Article(id=1189535966923575444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724428800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-24, revisedDate=1736784000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761537075023, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761537075023, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761537075023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761537075023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189522886361595906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761533956367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558617137, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189535967565303957, articleId=1189535966923575444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Allelopathic effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum on three typical red tide dinoflagellates and identification of potential allelopathic substances, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum (Aizoaceae) on typical red tide algae and identify the sources of the active compounds. Three red tide algae species, Prorocentrum micans, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium catenella, were selected as test subjects. The planting water of the coastal salt-tolerant plant Sesuvium portulacastrum served as the research material. Root exudates from the plant were adsorbed using a C18 solid-phase extraction column and then extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. The four extracts exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on the growth of the algae, with the dichloromethane extract showing the most significant inhibitory effect. At a concentration of 10 g/L, the inhibition rates for the three algae species were 50.83%, 97.30%, and 81.41%, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 19 fatty acids and their derivatives. Among these, stearic acid, oleamide, and docosanol exhibited algicidal activity, with docosanol showing the strongest effect. At a concentration of 2 mg/L, the inhibition rates for the three algae species were 90%, 100%, and 81.04%, respectively. These results indicate that Sesuvium portulacastrum can release fatty acids and their derivatives to inhibit the growth of red tide algae, demonstrating its potential as a plant-based tool for red tide control and environmental remediation.

, correspAuthors=Lingfeng Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kemin Wu, Jieyi Lu, Lingfeng Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189536133877846304, articleId=1189535966923575444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海马齿对3种典型赤潮甲藻的化感作用及潜在化感物质的鉴定, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨海马齿对典型赤潮藻的化感作用及其物质来源。选取典型赤潮藻海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻为受试对象,以滨海耐盐植物海马齿的种植水为研究材料。通过C18固相萃取柱吸附海马齿种植水中的根系分泌物,并采用甲醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和正己烷萃取,4种萃取物对3种赤潮甲藻的生长表现出不同程度的抑制,其中二氯甲烷萃取物抑制效果最显著,质量浓度在10 g/L对上述3种藻类的抑制率分别为50.83%、97.30%和81.41%。对其进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析,共检测出19种脂肪酸及其衍生物。从中筛选出的硬脂酸、油酸酰胺和二十四烷醇均表现出抑藻活性,二十四烷醇的抑藻活性最强,当质量浓度处于2 mg/L时,对上述3种藻类的抑制率分别为90%、100%和81.04%。以上结果显示,海马齿能够释放脂肪酸及其衍生物来抑制赤潮藻生长,具备进一步开发为赤潮防治植物修复工具种的潜力。

, correspAuthors=黄凌风, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄凌风,教授,主要从事海洋生态学、恢复生态学和赤潮科学等方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=b+QDtbZh58hbJQOp/JxEvg==, magXml=CrfiDLTi1903njhpOqbeqg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=85TSrx/1xr4aOnfL8ENlYg==, pdfFileSize=1440213, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=annUWfYNSOdGyGiikwUPZw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vR5vZATPELkc6mexIAokQA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴克敏(1999—),男,福建省三明市人,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

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吴克敏(1999—),男,福建省三明市人,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

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Aquatic Toxicology, 2006, 80(4): 338−345., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1189558893987480470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划 (2024YFF1306805)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1189558889554101100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189558889566684013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, companyId=1189558889554101100, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1189558889575072622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, companyId=1189558889554101100, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 厦门大学 环境与生态学院,滨海湿地生态系统教育部重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1189558891684807560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The effects of different polarity extracts from the planting water of Sesuvium portulacastrum on the growth of Prorocentrum micans

The data in the figure are the means of three replicates ± standard deviation. Significant differences between the treatments and control are marked with * (p < 0.05) or ** (p < 0.01), and non-significant differences are not marked, the same below

, figureFileSmall=eR8RfQ7uecJxROiyOrE+XA==, figureFileBig=4yFpV5hqQdWPSZ1cRgjdUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558891793859465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海马齿种植水不同极性萃取物对海洋原甲藻生长的影响

