海洋学报

珊瑚礁区海底地下水排泄的环境效应及其珊瑚记录研究进展

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姜伟 ¹^,²^,³ , 杨浩丹 ¹^,² , 吴星媛 ¹^,² , 余克服 ¹^,²^,³^,^* , 许慎栋 ¹^,²^,³ , 王英辉 ¹^,²

海洋学报 | 综述 2020,42(11): 1-11

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海洋学报 | 综述 2020, 42(11): 1-11

珊瑚礁区海底地下水排泄的环境效应及其珊瑚记录研究进展

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姜伟¹^,²^,³, 杨浩丹¹^,², 吴星媛¹^,², 余克服¹^,²^,³^,^*, 许慎栋¹^,²^,³, 王英辉¹^,²

作者信息

¹ 广西大学海洋学院，广西南宁 530004

² 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室，广西南宁 530004

³ 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)，广东珠海 519080

姜伟(1989-)，男，河北省昌黎县人，博士，副教授，主要从事珊瑚礁地质与全球变化研究。E-mail：jianwe@gxu.edu.cn

通讯作者:

^*余克服(1969-)，男，湖北省公安县人，博士，教授，主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail：kefuyu@scsio.ac.cn

Research progress of environmental influence and coral record of submarine groundwater discharge in coral reefs

Wei Jiang¹^,²^,³, Haodan Yang¹^,², Xingyuan Wu¹^,², Kefu Yu¹^,²^,³^,^*, Shendong Xu¹^,²^,³, Yinghui Wang¹^,²

Affiliations

¹ School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

² Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China

³ Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China

出版时间: 2020-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.001

文章导航

摘要

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海底地下水排泄(SGD)是近岸海洋化学和生态系统演化的重要驱动因素，其携带的大量物质对珊瑚礁发育和退化具有非常重要的影响。本文综述了珊瑚礁区的SGD特征及其对珊瑚礁发育和退化的潜在生态环境效应，SGD的珊瑚替代指标以及全球各海域SGD的高分辨率珊瑚记录研究进展，并以南海北部为例探讨珊瑚礁退化的主导因素及SGD的潜在影响。研究发现，目前珊瑚礁区，尤其是岸礁区长时间序列的SGD动态变化记录的研究极为薄弱；利用珊瑚骨骼的地球化学指标来重建局部海域的SGD通量的动态历史变化具有较强的可操作性；虽然SGD极有可能是以南海北部为代表的珊瑚礁区珊瑚礁退化的重要因素，但目前无论是政府机构还是公众对SGD的关注和重视相当有限。未来的研究应该聚焦于珊瑚礁区SGD及其携带物质通量的高分辨率珊瑚记录，进而探讨SGD对珊瑚礁发育和退化影响的关键过程与机制，并提出科学合理的应对建议。

关键词

珊瑚礁 / 地球化学 / 海底地下水排泄 / 南海

Abstract

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Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a significant driving factor of marine chemistry and coastal ecosystem evolution, and plays a very important role in the development and degradation of coral reefs due to supplying large loads of chemicals into the coastal ocean. This paper reviews the characteristics of SGD in coral reefs and the potential ecological environment effect. Meanwhile, the northern South China Sea was taken as an example to explore the dominant factors controlling the development and degradation of coral reefs, as well as the potential effects. Results show that the research on the long time serial variations of dynamic changes of SGD in coral reefs, especially in fringing reef areas, is quite weak; it is feasible to reconstruct the historical patterns of the annual fluxes of SGD in local seas by using the geochemical coral skeletons proxies; SGD is likely to be an important factor contributing to the degradation of coral reefs in the northern South China Sea, nevertheless SGD has received limited concerns and attentions from both governmental agencies and the public. The future researches should focus on the high-resolution coral records of SGD and chemicals it carries in coral reefs, explore the key processes and mechanisms of effects from SGD on the development and degradation of coral reefs, and then offer scientific and reasonable advice.

