Article(id=1189535964130164856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2025038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=1736438400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761537074358, onlineDateStr=2025-10-27, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761537074358, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761537074358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761537074358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1189522886361595906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761533956367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761558617137, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1189626321207571059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1189522886361595906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189535964327297145, articleId=1189535964130164856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of different water velocities on survival, growth and physiology of the Zostera marina transplants, columnId=null, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the survival, growth, and physiological responses of Zostera marina transplants to different water velocities and determine the optimal flow velocity range, an experiment was conducted. The study aimed to elucidate the effects of water velocity on Z. marina transplants by measuring and evaluating their survival rates, growth performance, and physiological indicators, as well as examining the interrelationships among these factors. Results indicated that the survival rate of transplanted Z. marina plants peaked at 0.4 m/s, being 1.1−2.4 times higher than those in the other treatments (P < 0.05). Notably, all plants in the control group perished. Aboveground tissue growth decreased progressively with increasing water velocity, while belowground tissue growth increased gradually. Specifically, leaf elongation rate at 1 m/s was 24.0% lower compared to 0.2 m/s, whereas belowground dry weight at 0.4 m/s was 1.6 times higher than that at 0.2 m/s. Photosynthetic pigment and nonstructural carbohydrates contents in leaves reached their lowest levels between 0.4 and 0.6 m/s, decreasing by 0.8% to 18.5% relative to other treatments. Considering the survival and growth comprehensive income index and physiological index stability coefficient, the suitable flow velocity range for Z. marina transplants is 0.3 to 0.8 m/s, with an optimal range of 0.4 to 0.6 m/s. These findings suggest that moderately increasing water flow velocity can facilitate the rapid establishment and expansion of Z. marina transplants.