图中数据为3次重复的平均值 ± 标准差,以* (p < 0.05)或** (p < 0.01)表示处理组与对照组差异显著,无显著差异不做标记,后同

, figureFileSmall=eR8RfQ7uecJxROiyOrE+XA==, figureFileBig=4yFpV5hqQdWPSZ1cRgjdUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558891919688586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The effects of different polarity extracts from the planting water of Sesuvium portulacastrum on the growth of Karenia mikimotoi, figureFileSmall=6wGJrKMdUOBoWrBcODbcEw==, figureFileBig=woXdcWRtbUFqwOiZ5YxYFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558892011963275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海马齿种植水不同极性萃取物对米氏凯伦藻生长的影响, figureFileSmall=6wGJrKMdUOBoWrBcODbcEw==, figureFileBig=woXdcWRtbUFqwOiZ5YxYFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558892993430412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The effects of different polarity extracts from the planting water of Sesuvium portulacastrum on the growth of Alexandrium tamarense, figureFileSmall=If1d4yyY2K87mG5PnLexQg==, figureFileBig=QOXiMdmASgHsIv2V0hMqnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893089899405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海马齿种植水不同极性萃取物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响, figureFileSmall=If1d4yyY2K87mG5PnLexQg==, figureFileBig=QOXiMdmASgHsIv2V0hMqnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893173785486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=GC-MS total ion chromatogram of dichloromethane extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum planting water with silylation derivation

The serial numbers 1−19 represent common substances found in the dichloromethane extracts of both Sesuvium portulacastrum planting water and root tissues; for specific information on these substances, please refer to Table 1, the same below

, figureFileSmall=mjF9fIRjB7K099X11HzaXA==, figureFileBig=+Dlhxly3BCToLyEi3lKmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893236700047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图4, caption=海马齿种植水硅烷化衍生二氯甲烷萃取物GC-MS总离子流图

序号1~19表示海马齿种植水和根组织二氯甲烷萃取物中的共同物质,物质具体信息参见表1,下同

, figureFileSmall=mjF9fIRjB7K099X11HzaXA==, figureFileBig=+Dlhxly3BCToLyEi3lKmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893308003216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=GC-MS total ion chromatogram of dichloromethane extract of Sesuvium portulacastrum root tissues with silylation derivation, figureFileSmall=oA23G9aRpFeNZRcUfIU2og==, figureFileBig=/kY38xb8ZVidOy/N87cc7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893429638033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海马齿根组织萃取物硅烷化衍生二氯甲烷萃取物GC-MS总离子流图, figureFileSmall=oA23G9aRpFeNZRcUfIU2og==, figureFileBig=/kY38xb8ZVidOy/N87cc7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893551272850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The effects of stearic acid, oleamide, and tetracosanol on the growth of Prorocentrum micans, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium tamarense, figureFileSmall=bbK5iwrGHbngK6TsTRhEkA==, figureFileBig=EKW6BVr7TZ7Rkq8r+1dxgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893643547539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=图6, caption=硬脂酸、油酸酰胺以及二十四烷醇对海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻、塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响, figureFileSmall=bbK5iwrGHbngK6TsTRhEkA==, figureFileBig=EKW6BVr7TZ7Rkq8r+1dxgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189558893714850708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The common substances in the dichloromethane extracts from the planting water and root tissues of Sesuvium portulacastrum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 序号 化合物名称 IUPAC名称 分子式
脂肪酸 1 十二烷酸 Dodecanoic acid C12H24O2
2 十四烷酸 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2
3 十五烷酸 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2
4 反式-十六碳-9-烯酸 (E)-hexadec-9-enoic acid C16H30O2
5 棕榈酸 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2
6 十七烷酸 Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2
7 油酸 (Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid C18H34O2
8 硬脂酸 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2
9 二十二烷酸 Docosanoic acid C22H44O2
脂肪酸衍生物 10 双(2-甲基丙基)苯−1,2-二羧酸酯 Bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene−1,2-dicarboxylate C16H22O4
11 癸−1-烯-3-酮 Dec−1-en-3-one C10H18O
12 十五烷-3-酮 Pentadecan-3-one C15H30O
13 油酸酰胺 Octadec-9-enamide C18H35NO
14 1-辛氧基二十烷 1-octoxyicosane C28H58O
15 3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八酯 Octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate C35H62O3
16 二甘醇 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethanol C4H10O3
17 十八烷醇 Octadecan−1-ol C18H38O
18 十六烷醇 hexadecan−1-ol C16H34O
19 二十四烷醇 Tetracosan−1-ol C24H50O
), ArticleFig(id=1189558893802931093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535966923575444, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海马齿种植水和根组织二氯甲烷萃取物中的共同物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 序号 化合物名称 IUPAC名称 分子式
脂肪酸 1 十二烷酸 Dodecanoic acid C12H24O2
2 十四烷酸 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2
3 十五烷酸 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2
4 反式-十六碳-9-烯酸 (E)-hexadec-9-enoic acid C16H30O2
5 棕榈酸 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2
6 十七烷酸 Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2
7 油酸 (Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid C18H34O2
8 硬脂酸 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2
9 二十二烷酸 Docosanoic acid C22H44O2
脂肪酸衍生物 10 双(2-甲基丙基)苯−1,2-二羧酸酯 Bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene−1,2-dicarboxylate C16H22O4
11 癸−1-烯-3-酮 Dec−1-en-3-one C10H18O
12 十五烷-3-酮 Pentadecan-3-one C15H30O
13 油酸酰胺 Octadec-9-enamide C18H35NO
14 1-辛氧基二十烷 1-octoxyicosane C28H58O
15 3-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八酯 Octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate C35H62O3
16 二甘醇 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethanol C4H10O3
17 十八烷醇 Octadecan−1-ol C18H38O
18 十六烷醇 hexadecan−1-ol C16H34O
19 二十四烷醇 Tetracosan−1-ol C24H50O
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海马齿对3种典型赤潮甲藻的化感作用及潜在化感物质的鉴定
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吴克敏 1 , 鲁介一 1 , 黄凌风 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(3): 73-84
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(3): 73-84
海马齿对3种典型赤潮甲藻的化感作用及潜在化感物质的鉴定
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吴克敏1 , 鲁介一1, 黄凌风1, *
作者信息
  • 1 厦门大学 环境与生态学院,滨海湿地生态系统教育部重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102
  • 吴克敏(1999—),男,福建省三明市人,主要从事海洋生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

