Article(id=1189535964763504767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=1736092800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761537074509, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761537074509, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761537074509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761537074509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189522886361595906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761533956367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558617137, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189535964985802882, articleId=1189535964763504767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distributions of dissolved oxygen and hypoxic characteristics in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea during the late summer-early autumn in 2021, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on observations in the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) obtained during the late summer and early autumn of 2021, the hypoxic characteristics and influencing factors were explored by analyzing the spatial patterns of temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients, revealing the regulation mechanisms of hydro-biogeochemical processes on the distributions of DO and hypoxia. A narrow hypoxic zone (with the minimum DO mass concentration of 2.18 mg/L) in a southwest-northeast orientation, which was characterized by a high apparent oxygen consumption (AOU) (>4 mg/L), was observed within the bottom cold water-dominated region in the western BS; a low-DO area with a small scope existed in the northeastern region off the Bohai Bay mouth at 10-m layer. DO concentrations in the NYS were overall higher than that in the BS, and a relatively high DO level was maintained within the Bottom Cold Water Mass (BCWM) in the central NYS, although there was a high AOU (>2.5 mg/L). The low-lying topography and higher stratification intensity within the bottom cold water-dominated region in the western BS provided the basis for the formation and maintenance of bottom hypoxia, and the fronts around this cold water significantly controlled the boundary and extension scope of the hypoxic zone. The low-DO area at 10-m layer in the northeastern region off the Bohai Bay mouth was caused by the uplift of the hypoxic cold water from the bottom. The presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the shallow bank of the central BS led to the formation of a DO-rich water (>6 mg/L) at bottom. The decomposition of organic matter and related oxygen consumption in the context of stratification was an important material basis for the formation of hypoxia in the western BS, exactly corresponding to a high-nutrient area at bottom layer. In contrast, due to the higher background levels of DO within the BCWM and the lower AOU than that in the bottom layer of the western BS, it was difficult to form hypoxia in the central NYS even under the relatively high stratification strength; moreover, the deeper water depth was another factor responsible for this situation. This study could provide a scientific basis for understanding the multi-scale variations and regulation of DO in the BS and the NYS, laying a foundation for the subsequent refined simulation and prediction of hypoxia in this sea area.

