Article(id=1189535965975662736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719244800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-25, revisedDate=1733068800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761537074798, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761537074798, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761537074798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769160098815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189522886361595906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761533956367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558617137, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189535966227320977, articleId=1189535965975662736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Impacts of Typhoon Haikui on the composition and diversity of microplastics in Xiamen’s coastal beaches, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamics of microplastic pollution in coastal zones, in the context of climate change, is a crucial global environmental issue. This study investigated and analyzed changes in microplastic abundance, composition, and diversity in beach sediments in Xiamen City before and after Typhoon Haikui. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics on the beaches in Xiamen City before Typhoon Haikui was (251.5 ± 27.9) n/kg, which significantly decreased to (127.0 ± 18.8) n/kg post-typhoon. Before and after the typhoon, the composition of microplastics on the beaches exhibited distinct variations. In particular, the abundance of smaller particles (<500 μm) significantly decreased, while the proportion of fibrous particles increased. Moreover, the typhoon event led to a general decrease in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, while the Pielou’s evenness index increased. Based on the results of this study and previous research, it is concluded that heavy rainfall is the driving factor behind the changes in microplastic abundance and composition on Xiamen’s beaches caused by Typhoon Haikui. The impact of typhoons on the dynamics of microplastic pollution in coastal zones results from the coupling of multiple physical processes, influenced by a complex combination of factors, such as dynamic conditions, sediment physical and chemical factors, and topography. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct long-term monitoring of hydrological and meteorological data, and to carry out more in-depth, systematic, and comprehensive research on the underlying mechanisms.

, correspAuthors=Fengrun Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chengyi Zhang, Xueyan Li, Yimeng Zhang, Zipeng Huang, Tao Wang, Sha Liu, Fengrun Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189536151632335264, articleId=1189535965975662736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台风“海葵”对厦门市沙滩微塑料组成与多样性的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气候变化背景下海岸带地区微塑料污染动态是全球重要环境问题。本研究在台风“海葵”过境前后调查分析了厦门市沙滩沉积物中微塑料丰度、组成和多样性的变化。结果表明,台风“海葵”前沙滩中微塑料丰度为(251.5 ± 27.9)n/kg,台风后显著降低至(127.0 ± 18.8)n/kg。台风前后沙滩微塑料的组成特征发生鲜明变化。其中,尺寸小于500 μm的微塑料占比显著下降,纤维状颗粒占比上升。台风后微塑料多样性变化明显:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数普遍下降,Pielou’s均匀度指数普遍上升。结合本文结果并对比以往研究,可以判断强降水是台风“海葵”引发厦门沙滩微塑料丰度和组成变化的驱动因素。台风对海岸带微塑料污染动态的影响是多种物理过程耦合的结果,受到动力条件、沉积物理化因子、地形地貌等多种因素的复杂作用。未来仍需结合水文气象数据长期监测,对相关机理开展更加深入的系统综合研究。

, correspAuthors=吴逢润, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴逢润,讲师,主要从事湿地生态环境研究。E-mail:
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张铖懿(1998—),男,四川省小金县人,研究方向为海岸带微塑料污染。E-mail:

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张铖懿(1998—),男,四川省小金县人,研究方向为海岸带微塑料污染。E-mail:

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Lowercase letters indicate significance of differences in microplastic abundance before and after typhoons at specific sites; any two columns with the same letter is non-significantly different (p > 0.05)

, figureFileSmall=MXcq9tTpUAKcTNK3U/4jOw==, figureFileBig=KNsE7RngrRJEcvcJeFRNSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952656965922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=图3, caption=台风前后不同尺寸和不同站点微塑料的丰度变化

图中数据上方标注小写字母表示特定站点台风前后微塑料丰度差异的显著性;图中同一站点标注字母相同者表示台风前后无显著差异(p > 0.05)

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Any two columns with the same letter is non-significantly different (p > 0.05)

, figureFileSmall=jDO5gpJst7O9ubxRziuChQ==, figureFileBig=I1Gz2tCNW8se/kZbCdlt5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952786989350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=图4, caption=台风前后不同形状微塑料丰度的变化

图中同一站点标注字母相同者表示台风前后无显著差异(p > 0.05)

