Article(id=1189609210686992586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725292800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-03, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761554537698, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761554537698, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761554537698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761554537698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189609210015903945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761554537537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558855524, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189627321033175671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189609210015903945, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189609210871541965, articleId=1189609210686992586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Application of a modified tidal harmonic analysis method in the analysis of short-term tide levels offshore Zhejiang, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the limitations of the Rayleigh criterion, classical harmonic analysis (CHA) model requires half a year of data records to analyze the eight main tidal constituents, namely, M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, Q1. For short-term tidal records, the unresolved constituents typically rely on the ratio differences from nearby long-term tidal stations for estimation. However, there is a scarcity of publicly available long-term tidal data in the coastal areas of Zhejiang, which currently prevents the accurate extraction of the main constituents from short-term records. This paper introduces a modified harmonic analysis model, referred to as the Modified Harmonic Analysis model based on the Credo of Smoothness (MHACS). Based on the smooth functions established by the intrinsic connections between major constituents, it breaks through the Rayleigh criterion, significantly reducing the length of tidal records required, especially suitable for coastal areas with abundant short-term data. This algorithm was applied to the multi-island area of Zhejiang offshore, using tidal records shorter than 15 days. The results show that the harmonic constants of the eight main constituents at the Shipu station are very close to the results obtained by the CHA method, and the required data length is reduced from 8760 hours to 336 hours, which can be used to calculate characteristic parameters such as the theoretical depth datum. For analyzing the eight main constituents along the Zhejiang coast using MHACS, a minimum data length of 5 days is recommended.

, correspAuthors=Haidong Pan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huamin Zhou, Haidong Pan, Yuhan Yan, Liang Liang, Lixiao Chen, Haifeng Gao, Ran Ni), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189609488429609223, articleId=1189609210686992586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=新型潮汐调和分析算法在浙江近海短期潮位分析中的应用, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统调和分析方法受限于瑞利准则,需半年数据以分辨8大主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)。对于短期潮位资料,未分辨的分潮需采用附近长期潮位站资料的差比关系来推算。而浙江近海公开的长期潮位资料匮乏,使得无法从短期资料中准确提取主要分潮。本文引入的新型潮汐调和分析算法,基于各主要分潮间内在联系所建立的平滑函数,突破瑞利准则限制,显著减少了所需潮位资料长度,特别适用于短期资料丰富的海域。本研究将该算法应用于浙江沿海多岛屿海域,对小于15 d的潮位资料进行试验。结果表明:石浦站8大主要分潮的调和常数与传统调和分析方法得到的结果总体接近,而所需资料长度从8760 h减少至336 h,可用于理论深度基准面等特征参数的计算。采用该算法分析浙江沿海潮位的8大主要分潮时,建议数据长度在5 d以上。

, correspAuthors=潘海东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘海东,博士,副研究员,主要从事潮汐变化研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1xPz4oqtwIBnrjkQ9QDmgg==, magXml=PojNfHiDldhtttbaJJTwJQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8crtTHzH0wcKlnFlX+KDoA==, pdfFileSize=3030785, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=iB1XDW8NvBskcRZQxAHdeA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bc4I8JMd70m9GGp6oPX9qw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周华民(1981—),男,浙江省常山县人,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸动力环境研究。E-mail:

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周华民(1981—),男,浙江省常山县人,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸动力环境研究。E-mail:

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周华民(1981—),男,浙江省常山县人,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸动力环境研究。E-mail:

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Ocean Science, 2020, 16(4): 965−977., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1189620335499550845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42076178);浙江省水利河口研究院院长基金(ZIHE22Q012)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1189620329904349217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620329912737826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620329904349217, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary (Zhejiang Institute of Marine Planning and Design), Hangzhou, 310020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620329921126435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620329904349217, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江省水利河口研究院(浙江省海洋规划设计研究院),浙江 杭州 310020)]), AuthorCompany(id=1189620329984040996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620329992429605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620329984040996, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620330000818214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620329984040996, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1189620330055344167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620330063732776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620330055344167, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Ningbo ShangHang Surveying and Mapping Co., LTD., Ningbo 315200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189620330072121385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, companyId=1189620330055344167, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 宁波上航测绘股份有限公司,浙江 宁波 315200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1189620332542566489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The locations of tide gauges, figureFileSmall=4Wz3OgMzAQNBGpvmTKzSSg==, figureFileBig=H+7O/FSe/D2YMxRF+7julA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620332605481050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图1, caption=潮位站位置, figureFileSmall=4Wz3OgMzAQNBGpvmTKzSSg==, figureFileBig=H+7O/FSe/D2YMxRF+7julA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620332710338651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of ridge regression parameters under different admittances forms, figureFileSmall=a2Fa8VA8lgOAIT7X0569+A==, figureFileBig=t0j5AOzs014oJd9uWOt6cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620332794224732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同导纳形式下岭回归参数的比较, figureFileSmall=a2Fa8VA8lgOAIT7X0569+A==, figureFileBig=t0j5AOzs014oJd9uWOt6cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620332886499421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Results of different harmonic analysis methods at Shipu, figureFileSmall=VoAh9QsiCFExwfp1XZo+ew==, figureFileBig=r3bdALzaku5HLkUhXcP4XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620332978774110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图3, caption=石浦站不同调和分析方法的回报结果, figureFileSmall=VoAh9QsiCFExwfp1XZo+ew==, figureFileBig=r3bdALzaku5HLkUhXcP4XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333037494367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Co-tidal charts in the coastal area of Zhejiang based on EOT20 tide model and results of MHACS methods (colored dots)