, correspAuthors=Peidong Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingjing Jiang, Yanhao Zhang, Qinggang Long, Huikai Chi, Peidong Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1189536151925932393, articleId=1189535964130164856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株存活、生长和生理的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究鳗草(Zostera marina)移植植株应对不同水流流速的存活、生长和生理变化,明确鳗草移植植株的最适流速范围,研究了水流流速对鳗草移植植株的影响,测定了植株存活、生长和生理指标并评估其相互关系。结果显示,鳗草移植植株的存活率于0.4 m/s处理组达到最大值,是其他流速处理组的1.1~2.4倍,对照组植株则全部死亡(P < 0.05);随水流流速升高,移植植株地上组织的生长呈现逐渐下降趋势,而地下组织的生长则呈现逐渐升高趋势,1 m/s处理组的叶片延伸速率相比0.2 m/s处理组下降24.0%,地下干重则达到0.2 m/s处理组的1.6倍;移植植株的叶片光合色素与非结构碳水化合物含量于0.4~0.6 m/s处理组达到最低值,相比其他处理组降低0.8%~18.5%;根据移植植株的存活生长综合收益和生理稳定性,综合计算得出鳗草移植植株的适宜流速范围为0.3~0.8 m/s,最佳水流流速范围为0.4~0.6 m/s。结果表明,适当提高水流流速能够促进移植植株的快速定植和生长扩繁。

, correspAuthors=张沛东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张沛东,教授,主要从事海草生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YpRTikcdQErcGESvo0k8OA==, magXml=wPUnw2foGBXDepkA/BfhWQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wIiZIf5zansFEp0sYne8sQ==, pdfFileSize=1760950, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=v0EZmYMG81/879R+mbrClA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dVQBXflZ3MspVicbiwm9jg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姜晶晶(2000—),女,山东省淄博市人,从事海草生态学研究。E-mail:

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①: water pump; ②: nozzle; ③: sink; ④: pool; ⑤: 1 m/s flow velocity zone; ⑥: 0.8 m/s flow velocity zone; ⑦: 0.6 m/s flow velocity zone; ⑧: 0.4 m/s flow velocity zone, ⑨: 0.2 m/s flow velocity zone, ⑩: plant transplantation device

, figureFileSmall=UMn2juaIdns1MAnWve0xlw==, figureFileBig=qqqxlzZYgwuhilXwu7S36w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952128488335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964130164856, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水流控制装置

①: 水泵;②: 喷嘴;③: 水槽;④: 水池;⑤: 1 m/s流速区;⑥: 0.8 m/s流速区;⑦: 0.6 m/s流速区;⑧: 0.4 m/s流速区;⑨: 0.2 m/s流速区;⑩: 植株移植装置

, figureFileSmall=UMn2juaIdns1MAnWve0xlw==, figureFileBig=qqqxlzZYgwuhilXwu7S36w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952241734544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964130164856, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The effect of different water velocities on the survival rate of Z. marina plants

Different lowercase letters on the error bars indicate significant differences among different treatments (P < 0.05), the same below