, correspAuthors=Qinsheng Wei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingrong Tang, Qinsheng Wei, Yuhang Zhao, Xia Sun, Ming Xin, Linping Xie, Baodong Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189536195483779529, articleId=1189535964763504767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=2021年夏末秋初渤海和北黄海的溶解氧分布与低氧特征, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2021年夏末秋初所获取的渤海和北黄海调查资料,通过分析温度、盐度、密度、溶解氧(DO)和营养盐等理化参数的空间格局,深入探讨了该海区的低氧特征,并揭示了水文动力因素和生物地球化学过程对DO分布和低氧的影响及调控机制。结果表明:渤海西侧底层冷水区存在一处西南−东北走向的狭长低氧带(最低DO质量浓度为2.18 mg/L),其内部具有较高的表观耗氧量(AOU)(>4 mg/L),同时于10 m层在渤海湾口东北海域亦观测到一处小范围的DO低值区;北黄海的DO质量浓度整体高于渤海,尽管该海域中部底层冷水团中的AOU > 2.5 mg/L,却仍维持着较高的DO水平。渤海西侧冷水区的低洼地形和较高的层化强度为底层低氧区的形成与维持提供了基础,而该冷水两侧的锋面则显著控制着低氧区的边界与扩展范围;10 m层发生于渤海湾口东北海域的DO低值区是底层低氧冷水的涌升所致;渤海中部浅滩区反气旋涡的存在使得该海域底层形成一处富氧水(DO质量浓度 > 6 mg/L)。层化背景下渤海西侧有机物的耗氧分解是底层低氧形成的重要物质基础,并对应形成一处营养盐高值区。相比之下,由于北黄海中部冷水团内较低水温影响下具有较高的DO浓度本底值,再加之AOU较渤海西侧底层低和较高的水深,使得该海域在较高的跃层强度背景下未形成低氧。本研究可为认识渤海和北黄海DO的多尺度变化特征与调控等提供重要科学依据,并为后续该海区低氧的精细化模拟和预测奠定一定基础。

, correspAuthors=韦钦胜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韦钦胜,研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学和化学海洋学等方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FVDFeRauvTyKnBTyjCUBrQ==, magXml=G51lmsOX4QmmmPZwkS9uFA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=w37l008j1LMUZDFogMpA3g==, pdfFileSize=4268912, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nutrm1GbwxfNcOokITMRaw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=MAC/x2WqVElgvs6b/V6eCA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

唐景荣(1999—),男,河北省沧州市人,主要从事海洋化学方面的调查与研究工作。 E-mail:

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唐景荣(1999—),男,河北省沧州市人,主要从事海洋化学方面的调查与研究工作。 E-mail:

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The filled gradient colors represent different water depths; the blue and yellowish green circles denote the sampling stations in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea, respectively

, figureFileSmall=nqAEol9g62nSU2xGV1T0Xg==, figureFileBig=KoGHPmR+hcNAVWQXQmL+rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981408920022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域和站位情况

填充的渐变颜色代表不同的水深;蓝色和黄绿色圆圈分别表示渤海与北黄海调查站位

, figureFileSmall=nqAEol9g62nSU2xGV1T0Xg==, figureFileBig=KoGHPmR+hcNAVWQXQmL+rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981509583319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Horizontal distributions of temperature (a−c), salinity (d−f) and density excess (g−i) in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=nxLSJ2CopLkIMgu8GV9ohA==, figureFileBig=IqpjgLjRZkvXkWH8dMhlEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981568303576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=CN, label=图2, caption=渤海和北黄海温度(a−c)、盐度(d−f)与密度超量(g−i)的平面分布, figureFileSmall=nxLSJ2CopLkIMgu8GV9ohA==, figureFileBig=IqpjgLjRZkvXkWH8dMhlEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981627023833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Horizontal distributions of DO mass concentration (a−c), DO saturation (d−f) and AOU (g−i) in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=4W6RMzoKehVkX3te8488EQ==, figureFileBig=9wLmW4P94SlBO23MzS5hWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981694132698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=CN, label=图3, caption=渤海和北黄海DO质量浓度(a−c)、DO饱和度(d−f)与AOU(g−i)的平面分布, figureFileSmall=4W6RMzoKehVkX3te8488EQ==, figureFileBig=9wLmW4P94SlBO23MzS5hWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981757047259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, density excess and DO mass concentration at the hypoxic stations in the Bohai Sea (a−c) and typical station in the central northern Yellow Sea (d), figureFileSmall=N/vgNuIM1dPWrbIJe98ukQ==, figureFileBig=S9dqtHy8WYv85Ij7eymy1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981824156124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=CN, label=图4, caption=渤海低氧站位(a−c)和北黄海中部典型站位(d)的温度、盐度、密度超量与DO质量浓度剖面分布, figureFileSmall=N/vgNuIM1dPWrbIJe98ukQ==, figureFileBig=S9dqtHy8WYv85Ij7eymy1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981882876381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Horizontal distribution of ${\rm{NO}_3^-} $-N concentration in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=U5IO+Xq8I8oGb4HgMic7Tg==, figureFileBig=71wotJ22w9Tx8w+9Sye0ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553981937402334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964763504767, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渤海和北黄海$ {\rm{NO}_3^-} $-N浓度平面分布, figureFileSmall=U5IO+Xq8I8oGb4HgMic7Tg==, figureFileBig=71wotJ22w9Tx8w+9Sye0ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553982017094111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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2021年夏末秋初渤海和北黄海的溶解氧分布与低氧特征
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唐景荣 1 , 韦钦胜 1, 2, * , 赵宇航 1 , 孙霞 1 , 辛明 1 , 谢琳萍 1 , 王保栋 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(3): 13-26
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(3): 13-26
2021年夏末秋初渤海和北黄海的溶解氧分布与低氧特征
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唐景荣1 , 韦钦胜1, 2, * , 赵宇航1, 孙霞1, 辛明1, 谢琳萍1, 王保栋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态研究中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 唐景荣(1999—),男,河北省沧州市人,主要从事海洋化学方面的调查与研究工作。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

韦钦胜,研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学和化学海洋学等方面研究。E-mail:
Distributions of dissolved oxygen and hypoxic characteristics in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea during the late summer-early autumn in 2021