a. M2 constituent. b. S2 constituent. c. K1 constituent. d. O1 constituent

, figureFileSmall=UXg73DBCKrFf8zn8i9hj2Q==, figureFileBig=/tr8dBZp+CKW4ZJFGk9k2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333104603232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图4, caption=浙江近海EOT20模型同潮图与MHACS结果(色差圆点)比较

a. M2分潮;b. S2分潮;c. K1分潮;d. O1分潮

, figureFileSmall=UXg73DBCKrFf8zn8i9hj2Q==, figureFileBig=/tr8dBZp+CKW4ZJFGk9k2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333180100705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Theoretical depth datum calculated using MHACS results in the coastal area of Zhejiang, figureFileSmall=66x2QFYsvDQZyniQygnk5Q==, figureFileBig=bIDE1nSznRDfk4OQREaxGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333255598178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图5, caption=利用MHACS结果计算的浙江近海理论深度基准面, figureFileSmall=66x2QFYsvDQZyniQygnk5Q==, figureFileBig=bIDE1nSznRDfk4OQREaxGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333314318435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Distribution of daily form factor (F) values using MHACS results, figureFileSmall=7fS1h++q6OyWHKA1nFoOHQ==, figureFileBig=/eB9UDLFyIpj40yrujnT/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333368844388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图6, caption=利用MHACS结果计算的日潮型系数分布, figureFileSmall=7fS1h++q6OyWHKA1nFoOHQ==, figureFileBig=/eB9UDLFyIpj40yrujnT/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333444341861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distribution of monthly tidal envelope factor (E) using MHACS results, figureFileSmall=nkVAZjgKlEnUc07fsL9soA==, figureFileBig=ZhJtIIR0acl4GamlG6Fsrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333507256422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图7, caption=利用MHACS结果计算的月潮汐包络因子平面分布, figureFileSmall=nkVAZjgKlEnUc07fsL9soA==, figureFileBig=ZhJtIIR0acl4GamlG6Fsrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333574365287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Relationship between the S2/M2 and N2/S2 amplitude ratios (x and y axes respectively) and E values (shown as plot contours), with the distribution of E values (blue dots) at various stations in the coastal area of Zhejiang, figureFileSmall=2v3jMwyHq0GAz4t4TKw55Q==, figureFileBig=7T/UC+9we/FEK1Wqw5azLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333654057064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图8, caption=振幅比S2/M2x轴)、N2/S2y轴)与月潮汐包络因子E值(等值线)关系,以及浙江近海各站E值(蓝色点)分布, figureFileSmall=2v3jMwyHq0GAz4t4TKw55Q==, figureFileBig=7T/UC+9we/FEK1Wqw5azLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333721165929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The mean vector differences between tidal constants obtained by MHACS and CHA methods with different length of records at Shipu, figureFileSmall=k245/lgmD2Cq3SjQ+PD+fA==, figureFileBig=2F5WGYhfNjTzSYmVucR6SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333784080490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图9, caption=石浦站采用MHACS方法(不同形式导纳)与CHA方法得到的平均矢量差随数据长度的变化, figureFileSmall=k245/lgmD2Cq3SjQ+PD+fA==, figureFileBig=2F5WGYhfNjTzSYmVucR6SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620333893132395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Fig. A1, caption=The CHA results at Shipu

a. Normalized amplitudes for semi-diurnal tides; b. phase lags for semi-diurnal tides; c. normalized amplitudes for diurnal tides; d. phase lags for diurnal tides

, figureFileSmall=tzekXziwy96Vzc80rT6yvw==, figureFileBig=KvtQBVjmkmHTXrRFi5sbfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620334014767212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=图A1, caption=石浦站经典调和分析结果

a.半日潮归一化振幅;b. 半日潮迟角;c. 全日潮归一化振幅;d. 全日潮迟角

, figureFileSmall=tzekXziwy96Vzc80rT6yvw==, figureFileBig=KvtQBVjmkmHTXrRFi5sbfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189620334077681773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The information of tide gauges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 编号 纬度/°N 经度/°E 站点名称 编号 纬度/°N 经度/°E
金塘 1 29.99 121.84 乍浦 10 30.59 121.10
毛礁 2 29.93 121.87 峙南 11 29.84 122.06
万华码头 3 29.94 121.95 黄牛礁 12 29.68 121.82
定海 4 30.00 122.05 西泽 13 29.63 121.85
双合 5 30.29 122.06 澉浦 14 30.37 120.90
衢山 6 30.44 122.28 镇海口 15 29.95 121.72
泗礁 7 30.72 122.51 石浦 16 29.23 121.96
嵊山 8 30.72 122.80 岱山 17 30.28 122.22
独山码头 9 30.66 121.21 下三山 18 29.94 121.85
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334169956462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

