5 SeaWiFS生物光学档案和存储系统(SeaBASS) https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/
3.6 生物和化学海洋学数据管理办公室(BCO-DMO) http://bco-dmo.org/
3.7 英国海洋数据中心(BODC) https://www.bodc.ac.uk/
3.8 中国国家海洋科学数据中心 https://mds.nmdis.org.cn/
3.9 澳大利亚海洋数据网(AODN) http://portal.aodn.org.au/
3.10 日本海洋数据中心(JODC) https://www.jodc.go.jp/
3.11 加利福尼亚海洋渔业合作调查(CalCOFI) https://calcofi.org/
3.12 近岸和海洋观察(CoastWatch • OceanWatch) https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/insitu/insituSearch.html
3.13 中国南海海洋数据中心 http://data.scsio.ac.cn/
3.14 香港环境保护署环境保护互动中心 https://cd.epic.epd.gov.hk/EPICDI/
3.15 持续浮游生物记录(CPR)调查 https://www.cprsurvey.org/
3.16 帕尔默长期生态研究(Palmer LTER) https://pallter.marine.rutgers.edu/
4.1 海洋光学浮标(MOBY) https://mlml.sjsu.edu/moby/
4.2 长时间序列光学浮标(BOUSSOLE) http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/Boussole/
4.3 气溶胶自动网络(AERONET) https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/
4.4 生物地球化学剖面浮标(BGC-Argo) https://biogeochemical-argo.org/
4.5 夏威夷海洋时间序列(HOT) https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/
百慕大大西洋时间序列(BATS) https://bats.bios.asu.edu/
4.6 欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站(ESTOC) https://plocan.eu/
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海洋水色遥感原位测量数据共享平台综述
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李强 1, 2, 3 , 唐军武 2, 4, 5 , 葛化鑫 6 , 吴国俊 2, 4 , 姜玲玲 7 , 邵晓鹏 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(2): 108-130
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(2): 108-130
海洋水色遥感原位测量数据共享平台综述
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李强1, 2, 3 , 唐军武2, 4, 5, 葛化鑫6, 吴国俊2, 4, 姜玲玲7, 邵晓鹏2, *
作者信息
  • 1 西安电子科技大学 光电工程学院, 陕西 西安 710071
  • 2 中国科学院 西安光学精密机械研究所, 陕西 西安 710119
  • 3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 4 崂山实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 5 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学部海洋技术学院, 山东 青岛 266100
  • 6 青岛国实科技集团有限公司, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 7 大连海事大学 环境科学与工程学院, 辽宁 大连 116026
  • 李强(1998—),男,山东省枣庄市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邵晓鹏,教授,主要从事计算光学成像方向研究。E-mail:
Summary of sharing platforms for ocean color remote sensing in situ measurement data
Qiang Li1, 2, 3 , Junwu Tang2, 4, 5, Huaxin Ge6, Guojun Wu2, 4, Lingling Jiang7, Xiaopeng Shao2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
  • 2Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an 710119, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 5College of Marine Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 6Gosci Technology Group, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 7College of Environment Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025005
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高质量的原位测量数据是海洋水色遥感数据产品真实性检验、算法开发和气候变化研究的先决条件。原位数据的采集通常需要耗费大量的人力、物力、财力,单个研究团队采集的数据通常难以支持长时序和大范围的研究。在“大数据”科学研究的驱动下,国内外多个开放存取数据平台、政府间和国家级海洋科学数据中心以及主要涉海部门数据库平台发布了不同类型的海洋原位测量数据并向用户共享,以充分发挥原位测量数据的价值,支撑大科学问题的研究。由于各数据集在数据平台中离散分布,数据采集时间、区域、学科门类及数据获取方式不尽相同,数据使用者很难短时间内知晓并应用这些平台数据,导致搜集相关研究数据费时费力。因此,本文收集整理了29个可以获取海洋光学和海洋生物地球化学等参数的数据库平台,这些平台存储了全球海洋近百年来的原位测量数据,列举了共享数据在海洋水色遥感研究中的典型应用,并给出了常用参数的数据检索建议,以期帮助数据使用者快捷获取研究数据。

水色遥感  /  海洋光学  /  生物光学  /  原位测量  /  数据库  /  共享数据  /  生物地球化学

High-quality in situ measurement data is a prerequisite for the validation of ocean color remote sensing data products, algorithm development, and climate change research. The collection of in situ measurement data, however, typically requires a substantial investment of human, material and financial resources. The data collected by a single research team often insufficient to support long-term and large-scale research. Driven by the advances in scientific research of “big data”, several open-access data platforms, intergovernmental and national marine scientific data centers, as well as database platforms of major marine-related departments, have released diverse types of in-situ measurement data and shared them with users. This is aimed at giving full play to the value of in-situ measurement data and supporting the research on major scientific issues. It is difficult for data users to quickly understand and apply shared data from these platforms, because of the discrete distribution of datasets on different platforms, and differences in data collection time, regions, disciplinary categories, and acquisition methods. This results in a time-consuming and labor-intensive process of gathering relevant research data. Therefore, this paper compiles and organizes 29 database platforms from which parameters such as ocean optics, biogeochemistry can be obtained. These platforms store in-situ measurement data from the global ocean over the past century. This paper reviews the typical applications of these shared data in the research of ocean color remote sensing, and provides suggestions for data retrieval of commonly used parameters, with the aim of helping data users obtain research data quickly.