黄凌风,教授,主要从事海洋生态学、恢复生态学和赤潮科学等方面研究。E-mail:
Allelopathic effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum on three typical red tide dinoflagellates and identification of potential allelopathic substances
Kemin Wu1 , Jieyi Lu1, Lingfeng Huang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025042
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本研究旨在探讨海马齿对典型赤潮藻的化感作用及其物质来源。选取典型赤潮藻海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻为受试对象,以滨海耐盐植物海马齿的种植水为研究材料。通过C18固相萃取柱吸附海马齿种植水中的根系分泌物,并采用甲醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和正己烷萃取,4种萃取物对3种赤潮甲藻的生长表现出不同程度的抑制,其中二氯甲烷萃取物抑制效果最显著,质量浓度在10 g/L对上述3种藻类的抑制率分别为50.83%、97.30%和81.41%。对其进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析,共检测出19种脂肪酸及其衍生物。从中筛选出的硬脂酸、油酸酰胺和二十四烷醇均表现出抑藻活性,二十四烷醇的抑藻活性最强,当质量浓度处于2 mg/L时,对上述3种藻类的抑制率分别为90%、100%和81.04%。以上结果显示,海马齿能够释放脂肪酸及其衍生物来抑制赤潮藻生长,具备进一步开发为赤潮防治植物修复工具种的潜力。

海马齿  /  根系分泌物  /  化感物质  /  赤潮甲藻  /  脂肪酸及其衍生物

This study aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum (Aizoaceae) on typical red tide algae and identify the sources of the active compounds. Three red tide algae species, Prorocentrum micans, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium catenella, were selected as test subjects. The planting water of the coastal salt-tolerant plant Sesuvium portulacastrum served as the research material. Root exudates from the plant were adsorbed using a C18 solid-phase extraction column and then extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. The four extracts exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on the growth of the algae, with the dichloromethane extract showing the most significant inhibitory effect. At a concentration of 10 g/L, the inhibition rates for the three algae species were 50.83%, 97.30%, and 81.41%, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 19 fatty acids and their derivatives. Among these, stearic acid, oleamide, and docosanol exhibited algicidal activity, with docosanol showing the strongest effect. At a concentration of 2 mg/L, the inhibition rates for the three algae species were 90%, 100%, and 81.04%, respectively. These results indicate that Sesuvium portulacastrum can release fatty acids and their derivatives to inhibit the growth of red tide algae, demonstrating its potential as a plant-based tool for red tide control and environmental remediation.