, figureFileSmall=Y5DbjW6axPjHVmanPxurMg==, figureFileBig=cIhtvIFUI3jPvIIJPV6i4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952317232017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964130164856, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同水流流速对鳗草植株存活率的影响

误差线上的不同小写字母表示不同处理组之间存在显著差异(P < 0.05),下同

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effect of different water velocities on the branches (A), internode diameter (B), internode elongation rate (C) and belowground weight (D) of Z. marina plants, figureFileSmall=q+4JB/D2wMpT0lhw6L7S3Q==, figureFileBig=aI4LqOmh/XbGM3ZVC0e5Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952623416213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964130164856, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同水流流速对鳗草植株侧枝数(A)、茎节直径(B)、茎节延伸速率(C)和地下干重(D)的影响, figureFileSmall=q+4JB/D2wMpT0lhw6L7S3Q==, figureFileBig=aI4LqOmh/XbGM3ZVC0e5Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189553952682136470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1189535964130164856, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The effect of different water velocities on the photosynthetic pigment content (A), soluble sugars content (B) and starch (C) of Z. marina plants, figureFileSmall=5WH7BN7HqE35X9uVKVPmXw==, figureFileBig=9Tm+bJUS9o5uxtiqLE49wA==, tableContent=null), 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不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株存活、生长和生理的影响
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姜晶晶 1, 2 , 张彦浩 1, 2 , 龙庆刚 3 , 迟会凯 1 , 张沛东 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2025,47(3): 62-72
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海洋学报 | 论文 2025, 47(3): 62-72
不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株存活、生长和生理的影响
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姜晶晶1, 2 , 张彦浩1, 2, 龙庆刚3, 迟会凯1, 张沛东1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海水养殖教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 黄渤海温带海草床生态系统野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 中华环境保护基金会,北京 100062
  • 姜晶晶(2000—),女,山东省淄博市人,从事海草生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张沛东,教授,主要从事海草生态学研究。E-mail:
Effects of different water velocities on survival, growth and physiology of the Zostera marina transplants
Jingjing Jiang1, 2 , Yanhao Zhang1, 2, Qinggang Long3, Huikai Chi1, Peidong Zhang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Observation and Research Station of Yellow-Bohai Sea Temperate Seagrass Bed Ecosystem, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3China Environmental Protection Foundation, Beijing 100062, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025038