, figureFileSmall=jDO5gpJst7O9ubxRziuChQ==, figureFileBig=I1Gz2tCNW8se/kZbCdlt5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952845709608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Liner-regression between sediment physicochemical properties and microplastic abundance before and after the typhoon, figureFileSmall=GsAMbq4unNCQA+Mco7Z/Uw==, figureFileBig=K7zdowsl373iri2c7aQ9Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952917012778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=图5, caption=台风前后沉积物理化性质与微塑料丰度之间的线性回归分析, figureFileSmall=GsAMbq4unNCQA+Mco7Z/Uw==, figureFileBig=K7zdowsl373iri2c7aQ9Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553953013481772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Variation in the diversity index of microplastic on the beaches in Xiamen City before and after the typhoon, figureFileSmall=nUUJOItCWdpFXnjuy7K2uA==, figureFileBig=5bxV8+icIefYeGyla3N86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553953076396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=图6, caption=台风前后厦门市沙滩微塑料多样性指数的变化, figureFileSmall=nUUJOItCWdpFXnjuy7K2uA==, figureFileBig=5bxV8+icIefYeGyla3N86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553953139310896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=PMF model analysis results of microplastic source contributions before and after the typhoon

a and c: principal component fingerprints PMF models; b and d: arithmetic average contribution rates obtained from the PMF models

, figureFileSmall=pu4ZWOtDw8qHl775CMYuug==, figureFileBig=v6VuGVGX19zFDkAijHnA6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553953223196977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=图7, caption=台风前后微塑料来源的PMF模型解析

a,c:因子指纹谱图;b,d:因子贡献率

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Variation in the sedimentary properties on beaches in Xiamen City before and after Typhoon Haikui(means ± se)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点 中值粒径/μm 容重/(g·cm−3) 含水率/% 盐度
台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后
A 866.66±26.94 a 551.75±39.93 b 1.30±0.02 a 1.28±0.03 a 0.24±0.01 a 0.27±0.02 a 1.39±0.18 a 1.57±0.11 a
B 858.56±61.47a 380.25±4.71b 1.35±0.06a 1.27±0.03a 0.37±0.01a 0.29±0.01b 1.92±0.02a 1.23±0.10b
C 1 055.94±19.40 a’ 975.55±40.72 a’ 1.36±0.02 a’ 1.13±0.02 b’ 0.23±0.01 a’ 0.19±0.01 b’ 1.46±0.17 a’ 1.89±0.02 a’
D 844.81±31.79 a” 769.93±20.68 a” 1.30±0.05 a” 1.28±0.04 a” 0.35±0.02 a” 0.37±0.01 a” 1.63±0.19 a” 1.54±0.05 a”
E 496.96±13.12 a* 555.87±31.30 a* 1.37±0.05 a* 0.93±0.06 b* 0.52±0.01 a* 0.69±0.03 b* 1.94±0.01 a* 1.91±0.01 b*
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台风前后厦门市沙滩各站点沉积物理化因子的变化(平均值 ± 标准误)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点 中值粒径/μm 容重/(g·cm−3) 含水率/% 盐度
台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后 台风前 台风后
A 866.66±26.94 a 551.75±39.93 b 1.30±0.02 a 1.28±0.03 a 0.24±0.01 a 0.27±0.02 a 1.39±0.18 a 1.57±0.11 a
B 858.56±61.47a 380.25±4.71b 1.35±0.06a 1.27±0.03a 0.37±0.01a 0.29±0.01b 1.92±0.02a 1.23±0.10b
C 1 055.94±19.40 a’ 975.55±40.72 a’ 1.36±0.02 a’ 1.13±0.02 b’ 0.23±0.01 a’ 0.19±0.01 b’ 1.46±0.17 a’ 1.89±0.02 a’
D 844.81±31.79 a” 769.93±20.68 a” 1.30±0.05 a” 1.28±0.04 a” 0.35±0.02 a” 0.37±0.01 a” 1.63±0.19 a” 1.54±0.05 a”
E 496.96±13.12 a* 555.87±31.30 a* 1.37±0.05 a* 0.93±0.06 b* 0.52±0.01 a* 0.69±0.03 b* 1.94±0.01 a* 1.91±0.01 b*
), ArticleFig(id=1189553953432912182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of typhoons and variations in microplastic abundance before and after the typhoon in previous studies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域 采样介质 最大风力/级 降水量/(mm·h−1 微塑料丰度/(n·kg) 沙滩开放程度 数据来源
厦门市沙滩 沙滩沉积物 11 176.57 暴露 本文
南海雷州半岛 近海沉积物 14 108.85 暴露 [22]
香港海滩 沙滩沉积物 14 190.09 + 受保护 [20]
深圳沿海地区 沙滩沉积物 9 127.12 暴露与受保护区域均有 [48]
地表海水 +
中国桑沟湾 近海沉积物 8 15.01 + 受保护 [49]
地表海水 +
), ArticleFig(id=1189553953508409656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535965975662736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