Jingrong Tang1 , Qinsheng Wei1, 2, * , Yuhang Zhao1, Xia Sun1, Ming Xin1, Linping Xie1, Baodong Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Research Center for Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025032
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基于2021年夏末秋初所获取的渤海和北黄海调查资料,通过分析温度、盐度、密度、溶解氧(DO)和营养盐等理化参数的空间格局,深入探讨了该海区的低氧特征,并揭示了水文动力因素和生物地球化学过程对DO分布和低氧的影响及调控机制。结果表明:渤海西侧底层冷水区存在一处西南−东北走向的狭长低氧带(最低DO质量浓度为2.18 mg/L),其内部具有较高的表观耗氧量(AOU)(>4 mg/L),同时于10 m层在渤海湾口东北海域亦观测到一处小范围的DO低值区;北黄海的DO质量浓度整体高于渤海,尽管该海域中部底层冷水团中的AOU > 2.5 mg/L,却仍维持着较高的DO水平。渤海西侧冷水区的低洼地形和较高的层化强度为底层低氧区的形成与维持提供了基础,而该冷水两侧的锋面则显著控制着低氧区的边界与扩展范围;10 m层发生于渤海湾口东北海域的DO低值区是底层低氧冷水的涌升所致;渤海中部浅滩区反气旋涡的存在使得该海域底层形成一处富氧水(DO质量浓度 > 6 mg/L)。层化背景下渤海西侧有机物的耗氧分解是底层低氧形成的重要物质基础,并对应形成一处营养盐高值区。相比之下,由于北黄海中部冷水团内较低水温影响下具有较高的DO浓度本底值,再加之AOU较渤海西侧底层低和较高的水深,使得该海域在较高的跃层强度背景下未形成低氧。本研究可为认识渤海和北黄海DO的多尺度变化特征与调控等提供重要科学依据,并为后续该海区低氧的精细化模拟和预测奠定一定基础。

溶解氧  /  低氧  /  水文动力  /  层化  /  生物地球化学过程  /  渤海  /  北黄海

Based on observations in the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) obtained during the late summer and early autumn of 2021, the hypoxic characteristics and influencing factors were explored by analyzing the spatial patterns of temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients, revealing the regulation mechanisms of hydro-biogeochemical processes on the distributions of DO and hypoxia. A narrow hypoxic zone (with the minimum DO mass concentration of 2.18 mg/L) in a southwest-northeast orientation, which was characterized by a high apparent oxygen consumption (AOU) (>4 mg/L), was observed within the bottom cold water-dominated region in the western BS; a low-DO area with a small scope existed in the northeastern region off the Bohai Bay mouth at 10-m layer. DO concentrations in the NYS were overall higher than that in the BS, and a relatively high DO level was maintained within the Bottom Cold Water Mass (BCWM) in the central NYS, although there was a high AOU (>2.5 mg/L). The low-lying topography and higher stratification intensity within the bottom cold water-dominated region in the western BS provided the basis for the formation and maintenance of bottom hypoxia, and the fronts around this cold water significantly controlled the boundary and extension scope of the hypoxic zone. The low-DO area at 10-m layer in the northeastern region off the Bohai Bay mouth was caused by the uplift of the hypoxic cold water from the bottom. The presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the shallow bank of the central BS led to the formation of a DO-rich water (>6 mg/L) at bottom. The decomposition of organic matter and related oxygen consumption in the context of stratification was an important material basis for the formation of hypoxia in the western BS, exactly corresponding to a high-nutrient area at bottom layer. In contrast, due to the higher background levels of DO within the BCWM and the lower AOU than that in the bottom layer of the western BS, it was difficult to form hypoxia in the central NYS even under the relatively high stratification strength; moreover, the deeper water depth was another factor responsible for this situation. This study could provide a scientific basis for understanding the multi-scale variations and regulation of DO in the BS and the NYS, laying a foundation for the subsequent refined simulation and prediction of hypoxia in this sea area.