ocean color  /  ocean optics  /  bio-optics  /  in situ measurements  /  database  /  shared data  /  biogeochemistry
李强, 唐军武, 葛化鑫, 吴国俊, 姜玲玲, 邵晓鹏. 海洋水色遥感原位测量数据共享平台综述. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 108 -130 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025005
Qiang Li, Junwu Tang, Huaxin Ge, Guojun Wu, Lingling Jiang, Xiaopeng Shao. Summary of sharing platforms for ocean color remote sensing in situ measurement data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (2) : 108 -130 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025005
海洋水色遥感技术提供认识海洋生态系统的宏观窗口,是目前我们了解全球海洋上层生物圈的主要方法[12]。水色遥感即通过卫星遥感影像获取水体光学信号,通过分析光谱信息反演得到生物地球化学参数,因其大范围、近实时和长时序的独特优势,成为海洋环境监测系统的重要组成部分[34]。海洋水色遥感数据产品的定标和验证以及完善海洋水色算法都离不开海洋光学和生物地球化学原位测量,这是水色遥感技术发展进步的先决条件[57]。在Web of Science中以TS = “Ocean Color”和TS = “Remote Sensing”作为关键词共检索到4573条相关研究,加入TS = “in situ”关键词,共检索到1700条相关研究(截至2024年7月10日),进一步表明原位测量数据在水色遥感中的重要性。
海洋光学和生物地球化学原位测量数据主要来自于船测、锚泊平台(锚系浮标)和Argo浮标阵列等,长时间序列和大空间范围难以兼得,且需要耗费大量人力、物力、财力。过去由于缺乏星地同步观测数据和全球分布的原位测量数据,导致适用于算法开发和卫星产品验证的数据量有限[89]。随着“大数据”驱动的科学研究的兴起,国内外学者通过搜集整理大范围和长时序原位测量数据,结合遥感影像,宏观地研究了全球海洋溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)浓度,浮游植物类群分布及水体光学分类等[1015]。以上研究中使用的原位测量数据来自各研究团队自己的船测数据和共享数据集,以后者为主导。共享数据集主要有4个来源:(1)研究人员发布的共享数据集;(2)政府间大型数据存储平台;(3)国家级海洋数据中心;(4)国内外涉海机构数据中心。由于共享数据离散分布,数据使用者很难在短时间内充分搜集研究所需的数据集。
本文收集整理了29个海洋数据发布平台,包括开放存取数据平台、海洋科学数据中心和海洋长时间序列观测站网平台,主要由欧美等发达国家发起,平台共享的数据类型包括但不限于海洋光学和海洋生物地球化学;综述了各平台存储的数据类型以及数据在海洋水色遥感中的应用;最后给出水色遥感研究常用参数的数据检索建议。
面向全球的开放存取数据平台和科学期刊中,存储和发表了大量地球科学领域的原位测量数据集,在海洋水色遥感研究中被大量使用。本节列举科学期刊和开放存取数据平台以及部分海洋水色遥感研究中使用的数据集。
《科学数据》(Scientific Data, https://www.nature.com/sdata/)是一本同行评议的开放获取期刊,由英国自然出版集团出版,用于描述数据集和研究,促进研究数据的共享和再利用。《科学数据》的主要内容类型是数据描述,它将传统的叙述性内容与结构化的数据描述相结合,为数据共享提供了一个框架。研究人员将海洋光学和生物地球化学等数据归纳整理后形成新的汇编数据集,在发表文章的同时将数据集共享在相关数据库中,其在海洋水色遥感研究中的部分应用案例如表1所示。
《地球系统科学数据》(Earth System Science Data, https://www.earth-system-science-data.net/)是由哥白尼出版社出版的国际性跨学科开放获取期刊,旨在发表有关原始研究数据(集)的文章,促进对地球系统科学有益的高质量数据的再利用。与《科学数据》期刊相似,《地球系统科学数据》主要发表的文章类型是数据(集)描述,详细记录数据的采集、处理和汇编过程,并将研究数据(集)发布在相关数据库中。表2列举了该期刊发表的研究数据及在海洋水色遥感中的部分应用。其中,MAREDAT数据集是一个全球范围的HPLC色素浓度数据集,共收集35634条来自136个野外调查项目的数据,在海洋生态学和水色遥感领域应用广泛,促进我们对海洋生物多样性的认识[25],在PANEAGA数据平台中开放下载[26]
地球与环境科学数据出版社(PANGAEA, https://www.pangaea.de/)信息系统是一个地球科学领域的开放存取图书馆,旨在归档、出版和传播地球系统的研究数据,其内容具有长期可用性(超过10年)。PANGAEA向任何项目、机构或科学家个人开放,供其使用或归档和发布数据,主要包含地理参照观测和实验数据。该数据库中存储了《科学数据》和《地球系统科学数据》期刊中发表的多个海洋生物地球化学和海洋光学原位测量数据集,表3列举了PANGAEA中的部分数据集及其在海洋水色遥感研究中的应用。
开放数据发布平台(Dryad)是一个受美国国家科学基金会资助的开放式数据发布平台(https://datadryad.org/),致力于所有研究数据的开放性和常规再利用,以推动研究的发现并转化为社会利益。Dryad数据库中存储了海洋生物地球化学和海洋光学原位测量数据集(相比PANGAEA较少),其部分数据集与应用案例如表4所示。Dryad数据库中存储的北极生物光学数据库汇集了来自北冰洋34次考察(1998−2018年)的生物和光学数据,同时包含多光谱IOPs、AOPs、Chl a浓度和环境数据,促进了北冰洋初级生产力研究[27]