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为探究鳗草(Zostera marina)移植植株应对不同水流流速的存活、生长和生理变化,明确鳗草移植植株的最适流速范围,研究了水流流速对鳗草移植植株的影响,测定了植株存活、生长和生理指标并评估其相互关系。结果显示,鳗草移植植株的存活率于0.4 m/s处理组达到最大值,是其他流速处理组的1.1~2.4倍,对照组植株则全部死亡(P < 0.05);随水流流速升高,移植植株地上组织的生长呈现逐渐下降趋势,而地下组织的生长则呈现逐渐升高趋势,1 m/s处理组的叶片延伸速率相比0.2 m/s处理组下降24.0%,地下干重则达到0.2 m/s处理组的1.6倍;移植植株的叶片光合色素与非结构碳水化合物含量于0.4~0.6 m/s处理组达到最低值,相比其他处理组降低0.8%~18.5%;根据移植植株的存活生长综合收益和生理稳定性,综合计算得出鳗草移植植株的适宜流速范围为0.3~0.8 m/s,最佳水流流速范围为0.4~0.6 m/s。结果表明,适当提高水流流速能够促进移植植株的快速定植和生长扩繁。

鳗草  /  流速范围  /  存活率  /  生长速率  /  光合色素  /  非结构碳水化合物

To investigate the survival, growth, and physiological responses of Zostera marina transplants to different water velocities and determine the optimal flow velocity range, an experiment was conducted. The study aimed to elucidate the effects of water velocity on Z. marina transplants by measuring and evaluating their survival rates, growth performance, and physiological indicators, as well as examining the interrelationships among these factors. Results indicated that the survival rate of transplanted Z. marina plants peaked at 0.4 m/s, being 1.1−2.4 times higher than those in the other treatments (P < 0.05). Notably, all plants in the control group perished. Aboveground tissue growth decreased progressively with increasing water velocity, while belowground tissue growth increased gradually. Specifically, leaf elongation rate at 1 m/s was 24.0% lower compared to 0.2 m/s, whereas belowground dry weight at 0.4 m/s was 1.6 times higher than that at 0.2 m/s. Photosynthetic pigment and nonstructural carbohydrates contents in leaves reached their lowest levels between 0.4 and 0.6 m/s, decreasing by 0.8% to 18.5% relative to other treatments. Considering the survival and growth comprehensive income index and physiological index stability coefficient, the suitable flow velocity range for Z. marina transplants is 0.3 to 0.8 m/s, with an optimal range of 0.4 to 0.6 m/s. These findings suggest that moderately increasing water flow velocity can facilitate the rapid establishment and expansion of Z. marina transplants.

Zostera marina  /  water velocity range  /  survival rate  /  growth rate  /  photosynthetic pigment  /  non-structural carbohydrates
姜晶晶, 张彦浩, 龙庆刚, 迟会凯, 张沛东. 不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株存活、生长和生理的影响. 海洋学报, 2025 , 47 (3) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025038
Jingjing Jiang, Yanhao Zhang, Qinggang Long, Huikai Chi, Peidong Zhang. Effects of different water velocities on survival, growth and physiology of the Zostera marina transplants[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2025 , 47 (3) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2025038