dissolved oxygen  /  hypoxia  /  hydrodynamics  /  stratification  /  biogeochemical processes  /  Bohai Sea  /  northern Yellow Sea
唐景荣, 韦钦胜, 赵宇航, 孙霞, 辛明, 谢琳萍, 王保栋. 2021年夏末秋初渤海和北黄海的溶解氧分布与低氧特征. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (3) : 13 -26 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025032
Jingrong Tang, Qinsheng Wei, Yuhang Zhao, Xia Sun, Ming Xin, Linping Xie, Baodong Wang. Distributions of dissolved oxygen and hypoxic characteristics in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea during the late summer-early autumn in 2021[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (3) : 13 -26 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025032
溶解氧(DO)是海洋生物进行有氧呼吸所必需的环境要素,当海水DO质量浓度小于一定阈值时可对海洋生物的生存和生态系统的健康产生潜在威胁,通常把海水中DO质量浓度 ≤ 2 mg/L或DO质量浓度 ≤ 3 mg/L的现象定义为低氧或缺氧[12]。海洋中DO的分布和低氧的形成与水团格局、上升流、水体层化、浮游植物光合作用以及有机物矿化分解等物理−生物地球化学过程密切相关[39],针对该问题的探讨也一直是海洋科学研究领域的热点之一。
渤海是我国唯一的半封闭性内陆浅海,由于其水体交换能力较弱[1011],且受到人类活动的显著影响,该海域富营养化和赤潮等生态环境问题较为突出[1214]。渤海通过渤海海峡与北黄海连通,两者之间的物质和能量交换对调控区域水文、化学及生态过程具有重要的作用。渤海和北黄海的水文动力状况存在明显的季节变化,冬季受到黄海暖流余脉北上的驱动[15];夏季深水区底层均被冷水占据[1618],且水体层化明显[1617]。在潮混合作用下,夏季渤海和北黄海还存在较强的潮汐锋现象[1922]。独特的地理环境和水文特征使得渤海与北黄海的物理−生物地球化学过程较为复杂,进而可对DO的时空分布和低氧的形成产生潜在影响。
先前对渤海和北黄海DO的分布及其时空变化已开展诸多研究[2346]。翟惟东等[28]较早报道了夏季渤海底层的低氧现象。之后的一系列观测和研究进一步刻画了渤海的季节性低氧/氧亏损[9, 2937],而且发现在黄河口东北(渤海中部浅滩西南侧)和辽东湾外侧(渤海中部浅滩西北侧的秦皇岛外海域)存在南北“双核”的氧亏损热点区[30, 32, 3839]。李志成等[40]的观测结果还显示,2019年夏季渤海氧亏损区具有向黄河口外及莱州湾口区域扩展的趋势。此外,渤海小清河口[41]、海河口[4243]、辽东湾口[44]附近也存在季节性低氧现象。总体来看,夏季渤海底层低氧的形成是水体层化与有机物耗氧综合作用的结果[32, 34, 38, 4546]。关于北黄海低氧和氧亏损的研究多集中于受养殖活动影响显著的山东半岛近岸区[4750]。同时,研究表明,夏季鸭绿江口和秋季北黄海中央海域也存在一定程度的季节性氧亏损,并对应形成了季节性酸化区[5155]。亦有学者发现了夏季渤海底层DO的波动下降趋势[26, 32, 33, 5658]和北黄海脱氧现象[59],并指出富营养化是导致夏季渤海和北黄海脱氧的重要驱动因素[32, 59],而且人类活动影响下浮游植物小型化(使得有机体沉降速率下降,延长其在水体中的停留时间,进而促进氧气的消耗)更易于低氧的形成[60]。尽管先前对渤海和北黄海DO的时空分布和低氧现象已开展了一定的研究,但关于渤海低氧的报道多集中在夏季7–8月份,对夏末秋初(9月)该海域低氧特征的刻画较少[33],而且也缺乏对渤海低氧区边界控制机制的认识。需要指出的是,近些年的渤海综合整治已使得该海域生态环境状况有所改善(如营养盐呈现出一定的下降趋势[6163]),在这一背景下,低氧如何变化亦是需要关注的问题,因而本文的研究也可为后续深入探讨低氧的响应提供相关资料基础。此外,渤海与北黄海连通且相互作用强烈,对两海域氧亏损状况进行准同步观测和相关对比分析,亦有助于明晰渤海和北黄海DO的空间格局及其控制机制。
本文所用数据来源于自然资源部第一海洋研究所组织的2021年度中国近海综合开放航次。该航次于2021年夏末秋初在渤海和北黄海进行现场调查,其具体调查时间分别为9月2–5日和9月6–8日,由“向阳红18”号科考船实施。该航次共计开展了42个站位的现场作业,具体调查区域和站位情况如图1所示。
利用SBE-911 plus CTD仪获取各站位温、盐、密度等水文参数的垂向剖面;为便于分析,在正文中采用密度超量。使用Niskin采水器分层采集水样,用于海水中DO和营养盐等要素的分析与测定。采用Winkler滴定法[64]进行DO质量浓度的现场测定。具体方法为:首先在水样中加入氯化锰和碱性碘化钾固定剂(为消除亚硝酸盐的干扰,加入适量NaN3 [65]),生成Mn(OH)2沉淀;然后,静置1 h,加入1∶1硫酸使之沉淀溶解,并用已知浓度的硫代硫酸钠溶液滴定析出的碘;最后,由消耗的硫代硫酸钠的量换算得到水样中DO的质量浓度。营养盐样品采集后立即经孔径0.45 μm的醋酸纤维滤膜(直径47 mm)过滤,装入聚丙烯瓶于−20℃的环境中冷冻保存。基于分光光度法原理,在陆地实验室利用营养盐自动分析仪(QuAAtro 39,德国)测定硝酸盐(${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N)、磷酸盐(${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P)和硅酸盐(${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si)的浓度;在测定过程中,使用营养盐标准系列(自然资源部第二海洋研究所海洋标准物质中心)制定工作曲线,同时插入内标进行质量控制。