Key words

coral reefs / geochemistry / submarine groundwater discharge / South China Sea

引用本文

姜伟, 杨浩丹, 吴星媛, 余克服, 许慎栋, 王英辉. 珊瑚礁区海底地下水排泄的环境效应及其珊瑚记录研究进展. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (11) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.001

Wei Jiang, Haodan Yang, Xingyuan Wu, Kefu Yu, Shendong Xu, Yinghui Wang. Research progress of environmental influence and coral record of submarine groundwater discharge in coral reefs[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (11) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.001

正文

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1 引言

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作为海洋中生物多样性最高和资源最为丰富的生态系统，珊瑚礁承担着极其重要的资源与生态功能^[1]，为全球数亿人提供食物供给、休闲旅游、海岸保护等服务^[2-3]。同时，作为对全球变化与人类活动最为敏感的生态系统之一^[4]，珊瑚礁面临着包括气候恶化、水体污染和过度捕捞在内的前所未有的多重压力^[5-6]，在全球范围内发生了严重退化。因此，珊瑚礁退化的驱动因素及机制一直是国际上研究的热点问题^[7-8]。珊瑚礁退化被认为是由一系列独立和相互作用的局部及全球因素所共同驱动的^[9]。虽然气候异常导致的珊瑚热白化被公认为全球范围内珊瑚礁退化的主要因素^[10]，但像纬度相对较高的南海北部海域，珊瑚礁退化往往是由局部的驱动因素主导的^{[1, 11]}。

作为海岸带陆海相互作用的关键过程，海底地下水排泄（Submarine Groundwater Discharge，SGD）是海岸带生物地球化学循环的一个重要源过程^[12]。SGD的研究虽然早在19世纪就已经开始，但由于其受限于不易现场调查观测，而且对SGD 的研究还需要海洋科学、地下水科学以及地球化学等多个领域学者的共同合作，因此，直到20世纪末，人们才逐渐认识到SGD对沿海海域物质来源的巨大贡献^[13]。在一些海岸或海湾，SGD 甚至已经成为营养物质和重金属元素等陆源物质向海洋输送的最重要通道^[14]。

近年来，珊瑚礁海域的SGD对珊瑚礁生态系统具有极为显著的潜在负面影响^[15-16]，因此得到了越来越多的关注^[16-23]。以“submarine groundwater discharge”和“coral reef”作为共同关键词在Web of Science 上共检索到110篇文献。最早的文献出现在1997年，自2012 年之后，尤其是2017年以来珊瑚礁区SGD 的研究论文数量迅速增长（图1）。但从全球范围内来看，珊瑚礁区SGD 的相关研究较为有限。其中，准确描述SGD所携带物质排放的时间地点的分布模式和深入了解SGD所携带物质的来源和供应，进而对自然或人为活动可能造成的影响进行有效评估成为相关研究的主要方向。因此，对SGD通量的长时间序列和高分辨率变化记录的研究显得尤其重要^[23]。而作为热带海洋中理想的古环境记录载体，珊瑚礁区的大型滨珊瑚骨骼中记录的地球化学信号恰好可以用来反演SGD通量的历史变化，并已经广泛应用于全球各个珊瑚礁海域^[24-26]。

为了深入了解珊瑚礁区SGD的历史变化记录及其环境意义，本文将结合全球已有的研究并以南海北部主要珊瑚礁区为例，系统介绍珊瑚礁区的SGD珊瑚记录的研究案例、替代指标及其局限性，并对SGD及其携带物质对珊瑚礁发育和退化的潜在影响进行了总结。

2 南海北部珊瑚礁退化驱动因素

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在过去的几十年中，全球珊瑚礁发生了严重退化，而气候异常导致的珊瑚热白化已经成为全球范围内珊瑚礁退化的主要因素^[10]。虽然在南海也出现了珊瑚热白化的历史记录^[27-28]，但总体而言，南海北部珊瑚礁分布位于世界珊瑚礁分布北缘，离赤道较远，受厄尔尼诺等异常气候的影响相对较小。此外，健康的珊瑚礁应对自然气候变化时具有非常强的弹性和自然恢复能力^[29-30]。例如，三亚野猪岛珊瑚礁在2010年遭遇了升温和台风的双重影响，活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率从80%降低到30%，但仅在1年之后就发生了自然恢复^[31]。值得注意的是，南海北部由于其地处相对高纬度的亚热带海域，在全球变暖的气候背景下甚至可能成为未来的“珊瑚避难所”^[32-34]。由此可见，引起南海北部珊瑚礁退化的主要驱动因素并不是全球气候变化引发的升温，而是逐渐加剧的人类活动^[1]。