数字图书馆(Zenodo)是一个开放的传播研究数据的数据库(https://zenodo.org/),由欧洲核子研究组织开发,用于保存和提供研究、教育和信息内容,对所有人开放。Zenodo数据库接受来自所有研究领域的数据,且对数据格式无限制。大量海洋科学研究者将数据上传至Zenodo数据库中,使用者可在许可范围内重复使用。Zenodo数据库中存储的数据集在水色遥感研究中应用较少,部分数据集与应用该数据集进行的相关研究如表5所示。
除了开放存取的数据平台,政府间海洋数据存储平台、国家级海洋数据中心以及国内外涉海机构数据中心长期维护着不同用途的数据库。这些数据平台保存并分发来自船测、锚泊平台或Argo浮标阵列的海洋数据,涉及海洋物理、化学、生物等学科。本节列举海洋综合数据平台及其数据在水色遥感研究中的应用。
国际海洋数据和信息交换中心(International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange,IODE,https://www.iode.org/)由联合国教科文组织“政府间海洋学委员会” 于1961年成立。其宗旨是通过促进100多个成员国之间的海洋学数据和信息交流,以及通过满足用户对数据和信息产品的需求,加强海洋研究、开发和发展。IODE数据中心收集、控制来自所属数据库的数百万海洋观测数据的质量和存档,并向用户提供这些数据目录。IODE数据中心主要包含1884年至今的物理海洋学、化学、生物学等数据。海洋数据信息系统(https://catalogue.odis.org/)提供了所有在线数据的资源目录,提供有关数据的信息,用户可通过关键词检索,获取在线数据或信息来源。
世界海洋数据库(World Ocean Database, WOD, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-database/)由美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)国家环境信息中心发起,是世界上最大的格式统一、质量受控、公开可用的海洋剖面数据集合,属于IODE项目成员。它是海洋学、气候学和环境研究的有力工具,也是20多年来各机构、部门、研究人员和数据恢复计划共同努力的最终成果。WOD数据的时间跨度从1772年至今,是进行长期和历史海洋气候分析的宝贵资源。WOD存储了大量来自船测和浮标等手段采集的海洋物理、化学和生物数据,所有数据均转换为标准格式存储,供用户开放下载。
海洋数据网(SeaDataNet, https://www.seadatanet.org/),是欧盟第六框架计划的一个泛欧海洋数据管理基础设施,用于管理来自大量国家的专业海洋数据中心的原位测量数据集。多个海洋数据中心的数据集整合使得SeaDataNet公共数据索引系统提供大量的大气科学、海洋物理、生物、化学等学科数据供用户下载,时间跨度从1805年至今,可用于水色遥感反演算法的开发及验证[74]
国际海洋考察理事会(International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES, https://www.ices.dk/)于1902年在丹麦成立,是一个负责协调和促进海洋科学考察的政府间海洋科学组织,致力于满足社会对有关海洋状况和可持续利用的公正证据的需求。
ICES提供1877年至今,包含海洋生物、地理、水文和水质化学参数的数据集,存储的数据采样区域主要分布在大西洋、北太平洋、北极、地中海、黑海等海域,用户可根据需求开放下载使用。对于海洋水色遥感研究,ICES提供透明度(SDD)、浮游植物类型和Chl a浓度等数据[47]。Ciavatta等[75]利用ICES数据库中的温度、盐度、营养盐、Chl a浓度等参数将海洋水色反演的浮游植物功能类型同化为海洋生态系统模型,使模型更好地模拟浮游生物群落结构。
美国国家航空航天局(NASA)海洋生物处理小组(OBPG)维护着一个海洋和大气相关的原位数据存储库—SeaWiFS生物光学档案和存储系统(SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System, SeaBASS, https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/),以支持卫星遥感产品验证、算法开发和许多气候相关调查。这一系统最初为SeaWiFS项目开发,用于开展校准和验证活动,以对辐射测量和浮游植物色素数据进行编目,Werdell等[76]对此进行了详细说明。存档数据时间跨度从1933年至今,包括AOPs、IOPs、生物地球化学参数,以及其他相关海洋和大气数据,如水温、盐度、受激荧光和AOD等。用户可根据需求直接检索下载数据,或根据原位测量数据与卫星数据之间特定的时空匹配规则,通过“验证检索”,直接检索下载与卫星匹配后的数据集。
由于SeaBASS平台源起于海洋水色遥感,国内外学者基于SeaBASS中存储的数据集进行卫星数据真实性验证和开发水色算法。其中,海洋光学数据被用于发展和评估大气校正[7778]、Kd遥感反演研究[79]、水体分类方法研究[12, 80];生物地球化学参数被用于研究Chla浓度遥感反演[8183]、POC浓度遥感反演[10, 15, 8488]、游植物类群遥感反演[11]和TSM浓度遥感反演[14]
除了直接使用SeaBASS中的数据,Lehmann等[16]对SeaBASS中的海洋光学数据加以分析处理后,生成了新的高光谱原位数据集(GLORIA),并在PANGAEA数据库中开放下载[17];OBPG将SeaBASS中存储的L w、IOPs和Chl a浓度等同步观测数据汇编了一个全球范围、高质量的生物光学数据集(NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set, NOMAD),现版本NOMAD数据集(Version 2.0)汇编自1991−2007年的原位测量数据,并在SeaBASS中开放下载。
总体而言,SeaBASS是海洋水色遥感研究获取原位测量数据最主要的平台,其中的原位测量数据支撑了大量相关研究成果,推动学科快速发展迭代。