海草是唯一一类生活在海洋中的高等植物,构筑的海草床与滨海盐沼、红树林共同组成滨海典型生态系统,在固碳增汇、维持生物多样性、净化水体、稳定底质、保护海岸等方面具有极其重要的生态服务价值[14]。近几十年来,受全球气候变化、外来种入侵、海岸工程、水体富营养化和水体污染等多重威胁下,全球范围内海草床正以年7%的速率快速退化,过去50年已有约30%~50%的海草床完全消失[5]。中国是世界上海草床退化最严重的国家之一,过去40年约80%的海草床已完全衰退[6]
随着海草床退化趋势的日趋严重,有关海草床保护修复的理论和技术逐渐成为海洋生态学研究热点[7]。尽管海草床具有极其重要的生态功能,但其也属于较脆弱的生态系统,极易受到水温、盐度和水动力特性等自然因素的变化以及人类活动的干扰而导致修复失败[8]。海草床一般分布于潮间带以及潮下带6 m以浅的近岸浅水区,因此受风浪和潮流控制的水体流速对海草的存活和生长扩繁具有重要影响[910]。一方面,水流能够协助海草生殖枝完成授粉,种子也可随水流传播至其他海域形成新的海草床[11];其还会为海草输送叶片光合作用所需的碳源和营养盐,从而显著提升海草床的自我发育和自我扩繁能力[1213]。另一方面,海草为了应对潮流和风浪等的冲击,在进化过程中产生了一系列的形态学适应,如具备发达的根状茎与根系,从而增强植株的稳固性,多数海草的叶片呈带状,能够显著降低水流对叶片的作用力[14]
然而对于海草移植植株而言,其对水流流速的要求更严格。流速过低会造成硫化物积累、有毒藻类聚集,妨害植物的光合速率。如Koch[15]研究发现,滞流条件下龟裂泰来草(Thalassia. testudinum)草床的间隙水硫化物浓度可达0.3 cm/s流速条件下的17倍,从而导致植物的缺氧应激以及叶片生物量下降48%。低流速条件下海草叶片附着生物及其他藻类更易定殖,不仅影响海草叶片的光合作用,其中的附着藻类还与海草竞争海水的营养物质,从而导致海草生长受限[16]。流速过高则会因为移植植株尚未定植,缺乏复杂根状茎保护而导致植株被水流冲走[17]。如van Katwijk和Hermus[18]将鳗草(Zostera marina)通过裸根移植法移植至瓦登海不同海区,其在平均流速0.35~0.42 m/s的平稳海区移植成功,而在水深相同但平均流速为0.63 m/s的海区1周内全部消失。
已有研究认为,鳗草天然草床可以耐受120~150 cm/s的流速,并提出应以50 cm/s和90 cm/s区分海草床的低中高流速区[19]。但目前有关海草移植植株适宜流速范围的研究仅见低流速对海草移植植株生长存活影响的报道,且这些研究的环境条件和结果各不相同。Fonseca和Kenworthy[20]在实验室条件下发现,鳗草的叶长与水流流速(2~34 cm/s)呈显著正相关;张倩等[21]则在不同流速(6.5~24.6 cm/s)自然海域的实验中发现,鳗草各生长指标于8.24 cm/s时达到最佳,其适宜流速被限定于较低流速水平。然而,刘有才等[22]在自然海域实验发现,35~65 cm/s流速条件下鳗草的新生叶面积是减缓水流处理的1.8~2.1倍,相比张倩等[21]的研究结果,其适宜流速提高5.4~7.9倍。由此可见,目前有关不同水流流速对海草移植植株存活和生长的影响及其适宜流速范围尚不明确。
针对上述科学问题,本文选择温带优势海草种类—鳗草,在室内人工条件下,研究了不同水体流速(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1 m/s)对鳗草移植植株存活、生长和生理的影响,探究了鳗草移植植株的最适流速范围和应对不同水流流速的生理响应过程,以期为查明海草床的退化机理和优化生态修复技术提供基础数据和理论依据。
实验用植株于2021年6月采自山东省荣成市天鹅湖(37.3380°~37.3589°N,122.5552°~122.5975°E)。采集时,挑选生长状态良好的植株,沿其根状茎方向挖取,确保植株根状茎和叶片的完整性,于海区现场清洗干净,带回实验场后于置于养殖池(1 m×10 m×0.6 m)暂养7 d。暂养期间,保持池内水体循环流动,自然光照、水温(22 ± 2)℃和盐度30 ± 1.2。
参照Fonseca等[19]对鳗草最高耐受流速的研究结果,实验设置6个不同水流流速处理组:0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1 m/s,每个处理组设置3个重复,实验时长1个月。
水流流速控制装置由水泵、喷嘴和水槽组成,如图1所示。水泵为大型抽水泵;喷嘴由方形不锈钢水箱制成,在箱体的一面设有喷水小孔400个,控制出水通道开关可以调节箱体内部水压,从而产生不同水流流速;水槽规格为2.5 m×0.3 m×1 m,实验时将水槽固定于充入海水的水泥池中,水流从喷嘴喷出后则可在水槽内的不同区域形成不同流速的水流。使用SLC92型号流速仪测定池内水流,将水流水槽均匀划分为(0.2 ± 0.05)、(0.4 ± 0.05)、(0.6 ± 0.05)、(0.8 ± 0.05)和(1 ± 0.05) m/s流速区。另选一个无水体流动的相同规格水池作为对照区。
每个植株移植装置由塑料盆栽盒(30 cm×15 cm×20 cm)、塑料网片(网孔直径1.2 cm)、尼龙绳和扎带组成,对应1个实验重复。首先向盆栽盒填入海草床带回的天然土壤约8 cm,随后将经过标准化处理的植株穿过规格与盆栽盒一致的网片网孔,并将植株的根状茎插入土壤中约5 cm且压实,确保1个实验重复的全部植株均匀分布于盆栽盒,最后利用尼龙绳将网片固定在土壤表面以防止土壤随水流冲击流失。
从暂养植株中随机选择鳗草植株288株,按照Zhang等[23]的方法对进行标准化处理:去除老叶,保持茎枝高度25 cm、叶片4~5片、茎节长5 cm。每个重复按照上述方法分别栽植16株植株,每个处理组的3个重复随机置于对应的流速区。随后,于每个处理组随机挑选20株植株,采用针孔标记法和银线绑扎法分别对植株的叶片和根状茎进行标记,以评估植株的生长扩繁和生理响应过程[24]