以往研究中台风特征与台风前后微塑料丰度的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域 采样介质 最大风力/级 降水量/(mm·h−1 微塑料丰度/(n·kg) 沙滩开放程度 数据来源
厦门市沙滩 沙滩沉积物 11 176.57 暴露 本文
南海雷州半岛 近海沉积物 14 108.85 暴露 [22]
香港海滩 沙滩沉积物 14 190.09 + 受保护 [20]
深圳沿海地区 沙滩沉积物 9 127.12 暴露与受保护区域均有 [48]
地表海水 +
中国桑沟湾 近海沉积物 8 15.01 + 受保护 [49]
地表海水 +
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台风“海葵”对厦门市沙滩微塑料组成与多样性的影响
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张铖懿 1 , 李雪妍 1 , 张艺檬 2 , 黄梓朋 1 , 王涛 3 , 刘莎 1 , 吴逢润 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(3): 27-38
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(3): 27-38
台风“海葵”对厦门市沙滩微塑料组成与多样性的影响
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张铖懿1 , 李雪妍1, 张艺檬2, 黄梓朋1, 王涛3, 刘莎1, 吴逢润1, *
作者信息
  • 1 厦门理工学院 环境科学与工程学院,福建 厦门 361024
  • 2 东北师范大学 环境学院,吉林 长春 130117
  • 3 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,中国 上海 200241
  • 张铖懿(1998—),男,四川省小金县人,研究方向为海岸带微塑料污染。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴逢润,讲师,主要从事湿地生态环境研究。E-mail:
Impacts of Typhoon Haikui on the composition and diversity of microplastics in Xiamen’s coastal beaches
Chengyi Zhang1 , Xueyan Li1, Yimeng Zhang2, Zipeng Huang1, Tao Wang3, Sha Liu1, Fengrun Wu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
  • 2School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025006
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气候变化背景下海岸带地区微塑料污染动态是全球重要环境问题。本研究在台风“海葵”过境前后调查分析了厦门市沙滩沉积物中微塑料丰度、组成和多样性的变化。结果表明,台风“海葵”前沙滩中微塑料丰度为(251.5 ± 27.9)n/kg,台风后显著降低至(127.0 ± 18.8)n/kg。台风前后沙滩微塑料的组成特征发生鲜明变化。其中,尺寸小于500 μm的微塑料占比显著下降,纤维状颗粒占比上升。台风后微塑料多样性变化明显:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数普遍下降,Pielou’s均匀度指数普遍上升。结合本文结果并对比以往研究,可以判断强降水是台风“海葵”引发厦门沙滩微塑料丰度和组成变化的驱动因素。台风对海岸带微塑料污染动态的影响是多种物理过程耦合的结果,受到动力条件、沉积物理化因子、地形地貌等多种因素的复杂作用。未来仍需结合水文气象数据长期监测,对相关机理开展更加深入的系统综合研究。

台风  /  滨海沙滩  /  微塑料污染  /  多样性

The dynamics of microplastic pollution in coastal zones, in the context of climate change, is a crucial global environmental issue. This study investigated and analyzed changes in microplastic abundance, composition, and diversity in beach sediments in Xiamen City before and after Typhoon Haikui. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics on the beaches in Xiamen City before Typhoon Haikui was (251.5 ± 27.9) n/kg, which significantly decreased to (127.0 ± 18.8) n/kg post-typhoon. Before and after the typhoon, the composition of microplastics on the beaches exhibited distinct variations. In particular, the abundance of smaller particles (<500 μm) significantly decreased, while the proportion of fibrous particles increased. Moreover, the typhoon event led to a general decrease in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, while the Pielou’s evenness index increased. Based on the results of this study and previous research, it is concluded that heavy rainfall is the driving factor behind the changes in microplastic abundance and composition on Xiamen’s beaches caused by Typhoon Haikui. The impact of typhoons on the dynamics of microplastic pollution in coastal zones results from the coupling of multiple physical processes, influenced by a complex combination of factors, such as dynamic conditions, sediment physical and chemical factors, and topography. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct long-term monitoring of hydrological and meteorological data, and to carry out more in-depth, systematic, and comprehensive research on the underlying mechanisms.