潮位站信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 编号 纬度/°N 经度/°E 站点名称 编号 纬度/°N 经度/°E
金塘 1 29.99 121.84 乍浦 10 30.59 121.10
毛礁 2 29.93 121.87 峙南 11 29.84 122.06
万华码头 3 29.94 121.95 黄牛礁 12 29.68 121.82
定海 4 30.00 122.05 西泽 13 29.63 121.85
双合 5 30.29 122.06 澉浦 14 30.37 120.90
衢山 6 30.44 122.28 镇海口 15 29.95 121.72
泗礁 7 30.72 122.51 石浦 16 29.23 121.96
嵊山 8 30.72 122.80 岱山 17 30.28 122.22
独山码头 9 30.66 121.21 下三山 18 29.94 121.85
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334232871023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Vector differences of harmonic constants using different regression methods at Shipu (unit: cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线性函数 二次函数
普通最小二乘法 迭代重加权最小二乘法 岭回归法 普通最小二乘法 迭代重加权最小二乘法 岭回归法
矢量差 4.17 3.60 4.11 6.05 7.19 4.13
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334304174192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各回归方法下石浦站的调和常数矢量差统计(单位:cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线性函数 二次函数
普通最小二乘法 迭代重加权最小二乘法 岭回归法 普通最小二乘法 迭代重加权最小二乘法 岭回归法
矢量差 4.17 3.60 4.11 6.05 7.19 4.13
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334379671665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Harmonic constants at Shipu using CHA (one-year records) , EOT20 model and MHACS (336 h records) methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮名称 石浦站振幅(迟角)
CHA方法 EOT20模型 MHACS方法
M2 145.23 cm(246.08°) 145.00 cm(246.10°) 140.87 cm(244.05°)
S2 60.65 cm(291.02°) 60.08 cm(290.16°) 61.25 cm(290.42°)
N2 26.86 cm(227.94°) 27.34 cm(224.05°) 33.89 cm(227.42°)
K2 16.65 cm(285.47°) 15.94 cm(286.90°) 17.36 cm(294.00°)
K1 29.93 cm(209.30°) 29.34 cm(208.12°) 32.15 cm(205.73°)
O1 21.58 cm(169.07°) 21.01 cm(168.11°) 22.88 cm(164.01°)
P1 8.69 cm(207.32°) 8.68 cm(203.41°) 10.05 cm(202.56°)
Q1 3.79 cm(150.15°) 4.22 cm(143.26°) 5.22 cm(149.45°)
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334442586226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石浦站采用经典调和分析CHA方法(1 a数据)、EOT20模型和新型调和分析MHACS方法(336 h数据)得到的调和常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮名称 石浦站振幅(迟角)
CHA方法 EOT20模型 MHACS方法
M2 145.23 cm(246.08°) 145.00 cm(246.10°) 140.87 cm(244.05°)
S2 60.65 cm(291.02°) 60.08 cm(290.16°) 61.25 cm(290.42°)
N2 26.86 cm(227.94°) 27.34 cm(224.05°) 33.89 cm(227.42°)
K2 16.65 cm(285.47°) 15.94 cm(286.90°) 17.36 cm(294.00°)
K1 29.93 cm(209.30°) 29.34 cm(208.12°) 32.15 cm(205.73°)
O1 21.58 cm(169.07°) 21.01 cm(168.11°) 22.88 cm(164.01°)
P1 8.69 cm(207.32°) 8.68 cm(203.41°) 10.05 cm(202.56°)
Q1 3.79 cm(150.15°) 4.22 cm(143.26°) 5.22 cm(149.45°)
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334509695091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The performances of different harmonic analysis methods at Shipu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 解释的信号方差/% 均方根误差/m 最大误差/m
CHA方法 94.6 0.28 1.01
MHACS方法 94.7 0.29 0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334681661556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

石浦站不同调和分析方法的回报结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 解释的信号方差/% 均方根误差/m 最大误差/m
CHA方法 94.6 0.28 1.01
MHACS方法 94.7 0.29 0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334736187509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the amplitude errors of 18 stationsobtained from the MHACS method and the EOT20 model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮名称 均方根误差RMSE/m 最大误差MAE/m
M2 0.27 0.65
S2 0.12 0.25
K1 0.03 0.09
O1 0.02 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334853628022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

MHACS方法与EOT20模型得到的18个站位分潮振幅误差比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮名称 均方根误差RMSE/m 最大误差MAE/m
M2 0.27 0.65
S2 0.12 0.25
K1 0.03 0.09
O1 0.02 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1189620334920736887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Theoretical depth datum calculated using MHACS results in the coastal area of Zhejiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
理基值/cm −194 −185 −180 −181 −100 −204 −203 −208 −406
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
理基值/cm −428 −212 −256 −265 −499 −183 −283 −173 −181
), ArticleFig(id=1189620335025594488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

利用MHACS结果计算的浙江近海理论深度基准面值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
理基值/cm −194 −185 −180 −181 −100 −204 −203 −208 −406
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
理基值/cm −428 −212 −256 −265 −499 −183 −283 −173 −181
), ArticleFig(id=1189620335105286265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Tidal types and daily form factor values at stations in the coastal area of Zhejiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
F 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.59 0.67 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.24
类型 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
F 0.23 0.52 0.43 0.42 0.19 0.62 0.39 0.57 0.59
类型 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 不正规半日潮 半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮
), ArticleFig(id=1189620335180783738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

浙江近海各站位潮汐类型及潮型系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
F 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.59 0.67 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.24
类型 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
F 0.23 0.52 0.43 0.42 0.19 0.62 0.39 0.57 0.59
类型 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 半日潮 不正规半日潮 半日潮 不正规半日潮 不正规半日潮
), ArticleFig(id=1189620335273058427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The monthly tidal envelope factor E at various stations in the coastal area of Zhejiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
E 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.87 0.84 0.84 0.91
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
E 0.91 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.93 0.86 0.90 0.92
), ArticleFig(id=1189620335361138812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189609210686992586, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