实验开始前,于威海荣成天鹅湖海区调查自然潮汐,记录每日涨、退潮时间点与时长,为期10 d,用于模拟自然潮汐。结果显示,天鹅湖每日涨、退潮两次,平均间隔11.8 h,平均涨潮时间2.3 h。因此设置每日7:00和19:00分别对植株进行1次水流冲击,每次冲击时长为2 h。
所用海水来自育苗场天然海水,盐度30 ± 1.2。实验期间,保持水温(22 ± 2)℃,自然光照,每3 d换水1次,每次换水2/3。
实验结束后,统计各处理组存活植株数,计算存活率(SR, %)。每个处理组随机选取8株标记植株,用清水冲洗干净,拭去多余水分后,进行株高(SH, cm)、新生叶面积(NLA, cm2/shoot)、茎节直径(ID, mm)、茎节长(IL, mm)和侧枝数(BN, shoots/shoot)的测定,并计算叶片延伸速率[LER, cm/(shoot·d)]和茎节伸长速率[(IER, mm/(shoot·d)][25]。然后将新生组织的叶片部分和根状茎部分分别剪下并置于60℃烘箱中持续烘干至恒重并称重地上干重(AW, g)和地下干重(BW, g)。
于每个处理组随机选取8株植株,清水冲洗干净并拭去水分后,取植株第2片叶面积2 cm2采用N, N-二甲基甲酰胺萃取法测定叶片叶绿素a含量(Chla, mg/cm2)和叶绿素b含量(Chlb, mg/cm2[26]。然后将植株烘干至恒重,研磨过筛,采用蒽酮法测定植株的可溶性糖含量(SS, mg/g)和淀粉含量(S, mg/g)[27]
为表征植株在不同流速下的综合表现,选定中间流速的0.6 m/s处理组植株存活、生长和生理学指标为基准值,开展植株存活生长的综合收益指数(CI)和生理指标稳定系数(PI),计算,公式如下:
$ {\rm{CI}}_i=\frac{{\rm{SI}}_i+{\mathrm{AGI}}_i+{\mathrm{BGI}}_i}{3}, $
$ {\rm{SI}}_i=1-\frac{{{S}}_{0.6}-{{S}}_i}{{{S}}_{0.6}} ,$
$ {\rm{AGI}}_i=\frac{1}{{m}}\sum _{j=1}^{{m}}\left(1-\frac{{\rm{AG}}_{0.6j}- {\rm{AG}}_{ij}} {{\rm{AG}}_{0.6j}}\right) ,$
$ {\rm{BGI}}_i=\frac{1}{m}\sum _{j=1}^{{m}}\left(1-\frac{{\rm{BG}}_{0.6j}-{\rm{BG}}_{ij}}{{\rm{BG}}_{0.6j}}\right) ,$
$ {\rm{PI}}_i=\frac{1}{{m}}\sum _{j=1}^{{m}}\left(1+\frac{{{P}}_{0.6j}-{{P}}_{ij}}{{{P}}_{0.6j}}\right) $
式中:i代表不同水流流速(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 m/s或1 m/s);CI ii水流流速的植株存活生长综合收益指数;SI ii水流流速的植株存活收益指数;AGI ii水流流速的地上组织生长收益指数;BGI ii水流流速的地下组织生长收益指数;S 0.6为0.6 m/s处理组植株存活率;S ii水流流速的植株存活率;m为植株地上组织生长的指标数量、地下组织生长的指标数量或生理指标数量;j代表i水流流速下植株地上组织生长、地下组织生长或生理的第j项指标;AG0.6j、BG0.6jP 0.6j分别为0.6 m/s处理组植株的第j种地上组织生长指标、地下组织生长指标和生理指标数值;AG ij、BG ijP ij分别为i水流流速植株的第j种地上组织生长指标、地下组织生长指标和生理指标数值;PI ii水流流速的植株生理指标稳定系数。应用曲线拟合方法,分别拟合不同流速与CI和PI的关系以及CI和PI之间的关系,并分别计算适宜流速范围。
实验数据以平均值±标准差(Mean ± SD)表示,对所有数据进行正态性和方差齐性检验,以满足参数统计分析的假设。对鳗草植株各指标进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和LSD多重比较以检验不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株的影响及分析组间差异,以P < 0.05作为差异显著水平,P < 0.01作为差异极显著水平。数据统计与分析使用SPSS 25.0进行处理,分析结果采用Origin 2023绘图。
植株存活率随水流流速增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,至0.4 m/s处理组,植株存活率达到最大值为52%,是其他流速处理组1.1~2.4倍,对照组植株则全部死亡(P < 0.05;图2)。
单因素方差分析结果显示,水流流速对植株生长指标具有显著影响(P < 0.05)。各处理组的株高、新生叶面积、叶片延伸速率和地上干重均基本呈现随水流流速增大逐渐下降趋势(图3),其中1 m/s处理组的4项指标相比0.2 m/s处理组下降10.2%~24.0%。但植株的侧枝数、茎节直径、茎节延伸速率和地下干重整体呈现随水流流速增大而逐渐上升趋势(图4),其中1 m/s处理组的各指标达到0.2 m/s处理组的1.2~3.7倍。
单因素方差分析显示,植株的光合色素、可溶性糖和淀粉含量均随水流流速增大呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势(图5)。叶绿素a和可溶性糖含量在0.6 m/s处理组达到最低值,相比其他处理组降低了1.2%~18.5%;叶绿素b和淀粉含量在0.4 m/s处理组最低,相比其他处理组降低了0.8%~7.5%(P<0.05)。