typhoon  /  coastal beaches  /  microplastic pollution  /  diversity
张铖懿, 李雪妍, 张艺檬, 黄梓朋, 王涛, 刘莎, 吴逢润. 台风“海葵”对厦门市沙滩微塑料组成与多样性的影响. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (3) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025006
Chengyi Zhang, Xueyan Li, Yimeng Zhang, Zipeng Huang, Tao Wang, Sha Liu, Fengrun Wu. Impacts of Typhoon Haikui on the composition and diversity of microplastics in Xiamen’s coastal beaches[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (3) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025006
自20世纪40年代以来,塑料凭借其成本低廉、坚韧耐用等优势,在工业、商业及其他行业中广为应用[12]。塑料颗粒在降解过程中会逐渐分解成更小的碎片,导致微塑料的形成[3]。从已有研究来看,微塑料污染分布极其广泛,几乎已遍布所有生态系统,包括陆地、海洋、河流、湖泊等[46]。同时,在鱼类、底栖动物、鸟类、大型哺乳动物等各类生物体内都有微塑料被检出的相关报道[4]。微塑料可以在几个营养级之间转移,对生物和人类健康产生重大影响[7]。一些报道指出微塑料可以与其他污染物如重金属、持久性有机污染物等结合,引发生态风险[89]
滨海沙滩位于陆地和海洋的交汇处,同时受到陆地径流、海洋潮汐、洋流等作用的影响,使其容易成为微塑料污染积累的重要场所[10]。因此,全球众多学者开展了滨海沙滩中微塑料污染的调研。研究结果表明不同地区的微塑料污染水平存在鲜明差别[1113]。影响滨海沙滩微塑料污染的因素被主要归纳为两类。一是人类活动因素:靠近城市中心和港口的滨海沙滩微塑料污染通常更加严重;而沿海旅游热点城市由于人流量巨大,沙滩的微塑料污染问题也更为突出[1416]。此外,物理过程是影响滨海沙滩微塑料赋存特征的另一关键因素:已有学者指出,高强度的降雨对滨海沙滩存在冲刷作用,导致了区域丰枯季微塑料污染水平的显著差异[17],而洋流和潮汐作用也会对滨海沙滩中微塑料的分布格局产生影响 [1819]
气候变化背景下海岸带极端天气事件频发,但针对该类过程如台风对微塑料污染分布的影响还探讨较少,且有限的研究呈现出了不同的研究结果和观点:一些研究表明,在台风前后由于径流输入、地形特征和风力传输等因素,导致滨海沙滩微塑料丰度明显增加[2022];而其他学者则发现,微塑料丰度在台风过程结束后显著下降—降雨引起的强烈冲刷可能是其中重要原因[2324]。同时,一些研究指出开放地形的沙滩在台风过程后微塑料丰度的变化往往比相对封闭的沙滩更显著 [20, 22]。由此可见,台风对微塑料组成和分布的影响结果及其机理是复杂多变的。有必要增加基线调查,以明确台风对沙滩微塑料分布特征的影响及其具体机制,全面揭示相关变化规律。
沿海地区检测到的微塑料已被广泛证实是由各种形状、颜色、大小和聚合物类型的颗粒组成的。微塑料组成特征通常可以有效指示其污染来源。例如,沿海地区的大多数纤维状颗粒来自上游河流、径流携带的衣物洗涤残体[25]。碎片主要通过大型塑料垃圾在海洋和海滩上的物理和化学降解产生[26]。此外,海上渔业活动用具对区域绿色或蓝色微塑料的产生具有重要贡献[2728]。这表明,分析滨海沙滩微塑料的多样性特征及其变化能够一定程度反映其组成和污染源的转变。然而,从该视角探讨微塑料多样性时空变化的研究还很有限。
2023年第11号台风“海葵” (国际编号2311)于9月5日在距离厦门市110 km的福建省漳州市东山县登陆,造成厦门市域平均风力达到8级,阵风10~11级。台风“海葵”引发的厦门市范围内累计降水量达到176.57 mm,突破了历史9月降水量最多纪录。同时造成福建省超过200万人受灾,直接经济损失高达100亿元[29]。本文通过在台风“海葵”发生前后进行固定样地的沉积物样品采集与处理,分析台风前后微塑料组成、分布特征、多样性及其来源的变化,探讨台风对沙滩微塑料赋存影响及其机制,以期为海岸带塑料污染的治理提供理论依据。