这些人类活动主要包括：（1）过度捕捞导致的珊瑚礁生态系统内的草食性生物量大幅度减少，进而致使珊瑚礁生态系统的严重失衡^{[11, 35-36]}；（2）采挖珊瑚等活动，直接减少了珊瑚礁资源量，间接地破坏了礁盘^{[11, 35-36]}；（3）海湾的养殖鱼排、近岸的养殖池塘和深水网箱养殖等造成的水质污染和生物资源浪费^[37]；（4）未经处理的生活和农业污水的排放也影响着近岸区域的水质环境^{[11, 36]}，特别是营养盐太多会引起生态系统失衡以及生物侵蚀，阻碍珊瑚的自然恢复^[37-40]；（5）海洋工程（挖泥和抛泥）和土壤侵蚀等造成的水质退化等^[35-36]。

20世纪90年代以后，随着珊瑚礁自然保护区（如三亚、徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区等）的建立和珊瑚礁立法保护的出现，以过度捕捞、采挖珊瑚和海洋工程为代表的人类活动对珊瑚礁的影响得到较为有效的遏制^[11]，但南海北部近岸主要珊瑚礁区活珊瑚覆盖度仍然处于快速下降趋势^{[1, 35]}。根据国家海洋局南海分局发布的《2016年南海区海洋环境状况公报》^[41]，南海近岸局部海域污染严重，部分水体呈富营养化状态，所监测的近岸海域典型生态系统中，半数处于亚健康状况。因此，南海北部珊瑚礁所面临的形势依然十分严峻。在当前珊瑚礁所面临的各类威胁中，通过地表和地下径流输入到近海海域的陆源物质，尤其是与流域施肥和污水排放相关的过量营养物质，被认为对珊瑚礁的退化起着不容忽视的作用^{[6, 42-46]}，也极有可能是南海北部珊瑚礁快速退化的主要驱动因素^[17-18]。

3 珊瑚礁区SGD特征及环境效应

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作为全球水循环的重要组成部分，SGD是海洋中水及营养物质的重要来源之一（图2），同时也是各类污染物从陆地向海洋输送的一个重要而隐蔽的通道^[13]。除了输入丰富的营养物质以外，SGD还可以改变近海海洋环境中的总碱、可溶无机碳含量以及海水pH等^{[17, 47-48]}。由于SGD在许多近岸海域具有比地表径流更高的营养物质、碳及金属元素含量^[48-53]，更高的氮/磷比例^[53-57]以及与地表径流相当的通量^{[14, 53, 58-60]}，因而其对珊瑚礁生态系统的多样性具有十分显著的影响^[15-16]。尽管SGD本身就具有非常丰富的营养物质，人类活动还可以进一步提高SGD的营养物质水平^{[53, 61]}。此外，与受到降水驱动的河流^[62]不同的是，SGD受地下河口与近海之间的水文梯度驱动，也就是受到潮汐的调节^{[17, 48, 63]}。由于潮汐的驱动，受到SGD影响的近海海洋系统在1天或者半天的时间尺度上经常可以观测到富含营养物质的SGD的脉冲信号，进而导致短期的营养物质水平变率提高^[64]。