生物和化学海洋学数据管理办公室(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office, BCO-DMO, http://bco-dmo.org/)目的是在线提供美国国家科学基金会资助项目的数据和相关信息。BCO-DMO数据系统存储了不同类型的多个数据集,时间跨度从1949年至今,包括生物(Chl a浓度、HPLC色素浓度等)、化学(营养盐、溶解氧、二氧化碳分压、酸碱度(pH)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解无机碳(DIC)等)和物理(温度、盐度、透明度等)在内的1000多项测量参数,分布于全球海洋。
BCO-DMO数据系统提供的数据在海洋水色遥感相关研究中被大量使用。Cetinić等[8990]使用2008年北大西洋藻华实验项目中的海洋光学与生物地球化学数据分别研究揭示了IOPs与POC和浮游植物群落之间的关系。Evers-King等[22, 87, 91]使用POC原位数据评估了多个POC浓度反演算法的可靠性;Bonelli等[13, 92]集合多个航次数据构建了CDOM和DOC浓度的反演算法;Arteaga等[93]使用PP数据库结合BGC-Argo剖面数据,估算混合层中海洋剖面PP;Park等[94]使用Chl a浓度数据重构了南极罗斯海区域的Chl a产品缺失值。
英国海洋数据中心(British Oceanographic Data Centre, BODC, https://www.bodc.ac.uk/)是一个负责管理和发布海洋环境相关数据的英国国家机构,属于IODE项目成员,保存并发布大量可供公众使用的数据。BODC维护和发展了国家海洋学数据库,数据源主要来自英国研究机构的海洋数据集的集合。该数据库包含大气、海洋化学、海洋物理和海洋生物等数十个学科类型,约15万条可用数据,时间跨度从1842年至今,来自原始的船测和发表的再整理数据集。
BODC数据库中存储着大量收集自大西洋的数据集,其中大西洋经向横断面(Atlantic Meridional Transect, AMT)航次自1995年启动以来,每年在英国和南大西洋之间的航行中采集海洋物理、生物和化学数据,航程跨越多个生态系统(图1)。AMT航次数据在海洋水色遥感领域被广泛使用。国内外学者使用AMT航次中测量的POC和海洋光学数据,对POC的光学遥感反演参数及反演算法进行了大量研究[10, 22, 89, 91, 9597]。除此之外,AMT航次同步采集的光学、生物化学以及颗粒物等数据被用于开发和改进生物地球化学参数的反演模型[31, 9899]、研究不同粒径颗粒物的光学特性[100101]以及评估水色产品的精度[102103]
中国国家海洋科学数据中心(https://mds.nmdis.org.cn/)由国家海洋信息中心牵头,联合多家单位共同建设,面向国际国内用户提供数据共享服务,于2023年接入IODE。该数据中心存储我国所有海洋重大专项、极地考察与测绘、大洋科学考察、业务化观测和国际交换资料,开展国内外全学科全要素的海洋数据整合集成,空间范围覆盖全球海域,实测数据时间跨度从1846年至今,实测数据类型包括海洋水文、生物、化学、地球物理等。海洋生物地球化学数据包含美国、日本东部、爱尔兰、澳大利亚等近岸和开阔大洋采集的Chl a浓度、POC浓度、浮游植物生物量和初级生产力等大量数据,可被用于水色遥感相关研究,用户可以根据需求免费下载使用。
自2006年以来,澳大利亚的综合海洋观测系统一直在澳大利亚沿海和公海运行着各种各样的观测设备。澳大利亚海洋数据网(Australian Ocean Data Network, AODN, http://portal.aodn.org.au/)提供所有现有的澳大利亚海洋和气候科学数据,用户能够公开自由地获取所有数据,属于IODE项目成员。AODN网站中提供海洋生物、海洋化学以及海洋物理等数据供用户下载,时间跨度从1844年至今,主要采集于澳大利亚沿岸区域,少量分布于开阔大洋中。
AODN网站中提供自1965年以来的Chl a浓度数据,由Davies等[19]整理汇编成澳大利亚水体Chl a浓度数据库。除此之外,Chl a浓度和HPLC色素浓度还作为全球生物光学原位测量数据集[4748]的一部分,分别验证欧空局水色气候变化倡议(Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative, OC-CCI)的水色产品以及开发浮游植物群落和粒级结构反演模型[11, 104]。Schroeder等[105]使用Rrs数据开发了适用于Sentinel-3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Color Instrument)传感器的近岸水体大气校正算法。AODN中还储存了一个生物光学数据库,包含同步采集的IOPs、AOPs和生物地球化学参数等,有助于推动海洋光学与生物地球化学参数之间的进一步研究。
日本海洋数据中心(Japan Oceanographic Data Center, JODC, https://www.jodc.go.jp/)是日本的综合海洋数据库,收集和管理日本各组织(包括政府机构、大学和其他海洋研究机构)观测的海洋数据,属于IODE项目成员。JODC 确保数据质量,并为用户提供日本近海海洋物理、化学、生物等数据,时间跨度从1772年至今。Siswanto等[106]利用JODC中提供的Chl a数据,评估了适用于东中国海东部的初级生产力模型。
加利福尼亚海洋渔业合作调查(California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, CalCOFI, https://calcofi.org/)是加利福尼亚海岸外的一个长期生态系统研究项目,全面研究海洋的物理、化学和生物学,为在气候多变性和变化背景下海洋生态系统的可持续管理提供信息。CalCOFI自1949年开始每季度在加利福尼亚南部和中部海域进行船测(图2),收集一系列环境和海洋生态系统数据,可通过CalCOFI官网或SeaBASS获取。
CalCOFI提供的数据被用于区域性遥感Chl a和CDOM产品的精度评估[107108]、作为全球原位数据集的一部分评估POC反演算法的性能[95]以及开发紫外波长下的Kd反演算法[109]