厦门市位于中国东南沿海地区,福建省东南部,由思明区、湖里区、集美区、海沧区、同安区和翔安区6个区组成。该地区属于亚热带海洋性季风气候,常年平均气温21.6℃,年平均降水量1 200 mm[3031]。区域主要灾害性天气有台风、暴雨、雷暴等。其中,台风对厦门沿海地区具有重大影响。据统计区域每年平均受台风影响5~6次,大多集中在7−9月[32]。本研究选择区域内5处沙滩作为固定样地:白城沙滩(A)、黄厝沙滩(B)、观音山沙滩(C)、杏林湾沙滩(D)和乐海沙滩(E)(图1)。5处沙滩既包括开放型的沙滩,也包括位于半封闭海湾内的沙滩,位置分布较为分散。在台风季前期于各固定样地设置10个与海岸线平行的潮间带采样点,样点之间间隔约为20 m。
为避免其他因素对研究结果的影响,在2023年9月2日台风过境前及9月6日厦门市解除台风预警后分别对5个沙滩进行了即时采样,两次采样时间均属大潮期[33]。使用不锈钢柱状取样器在每个样点采集沉积物柱样(深 10 cm,直径 5 cm)。样品采集后从不锈钢管中迅速取出,保存在铝盒中。同时现场使用土壤环境检测仪(HC-S400)测量并记录沉积物的孔隙水盐度。
在实验室中,采用70℃的烘箱将沉积物样品烘干至恒重以测量沉积物的含水率并计算容重。同时,采用筛分法分析沉积物的粒度分布,测算其中值粒径。
采用密度分离法从沉积物中提取微塑料[21, 34]。每个样品随机称取20 g烘干沉积物并放入洁净的玻璃烧杯中。加入20 mL 30%的H2O2,放置在水浴锅中24 h以降解沉积物中的有机物。随后在烧杯中加入300 mL饱和氯化钠溶液(1.12 g/mL),用玻璃棒搅拌2 min。静置沉淀24 h后,抽滤上清液至孔径为1 μm的超细玻璃纤维滤膜上,并将滤膜转移至无污染的培养皿中自然干燥。干燥后的滤膜使用显微镜(MHAGO SZM0745T)观察并记录微塑料的数量、形状、尺寸等特征。使用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪(Thermo Scientific Nicolet iN10 MX)分析微塑料聚合物类型。
为最大限度地降低样本污染的风险,所有实验人员都必须全程穿着棉质实验服并佩戴棉质手套,避免使用任何塑料产品。实验使用的所有化学试剂需经过过滤处理后再使用。所有的实验器具,包括铝盒、采泥器、烧杯、培养皿等,需使用过滤后的纯水反复清洗。在实验过程中,采用锡箔纸密封所有敞开式的器具以防止空气中的微塑料污染。同时,设置3组空白对照实验,用于检测实验过程中是否存在微塑料的污染影响。本研究中设置的空白对照均未检测到微塑料微粒。
采用统计软件包(IBM SPSS Statistics 21)进行数据处理。对数据先进行方差齐性检验,不具备方差齐性的数据需经过二次方根变换,以满足数据的正态性要求。台风前后微塑料丰度、沉积物理化因子数据采用t检验进行差异的显著性检验;采用单因素方差分析检验站点间空间差异的显著性。以p < 0.05表示显著差异。将所有站点收集到的微塑料根据其形状、颜色、大小划分种类,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou’s均匀度指数(J')来评估微塑料的多样性特征。具体公式为
$ H' = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^S {{P_i}} \ln {P_i}, $
$ J' = \frac{{H'}}{{\ln S}}, $
式中:P i表示第i种微塑料的个数占微塑料总数量的比例,S表示沉积物样品中检测出的微塑料种类总数。
采用PMF(正定矩阵因子化,Positive Matrix Factorization)模型解析台风前后微塑料来源的变化。将样本浓度矩阵分解为一个因子贡献矩阵和一个因子残差矩阵,根据微塑料污染源的特征确定了不同因素的贡献[35]。沙滩微塑料样品的源分辨率采用多元线性回归计算,如公式(3)所示:
$ {x_{ij}} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^p {{g_{ik}}} {f_{kj}} + {e_{ij}} $
式中:x ij为样本i中因子j的含量;g ik为污染源ki样本中的贡献率;f kj表示k污染源中微塑料j含量的特征值;e ij为残差矩阵;p为相对标准偏差。
通过最小化目标函数Q获得最优因子贡献矩阵,其公式如下:
$ Q=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^m\left[\frac{x_{ij}-\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^pg_{ik}f_{kj}}{u_{ij}}\right]^2, $
式中:u ij表示第i个样本中第j个污染因子的测量不确定度,u ij计算公式如下:
$ {U_{ij}} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{U_{ij}} = 5/6MDL,\quad (c \leqslant MDL)} \\ {{U_{ij}} = \sqrt {{{(EF \times c)}^2} + {{(0.5 \times MDL)}^2}} ,\quad (c \geqslant MDL)} \end{array}} \right. $
式中:c为微塑料丰度,MDL为方法检出限,EF为测量不确定度的百分比。
台风海葵前后厦门市沙滩中微塑料尺寸、形状、颜色以及聚合物类型的组成特征如图2所示。总体来看,所有样品检出的微塑料颗粒的大小从24 μm到4 822 μm不等,其中尺寸在1~500 μm的微塑料颗粒最多,在台风前后的样品中分别占比61.2%和41.7%(图2a)。样品中检测出的微塑料形状包括:纤维、碎片、薄膜和泡沫状4种。其中,占比最大的是纤维(台风前:49.4%,台风后:63.0%);其次是碎片(台风前:44.5%,台风后:24.4%)(图2b)。检测出的微塑料颗粒颜色共8种,包括黑色、蓝色、红色、绿色、透明、黄色、灰色、白色。其中台风前蓝色(26.6%)微塑料颗粒最多,台风后透明(32.3%)颗粒最多(图2c)。在总共7种聚合物类型中,台风前人造丝(rayon)的占比最大(36.3%),其次是聚乙烯(PE)(26.3%)。台风后聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)(34.8%)和聚丙烯(PP)(30.4%)占比较高(图2d)。
总体来看,台风后厦门市沙滩微塑料的平均丰度出现了明显下降(图3)。台风前所有沉积物样品中共检测出263 个微塑料颗粒,微塑料检出率为100%,平均丰度为(251.5 ± 27.9)n/kg。台风后所有沉积物样品中共检测出127 个微塑料颗粒,检出率为84%,平均丰度为(127.0 ± 18.8)n/kg。除C站点外,其余4个采样点的微塑料丰度在台风前均显著高于台风后(p < 0.05)。此外,微塑料丰度在5个站点间存在空间上的显著差异(p < 0.05);其中E站点微塑料丰度显著高于其他站点(p < 0.05)。
不同尺寸微塑料的丰度在台风前后的变化特征各不相同。尺寸小于500 μm的微塑料丰度在台风后明显下降:其中A、B、D采样点的丰度在台风前后均存在显著差异(p < 0.05),C、E站点无明显差异(p > 0.05)(图3a)。尺寸在500~1 000 μm的微塑料,其丰度在B、D采样点存在台风前后的显著差异(p < 0.05),其余采样点变化不显著(p > 0.05)(图3b)。尺寸在1 000~2 000 μm范围的微塑料丰度在A、B、C站点存在台风前后的显著差异(p < 0.05)(图3c)。而尺寸在2 000~5 000 μm范围的微塑料丰度在台风前后变化不显著(p > 0.05)(图3d)。
不同形状的微塑料颗粒在台风前后的变化特征有所不同(图4)。台风后,纤维和碎片的丰度在多数站点显著下降(p < 0.05)。薄膜状和泡沫状的微塑料丰度较低,仅在部分站点被检出,其在台风前后的数量变化不显著。
台风前后,厦门市沙滩多种沉积物理化性质发生了鲜明变化(表1)。整体上,沉积物中值粒径和容重在台风前后均显著下降(p < 0.05);而含水率和盐度整体在台风前后无显著差异(p > 0.05)。不同站点沉积物理化因子在台风前后的变化特征也有所不同。沉积物中值粒径在A、B样点于台风前后存在显著差异(p < 0.05),其余样点无显著差异(p > 0.05)。容重在C、E两点台风前后出现显著差异(p < 0.05),其余样点无显著差异(p > 0.05)。含水率在B、C和E采样点台风前后存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。盐度仅在B和E采样点台风前后存在显著差异(p < 0.05),其余样点在台风前后无显著差异(p > 0.05)此外,4种沉积物理化因子均存在不同样点间的显著空间差异(p < 0.05)(表1)。
台风过程前后,沉积物理化因子的变化与微塑料丰度之间表现出明显相关性(图5)。具体而言,沉积物中值粒径与微塑料丰度之间呈现极显著的负相关关系(p < 0.001; R² = 0.357)。容重与微塑料丰度之间也存在显著的负相关(p = 0.003; R² = 0.166)。含水率与微塑料丰度之间则展现出极显著的正相关关系(p < 0.001; R² = 0.678)。未检验出盐度与微塑料丰度间的显著相关关系。
总体看来,多数站点(A、B、C)在台风后Shannon-Wiener多样性指数下降(图6)。D站点变化不大,仅E站点较台风前指数有所上升(图6a)。所有采样点Pielou’s均匀度指数在台风后都高于台风前,其中E站点在台风后上涨幅度最大,达到了29.2%(图6b)。