浙江近海各站位月潮汐包络因子E

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称 金塘 毛礁 万华 定海 双合 衢山 泗礁 嵊山 独山
E 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.87 0.84 0.84 0.91
站点名称 乍浦 峙南 黄牛礁 西泽 澉浦 镇海 石浦 岱山 下三山
E 0.91 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.93 0.86 0.90 0.92
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新型潮汐调和分析算法在浙江近海短期潮位分析中的应用
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周华民 1 , 潘海东 2, * , 严聿晗 1 , 梁亮 1 , 陈俐骁 1 , 高海峰 1 , 倪冉 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(2): 29-40
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(2): 29-40
新型潮汐调和分析算法在浙江近海短期潮位分析中的应用
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周华民1 , 潘海东2, * , 严聿晗1, 梁亮1, 陈俐骁1, 高海峰1, 倪冉3
作者信息
  • 1 浙江省水利河口研究院(浙江省海洋规划设计研究院),浙江 杭州 310020
  • 2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 3 宁波上航测绘股份有限公司,浙江 宁波 315200
  • 周华民(1981—),男,浙江省常山县人,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸动力环境研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

潘海东,博士,副研究员,主要从事潮汐变化研究。E-mail:
Application of a modified tidal harmonic analysis method in the analysis of short-term tide levels offshore Zhejiang
Huamin Zhou1 , Haidong Pan2, * , Yuhan Yan1, Liang Liang1, Lixiao Chen1, Haifeng Gao1, Ran Ni3
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary (Zhejiang Institute of Marine Planning and Design), Hangzhou, 310020, China
  • 2First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
  • 3Ningbo ShangHang Surveying and Mapping Co., LTD., Ningbo 315200, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025011
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传统调和分析方法受限于瑞利准则,需半年数据以分辨8大主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)。对于短期潮位资料,未分辨的分潮需采用附近长期潮位站资料的差比关系来推算。而浙江近海公开的长期潮位资料匮乏,使得无法从短期资料中准确提取主要分潮。本文引入的新型潮汐调和分析算法,基于各主要分潮间内在联系所建立的平滑函数,突破瑞利准则限制,显著减少了所需潮位资料长度,特别适用于短期资料丰富的海域。本研究将该算法应用于浙江沿海多岛屿海域,对小于15 d的潮位资料进行试验。结果表明:石浦站8大主要分潮的调和常数与传统调和分析方法得到的结果总体接近,而所需资料长度从8760 h减少至336 h,可用于理论深度基准面等特征参数的计算。采用该算法分析浙江沿海潮位的8大主要分潮时,建议数据长度在5 d以上。

浙江近海  /  多岛屿  /  短期潮位  /  调和分析  /  潮汐导纳

Due to the limitations of the Rayleigh criterion, classical harmonic analysis (CHA) model requires half a year of data records to analyze the eight main tidal constituents, namely, M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, Q1. For short-term tidal records, the unresolved constituents typically rely on the ratio differences from nearby long-term tidal stations for estimation. However, there is a scarcity of publicly available long-term tidal data in the coastal areas of Zhejiang, which currently prevents the accurate extraction of the main constituents from short-term records. This paper introduces a modified harmonic analysis model, referred to as the Modified Harmonic Analysis model based on the Credo of Smoothness (MHACS). Based on the smooth functions established by the intrinsic connections between major constituents, it breaks through the Rayleigh criterion, significantly reducing the length of tidal records required, especially suitable for coastal areas with abundant short-term data. This algorithm was applied to the multi-island area of Zhejiang offshore, using tidal records shorter than 15 days. The results show that the harmonic constants of the eight main constituents at the Shipu station are very close to the results obtained by the CHA method, and the required data length is reduced from 8760 hours to 336 hours, which can be used to calculate characteristic parameters such as the theoretical depth datum. For analyzing the eight main constituents along the Zhejiang coast using MHACS, a minimum data length of 5 days is recommended.