近岸和海洋观察(CoastWatch·OceanWatch, https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/insitu/insituSearch.html)由美国NOAA发起,旨在帮助人们获取和使用全球和区域卫星数据,用于海洋和沿海应用。CoastWatch·OceanWatch中包含一个原位海洋水色数据库,该数据库中共享的数据免费提供给公众和科学界。数据库中提供的原位数据来自2014−2021年的多个航次,主要分布于美国东部和西部沿海区域,包含海洋光学和Chla浓度等数据,可以为二类水体的水色遥感研究提供数据支持。
中国南海海洋数据中心(http://data.scsio.ac.cn/)成立于2010年,集成“空天海地观测网”和“预测预报感知网”两大体系,贯彻“共建共享”数据工作机制,为全国相关学科研究人员与等提供全面、科学、权威的数据和资料。南海海洋数据中心存储了1959年至今的南海科学考察原位测量数据集,共计35000多个站位,主要包含水文气象、生物生态、地质地球物理和海洋渔业等相关数据。用户可根据需求在平台中申请下载使用数据。其中同步测量的IOPs和生物化学参数被用于研究水色遥感中生物光学模型的优化[110]
香港环境保护署自1986年起对香港海域实施海水水质监测。监测计划包括:每月在76个监测站进行水质监测;每两个月在18个海上避风地点进行水质监测;每半年在60个监测站对海底沉积物进行监测(图3)。环境保护互动中心(https://cd.epic.epd.gov.hk/EPICDI/)是香港环境保护署公共服务网上系统,向用户提供海水水质监测数据,包含海洋化学和生物等数据。
环境保护互动中心发布的水质监测数据被用于部分海洋水色遥感研究中。Nazeer等[111]使用TSS和Chl a浓度数据利用水体光学分类策略改善了光学环境复杂水域的水质参数遥感反演结果,进一步提出新的Chl a浓度反演算法[112];Ma等[113]基于机器学习方法构建了新的水质参数反演算法并分析了珠江河口长时间序列的水质变化。Liu等[114]使用该数据库中深圳湾区域长期的化学参数监测数据构建了正磷酸盐磷遥感反演模型。
持续浮游生物记录(Continuous Plankton Recorder, CPR, https://www.cprsurvey.org/)由英国海洋生物协会负责运营,于1931年开始生物调查,进行了近一个世纪的持续浮游生物观测,为科学界和政策制定者提供了一个全海盆范围内海洋浮游生物生态健康状况的长期衡量标准[115]
CPR调查提供北大西洋海域月平均浮游植物和浮游动物物种丰度数据。Raitsos[116117]发现CPR调查得到的浮游植物颜色指数与SeaWiFS获得的Chl a产品有较好的一致性,可以利用CPR调查数据向前推演Chl a浓度的长时间序列变化。水色传感器反演得到的PAR信息结合海表面温度等数据,可以定量反演藻类分布情况,与CRP调查数据相关性较高[118119]。遥感技术的高时空覆盖能力结合CPR调查的物种信息,将会促进环境对浮游植物的影响的认识[120]
帕尔默长期生态研究(Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research, Palmer LTER, https://pallter.marine.rutgers.edu/)计划由美国国家科学基金会资助,其研究区域为南极半岛西部,旨在研究极地海洋生态系统。Palmer站位于南极洲半岛中部的安弗斯岛(64°42′S, 64°00′W),Palmer LTER计划在南极半岛西海岸设立了一个采样网格(图4),每年夏季沿南极半岛西部船测,并在Palmer站执行每天至每两周一次的小船采样,促进多学科数据集的建模,常规采集数据包含海冰、生物光学特性、初级生产力、浮游植物和浮游细菌的丰度及组成等参数[121],时间跨度从1989年至今。用户可通过Palmer LTER网站或SeaBASS下载数据。
Palmer LTER计划提供的生物光学等数据被用于构建南极半岛POC浓度、浮游植物粒级结构、真光层深度等参数的区域遥感反演算法[87, 122123];验证Chl a遥感产品在南极半岛的鲁棒性[124125];作为全球原位数据集的一部分进行浮游植物类群和粒级结构相关研究[104, 126]
对海洋中气候相关的变量进行长时间序列观测有助于深入了解全球气候变化和海洋对地球大气变化的反应。为此,多个机构在全球范围内发起海洋长时间序列的海洋学变量观测计划,通过锚泊平台、剖面阵列浮标和定期船测等手段,收集了长时间序列表层和剖面海洋生物地球化学数据。为了便于水色传感器替代定标,通过在锚泊平台或剖面阵列浮标上额外安装光学传感器,可获取长时间序列的AOD、E dR rs/L wn等数据。这些海洋长时间序列观测站网数据被广泛应用于水色传感器的替代定标、算法开发和真实性检验,进一步将水色产品与剖面信息进行融合分析,提供不同尺度的观测结果,弥合测量技术上的差异,实现对海洋的三维探测。广泛用于海洋水色遥感研究的观测站网包括海洋光学浮标(Marine Optical BuoY, MOBY)、长时间序列光学浮标(Bouée pour l'acquisition de Séries Optiques à Long Terme, BOUSSOLE);气溶胶自动网络(Aerosol Robotic Network, AERONET);百慕大大西洋时间序列研究(Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study, BATS)、夏威夷海洋时间序列(Hawaii Ocean Time-series, HOT);欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站(European Station for Time-Series in the Ocean of the Canary Islands, ESTOC);黄东海光学遥感海上检验场(数据目前仅在有限范围内共享),其空间分布如图5所示,以及2024年6月海洋生物地球化学剖面浮标(Biogeochemical Argo, BGC-Argo)空间分布如图6所示。