在数据处理过程中,各站位的温、盐度等水文资料经过过滤、校正和分层平均后形成1 m间隔的分层数据。为刻画水体的垂向稳定度,使用表、底层密度梯度(∆ρ/z)作为衡量水体层化强度的指标[3, 33]。∆ρz分别表示密度差和水深,∆ρ作为底层和表层水体密度之间的差值;∆ρ/z数值越大,表示层化强度越强,水体垂向稳定度越高。同时,利用表观耗氧量(Apparent Oxygen Utilization,AOU)来表征生物地球化学过程对DO的影响程度。AOU为一定温度、盐度和标准大气压下饱和DO浓度与观测DO浓度之间的差值(AOU < 0,表示处于过饱和状态;AOU = 0为饱和状态;AOU > 0为不饱和状态,此时可在一定程度上反映有机物矿化分解对DO的耗氧);饱和DO浓度利用Garcia和Gordon[66]推荐和改进的公式计算得到。各要素的平面分布图使用Surfer 16进行绘制,相关要素的断面分布图和温度–盐度点聚图由ODV绘制;利用Origin 2021进行相关性分析。
图2给出了调查海域表层、10 m层和底层中温度、盐度和密度超量的平面分布。由图可见,温度、盐度和密度均具有明显的空间差异。温度分布最显著的特征是在调查海域西北侧(渤海西侧)和北黄海中部的底层水体中存在2处冷水区(图2c),且在冷水区周围存在温度锋面尤其是在北黄海中部。具体来看,北黄海中部底层冷水区核心的温度低于9℃;相比之下,调查海域西北侧底层的温度较高(<21℃)(图2c)。同时,于10 m层在渤海湾口的东北海域亦存在一处小范围的冷水区(<23℃)(图2b)。底层水体中渤海中部浅滩的温度较高(图2c),与该处上层水体中的温度(图2a和b)总体一致。盐度由表至底呈逐渐升高的趋势(图2d–f),且于黄河口外(莱州湾口附近)存在一处小于30的低盐区;底层调查海域西北侧和北黄海中部的盐度较高(图2f),与两处低温区的位置(图2c)总体相对应。密度分布形态(图2g–i)与温度、盐度具有较好的一致性,其中黄河口外的低密区与该处的高温、低盐区相一致;底层水体中在调查海域西北侧(>21 kg/m3)和北黄海中部(>23 kg/m3)呈现出相对较高的密度(图2i),与该海域的低温(图2c)、高盐(图2f)区相吻合;10 m层于渤海湾口东北海域出现的小范围高密区(>21 kg/m3图2h)对应了此处的冷水区(图2b)。
调查海域表层、10 m层和底层中的DO质量浓度、DO饱和度和AOU分布如图3所示。由图可见,渤海的DO质量浓度(平均5.6 mg/L)整体低于北黄海(平均7.1 mg/L),且其在渤海自表至底逐渐降低,而DO质量浓度在北黄海的垂向变化不大。具体来看,表层于调查海域西南部存在DO质量浓度的低值(<6 mg/L),而辽东半岛西侧、渤海海峡和北黄海大部分海域中的DO质量浓度较高(>7 mg/L)(图3a)。10 m层(图3b),最明显的特征是在渤海湾口西北海域观测到一处小于5 mg/L的DO质量浓度低值区。底层(图3c),于调查海域西侧存在一处西南−东北走向的狭长低氧区(DO质量浓度<3 mg/L),最低DO质量浓度为2.18 mg/L;该低氧区与周围富氧水之间形成显著的DO锋面,而且其南端和北端分别呈现出向东南、东北方扩展的趋势;相比之下,渤海中部浅滩处的水体DO质量浓度较高(>6 mg/L)。需要指出的是,北黄海中部海域10 m至底层水体中的DO质量浓度均维持在较高的水平(>7 mg/L)。为进一步刻画渤海低氧区的垂向结构及其与物理参量变化的关系,同时也为了与北黄海中部海域之间的对比分析,图4给出了渤海3个低氧站位和北黄海中部1个典型站位(其位置见图3c)的温度、盐度、密度超量、DO质量浓度的剖面分布。由图可见,3个渤海站位的水文参数均在10 m水深处发生较大的梯度变化(其中温度由上至下快速下降,而盐度和密度则快速升高),并伴随着DO质量浓度的降低(至底层均低于3 mg/L)。相比之下,北黄海中部站位各水文参数虽然呈现出与渤海相一致的垂向变化趋势,但由于水深较深,底层的温度可降至约8℃(远低于渤海站位的约20℃);DO质量浓度的垂向变化则与渤海明显不同,由表至底的变化范围较小,并总体呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,且底层的DO质量浓度高于7 mg/L。
调查海域DO饱和度(图3d−f)与AOU(图3g−i)由表至底分别呈现出逐渐降低和升高的趋势。两者在渤海的分布形态与DO基本一致,表层除渤海西南部外大致处于饱和状态;10 m层和底层水体中存在同低氧区相对应的氧饱和度低值区与AOU高值区,且在其周围形成等值线密集的锋面。10 m层渤海湾口东北海域的DO饱和度、AOU分别小于70%和高于2 mg/L;底层低氧区内的氧饱和度进一步降低(<50%,最低为28.7%),AOU则进一步升高(>4 mg/L,最高达5.43 mg/L)。此外,在底层水体中,北黄海中部亦存在 DO饱和度的低值(<75%,最低为63.3%)(图3f)和AOU的高值(>2.5 mg/L,最高为3.6 mg/L)(图3i)。
图5给出了调查海域表层、10 m层和底层中${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N的平面分布(${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P和${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si分布同${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N相似,图略)。具体来看,上层水体(表层和10 m层)中渤海的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度总体高于北黄海(图5a和b),并于渤海西部和北黄海南部(山东半岛北侧)存在${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度的高值(>2 μmol/L),而且表层渤海西部黄河口外的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度高值区与低盐(图2d)、低密(图2g)区总体相对应。底层(图5c),在调查海域西北侧和北黄海中部存在封闭的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度高值区,形成了2处营养盐贮库,并在其周围呈现出显著的营养盐锋面。通过对比分析可知:北黄海中部底层的高营养盐区与低温(图2c)、高盐(图2f)、高密(图2i)区位置基本吻合,而渤海的狭长高营养盐区与低氧区(图3c)之间则具有良好的对应关系。渤海中部浅滩区的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度整体较低,与上层水体中的浓度总体一致。