Zhejiang offshore  /  multi-island  /  short-term tidal records  /  harmonic analysis  /  tidal admittance
周华民, 潘海东, 严聿晗, 梁亮, 陈俐骁, 高海峰, 倪冉. 新型潮汐调和分析算法在浙江近海短期潮位分析中的应用. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 29 -40 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025011
Huamin Zhou, Haidong Pan, Yuhan Yan, Liang Liang, Lixiao Chen, Haifeng Gao, Ran Ni. Application of a modified tidal harmonic analysis method in the analysis of short-term tide levels offshore Zhejiang[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (2) : 29 -40 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025011
准确的潮汐预报,对于近海工程、减灾防灾和农渔业生产等有着非常重要的意义[13]。预报时,通常需要包括一些主要的全日潮(如K1、O1、P1、Q1)、主要的半日潮(如M2、S2、N2、K2)以及几个比较大的浅水分潮(如M4、MS4、M6[12]。这些分潮的调和常数(振幅和相位),决定了潮汐预报的精度。常见的做法是根据当地实测的潮位资料,采用经典调和分析的方法,进而得到各分潮的调和常数[2]。根据瑞利准则,分辨M2、S2、K1、O1 4个分潮的最短数据长度是14.77 d,要分辨M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1 8大主要分潮的最短数据长度是182.62 d[36]。可见,经典调和分析方法对于数据长度要求很高。由于各种各样条件的限制,很多情况下,较难得到这么长时间的潮位观测资料。
在海岸工程的可行性研究阶段,通常会建立临时潮位测站。由于经费、时间等条件限制,这些测站往往只收集1个月、半个月或1周(与流速同步测量的大中小潮过程)的短期数据。这些短期观测数据受频率相近的分潮干扰,使得经典调和分析方法无法准确得到主要分潮的调和常数。为分辨更多分潮,以往的研究通常采用各分潮间的差比关系来推算[12]。徐晓庆等[6]于1960年发展了一种针对短期观测的准调和分析方法,将频率相近的多个分潮合并为一个整体进行调和分析,从而部分缓解了分潮无法区分的问题。然而,此方法无法细化对分潮能量来源的识别。特别是在浙江近海的多岛屿海域,由于潮汐过程的非线性特征显著,传统基于平衡潮理论的差比关系并不适用。同时,浙江近海缺乏公开的长期验潮站数据,导致这些短期测站周边没有长期站的差比关系可供使用。因此,如何对强非线性潮汐过程进行更精确的调和分析,尤其是在资料受限的复杂海域,已成为当前研究的一个重要挑战[78]。小波分析、经验模态分解和基于机器学习的调和分析等改进的调和分析算法,被引入应用于潮汐数据的调和分析。
本文引入的新型潮汐调和分析算法[911],正是为了解决这种短期潮位观测资料的调和分析问题。基于各个主要分潮之间的内在联系所建立的平滑函数,新型调和分析算法模型需要求解调和常数更少,所需的潮位资料长度也大幅缩短。本文应用这种改进的调和分析算法,在浙江近海多岛屿海域对数据长度小于15 d的潮位资料进行试验,以验证该方法的适用性和准确性。
对于浙江近海的潮汐特性,已有较多研究成果。浙江近海潮汐类型以正规半日潮为主,舟山群岛部分海区潮汐类型为非正规半日潮混合区[12]。在杭州湾海域,除以镇海为中心的局部范围属不正规半日潮以外,均属正规半日潮,一天两次涨落,周期为745 min[13]。因此,本研究收集了浙江近海及杭州湾内的18个站位的336 h(2021年7月11日到2021年7月25日)潮位资料(图1),站位范围囊括了浙北近海海域,并在舟山群岛和镇海附近海域多点加密覆盖。同时,为了验证新型调和分析算法的准确性和可靠性,还收集了石浦站长达1 a(2020年4月6日到2021年4月6日)的潮位资料。潮位站位置和数据时间信息见表1
本文使用的能处理短时潮位数据的新型潮汐调和分析算法(Modified Harmonic Analysis model based on the Credo of Smoothness,MHACS)由Pan等[9]提出。新算法的核心是基于主要天文分潮的内在联系,进而打破瑞利准则的束缚,极大减少分辨主要分潮所需的数据长度。Pan等[10]将岭回归引入到新型潮汐调和分析算法中,解决了传统最小二乘法引起的过拟合问题,进一步减少了分辨主要分潮所需的数据长度,增强了结果的可靠性。该算法简要介绍如下。
经典调和分析(Classical Harmonic Analysis, CHA)[14]方法认为,潮位可以看作是一系列余弦(或正弦)函数叠加的结果:
$ {{Y}}(t) = {Y_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^I {[{f_i}{H_i}\cos ({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i} - {\theta _i})]} ,$
式中:Y(t)是t时刻的水位观测值,Y 0是平均海平面,f iu iv i分别是第i个分潮的交点因子、交点订正角和天文初相位,ω iH iθ i分别是第i个分潮的频率、振幅和相位,I是待分辨的分潮总个数。式(1)可以改写为
$ {{Y}}(t) = {Y_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^I {[{f_i}{A_i}\cos ({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})} + {f_i}{B_i}\sin({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})] ,$