Sesuvium portulacastrum  /  root exudates  /  allelopathic substances  /  red tide dinoflagellates  /  fatty acids and their derivatives
吴克敏, 鲁介一, 黄凌风. 海马齿对3种典型赤潮甲藻的化感作用及潜在化感物质的鉴定. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (3) : 73 -84 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025042
Kemin Wu, Jieyi Lu, Lingfeng Huang. Allelopathic effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum on three typical red tide dinoflagellates and identification of potential allelopathic substances[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (3) : 73 -84 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025042
赤潮是一种由赤潮藻类暴发性增殖所导致的海洋生态灾害,常见的赤潮藻[1]包括甲藻类,如东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)等;硅藻类,如旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)等;蓝藻类,如红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum)等。目前,赤潮已成为世界上最严重的近海污染问题之一,直接或间接地危害了海洋生态系统稳定、沿海地区经济发展以及人类健康[24]。因此,亟需开展赤潮防治技术相关研究。已有的研究表明,许多植物除了在光照、营养和空间等资源上与赤潮藻相互竞争外,还可以通过化感作用来抑制赤潮藻的生长繁殖[5],其中,化感作用被认为是其抑制藻类生长最重要的方式,在过去的几十年中被广泛研究[6]。同时,植物对藻类生长的化感作用因其成本低、抑藻效果好、环境安全性高而极具应用前景[7],正逐渐成为赤潮防治最常见手段之一[8]
化感作用最早是由Molisch和Fischer于1937年提出的,是指各种植物(含微生物)之间的生化相互作用[9]。随后,Whittaker和Feeny将植物分泌到环境中表现出化感作用的次生代谢物质命名为化感物质[10]。在水生生态修复领域中,化感作用主要指水生植物分泌的化感物质对浮游植物产生的影响[11]。研究表明,许多植物对赤潮藻具有化感抑制潜力。如Patil等[12]的研究表明坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)的培养水滤液可抑制尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)和多列拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries)的生长。周世伟等[13]发现鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和鸭毛藻(Symphyocladia latiuscula)的水提液均可对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的生长产生抑制效应,并进一步通过消除营养盐和微生物的影响确定了这种抑制现象主要源自于化感作用。Sun等[14]则进一步结合柱色谱法和薄层色谱法,从洞头羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)石油醚粗提物中分离得到11个组分,并从中筛选出α-亚麻酸和24-羟基-24-乙烯基胆固醇两种化感抑藻物质。由于化感作用在赤潮藻生长中表现出了优良的抑制效果,因此关于植物化感作用和化感物质成分的探究已成为当前研究的一个热点。
海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)属于番杏科海马齿属多年生肉质草本植物,广泛分布于热带及亚热带地区的滨海区域,具有耐盐的特性,通常生长在海边沙地或盐碱地中,常伴生于红树林,对滨海湿地生态系统具有良好的保护和修复作用[1518]。此外,海马齿的种植水和浸提物还能够抑制赤潮藻的生长。如姜丹[19]的研究发现,在营养盐充足的海马齿和中肋骨条藻的共培养体系中,海马齿不仅能抑制中肋骨条藻生长,还能加速其衰败。张可[20]的研究发现,海马齿根系的石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇、甲醇和水萃取物均可抑制多种赤潮藻的生长,且抑制效果随着萃取物浓度的升高而增强。说明海马齿也具有化感抑藻的潜力,但其化感作用的物质来源目前还不清楚。基于此,本研究通过萃取海马齿种植水中的根系分泌物,测定其对典型赤潮藻海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻以及塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效果来筛选活性抑藻组分,再通过GC-MS技术检测其中具体成分并进行抑藻活性验证,从而鉴定其中的潜在化感物质,明确海马齿化感作用的物质来源。