图2d−f所示渤海西南部黄河口外侧盐度小于30的低盐区主要是受陆地径流入海后在河口海域的扩展[6768]所致,该低盐水在表层的影响程度明显高于下层水体。底层水体中于调查海域西北侧、北黄海中部深水区存在的2处低温(图2c)、高盐(图2f)、高密(图2i)区则分别与渤海西侧底层冷水[17]和北黄海冷水团[15, 18]相对应。夏季北黄海冷水团水主要源于冬季黄海暖流残留水[18, 69],同时入夏后温、盐跃层的存在又在一定程度上阻碍了北黄海中部深水区上、下水体的热交换,因此该水团在夏季仍能维持冬季时低温、高盐、高密的特征。相比之下,由于渤海水深总体较浅,温、盐跃层对垂向热交换的阻碍较弱,渤海西北侧底层冷水的温度较高。图6所示的渤海与北黄海底层温度−盐度点聚图清晰显示了上述两处冷水的特性。需要指出的是,受潮混合和特定地形的影响,夏季渤、黄海底层冷水在其边界附近海域可被抬升[1920]。在渤海湾口东北海域10 m层存在的小范围低温区(<23℃)(图2b)即为底层冷水在其西边界附近的抬升所致。东西向S断面(跨渤海湾口东北海域,位置见图1)温、密度分布(图7)可进一步指示底层冷水的涌升现象,并由此导致温、密跃层位置在该断面西侧的渤海湾口被明显抬升至10 m层以上水体。同时,该断面120°E附近的温、密特性由表至底较为均一(图7),其位置与温度平面分布所显示的渤海中部底层高温区(图2c)相一致。该现象与渤海中部浅滩区的反气旋涡[17, 32, 70]密切相关。受此影响,上层水体趋于下沉,因而在垂向上形成具有均一温、密特性(高温、低密)的水柱。图7还显示,该涡旋影响区的高温、低密水与西侧底层冷水之间的锋面特征异常显著。
上述水文动力过程对渤海和北黄海DO的分布与低氧的空间格局具有重要影响。由3.1和3.2节的分析可知,渤海西侧底层的冷水(图2c)与该海域西南−东北向的狭长低氧区(图3c)具有良好的对应关系。图6a所示的点聚图也可印证这一点。相比之下,北黄海中部的底层冷水团(图2c)则对应了DO质量浓度高值区(图3c)。由图6b亦可以看出,低温、高盐、高密的北黄海冷水团影响区总体具有较高的DO质量浓度。由此可见,渤海西侧和北黄海中部底层的2处冷水具有明显不同的DO特征。渤海西侧狭长的低洼地形有助于延长水体的停留时间,且该海域较高的跃层强度(>0.06 kg/m,图8a)亦不利于DO的向下传输,这对于渤海底层低氧区的形成和维持至关重要,并导致低氧区在南端和北端分别沿低洼区呈现出向东南、东北方扩展的趋势(图3c)。先前对切萨皮克湾[71]、波罗的海[72]、黑海[73]和长江口[7475]等区域低氧的研究,也显示了特殊海底地形的影响。相关性分析进一步显示,渤海底层DO质量浓度与跃层强度呈显著负相关关系(图8b),由此表明渤海西侧低洼区的较强跃层对低氧形成具有重要的作用。虽然在黄河口外(莱州湾口附近)亦有一小范围的强跃层区(>0.06 kg/m4图8a),但由于其持续时间可能不长(受径流的突然增大影响),再加之该处水深过浅,因而难以形成低氧。北黄海中部深水区同样维持了跃层强度的高值(>0.08 kg/m4),却没有形成底层低氧(统计分析亦显示该海域底层DO质量浓度与Δρ/z之间无显著相关性,图略)。由图4所示的典型站位各要素剖面分布亦可以看出,渤海西侧低氧区和北黄海中部海域均存在较为显著的跃层(自表至底总体呈现出上混合层−跃层−下混合层的3层水体结构),但渤海跃层之下的DO质量浓度可逐渐降至低氧水平,而在北黄海中部则无此现象。至于其原因,这一方面是由于北黄海中部底层冷水团内的水温(平均 8.4℃)明显较渤海西侧底层冷水的温度(平均 20.9℃)低,其DO质量浓度本底值较高,即使经过一定时间的生化耗氧,仍能维持较高的DO质量浓度(这也意味着生化耗氧至低氧程度所需的时间更长);另一方面,则与两处水体内部不同的生化耗氧量和水体深度密切相关(见4.2节)。此外,北黄海中部海域还于跃层内形成了中层DO最大值(图4d)。先前的研究表明,这是层化季节黄海DO垂向分布中的一个普遍现象,其与跃层附近相对较低的水温和稳定的动力环境(有利于DO的存留)以及光合作用产氧在该处的累积密切相关[76]。需要进一步指出的是,本研究所显示的2021年9月初渤海低氧的总体分布(图3c)与先前报道的同年7月底(25−27日)的调查结果[46]相比,低氧位置明显向渤海西部深水区偏移,而且氧最低值(2.18 mg/L)亦低于7月的观测结果(约3.33 mg/L)。这表明自7月底以来,渤海低氧存在加剧的情况。根据图3c中S2(本次观测到的氧最低值位置)站位附近DO质量浓度在前后2次调查中的变化和相隔的时间(天数),可估算出底层的耗氧速率约为5.71× 10−2 mg/(L·d)。该数值虽然稍低于先前报道的渤海夏季底层耗氧速率(~6.98 × 10−2 mg/(L·d),基于5−8月的连续观测数据回归得到)[34],但大致相当。由此在一定程度上反映出本次调查之前可能存在自表至底的DO补充,但9月初仍然存在的层化维持了局部的低氧(图4a−c和图8)。事实上,这也是9月初渤海底层低氧主要集中于西侧低洼区(跃层消失的时间较晚)的原因所在。
同时,受冷水涌升(图6)的影响,底层的低氧水趋于被抬升,这则是10 m层渤海湾口东北海域存在一小范围DO低值区(图3b)的原因所在。先前对加利福尼亚外海[6]和长江口[9]等海域低氧的研究,也均表明涌升流对低氧的空间格局具有重要影响。此外,渤海中部浅滩处的反气旋式涡不仅能够引起DO由表至底的垂向输运(导致该海域底层存在DO质量浓度大于6 mg/L的富氧水),而且于涡旋边界处形成的较为稳定的锋面(图7)还可显著阻碍渤海西侧低氧区的东向扩展(图3c)。先前研究还表明,由于反气旋式涡旋的存在,亦可使得夏季渤海西侧低洼区南北双低氧核心更加显著[32]。需要进一步指出的是,该涡旋影响区与西侧渤海底层冷水之间的温、密度锋面(图7)还对应了低氧区的东边界,导致在低氧区东侧形成等值线密集的DO锋面(图3c)。事实上,在潮混合作用下,渤海底层冷水西边界附近亦会形成等温线密集的潮汐锋面[2021];该锋面(在本航次调查中,由于观测区域所限,S断面的温度分布未能显示出该锋面,但清晰的指示了锋面离岸侧因潮混合导致的海水涌升现象,图7)亦为渤海西侧低洼区层化的起点(其近岸侧垂直混合均匀)[20]。此西侧锋面的存在能够有效阻碍渤海底层冷水与外部水体的氧交换,进而维持内部的低氧状态并刻画低氧区的西边界。由此可知,夏季渤海西侧底层冷水两侧的锋面对低氧区的边界和范围具有重要的调控作用,这也是该低洼海域的低氧得以维系的重要原因所在。