式中: $ {A_i} = {H_i}\cos {\theta _i} $ $ {B_i} = {H_i}\sin {\theta _i} $ $ {H_i} = \sqrt {{A_i}^2 + {B_i}^2} $ $ {\theta _i} = \arctan ({B_i}/ {A_i}) $。式(2)可以写成矩阵的形式进行求解。
研究表明,半日潮和全日潮潮汐导纳的变化在一个较窄的频带内是缓慢、连续且平滑的[15],可以用简单的二次函数[公式(3)]甚至线性函数(C 3=0)就能够准确描述这些变化[911]
$ S(\omega ) = {C_1} + {C_2}\omega + {C_3}{\omega ^2} .$
这种潮汐分潮间振幅和相位存在的联系,即为潮汐导纳光滑性特征(浙江近海石浦站的潮汐导纳光滑性特征见附录A)。MHACS算法将这种对天文强迫的光滑响应直接构建到CHA模型的基础函数中,可得:
$ {{Y}}(t) = {Y_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^I {[{f_i}A({\omega _i})\cos ({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})} + {f_i}B({\omega _i})\sin({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})] . $
$ \dfrac{{A(\omega )}}{{{H_{\rm{eq}}}(\omega )}} = {C_1} + {C_2}\omega + {C_3}{\omega ^2} $ $ \dfrac{{B(\omega )}}{{{H_{\rm{eq}}}(\omega )}} = {C_4} + {C_5}\omega +{C_6}{\omega ^2} $代入式(4),可得:
$ \begin{split} {{Y}}(t) = &{Y_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^I {[{f_i}{H_{\rm{eq}}}_{{i}}({\omega _i})({C_1} + {C_2}{\omega _i} + {C_3}{\omega _i}^2)\cos ({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})}+ \\& {f_i}{H_{\rm{eq}}}_i({\omega _i})({C_4} + {C_5}{\omega _i} + {C_6}{\omega _i}^2)\sin({\omega _i}t + {u_i} + {v_i})] ,\end{split} $
式中:H eqi是各分潮的平衡潮振幅。与式(2)类似,式(5)也可以写成矩阵形式,利用最小二乘法进行求解[10]
可见,在MHACS算法中,各主要分潮间不再相互独立,而是通过构建的导纳函数(如前述的线性函数或者二次函数)建立联系,从而减少了待求调和常数变量的个数,大幅缩短所需潮位数据的长度。该方法的关键在于确定导纳函数,待定参数可使用普通最小二乘法等方法求解,本研究中使用非平稳潮汐调和分析工具包S_TIDE里的s_MHACS2函数求解[10]。该函数中除了普通最小二乘方法外,还提供了迭代重加权最小二乘(Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares,IRLS)法[16]和岭回归(ridge regression)法[1719]求解器可供选择。这两种方法的相关介绍见附录B。
采用上述新型调和分析算法(MHACS方法),对石浦站的短期资料(336 h,2021年7月11日到7月25日)进行调和分析,与采用经典的调和分析方法(CHA方法)对长期资料(1 a,8760 h)的结果进行对比。本文用T_TIDE[14]对石浦站的长期逐时水位观测数据(8760 h)做经典潮汐调和分析,得到67个分潮的调和常数,作为验证MHACS算法准确性、可靠性和稳定性的参考。
在本文研究中,MHACS方法的导纳函数分别选择线性函数和二次函数,各自待求参数又分别采用普通最小二乘(OLS)、迭代重加权最小二乘(IRLS)和岭回归(ridge regression)等3种方法进行求解[10]表2)。其中,岭回归方法中,岭参数取0.0001。分别采用MHACS方法和CHA方法计算12个分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、NU2、T2、K1、O1、P1、Q1、RHO1、M4)的调和常数,得到各个分潮调和常数的矢量。将其中8个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)的矢量与T_TIDE得到的对应分潮矢量做矢量差[9],它们的矢量差平均值统计见表2
表2可见,当潮汐导纳选择线性函数时,采用迭代重加权最小二乘法得到的矢量差最小,普通最小二乘法得到的矢量差最大;当导纳选择二次函数时,采用迭代重加权最小二乘法得到的矢量差最大,岭回归法得到的矢量差最小。可见,不同的插值函数采用岭回归法效果总体都比较好,采用迭代重加权最小二乘法得到的结果差异较大,表现不太稳定。因此后续计算中都采用岭回归求解。
为了对岭回归参数进一步优化,分别对线性函数和二次函数的岭参数进行敏感性分析(图2)。由图可见,线性函数在参数取0.0019时,平均矢量差达到最小值3.19 cm,二次函数在参数取0.0081时,平均矢量差达到最小值3.19 cm。可见,导纳函数不论是选线性函数还是二次函数,采用岭回归法都可以得到较好的结果。因此,在本文后续的MHACS应用中,潮汐导纳选二次函数,采用岭回归进行求解(岭参数取0.0081)。
表3给出了计算得到的石浦站8个主要分潮的调和常数结果。这里给出了CHA方法、EOT20模型[20]提取与MHACS方法的结果。3种结果比较相近,这也从侧面说明MHACS方法结果的合理性。以半日潮和全日潮里面最大的M2分潮和K1分潮为例。石浦站CHA方法得到的M2分潮结果是145.23 cm(246.08°),MHACS方法结果是140.87 cm(244.05°);CHA方法得到的K1分潮结果是29.93 cm(209.30°),MHACS方法结果是32.15(205.73°)。从比较可知,MHACS方法与CHA方法得到的结果非常接近,而所需要的资料长度从8760 h(1 a)缩减至336 h(14 d)。此外,作者也选取了石浦站其他时段的336 h数据进行了试验,发现MHACS方法得到的调和常数结果基本一致。