植株存活生长综合收益指数(CI)和植株的生理指标稳定系数(PI)均随水流流速升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势。曲线拟合显示,两者与水流流速均具有显著的二项式关系(图6)。CI拟合曲线于水流流速0.57 m/s时达到峰值y max,分别选取95%y max和99%y max对应的流速范围作为适宜流速范围和最佳流速范围,即:0.3~0.9 m/s和0.4~0.7 m/s。PI拟合曲线于水流流速为0.50 m/s时达到峰值y max,分别选取95%y max和99%y max对应的流速范围作为生理稳定适宜流速范围和生理稳定最佳流速范围,即:0.2~0.8 m/s和0.3~0.6 m/s。综合植株CI和PI拟合结果,得出移植植株的适宜流速范围为0.3~0.8 m/s,最佳水流流速范围为0.4~0.6 m/s。
曲线拟合显示,PI与CI表现出显著的线性正相关关系,植株的生理学稳定系数随形态学收益指数的增大呈现逐渐上升趋势(图7),表明在实验水流流速范围内,植株生长存活的综合表现越优,则其生理状态越稳定。
本研究发现,适当提高水流流速能够提升鳗草移植植株的存活与生长,其适宜的水流流速范围为0.3~0.8 m/s。研究结果与刘有才等[22]在河北曹妃甸海草床开展的现场实验的研究结论类似。流速≤0.3 m/s条件下,鳗草移植植株存活率显著下降,特别是滞流条件下移植植株全部死亡。Koch[15]研究了不同水流流速(0、0.3 cm/s和1 cm/s)对龟裂泰来草存活的影响,也发现滞流条件下移植植株于6个月后全部死亡。一方面可能是由于低流速条件对海草叶片的光合作用造成负面影响。研究发现,鳗草在水流流速不小于3 cm/s的条件下才能存活,即使光照条件良好,流速过低也会造成碳限制阻碍植株的光合作用[28]。另一方面可能是由于低流速条件导致间隙水硫化物等有毒物质聚积从而影响移植植株存活[29]。Zhang等[30]研究发现,鳗草暴露于0.25 mmol/L硫化物浓度5 d以上即死亡。高流速条件下,鳗草移植植株的存活率亦下降,可能是因为高流速条件影响沉积物的稳定性,进而造成移植植株定植困难。水流造成沉积物的再悬浮并带走部分泥沙,沉积物的理化性质随之受到影响[3132]。如,Bastyan和Cambridge[33]在澳大利亚皇家公主港开展的澳洲波喜荡草(Posidonia australis)的移植实验中发现,河口区因水流过大导致沉积物被侵蚀15~20 cm,移植4个月后植株存活率仅为14%,但在水流平缓区植株存活率则超过80%。
鳗草移植植株地上组织和地下组织的形态学指标和生长速度随流速增加表现出相反的变化趋势。其中地上组织各指标基本呈现逐渐下降趋势,与Schanz和Asmus[34]在瓦登海开展的诺氏鳗草(Zostera noltii)流速适应性实验以及Jiménez-Ramos等[35]开展的小丝粉草(Cymodocea nodosa)叶片抗拉力与水动力关系实验的研究结论一致。这可能是移植植株应对高能水动力的一种形态适应,其通过减少冠层面积降低水流冲击力,从而降低高能水动力条件下植株的机械损伤或无法定植等风险[36]。植株地下组织各指标则基本呈现逐渐增加趋势。de Los Santos等[37]研究了诺氏鳗草对不同流速的适应,也发现高流速(0.35 m/s)条件下诺氏鳗草根茎延伸速率相比低流速(0.01 m/s)条件升高约1.13倍。首先,水流流速直接影响海草植株的稳固性,其需要更高的锚定能力来抵抗高流速对植株的冲击力[38]。Widdows等[39]研究发现,流速≥0.25 m/s时,鳗草海草床受到的剪应力升高2倍,因此需要更多的能量分配给地下组织,促进根状茎生长从而增强植株的稳定性和降低沉积物再悬浮以保证海草植株的固植[40]。其次,水流能够影响沉积物成分间接影响海草,高水流环境的沉积物粒径通常大于低水流环境,营养物质更容易释放和流失[41]。因此,高水流流速条件下,海草植株通过地下组织的快速生长从而增加与底质的接触面积,提高对营养物质的吸收速率。如Koch[15]研究发现,高流速条件下,龟裂泰来草海草床沉积物间隙水的铵态氮和活性磷酸盐含量分别降低62.5%和83.3%,但其根系长度显著增加。同时,本研究也发现,鳗草移植植株的分枝数随水流流速增加而增加,说明鳗草移植植株在应对高流速胁迫时会通过提升其无性繁殖能力作为其生长策略[42]
水流流速对移植植株的生长影响可能受到海草种类和底质类型等多种因素的作用。一般而言,不同种类的水生植物对水流有不同的适应策略。如大米草(Spartina anglica)以密集丛生和植株硬挺的方式抵抗水流,而诺氏鳗草以柔软叶片随波摆动降低水流阻力[43]。张宏瑜[44]研究了不同水流流速对红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)移植植株固着的影响,发现当水流流速超过5.6 m/s时,红纤维虾形草开始出现脱离基质的现象,远超鳗草的水流耐受范围。鳗草主要生长在泥沙底质,而分布在岩石底质的红纤维虾形草具有粗壮的根茎和发达的根毛,附着力更强,因而对水流适应性更高[45]。此外,移植海区的基质状况也是影响海草存活和生长的重要因素。Caroline等[46]发现,相比有机物贫乏的沙质,鳗草植株在富含有机质的底质中更容易受到水流影响而被移走。卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis)和泰来草(Thalassia hemprichii)倾向于分布在粉砂黏土含量高(0.3%~1.06%)的海区,而小喜盐草(Halophila minor)则更倾向于分布在粉砂黏土含量低(0.03%)且水动力强、养分低的环境之中[47]。也有研究发现,粉砂和黏土含量高的沉积物可以减轻被侵蚀的程度,从而促进鳗草移植的成功[4849]