PMF模型解析结果显示:在台风来临之前,因子1和因子3分别解释了总方差的23.5%和27.5%(图7c)。因子1主要由粒径为2 000~5 000 μm的透明(66.9%)、黑色(30.6%)、黄色(33.0%)及纤维状微塑料(29.5%)组成;因子3则以蓝色(44.3%)、红色(42.0%)、黄色(49.7%)和纤维状微塑料(35.3%)为主要成分。结合以往研究,判断该部分因子主要表征以纺织物纤维为主的河流输入源[3637]图7a)。因子2解释了总方差的30.9%,其主要成分为粒径0~500 μm的绿色(40.2%)碎片状微塑料(64.5%),其主要指征以塑料包装材料和生活垃圾为主的旅游活动和地表径流输入来源[3840]。因子4解释了总方差的18.1%,主要由绿色(37.5%)、灰色(40.6%)及泡沫状微塑料(43.4%)构成。该类别主要指征近海渔业生产和航运材料(如浮标和浮架)为主的近海污染源[4143]
在台风过后,因子1解释了总方差的20.7%,主要由黑色(44.7%)、红色(40.1%)及纤维状微塑料(27.1%)组成,指征河流输入来源(图7bd)。因子2解释了总方差的33.3%,其主要成分为粒径0~500 μm的蓝色(48.4%)、绿色(86.5%)、白色(40.2%)及泡沫状(54.7%)微塑料,指征近海渔业与航运活动污染源[42]。因子3解释了总方差的17.9%,以粒径2 000~5 000 μm的红色(59.3%)及薄膜状微塑料(40.8%)为主,指征大气沉降与降水来源 [4445]。因子4解释了总方差的28.1%,主要由粒径500~2 000 μm(44.9%)和1 000~2 000 μm(48.9%)、透明(39.8%)、黄色(40.0%)及碎片状微塑料(51.0%)组成,指征地表径流与旅游活动污染源[3840]
气候变化背景下研究滨海沙滩微塑料的赋存与动态特征对于海岸带综合管理、评估和规避生态风险具有重要意义。与全球其他地区相比,厦门市沙滩的微塑料丰度[(189.3 ± 17.9)n/kg]处于较高水平[13, 18, 22, 46, 47]。台风对滨海沙滩微塑料污染组成与分布的影响在以往被关注较少。作为一种极端天气现象,台风不仅引发风力的显著增强,而且伴随着降水量以及地表径流量的激增[42]。这种极端天气状况会对滨海沙滩环境产生深远作用,改变滨海沙滩当中污染物的迁移和运输[26]。本文研究结果表明,台风“海葵”过后厦门市沙滩微塑料的丰度普遍下降。这与部分以往研究结果一致(表2),如Chen等[48]在深圳沿海地区的研究。但同时一些研究的结果与本文相反。Lo等[20]研究发现在台风“山竹”过后,香港沙滩的微塑料丰度明显增加[20]。这些结果的差异性可能与多方面因素存在关联。Lo等[46]和Wang等[22]在研究结果中指出,沙滩开放程度在台风过程中对微塑料分布具有显著影响。本研究中,台风后各站点微塑料丰度下降的趋势比较一致,表明海滩开放程度与位置因素不是此次台风前后厦门市沙滩微塑料动态的关键影响因素。对比以往研究的相关气象数据,台风“海葵”给厦门市海滩带来了显著的强降水过程,最大降水强度6.82 mm/h,降水历时约72 h。尽管降水过程可能导致微塑料通过地表径流广泛输入滨海沙滩,但强降水过程会导致冲刷作用,最终降低微塑料在沙滩中的丰度。这在众多关注降水过程对微塑料影响的研究中得到验证[2324]
探讨物理过程对微塑料的影响,应区分不同特征的塑料颗粒分别阐明。台风“海葵”过后,厦门市沙滩沉积物中微塑料的形态、尺寸的组成特征发生了显著变化。具体来说,小尺寸(<500 μm)的微塑料颗粒在台风后明显减少;这与过往相关研究的结果相一致,例如在深圳沿海地区和雷州半岛的研究中,台风过后小尺寸微塑料的丰度占比出现下降。强降水过程的冲刷以及潜在的强烈风力和波浪,均使得沉积物中的小尺寸微塑料比大尺寸颗粒更易被搬运、悬浮[22, 48]。这也进一步验证了本研究中强降水过程是微塑料总体丰度显著下降的驱动因素的观点。此外,在台风“海葵”过后沙滩中纤维状微塑料的占比显著上升,成为沉积物中的主导形状。以往研究表明滨海沙滩中的纤维状微塑料主要来源于陆源的河流输入[20, 48]。因此,尽管纤维状与其他形状微塑料的丰度均有所下降,台风过程中河流输入了更多塑料纤维进入到沙滩系统中。
本文中,台风“海葵”过境后厦门市沙滩沉积物的粒度和容重均出现显著下降,这与以往研究结果较为一致。台风过程往往导致外源细颗粒沉积物在近岸滩涂的堆积,同时导致台风过后滩涂表层沉积物趋于松散[5051]。本文研究结果显示,沙滩沉积物多种理化因子与微塑料丰度均表现出显著相关性。其中中值粒径与微塑料丰度呈极显著负相关。以往研究表明,中值粒径越大常意味着底质存在更大的孔隙结构,有利于微塑料向水体和更深层的沉积物中输送[52]。本文中,容重与微塑料丰度之间存在显著的负相关关系。以往研究表明土壤颗粒间的紧密堆积程度增加,不利于微塑料迁移进入沉积物[53]。此外,本文中沙滩含水率和微塑料丰度之间存在极显著正相关关系。较高的含水率往往体现出海水在沉积物层中的驻留,进而增加微塑料的累积[54]。总体来看,台风对沙滩微塑料组成分布的影响是极端天气中多种动态物理过程的复杂耦合作用,同时也与海岸的位置与底质条件等因素密切相关。