实验所用天然海水采集自中国南海海域,经醋酸纤维滤膜(0.22 μm)过滤去除杂质和微生物,并调整盐度至30和pH至8.0 ± 0.2,使用高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃、20 min高温灭菌。
实验所用海马齿植株由厦门市筼筜湖保护中心提供,采集时剪取其顶部含3~4个茎节的枝条,使用天然海水进行室内培养,待其完全长出新的根系后进行后续实验,1个月后从培养箱中收集种植水,共计16 L,初始浓度根据植物干重定义为5 g/L(根组织干重/种植水体积),以下萃取物浓度均为植物干重定义浓度。
实验所用海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻以及塔玛亚历山大藻的无菌藻种由近海海洋环境国家重点实验室(厦门大学)海洋微型生物保种中心(CCMBP)提供。藻种无菌培养于250 mL三角烧瓶,添加的营养液为f/2营养液,调整培养液的pH为8.0 ± 0.2和盐度为30,培养温度为22℃,光辐照度为4 000 lx,光暗比为12 h:12 h。每天定时均匀摇动培养瓶3次,防止藻细胞附壁生长和沉积,并随机调换在培养箱中的位置,取处于指数生长期的赤潮藻用于抑藻活性测试。
16 L种植水经过聚碳酸酯滤膜(0.22 μm)过滤去除微生物和杂质,使用4根经过预处理的C18固相萃取柱(500 mg, 6 cm3)分别富集4 L滤液。富集完成后,4根萃取柱分别用20 mL甲醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷以及正己烷进行洗脱,得到不同极性的种植水萃取物。
各极性萃取物分别合并后经无水硫酸钠脱水,经氮吹浓缩至4 mL,质量浓度为20 000 g/L(原始种植水浓度为5 g/L,萃取浓缩4 000倍),经0.45 μL尼龙膜过滤后取2 mL转移至2 mL色谱小瓶中,避光保存于−20℃温度下,用于后续GC-MS分析。剩余2 mL则进一步氮吹至干后分别重新溶于4 mL二甲亚砜(DMSO),进行超声振荡确保完全溶解,制备成各萃取物母液,质量浓度均为10 000 g/L,用于进行抑藻活性测试。
取海马齿根组织洗净灭菌后,进行冷冻干燥并研磨成粉末,取50 g根组织粉末,加入1 L超纯水,超声辅助萃取1 h并浸泡48 h,得到水浸液,经过聚碳酸酯滤膜(0.22 μm)过滤,滤液后续的富集、洗脱、脱水以及浓缩等流程、方法同2.2节。得到不同极性的海马齿根组织萃取物,用于后续GC-MS分析。
取0.1 mL、0.05 mL、0.025 mL、0.0125 mL和0.006 mL溶于DMSO的4种不同极性的萃取物(10 000 g/L),分别用DMSO稀释至0.1 mL后分别加入到250 mL锥形瓶中(对照组添加相同体积的DMSO),接着加入f/2营养液,接种处于指数生长期的赤潮藻,使得培养体积为100 mL,藻细胞初始密度均为1 000 cells/mL左右,得到质量浓度梯度为10 g/L、5 g/L、2.5 g/L、1.25 g/L、0.6 g/L和0 g/L的处理组和对照组。各处理组和对照组均设置3个平行,培养温度为22℃,光辐照度为4 000 lx,光暗比为12 h∶12 h。每天定时晃动培养瓶3次,防止藻细胞附壁生长和沉积,并随机调换在培养箱中的位置。
处理组和对照组均于实验周期中每日定时取1 mL的藻液,用0.1 mL浮游生物计数框在光学显微镜下计数测定藻细胞密度,并计算相对应的比生长率(μ)及抑制率(IR),据此评估其抑藻活性强弱,计算公式如下[21]
$ \mu =\frac{\mathrm{ln}\;{N}_{t}-\mathrm{ln}\;{N}_{0}}{t}, $
$ IR\left(\%\right)=\left(1-\frac{{N}_{s}}{{N}_{c}}\right)\times 100\% ,$
式中:t为培养时间,单位:d,N tN 0分别代表第t天和第0 天的藻细胞密度,单位:cells/mL,N sN c分别代表每日处理组和空白对照组的藻细胞密度,单位:cells/mL。
对筛选出的活性抑藻组分以及对应溶剂萃取的的海马齿根组织萃取物进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)测定,并对结果进行比较以找出共同物质,确定其中植物源性成分,即海马齿潜在化感物质。由于分子量偏大的脂肪酸在气质联用仪中会出现相同碳原子数的脂肪酸难以较好分离问题,影响分析结果[22],因此需要先将样品进行衍生化处理。本研究使用硅烷化衍生法:取待测样品各200 μL,加入20 μL硅烷化试剂(99%BSTFA+1%TMCS),常温条件下衍生60 min。