根据上面得到的8个主要分潮的调和常数结果,用CHA方法和MHACS方法对2021年7月的潮位进行回报,回报结果见图3表4。在石浦站,CHA方法回报能解释原始信号方差的94.6%,相应的均方根误差为0.28 m,最大误差为1.01 m。而MHACS方法回报能解释原始信号方差的94.7%,相应的均方根误差为0.29 m,最大误差为0.94 m。根据分析,这个最大误差发生在农历十五大潮落潮期间,我们认为这可能是与该时段内非天文因素(比如气象因素、地形因素、径流因素等)引起的潮位变化有关(这段时间恰好有“烟花”台风经过),因此,MHACS算法得到的调和分析结果,回报时无法反映该非天文因素,从而导致该时段潮位的回报误差较大。
可见,MHACS方法相比CHA方法而言,结果精度略差一些但总体接近,所需时间则大幅缩减。且该时段潮位数据即使受台风影响,但MHACS方法得到的结果依然有较好的准确度,表明该方法具有良好的可靠性。
采用MHACS方法,得到18个站位的调和常数,与EOT20模型的调和常数比较(图4)。EOT20是目前最准确的潮汐模型之一,表5给出了MHACS方法得到的各站位4个主要分潮的振幅与EOT20模型的误差比较。总体来看,两者差异不大,且由于浙江近海多岛屿,EOT20模型数据在近岸常有缺失,如图中杭州湾北岸的澉浦、乍浦、独山码头等站位的误差会比较大,因此MHACS方法得到的结果可以很好地弥补该模型近岸数据的空白。
利用MHACS方法得到浙江近海18个站位的调和常数,可以计算各站的理论深度基准面。理论深度基准面采用弗拉基米尔斯算法计算的理论最低潮位面[1],即8个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)的组合,结果见图5表6
从结果来看(图5),浙江近海海域的理论深度基准面南北低中间高,杭州湾湾内低而湾外高;其中,杭州湾北岸的澉浦站为最低,双合站为最高。由于理论深度基准面的精确计算,依赖于长期潮位资料提供的调和常数,然而调和常数又会随时间发生变化,因而获取实时潮位资料,得到更新后的调和常数,可为理论深度基准面的确定提供科学参考。
日潮汐类型,即表征海域1天中潮汐循环的次数,可采用潮汐主要分潮的平均振幅比来计算[1]
$ F = \frac{{{H_{{{\rm K}_1}}} + {H_{{{\rm O}_1}}}}}{{{H_{{{\rm M}_2}}}}} ,$
式中:F为日潮型系数, $ {H}_{{\rm K}_{1}} $为K1日分潮平均振幅, $ {H}_{{\rm O}_{1}} $为O1日分潮平均振幅, $ {H}_{{\rm M}_{2}} $为M2半日分潮平均振幅。 $ 0 < F\leqslant 0.5 $,属于半日潮类型; $ 0.5 < F\leqslant 2.0 $,属于混合不正规半日潮类型; $ 2.0 < F\leqslant 4.0 $,属于混合不正规全日潮类型; $ F > 4.0 $,属于全日潮类型。
利用MHACS方法得到浙江近海18个站位的调和常数,可以计算各站的潮型系数,从而确定各站所在海域的潮汐类型(图6表7)。从计算的潮型系数结果来看,研究海域主要有两种类型的潮汐。杭州湾北岸、岱山以北的衢山、泗礁、嵊山,以及峙南以南各站所在位置为半日潮类型,而众多岛屿之间的镇海‒金塘‒舟山‒岱山区域为混合不正规半日潮类型。
月潮汐包络是描述海域在某时段内的日潮汐周期波动极值(最大和最小值)的平滑曲线。在半日潮海域,不同类型的月潮汐包络可以用包络因子(E)进行分类[21]。月潮汐包络因子(E)提供了一种在月的时间尺度上分类潮汐包络的方法,对前面介绍的日潮型因子(F)是一个补充。它基于半日分潮M2、S2、N2成分的振幅和振幅比例计算得到,具体公式为
$ E = \frac{{{H_{{{\rm M}_2}}} + {H_{{{\rm N}_2}}}}}{{{H_{{{\rm M}_2}}} + {H_{{{\rm S}_2}}}}}, $
式中: $H_{{\rm N}_2} $为N2半日分潮平均振幅, $ H_{{\rm S}_2} $为S2半日分潮平均振幅。利用MHACS分析结果,计算了浙江近海月潮汐包络因子的空间分布(图7表8)以及半日潮分潮振幅比关系(图8)。
由结果可知,各站位的月潮汐包络因子E值都小于1,即该海域的N2分潮振幅小于S2分潮振幅;E值介于0.84和0.93之间,表明浙江近海舟山群岛海域潮位数据中,大潮‒小潮信号占主导,但同时也受近地点‒远地点影响,从而导致半月周期的潮位振幅具有明显可变性 [17]。杭州湾北岸站位以及南岸岛屿群之间站位的月潮汐包络因子大于0.9,相比之下,其他处于较开阔海域站位的月潮汐包络因子要小于0.9。这表明尽管浙江近海各潮位站都是以半日潮为主,但潮汐特性并不相同。杭州湾内和岛群区域N2分潮对潮差贡献较大,N2/S2振幅比值在0.6以上。因此,在对浙江近海进潮位站行潮汐特征研究时,可按月时间尺度分类,同时考虑M2、S2和N2分潮的影响,以掌握该海域更为详细的月潮汐特征。
本文使用MHACS算法对336 h(14 d)的潮位数据调和分析时,潮汐导纳选用二次函数,采用岭回归来求解。实际上,采用该新型调和分析算法,数据长度还可进一步缩减(图9)。当潮位数据长度减至8~9 d时,8大主要分潮调和常数平均矢量差约为3 cm,仍能得到和CHA方法比较相近的结果。当数据长度为5~6 d时,得到的平均矢量差约为5 cm。当数据长度小于3 d,平均矢量差则为9 cm左右。为了能得到更好的调和分析结果,使用MHACS算法时分析浙江沿海的潮位观测时,建议数据长度在5 d以上。此外,导纳采用不同的函数形式对于结果没有明显的差异。需要注意的是,对于不同导纳函数,采用岭回归求解时,建议对岭参数进行优化,可得到更准确的结果。