微塑料组成发生变化的同时,其多样性特征也会随之改变。评估微塑料多样性特征以甄别微塑料污染来源的变化及其潜在风险具有重要的科学意义[55]。然而,鲜有研究探讨滨海地区物理过程对微塑料污染多样性的影响。本文中,采用多样性指数表征微塑料多样性的变化为相关研究提供了新的视角。研究结果表明,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在台风后普遍降低。结合数据结果,小尺寸微塑料颗粒的数量减少甚至消失可能是其主要原因。本文中,Pielou’s均匀度指数在台风后普遍上升。以往研究指出微塑料颗粒在沙滩的空间分布不均,即使在较小尺度仍存在鲜明的水平和垂直分布差异[56]。台风事件能够导致沙滩底质的重新构造分布,这可能使得原本在沙滩上分布不均的微塑料种类趋向均质化。以往研究指出,丰水期滨海沙滩微塑料多样性普遍高于枯水期,这是由于丰水期频繁的降水能够增强地表径流对微塑料的输入,丰富其污染来源。而在本研究中,台风引发的极端降水事件导致了沙滩上较小尺寸微塑料的流失,进而降低了微塑料的多样性。这些结果与生态学中的中度干扰假说存在一致性 [57]。即中等强度的洪水事件往往能够引入更多的外来物种,使得水域物种多样性提升。而极端强烈的水动力作用则会将无法驻足的小型生物类群彻底冲离,导致物种多样性的下降[5860]
此外,本研究采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对微塑料的来源变化进行了解析,结果与多样性分析较为一致。整体结果表明,台风事件使微塑料的贡献来源增加。具体而言,大气沉降和降水成为更为重要的贡献源,近海污染源的相对贡献也明显上升。台风带来的强风和强降水加剧了大气中的微塑料输运和沉降过程,强风促进了微塑料的远距离输运,而降水通过增加大气湿度和摩擦作用加速了微塑料的沉降,尤其在强降雨时效果更加显著[44]。而台风期间强风和海浪的增强,加剧了近海渔业和航运污染物的扩散,使其在水动力作用下更易向沙滩迁移[6162]。由此反映出极端气候事件在调节微塑料动态及其来源特征方面具有重要作用,应予以重视。
本研究探讨了台风“海葵”对厦门市沙滩微塑料组成与多样性的影响。台风“海葵”过后,厦门市沙滩微塑料的丰度整体显著下降。不同形状、尺寸的微塑料丰度对台风的响应不同。台风导致了微塑料多样性变化:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数普遍下降,Pielou’s均匀度指数在台风后普遍上升。PMF模型结果揭示了台风“海葵”增进了大气沉降和降雨以及邻近海域输入的来源贡献。结合以往研究可以发现,台风对海岸带微塑料污染动态的影响是多种物理过程耦合的结果,受到动力条件、沉积环境、地形地貌等多种因素的复杂作用。该过程的驱动因素在不同地区、不同台风事件中常存在明显差异。随着全球气候变化的加剧,极端天气事件的频率和强度可能会增加,未来仍需结合水文气象数据长期监测,对相关机理开展更加深入的系统综合研究。
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2022J05278);厦门市海洋与渔业发展专项资金(23YYST064QCB36)。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025006
  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
  • 修回日期:2024-12-02
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福建省自然科学基金(2022J05278);厦门市海洋与渔业发展专项资金(23YYST064QCB36)。
作者信息
    1 厦门理工学院 环境科学与工程学院,福建 厦门 361024
    2 东北师范大学 环境学院,吉林 长春 130117
    3 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,中国 上海 200241

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吴逢润,讲师,主要从事湿地生态环境研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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