色谱条件为:进样口温度设定为300℃,采用不分流进样方式,进样量为1 μL;初始柱温为50℃,保持2 min;然后以20℃/min的速率升温至100℃;接着以10℃/min的速率升温至200℃;最后以20℃/min的速率升温至300℃,并保持5 min。质谱条件为:电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源温度230℃,电子能量70 eV,传输线温度280℃,扫描质荷比为50 m/z至820 m/z,采用全扫描模式进行扫描。质谱数据通过NIST 14.0质谱数据库进行图谱检索。
将硬脂酸、油酸酰胺,以及二十四烷醇溶于DMSO,并根据浓度梯度稀释到80 μL,添加到处于指数生长期、藻细胞初始密度为1 000 cells/mL的米氏凯伦藻、海洋原甲藻以及塔玛亚历山大藻的培养体系中,培养体系为20 mL,使硬脂酸、油酸酰胺的实际质量浓度为0.2 mg/L、1 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L,二十四烷醇的实际浓度为0.02 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、1 mg/L、2 mg/L(浓度区间已由预实验测得),作为处理组。对照组中则添加80 μL DMSO,处理组和对照组均设置3个平行,培养温度、光辐照度和光暗比条件设置及抑藻活性检测方法同2.4节。
数据均以平均值(n = 3) ± 标准差的形式呈现。使用SPSS 25.0的单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)检验对照组和处理组的显著性差异,所有的数据均通过方差齐性检验(Levene’s 检验)。使用Origin 8.0对实验数据作图。
四种极性的海马齿种植水萃取物添加处理对海洋原甲藻、米氏凯伦藻以及塔玛亚历山大藻生长影响的实验结果,包括藻细胞密度变化、比生长率以及抑制率变化如图123所示。
在甲醇萃取物添加处理中(图123ac),0.6和1.25 g/L处理对3种藻类的生长未产生显著影响,各组的藻细胞密度和比生长率未出现显著差异(p > 0.05)。5和10 g/L处理对米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长均起到了一定的促进作用,藻细胞密度和比生长率显著高于对照组(p < 0.01)。
在乙酸乙酯萃取物添加处理中(图123df),0.6和1.25 g/L处理对3种藻类的生长均未产生显著影响(p > 0.05)。2.5、5和10 g/L处理对海洋原甲藻起到了一定的抑制作用,最高抑制率为46.62%,但单日比生长率于96 h后开始显著高于对照组(p < 0.05),抑制率出现波动并下降;对米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻起到了促进作用,藻细胞密度显著高于对照组(p < 0.01)。
在二氯甲烷萃取物添加处理中(图123gi),3种藻类均受到了强烈的抑制效果,对海洋原甲藻的最高抑制率为50.83%,塔玛亚历山大藻为81.41%,米氏凯伦藻为97.30%。此外,对米氏凯伦藻表现出“低促高抑”的特点,即0.6 g/L处理促进米氏凯伦藻生长,藻细胞密度和比生长率显著高于对照组(p < 0.01);2.5、5和10 g/L处理抑制米氏凯伦藻生长,藻细胞密度和比生长率显著低于对照组(p < 0.01),且抑制率随着质量浓度的升高而增加。
在正己烷萃取物添加处理中(图123jl),正己烷萃取物对3种藻类的影响差异较大。对海洋原甲藻也表现出了“低促高抑”的特点,0.6 g/L处理促进海洋原甲藻生长,藻细胞密度显著高于对照组(p < 0.01);5和10 g/L处理抑制海洋原甲藻生长,藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(p < 0.01),最高抑制率为80.46%。5和10 g/L处理促进米氏凯伦藻生长,藻细胞密度显著高于对照组(p < 0.01),其他浓度处理未产生显著影响(p > 0.05)。5和10 g/L处理抑制塔玛亚历山大藻生长,藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(p < 0.01),最高抑制率为72.09%,其他浓度处理未产生显著影响(p > 0.05)。
由于海马齿种植水二氯甲烷萃取物表现出了最显著且最广泛的抑藻效果,因此对其以及根组织二氯甲烷萃取物的硅烷化衍生样品进行GC-MS检测,结果如图4图5所示。经过检索与分析,两份样品检测出的共有物质包括19种(表1),即海马齿潜在化感物质,主要成分是脂肪酸及其衍生物。
本研究选用以硬脂酸为代表的脂肪酸类物质,以油酸酰胺和二十四烷醇为代表的脂肪酸衍生物,分别展开抑藻活性验证。