海洋光学浮标 (MOBY) (https://mlml.sjsu.edu/moby/)是NOAA资助的一个锚泊光学浮标,停泊在夏威夷拉奈岛附近(20°49.0′N, 157°11.5′W),目的是对海洋水色传感器(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS)进行替代定标[127]。该系统设计用于测量入射到海洋表层(1 m、5 m和9 m)和散射出海洋的太阳光,向用户免费提供1997年7月至今的可见光波长范围的Lwn和海表面辐照度产品。
MOBY数据被用于我国HY-1C卫星上搭载的水色水温扫描仪(Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner, COCTS)的替代定标[128]、VIIRS (Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer)和MODIS传感器水色遥感基本参数L wnR rs产品的精度评估[129130]。Wang等[131]证明了基于波段差异的Chla浓度反演算法可以降低仪器校准和不完善的大气校正带来的数据噪声。
由于MOBY在空间分布上的单一性,不少学者将MOBY与AERONET-Ocean Color (AERONET-OC)等数据结合,分析卫星与原位数据之间不同时空匹配方案对研究结果的影响[132]、研究传感器接收到的总信号中各成分的信号对大气校正不确定性的贡献[133134]以及检验VIIRS传感器水色产品的真实性[135]
长时间序列光学浮标 (BOUSSOLE)项目(http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/Boussole/)致力于建立海洋光学特性的时间序列数据集,以支持生物光学研究、校准海洋水色卫星产品,并验证这些观测产品的真实性。其数据由一个部署在地中海西北部的永久性锚泊海洋光学浮标(43°22′N, 7°54′E)和每月的船测构成。锚泊浮标向用户提供2003年9月以来基于浮标测量的不同深度(4 m和9 m)的辐照度、叶绿素荧光和部分IOPs数据(c totb btot);船测数据包含表层至200 m的11个间隔深度的直接测量的海洋光学数据以及实验室测量的HPLC浮游植物色素和a ph等数据。
BOUSSOLE提供的辐射度学数据被用于SeaWiFS、MODIS-Aqua和MERIS传感器获取的离水反射率(ρw)产品的真实性检验[136]。BOUSSOLE还提供大量区域性IOPs和生物光学数据,促进了地中海CDOM和浮游植物等光学特性的研究。Organelli等[137]分析了地中海a CDOM的季节性动态,并且使用吸收光谱测量值构建了基于多元偏最小二乘回归技术的浮游植物粒级结构反演模型[138]。Kheireddine等[139]发现c pb bp的昼夜变化与浮游植物特性的变化有关。结合HPLC浮游植物色素数据,Kramer等[126]表明HPLC色素可用于全球范围内不超过4个浮游植物种群的卫星遥感定量;Navarro等[140]开发了适用于地中海区域的浮游植物功能类型识别模型, 后续对该模型加以改进,并成功应用于其他区域[141]
气溶胶自动网络 (AERONET)计划(https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/)是由NASA和PHOTONS建立的地面遥感气溶胶网络联盟,并通过与不同国家的机构或个人合作扩展观测网络。AERONET提供1992年至今的全球范围多光谱气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、气溶胶反演产品(粒径分布、复折射指数等)和不同气溶胶状态下的可降水量观测数据。
AERONET-OC是AERONET计划的一个组成部分,利用安装在灯塔、海洋学塔和石油塔等近海平台上的太阳光度计,提供2002年至今的400~1020 nm波长区间内的9个波段处的L wn等数据[142143]。AERONET-OC提供Level-1.0、Level-1.5、Level-2.0 3个等级的L wn产品,Level-2.0级别产品质量最高,用户应根据研究兴趣合理选择产品级别。
海洋上空气溶胶光学特性对于大气校正过程至关重要,由于AERONET在全球范围内布设了大量站点,因此AERONET提供的AOD数据被广泛应用于气溶胶模型的建立与评估[144149]和AOD反演算法的验证[150152]。AERONET-OC站点提供额外的多光谱Lwn数据,通过在不同站点应用相同的测量系统和规范进行标准化测量,其数据被广泛用于开发和验证大气校正算法[49, 71, 150, 153160]。除此之外,为了获取空间分布更广和时间跨度更长的数据,Müller等[161]将MOBY、BOUSSOLE和AERONET-OC提供的数据汇编后,研究评估大气校正模型的方法。
生物地球化学剖面浮标 (BGC-Argo)项目(https://biogeochemical-argo.org/)旨在开发一个由Argo剖面浮标上的生物地球化学传感器组成的全球网络,以在全球尺度上监测关键的海洋生物地球化学参数[162]。相较于传统的Argo浮标测量的压强、温度和盐度数据,BGC-Argo项目额外提供2002年至今的溶解氧、酸碱度(pH)、硝酸盐、下行辐照度[E d, 380(或443)、412和490 nm]、瞬时平面光合有效辐射、叶绿素荧光和光学后向散射系数(b btot, 700 nm)数据供用户下载。BGC-Argo网络是当前全球尺度上数据量最大的海洋光学和生物化学数据源[163],目前全球已有500多个BGC-Argo日常运行,其空间分布如图6所示(截至2024年6月)。
BGC-Argo数据被广泛应用于海洋水色产品验证,为水色产品补充剖面信息和被云遮挡的信息。经过一系列的验证工作,水色传感器获取的R rs、Chl ab bp、Kd等产品均与BGC-Argo数据有较好的一致性[163169]。结合BGC-Argo提供的剖面生物光学数据,学者对多个生物地球化学参数的剖面分布进行研究,其中包括剖面POC浓度[97],POC通量[170],不同粒径颗粒对碳通量的贡献[171],水下光合有效辐射[169],和剖面PP[93, 172]等。随着投放数量的逐步增加,BGC-Argo有望成为水色遥感产品验证的主要数据源[173]。BGC-Argo补充的剖面信息,可以促进我们进一步了解海洋生物地球化学和地球气候变化[174]