因MHACS方法是基于各主要分潮间的内在联系所建立的导纳函数,其不确定性主要来自于导纳函数的光滑性。由于分潮之间的非线性相互作用,导纳函数采用的母分潮(如主要的半日潮或全日潮等)之间会产生许多更小量级的子分潮。由于这些子分潮的干扰,会带来导纳函数的变化,从而产生结果的不确定性。但这些误差相比结果而言是非常小的量,该不确定性是完全可以接受的[8]。不过需要注意的是,在北部湾等全日共振海区,由于全日潮比半日潮要大得多,主要全日潮间的非线性作用所产生的半日潮,相比天文半日潮不可忽视,可能会破坏半日潮导纳函数的光滑性特征,因此在这些全日潮共振海域应用MHACS时需要注意。
此外,目前仍有许多工程的研究观测时间较短,有些只有25 h。对于这种超短期观测资料的调和分析,MHACS算法目前尚不能得到满意的结果,还有待进一步研究。
本文引入的基于潮汐导纳光滑性特征的新型潮汐调和分析算法(MHACS),在浙江近海石浦站位的试验分析中显示出了显著的优势。MHACS方法突破了传统CHA方法中瑞利准则的限制,将所需资料长度从8760 h(1 a)缩减至336 h(14 d),同时保持了与CHA方法精度相近的调和常数结果。这种新型潮汐调和分析算法对于短期资料丰富而长期资料稀缺的近海海域具有重要的实用价值。
本文测试采用MHACS方法分析浙江沿海的潮位观测时,虽然可进一步缩减数据长度,但要得到精度较高的调和分析结果,建议数据长度大于5 d。MHACS方法为短期潮位观测资料的调和分析提供了一种有效的新工具,对于海洋工程、海洋测绘以及海洋运输等领域具有重要的应用前景。
致谢:感谢浙江省水文局提供了本文的研究数据。本文使用的S_TIDE工具包可以从如下网址获取:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369066450_S_TIDE_toolbox_v123_update7
潮汐导纳,定义为复数形式下的观测分潮与平衡分潮的比值[9],即:
$ {Y_{\rm ob}} = {H_{\rm ob}}{{\rm e}^{i{G_{\rm ob}}}},{Y_{\rm eq}} = {H_{\rm eq}}{{\rm e}^{i{G_{\rm eq}}}},{Y_{\rm ad}} = \frac{{{H_{\rm ob}}}}{{{H_{\rm eq}}}}{{\rm e}^{i({G_{\rm ob}} - {G_{\rm eq}})}} ,$
式中:Y ob是分潮观测值,H ob是观测分潮振幅,G ob是观测分潮相位,Y eq是分潮的平衡潮值,H eq是平衡潮振幅,G eq是平衡潮相位,Y ad是潮汐导纳。
采用经典调和分析方法,分析石浦站的一年潮位资料,得到该站的半日潮(M2、S2、N2、K2)归一化振幅、迟角和全日潮(K1、O1、P1、Q1)归一化振幅、迟角(图A1),可以看出浙江近海的潮汐导纳也存在光滑性特征:半日潮和全日潮的归一化振幅,都可以各自用一条开口向下的抛物线来近似拟合;半日潮和全日潮的迟角,可以各自用一条开口向上的抛物线来近似拟合(接近于线性)。
迭代重加权最小二乘法和岭回归法简单介绍如下。
(1)迭代重加权最小二乘法
当观测潮位里有些数据点误差项较大时,普通最小二乘法可能不是最优的。为了消除这些异常值对调和分析结果的影响,迭代重加权最小二乘法通过调整权重来解决,实现加权残差 $ \displaystyle\sum\limits_{j = 1}^J {{W_j}r_j^2} $的目标函数最小化(假设有J个观测值)。具体步骤为:初始时,假设每个数据点的权重为1;计算当前权重下的参数估计值;根据误差项的大小调整权重,误差项大的点权重小,误差项小的点权重大;重复以上步骤,直到收敛。这种方法可以减少误差项大的点对模型的影响,使得最终的估计更稳定。迭代重加权最小二乘法的解为:
$\boldsymbol {X} = {\left( {{K^{\rm T}}\boldsymbol{WK}} \right)^{ - 1}}{{\boldsymbol K}^{\rm T}}{\boldsymbol{WY}}, $
式中: X是待求的未知变量矩阵, K是已知系数矩阵, Y是观测潮位矩阵。 W为权重矩阵,通过不断迭代更新确定。显然,对于那些异常值,最终的权重会很小。
(2)岭回归法
岭回归法是通过在残差目标函数中引入一个惩罚项来增强模型的可靠性和泛化能力,即:
$ \sum\limits_{j = 1}^J {{\boldsymbol r}_j^2 + p\sum\limits_{i = 1}^7 {{\boldsymbol X}_i^2} } $
式中: r为残差矩阵,岭参数p是惩罚项系数,应该大于0且为小量。当p = 0时,惩罚项消失,岭回归退化为普通的最小二乘回归。选择合适的岭参数p是岭回归的关键,可通过一系列敏感性实验确定[10]。岭回归的解为
$ \boldsymbol X = {\left( {{{\boldsymbol K}^{\rm T}}{\boldsymbol K} + p\boldsymbol L} \right)^{ - 1}}{{\boldsymbol K}^{\rm T}}{\boldsymbol Y}, $
式中: Y是潮位矩阵, L为单位矩阵。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076178);浙江省水利河口研究院院长基金(ZIHE22Q012)。
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025011
  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076178);浙江省水利河口研究院院长基金(ZIHE22Q012)。
作者信息
    1 浙江省水利河口研究院(浙江省海洋规划设计研究院),浙江 杭州 310020
    2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    3 宁波上航测绘股份有限公司,浙江 宁波 315200

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潘海东,博士,副研究员,主要从事潮汐变化研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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