浮游植物光合产氧、生物呼吸作用和有机物矿化分解等生物地球化学过程也显著影响着海水中的DO质量浓度。在层化季节,上层水体中由于浮游植物光合作用,再加之海表−大气之间的O2交换,DO质量浓度一般较高,呈现出饱和或过饱和的状态;中、下层水体(跃层以下)中因有机物的沉降和矿化分解作用,O2会被不断消耗,使得DO质量浓度和饱和度处于较低的水平,甚至出现低氧现象[3, 32]。前述3.2部分的分析结果表明,渤海西侧底层低氧区中的DO饱和度较低(图3f),而AOU较高(图3i)。渤海西侧中下层水体中较高的AOU在一定程度上指示了有机物矿化分解对低氧形成的影响。同时,有机物耗氧分解还伴随着营养盐的释放,其过程可用Redfield方程式[77]表达,即:(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 138O2 → 106CO2 + 16HNO3 + H3PO4 + 122H2O。通过对比图3c图5c可知,渤海西侧底层低氧区内的$ {\rm {NO}}^{-}_{3} $-N浓度较高,形成了显著的营养盐贮库。由此表明该海域DO的消耗和低氧的形成同营养盐的再生相耦合。相关性分析也显示,渤海底层${\rm {NO}}^{-}_{3} $-N与AOU存在显著的正相关关系(图9a)。但此相关关系的斜率(0.049)明显低于理论Redfield比值(16/138 = 0.116),这预示着该海域在有机物耗氧分解和营养盐再生过程中可能存在一定程度的脱氮作用(氮损失)。在先前的研究中,低氧水体和沉积物等还原性环境中的氮损失现象(主要通过反硝化和厌氧氨氧化2种主要途径实现)也已被广泛证实[7879]。此外,渤海西侧的低洼海域还可能有利于颗粒有机物的汇聚,进而形成稳定的沉积环境,其位置与渤海泥质区[8081]亦呈现出一定的吻合性。颗粒有机物向该低洼海域的聚集及随后的分解可增加水体和沉积物中DO的消耗,进而在跃层(图8a)阻隔下导致低氧的产生。研究表明,夏季渤海西侧低洼区水体(>60%)和沉积物耗氧(<40%)对低氧形成均有一定的贡献[34],且海源颗粒有机碳是耗氧有机物的主要来源[46]
需要指出的是,北黄海中部底层(北黄海冷水团影响区)同样存在封闭的AOU(图3i)和${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度(图4c)高值区。统计分析结果表明,北黄海底层${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度与AOU亦呈现出显著的正相关关系(图9b),且斜率(0.096)与理论Redfield比值(16/138 = 0.116)较为接近,这清晰显示了有机物耗氧分解在北黄海中部底层营养盐累积中的作用。然而,与渤海西部低洼海域不同的是,北黄海中部底层没有形成低氧(图3c),其DO质量浓度维持在~7 mg/L。这一方面与该海域的生化耗氧量水平有关,由图3i可以看出,虽然北黄海中部底层具有较高的AOU,但其量值(>2 mg/L)显著低于渤海西侧底层(>4 mg/L)。这是因为上层水体中北黄海中部的营养盐浓度较渤海西部明显偏低,进而使得该海域浮游植物生物量亦较渤海西部低,夏季渤海频发的赤潮[12, 8283]即可证实这一点。由此可导致渤海具有较高的海源颗粒有机碳输入[8485],从而增加底层DO的消耗,使其呈现出较北黄海更高的耗氧水平。另一方面,北黄海中部底层较低水温(平均 8.4℃)背景下会使其具有较高的DO浓度本底值,而且较低的水温亦会降低生化耗氧的速率,从而预示该海域DO浓度在较低的生化耗氧速率背景下降至低氧程度所需要的时间更长。需要指出的是,由于北黄海中部深水区跃层的维持时间较渤海长,可以持续到10月中下旬甚至11月份[53, 55]。因此,秋末跃层消失前该海域底层的长时间O2消耗将会使得DO浓度较现在进一步降低。研究表明,10月中下旬北黄海中部底层的DO质量浓度可低至约5 mg/L[55]。尽管如此,仍难以降至DO质量浓度≤ 3 mg/L的低氧水平。事实上,南黄海底层冷水团亦为一处营养盐的贮库[86],却也没有形成低氧,其原因亦如此。此外,水深同样是一个重要的因素,水体深度越大,下混合层水体则越厚,形成低氧所需的生化耗氧量亦就越高。由于北黄海中部水深多在50 m以上,而渤海西部低氧区的水深也仅为约25 m(图1),因此北黄海中部形成低氧所消耗的氧气总量将远高于渤海西部,这也是北黄海中部下、底层水体中难以形成低氧的又一原因。综上可知,相比渤海西部的低洼海域,较低的AOU水平、较低的水温和更大的水体深度使得北黄海中部底层不容易形成低氧。
基于 2021 年夏末秋初所获取的调查资料,本文在分析渤海和北黄海DO分布与低氧特征的基础上,着重探讨了水文动力因素和生物地球化学过程对DO空间格局与低氧的影响及控制机制,主要结论如下。
(1)渤海西侧底层存在一处西南−东北走向的狭长低氧区(DO质量浓度<3 mg/L,氧最低值为2.18 mg/L),其南端和北端分别呈现出向东南、东北方扩展的趋势;该低氧区与周围富氧水之间形成显著的DO锋面,其内部呈现出较高的AOU水平(>4 mg/L)。同时,于10 m层在渤海湾口东北海域亦观测到一处小范围的DO质量浓度低值区。相比之下,北黄海的DO质量浓度整体高于渤海,尽管该海域中部底层冷水团中的AOU较高(>2.5 mg/L),却仍然维持了较高的DO水平。
(2)渤海西侧的狭长低氧区与该海域底层冷水的位置具有良好的对应关系,此处的低洼地形和较高的层化强度为底层低氧区的形成和维持提供了基础,同时渤海西侧底层冷水两侧的锋面显著控制着低氧区的边界和范围。研究还指出底层低氧冷水的涌升是10 m层渤海湾口东北海域存在一小范围DO低值区的原因所在;渤海中部浅滩区的反气旋涡不仅对维持低氧区东侧的锋面具有重要作用,而且还可导致该海域底层形成一处DO质量浓度大于6 mg/L的富氧水。
(3)渤海西侧底层和北黄海冷水团影响区DO的消耗与营养盐再生相耦合,对应形成了2处显著的营养盐贮库。层化背景下渤海西侧有机物的耗氧分解对底层低氧区的形成具有重要的作用,因而低氧区和营养盐高值区吻合良好。尽管北黄海中部深水区维持了较高的跃层强度,但由于相对较低水温背景下具有较高的DO浓度本底值,再加之AOU较渤海西侧底层低和该海域较大的水体深度,使得该海域未形成底层低氧。
致谢:本研究所用水文和营养盐等公共基础参数由自然资源部第一海洋研究所组织的近海开放航次提供,该航次由“向阳红18”号科考船实施,在此一并致谢!
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(GY0220S3)。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025032
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(GY0220S3)。
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    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态研究中心,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

通讯作者:

韦钦胜,研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学和化学海洋学等方面研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2025032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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