1988年,由美国自然科学基金支持建立了两个深海时间序列水文站,分别位于北太平洋亚热带环流区域的夏威夷附近(HOT, https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/)和北大西洋西部亚热带环流区百慕大附近的马尾藻海(BATS, https://bats.bios.asu.edu/)。主要目标是通过建立和维护深海水文站,进行长时间的物理和生物地球化学观测并解释其变化。
HOT计划是一项基于锚泊和船测的深海观测实验,锚泊站ALOHA位于夏威夷瓦胡岛北部约100 km处(22°46´N, 158°5.5´W),每月前往ALOHA站巡航一次,大部分数据采集工作在ALOHA站从海面到距离海底10 m以内的区域进行,用于化学和生物分析。HOT计划提供1988年至今的海洋光学(AOD、Ed、PAR等)、物理(温度、盐度、深度等)、化学(硝酸盐、磷酸盐等)和生物(Chl a、HPLC、PP等)数据,其中,海洋光学数据需从SeaBASS中获取,其他数据可从HOT数据系统(HOT-DOGS, http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot-dogs)下载。
BATS同样是基于锚泊和巡航的深远海观测实验,自1988年10月起,每月前往锚泊站BATS(31°40´N, 64°10´W)执行4~5 d的巡航采样,采样深度为表层至4600 m。BATS提供与HOT计划相似的数据,用户可在其官网中免费获取。
由于HOT计划和BATS均提供长时间序列的生物地球化学参数,因此被广泛应用于大区域的水色遥感研究中。其中,E d数据被用于评估VIIRS水色产品的真实性[175];基于14C培养的PP数据被用于开发基于碳的初级生产力模型[176]、验证PP模型的鲁棒性[93, 177];POC数据被用于构建POC浓度反演算法[178179]、比较不同算法的性能[95];DOC浓度被用于构建新的遥感反演算法[13]a CDOM数据被用于分析马尾藻海微生物群落活动与CDOM动态之间的联系[180]
欧洲加那利群岛海洋时间序列站 (ESTOC)是加那利群岛海洋平台的深远海观测站,位于北大西洋东部亚热带环流区加那利群岛以北100 km处(29°10'N, 15°30'W),与BATS纬度相似,水深约3600 m,用于研究北大西洋东部水文地理和海洋地球化学的季节性和年际变化以及亚热带环流区生物地球化学的东西不对称性[181]。自1994年1月开始每月前往ESTOC站巡航采集数据,核心参数囊括海洋物理(盐度、温度等)、化学(硝酸盐、磷酸盐等)、生物地球化学(Chl a、POC、PON等),可通过加那利群岛海洋平台数据服务中心(http://data.plocan.eu/thredds/catalog/estoc/catalog.html)下载。
使用ESTOC数据结合卫星水色数据可以深入理解加那利群岛生物地球化学参数的变化特征,例如,Chla浓度的季节性和年际变化[182]、颗粒物通量季节变化趋势[183]以及初级生产力模型[184]等;进一步结合其他北大西洋时间序列站,Helmke等[185]研究了北大西洋亚热带环流中POC输出和通量衰减的东西差异性,Stramska等[186]分析了大西洋扩散POC通量的时间和空间差异性。
国家卫星海洋应用中心于2019年建设黄东海光学遥感海上检验场,用于中国水色卫星产品的定标检验。黄东海光学遥感海上检验场计划部署10个AERONET-OC站,目前已部署牟平(37°40′52′′N, 121°42′0′′E)和东瓯(27°40′30′′N, 121°21′18′′E)两个观测站[187]。牟平观测站搭载两个CE318-T型太阳光度计和3个RAMSES高光谱辐射计,东瓯观测站仅搭载1台CE318-T型(CE318-TV12-OC, SeaPRISM)太阳光度计,两个观测站均在白天时段多次自动测量Rrs和AOD参数。海上检验场数据目前仅提供给相关合作者使用,在有限范围内共享,不对公众完全开放使用。当所有站点部署完成和质量评估后,开发者可能将其并入AERONET-OC站网。
该检验场对我国水色卫星数据产品的真实性检验提供有力保障,国内相关科研人员使用检验场原位测量数据评估了国内外水色卫星数据产品的精度。Song等[187]评估了MODIS和OLCI水色传感器的Rrs和AOD产品的精度,还进一步评估了大气校正算法的精度;史鑫皓等[188]评估了HY-1D卫星搭载的COCTS测得的R rs产品的精度。
研究目的的差异导致各研究计划采集数据的侧重点不同。生物光学特性调查侧重于采集AOPs、IOPs以及生物地球化学等参数;浮游生物调查侧重于采集浮游植物类群和丰度、海洋物理和化学参数;海洋光学调查侧重于采集AOPs、IOPs和AOD数据;气候变化调查的数据采集更加全面,包括但不限于海洋物理、化学和生物参数。
开放存取数据平台存储的数据集的特点是经过作者团队按照研究兴趣搜集、整理,格式统一,数据量较大,开放下载,用户的使用学习成本较低。海洋科学数据中心和长时间序列观测站网中的数据分布较离散,需要用户按照研究兴趣,根据原始数据处理规范仔细筛选合适的数据使用。不同平台存储的数据时空分布、格式和可获取性有差别,将其综合对比后整理在表6中。除中国南海海洋数据中心和黄东海光学遥感海上检验场外,数据共享平台中的数据均可开放下载。政府间大型数据存储平台和部分国家级海洋科学数据中心提供全球范围的原位测量数据,时间跨度上百年,数据类型较全面,但数据检索下载的难度一般。涉海机构数据中心和长时间序列观测站提供的数据类型由于其研究内容不同,数据类型较为单一,但其数据检索下载的难度较低,方便获取数据。