此外,水流流速可能还会影响沉积物底质进而干扰海草生长。一方面,流速过低引起海草床悬浮颗粒物的加速沉积,从而改变沉积物理化性质进而对海草的生长和存活产生负面影响[50]。如,吴晓晓[51]通过室内实验发现,泥沙淤积厚度增加1 cm可导致沉积物间隙水硫化物浓度升高2倍以上,实验30 d之后鳗草存活率下降29.9%;Manzanera等[52]也发现,大洋波喜荡草(Posidonia oceanica)根的生长随埋藏深度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,埋藏4 cm处理组根茎的年增长量是对照组的1.3倍,但埋藏9 cm处理组根茎的年增长量则降至对照组的66.0%。另一方面,流速过高则会侵蚀海草床沉积物,影响植株稳定性[53]。如,Carus等[54]发现,当水流流速由0.25 m/s增至0.60 m/s时,沉积物的侵蚀厚度由2 mm增至28 mm;Infantes等[55]则发现,当沉积物侵蚀深度达到(27 ± 3) mm时,大洋波喜荡草的根茎就会被水流冲走,导致草床严重退化;Cabaço等[32]也发现,当沉积物的侵蚀深度为2 cm左右时,诺氏鳗草植株存活率下降50%。
本研究发现,水流流速能够显著影响植株的光合色素及非结构性碳水化合物含量,植株生理学表现最稳定的水流流速范围为0.2~0.8 m/s。首先,适宜的流速可以促进植株的光合作用。Westlake[12]研究了水流流速对毛茛(Ranunculus pseudofluitans)和眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)光合与呼吸的影响,发现两者在流水条件下的光合作用最大速率是静水条件的6倍。Whitford和Schumacher[56]的研究也发现,流速每升高1 cm/s,海草植株叶片的光合作用效率增加18%。植物叶片表面附着的水分子构成物质进入叶片的屏障,称为扩散边界层(DBL),其厚度随流速增加而减小,进而加快叶片吸收利用CO2和营养物质等的速率[57]。Jordan[58]发现,20 cm/s水流流速条件下,鳗草叶片的叶绿素a含量、光化学效率和光合电子传输速率(ETR)均高于净水条件和1 cm/s低流速条件。因此,本研究鳗草移植植株叶片光合色素含量的下降可能是由于叶片DBL厚度下降,促进光合速率提升从而导致光合色素的快速消耗。此外,流速升高也会导致植株叶片弯折产生自遮荫现象,进而削弱叶片的光吸收能力[59]。Enríquez和Rodríguez-Román[60]发现,泰来草和日本团扇藻(Padina sanctae-crucis)的ETR随流速升高而升高,但相同条件下匍扇藻(lobophora variegate)的ETR呈现先升高后下降的趋势,即在一定范围流速可促进植物光合作用,但流速过高则产生抑制作用。在本研究中,叶片叶绿素a含量随流速升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,可能是鳗草植株随流速升高植株产生了明显的自遮荫,从而导致ETR受到抑制,因而尽管高流速条件下鳗草植株叶片的光合色素含量显著提高,但其光合速率下降,最终导致植株生长明显下降。
非结构性碳水化合物含量随流速增加呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势。非结构性碳水化合物是参与植株生命代谢的重要物质,作为碳源被储存利用[61]。Silva等[62]研究发现,75%遮光处理下鳗草地下组织的可溶性糖含量较正常光照组下降70%~85%,说明光合作用受限时,组织的可溶性糖与淀粉会被重新分配和消耗从而满足植株生长需要。黄晓龙等[63]研究了不同水深对3种沉水植物的影响,发现水生植物超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量随水深增加而升高,SOD和MDA是表征植物受到胁迫时的抗逆性指标,说明受水深胁迫时植株会调控产生较多的可溶性糖来应对胁迫。本研究中,鳗草植株在低流速与高流速条件下非结构性碳水化合物含量均较高,说明这些水流流速均不是鳗草移植植株的适宜流速,从而通过提高非结构性碳水化合物含量应对非适宜环境[64]
水流流速是影响海草自然分布以及移植植株定植生长的重要因素之一。本研究以温带优势海草—鳗草为对象,探究了不同水流流速对鳗草移植植株存活和生长的影响,分析了鳗草移植植株应对不同水流流速的生理响应。结果显示,植株存活生长综合收益指数(CI)和植株的生理指标稳定系数(PI)呈显著线性关系,其适宜的流速范围为0.3~0.8 m/s,最佳流速范围为0.4~0.6 m/s。结果表明,在保证移植植株稳定性的前提下,适当提高水流流速可以增加移植植株的存活和生长收益及其生理稳定性,进而促进移植植株的快速定植和生长扩繁。研究结果为查明海草床的退化机理、科学选划鳗草海草床生态修复区提供了基础数据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076100);威海市天鹅湖−养鱼池湾海草床生态修复及科研实验项目(横20240055);黄河口植被退化生境生态修复(横20240233)。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2025038
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 修回日期:2025-01-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076100);威海市天鹅湖−养鱼池湾海草床生态修复及科研实验项目(横20240055);黄河口植被退化生境生态修复(横20240233)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海水养殖教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266003
    2 黄渤海温带海草床生态系统野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266100
    3 中华环境保护基金会,北京 100062

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张沛东,教授,主要从事海草生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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