硬脂酸对3种藻类的抑制效果如图6abc所示,当硬脂酸的质量浓度为0.2和1 mg/L时,3种藻类的生长均不受影响。而当硬脂酸的质量浓度为5、10和20 mg/L时,3种藻类均受到不同程度的抑制作用,对海洋原甲藻的最高抑制率为92.79%,对塔玛亚历山大藻的最高抑制率为93.82%,而米氏凯伦藻的生长被完全抑制,在实验进行到第三天时,米氏凯伦藻的藻细胞密度下降至0 cells/mL,抑制率达到100%。
油酸酰胺对3种藻类的抑制效果如图6def所示,当油酸酰胺的质量浓度为0.2 mg/L时,3种藻类的生长不受影响,当油酸酰胺的质量浓度为1 mg/L时,米氏凯伦藻的生长受到一定抑制,抑制率为25.99%,而塔玛亚历山大藻受到促进,海洋原甲藻不受影响,当油酸酰胺的质量浓度为5、10和20 mg/L时,3种藻类的生长受到强烈抑制,对海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制率最高分别达到93.49%和94.62%,而米氏凯伦藻被完全抑制,在实验进行到第三天时,米氏凯伦藻的藻细胞密度下降至0 cells/mL,抑制率达到100%。
二十四烷醇对3种藻类的抑制效果如图6ghi所示,当二十四烷醇的质量浓度为0.02和0.1 mg/L时,3种藻类的生长均不受抑制,当二十四烷醇的浓度质量为0.5 mg/L时,米氏凯伦藻和海洋原甲藻的生长受到一定抑制,抑制率分别为43.66%和56.4%,当二十四烷醇的浓度为1和2 mg/L时,3种藻类的生长受到强烈抑制,对海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制率最高分别达到90%和81.04%,而米氏凯伦藻被完全抑制,在实验进行到第三天时,米氏凯伦藻的藻细胞密度下降至0 cells/mL,抑制率达到100%。
大量研究表明,许多植物和大型藻类具有化感抑藻作用。例如,高红等[23]发现浒苔(Ulva prolifera)的乙酸乙酯萃取物可以抑制中肋骨条藻的生长,并从中分离出8种脂肪酸类抑藻物质。陈芝兰[24]发现凤眼莲(Pontederia crassipes)根组织的丙酮和乙酸乙酯萃取物可以对塔玛亚历山大藻和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的生长起到显著抑制效果。孙志伟等[25]发现木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)等红树植物的水提物对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)和赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)也表现出了显著的抑制效果。然而,先前的研究主要集中在从植物组织中萃取抑藻物质,对外界环境中植物分泌物的研究相对较少。这是由于植物在外界环境中释放的化感物质质量浓度非常低,使得这些物质的萃取分离变得极为困难[26]。但是随着研究技术的进步和对化感作用机制认识的加深,如具备高分离效能、高灵敏度、强大的抗干扰能力优势的气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术在植物代谢组学研究中得到广泛应用[27];同时学术界对直接从植物组织中萃取抑藻物质探究植物化感抑藻作用的做法多有诟病,究其原因就是萃取出的抑藻物质并不一定会从植物体中分泌出来[19]。这些都为进一步探讨外界环境中植物分泌物的化感作用提供了研究基础和必要性。因此,本研究通过萃取海马齿种植水来探究海马齿根系分泌物的化感作用。
采用不同极性的有机溶剂进行萃取是常见的根系分泌物收集方法之一,根据极性相似相溶原理,萃取出来的物质主要和溶剂的极性和化学性质有关[2829]。本研究选用的正己烷、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯和甲醇涵盖低极性到高极性,能够洗脱C18固相萃取柱吸附的各类物质[30],从而得到不同极性的海马齿种植水萃取物。萃取物的抑藻活性测试结果显示,二氯甲烷萃取物对海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效果最强,其次是正己烷萃取物。对于米氏凯伦藻,只有二氯甲烷萃取物表现出明显的抑制效果,而甲醇、乙酸乙酯和正己烷萃取物则表现出促进效果。这与Fonseca等[31] 发现巴西羽藻(Plocamium brasiliense)的二氯甲烷萃取物表现出高效的抑藻作用的结果相似。此外,二氯甲烷萃取物在高质量浓度添加条件下对米氏凯伦藻表现出抑制效果,而在低质量浓度添加条件下促进其生长,显示出了毒理学中的“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”的毒物兴奋效应[32],该效应是一种以双相剂量反应为特征的适应性反应,目前被广泛解释为受体/信号通路理论[33]。其他相关研究也发现过此效应,属于典型的化感作用的特点,如Xu等[34]发现互花米草(Sporobolus alterniflorus)叶萃取物在高质量浓度下对球形棕囊藻和东海原甲藻表现出抑制效果,而在低质量浓度条件下表现出促进效果。因此,二氯甲烷萃取物不仅表现出最显著且最广泛的抑制效果,还表现出了典型化感作用的特点,所以推断海马齿种植水的活性抑藻组分主要存在于二氯甲烷萃取物中,且处于中等极性。