浮游植物是海洋碳循环过程的关键部分,生产全球近一半的PP[189]。不难发现,由于Chl a浓度在一定程度上可以代表浮游植物生物量,且测量方法成熟、简单,Chl a浓度数据几乎可以通过所有海洋综合数据平台和部分海洋长时间序列观测站网获取。除此之外,Chl a浓度是应用最广泛的水色遥感产品之一,因此,基于原位测量的Chl a浓度遥感反演研究屡见不鲜。在收集汇编Chl a浓度原位测量数据时,应特别注意测量方法(荧光法、分光光度法和HPLC法)之间的差异。HPLC色素浓度可被用于分析浮游植物的类群,其原位测量数据主要来自于生物光学特性、浮游生物和气候变化调查项目(Palmer LTER、BOUSSOLE、HOT、BATS等)。海洋初级生产力(PP)的测量对于定量了解全球生物圈至关重要。测量PP的方法包括但不限于14C、13C、18O示踪法、明暗瓶培养法。多个数据库共享14C示踪和明暗瓶等方法培养测得的PP,CalCOFI、Palmer LTER、HOT、BATS提供基于14C示踪培养测得的PP数据集,中国南海海洋数据中心可申请使用基于明暗瓶测得的PP共享数据集。POC指海洋中的有机颗粒物,包含浮游植物、浮游动物、细菌和碎屑。测量POC的方法相对单一,通常是样品经过酸化的孔径为0.7 μm的GF/F滤膜过滤后,利用元素分析仪将有机碳转化为CO2,计算其质量。使用POC共享数据时,应特别注意其对空白校正的处理过程。多个海洋调查项目将POC浓度作为核心测量参数,其数据集可从CalCOFI、中国南海海洋数据中心、Palmer LTER、HOT、BATS平台检索获取。
辐射度学、IOPs、AOPs和AOD等海洋光学参数在水色遥感产品定标检验和开发中都起到十分重要的作用。对于辐射度学数据,CalCOFI、CoastWatch·OceanWatch、Palmer LTER、MOBY、BOUSSOLE、AERONET-OC、BGC-Argo、HOT等平台可检索下载多光谱辐照度和辐亮度数据。多个平台提供不同IOPs数据检索下载,CalCOFI、CoastWatch·OceanWatch提供水中不同成分吸收系数数据集,中国南海海洋数据中心提供b bpa ph数据集,BOUSSOLE提供c tot数据集、水中不同成分吸收系数和b btot数据集,BGC-Argo提供b btot数据集。共享的AOPs参数主要是Rrs和Kd,可从CalCOFI、CoastWatch·OceanWatch、Palmer LTER、BOUSSOLE平台检索获取。
用户使用相关数据时,建议先了解各航次报告或数据说明,熟悉相关数据处理规范[NASA和International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)均体系性地提供用于水色遥感验证的原位数据处理规范[190, 191],避免不同测量仪器和方法引起的误差。除此之外,用户还应当遵守各平台数据使用政策,按要求引用。
在长时间和大区域的海洋水色遥感研究中,原位测量数据的数量和质量对研究结果至关重要。为了推动海洋研究和管理,开放存取数据平台、政府间海洋数据库、国家级海洋数据中心以及国内外涉海机构数据中心公开发布了大量原位测量数据和再整理数据集,供用户获取使用。本文整理了29个可供海洋水色遥感研究使用或有潜在使用价值的数据平台,列举各平台中的共享数据在部分研究中的典型应用,主要包括卫星产品的替代定标和真实性检验、生物地球化学参数的遥感反演模型开发与改进,以及水体光学特性研究等。从来源上看,共享数据多数由欧美等发达国家发布,尽管我国国家海洋科学数据中心和南海海洋数据中心提供部分原位测量数据,但是拥有自主知识产权和我国海域采集的数据量仍占少数。从时空分布上看,共享数据采集时间跨越百年,多数采集于近30年,主要分布于开阔大洋和美国、澳大利亚等国家近岸。从数据类型上看,海洋光学和生物地球化学参数丰富,但是仍然存在欠缺:(1)海洋光学与生物地球化学同步采集数据量不足,不利于生物地球化学参数光学特性研究;(2)颗粒物相关测量数据中缺少颗粒物偏振参数,即Mueller矩阵参数,随着NASA 带有偏振载荷的PACE (Plankton Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem)卫星的成功发射,颗粒物偏振参数将极大地促进水色偏振遥感研究发展。未来,建议学者在发表研究型文章的同时共享其原位测量数据,这将极大地提高数据再利用,切实为研究人员提供便利,推动学科快速发展。
致谢: 本文受启发于2023年第三届中国水色理论及遥感暑期班。衷心感谢班友深圳大学刘会增、王永全,浙江海洋大学李嘉桦,中山大学向金朝,中国科学院南海海洋研究所郑文迪,以及中国科学院南海海洋研究所徐超对本文海洋科学数据中心的内容补充。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3901705);崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202201202)。
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025005
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 修回日期:2024-12-10
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3901705);崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202201202)。
作者信息
    1 西安电子科技大学 光电工程学院, 陕西 西安 710071
    2 中国科学院 西安光学精密机械研究所, 陕西 西安 710119
    3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    4 崂山实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
    5 中国海洋大学 信息科学与工程学部海洋技术学院, 山东 青岛 266100
    6 青岛国实科技集团有限公司, 山东 青岛 266237
    7 大连海事大学 环境科学与工程学院, 辽宁 大连 116026

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邵晓鹏,教授,主要从事计算光学成像方向研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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