化感物质是植物发挥化感作用的重要来源[35],基于二氯甲烷萃取物对3种赤潮藻表现出的化感作用,本研究对海马齿种植水和根组织的二氯甲烷萃取物进行了GC-MS鉴定和共同物质比对。共检测出19种海马齿潜在化感物质(表1),主要成分是脂肪酸及其衍生物,这与王宇轩等[36]从八宝景天(Hylotelephium erythrostictum)的二氯甲烷萃取物中检测出硬脂酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯等脂肪酸衍生物的结果类似。在先前的研究中,油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸[37]等脂肪酸类物质已被证实对藻类生长具有抑制作用,因此推测与它们结构相似的硬脂酸、十五烷酸、二十二烷酸和反式-十六碳-9-烯酸等脂肪酸类物质也可能具有化感抑藻作用。此外,吴湘等[38] 研究发现大漂(Pistia stratiotes)的抑藻有效成分为硬脂酸酰胺;孙颖颖等[39]从菹草(Potamogeton crispus)石油醚萃取物中分离出了二十五烷醇并发现其可抑制东海原甲藻生长;因此推测同样由脂肪酸与氨基生成的油酸酰胺,以及由脂肪酸与羟基生成的二十四烷醇等脂肪酸衍生物也可能具有抑藻能力。综上,海马齿种植水的二氯甲烷萃取物中含有多种潜在的化感物质。
为进一步验证海马齿潜在化感物质的抑藻活性。本研究从上述的几种潜在化感物质入手,选择硬脂酸、油酸酰胺和二十四烷醇3种脂肪酸及其衍生物,对3种赤潮藻进行了抑藻活性测试。结果显示,这3种物质均表现出了抑藻活性,且具有一定的广泛抑制性。基于预实验和正式实验的结果,二十四烷醇对3种藻类的生长抑制效果最显著,所需浓度较低(0.5~1 mg/L即可产生显著抑制效果)。关于脂肪酸及其衍生物的抑藻效果之前也有报道,如Wang等[40]从鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)中分离出了9种脂肪酸,并发现这9种脂肪酸对赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和米氏凯伦藻均有抑制效果。Oh等[41]从海葡萄藻(Corallina pilulifera)中也分离出了脂肪酸,其中的二十碳五烯酸能够显著抑制中肋骨条藻的生长。在抑藻机理方面,两项研究均证实脂肪酸具有溶藻活性,赤潮藻的细胞受到脂肪酸的影响后均会变得肿胀,直至破裂[3940]。一些研究对该现象进行了探究,Wu等[42]的研究发现,质膜的组成是高度可变的,脂肪酸容易与目标生物质膜中的同类型脂肪酸相互作用,导致质膜的通透性迅速改变,并伴随着K+的渗漏和膜结构的破坏。综上,脂肪酸及其衍生物可以证实为海马齿分泌的化感抑藻物质,未来可对这些化感物质进行进一步的抑藻活性测试和定量测定,同时开展海马齿分泌化感物质的内在机理探究,从而为海马齿在赤潮防治中的实际应用提供更坚实的科学基础和技术支持。
本研究以海马齿释放到种植水中的根系分泌物为研究对象,探究了海马齿对米氏凯伦藻、海洋原甲藻以及塔玛亚历山大藻的化感作用并验证了潜在化感物质。结果表明海马齿能对3种赤潮甲藻产生化感作用,潜在化感物质主要存在于二氯甲烷萃取物中,成分为脂肪酸及其衍生物。其中的硬脂酸、油酸酰胺以及二十四烷醇均表现出显著的抑藻活性,证实了脂肪酸及其衍生物为海马齿的化感抑藻作用的物质来源,为今后进一步筛选海马齿化感抑藻物质以及探究海马齿化感物质分泌机理奠定了研究基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划 (2024YFF1306805)。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025042
  • 接收时间:2024-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-24
  • 修回日期:2025-01-14
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国家重点研发计划 (2024YFF1306805)。
作者信息
    1 厦门大学 环境与生态学院,滨海湿地生态系统教育部重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102

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黄凌风,教授,主要从事海洋生态学、恢复生态学和赤潮科学等方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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