研究证实，许多近海海域的富营养化和藻类暴发性繁殖，均与当地SGD输送的营养物质具有非常密切的关系^[65-70]。而过量的营养物质输入正是珊瑚礁退化的最主要驱动因素之一^{[15, 40]}。一方面，营养盐过量会刺激藻类大量繁殖而导致富营养化，使得珊瑚失去与大型藻类的竞争优势，严重阻碍珊瑚礁的自然恢复^[39-40]；另一方面，大型藻类的大量繁殖也会促进侵蚀性无脊椎动物和内岩生微生物的生长，进而导致珊瑚生物侵蚀加剧^{[15, 38, 40, 64, 71-72]}。此外，SGD与近岸海洋酸化^{[17, 73]}也具有密切的联系，而这些也会严重制约珊瑚礁的生长^{[64, 74]}。一般来说，珊瑚礁区的pCO₂的变异性会由于SGD所携带的营养物质对光合作用/呼吸作用的刺激而增强^[46]。尽管SGD养分输入也会驱动生物初级生产力增强^[75]，进而可以影响海水的化学组成，但在SGD营养物质非常丰富或SGD通量很高的系统中，地下水化学组成可以压倒生物过程而在改变海水化学组成过程中占据主导地位^[47]。实际上，营养元素和pH的相互作用对珊瑚礁关键生态功能的影响还需要根据不同珊瑚礁海域的特点进行评估^[76]。总之，由于珊瑚礁主要位于寡营养盐区域，过量营养物质成分的输入会导致珊瑚礁碳酸钙骨架逐渐被藻类所取代^{[74, 77]}，进而导致珊瑚礁的退化^{[47, 78]}。此外，最近的一项研究指出SGD还可以通过控制营养盐水平，盐度以及潜在的病原体来源等因素显著降低珊瑚的健康水平和恢复能力，甚至导致珊瑚疾病的爆发^[79]。

珊瑚礁区SGD在全球各个海域都得到了广泛的关注，如太平洋^{[17, 21, 23, 48, 64, 79-82]}、澳大利亚^{[73, 83-84]}、中北美洲及加勒比海海域^[85-87]等。但在南海北部海域，除了少数研究以外^[17-18]，大部分研究并非专门针对珊瑚礁区SGD对珊瑚礁生态系统的潜在影响，而是其研究区域恰好处于珊瑚礁区。由于受限于不易现场观测和历史数据极度缺乏，目前珊瑚礁区SGD的相关研究主要聚焦于特定时间内珊瑚礁区SGD所携带的丰富营养物质和pCO₂等^{[17-18, 20, 84]}对海水化学的影响，而关注到SGD长时间序列动态变化^[88]的研究则十分缺乏^[26]。

4 珊瑚礁区SGD的代用指标研究进展

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作为SGD的主要特征元素，钡^{[24, 89-92]} 和稀土元素^{[25, 93-98]} 的相关研究已经较为成熟。幸运的是，珊瑚礁海域的表层海水钡和稀土元素的时间序列变化已经被证实可以从各个海域的珊瑚文石骨骼中得到，诸如，北太平洋海域^{[25, 99]}、东大西洋海域^{[24, 100]}、南海^[101-104]、南太平洋海域^[105]、大堡礁海域^[106]和西印度洋海域^[107]。比较特殊的是，在没有较大入海河流而只有SGD的海域，珊瑚记录的表层海水钡和稀土元素含量变化与当地SGD通量具有十分显著的相关性（图3）^[24-26]，并被应用于SGD通量年际变化历史的重建（图4a）。因此，根据珊瑚地球化学指标来重建局部海域的SGD具有较强的可操作性。值得注意的是，海水中的溶解物质除了与新鲜的SGD有关^[108]，还与海水在沉积物中的再循环有关。

实际上，在SGD的常用研究方法中，镭^[59] 和氡^[109]同位素示踪法应用最为广泛，同时也是大尺度评估海底地下水排泄最为有效的方法^[13]。珊瑚礁海域具有较低的放射性水平^[110-111]，因此，极少有人关注珊瑚骨骼的放射性水平。但是，近年来已有研究精确地测量了珊瑚文石骨骼中的镭等放射性核素含量^[112-113]，这使得利用珊瑚文石骨骼中的镭等放射性核素含量来反演表层海水中的含量在时间序列上的变化，进而来重建局部海域SGD通量的变化历史成为可能。

近年来，由于SGD 输入的氮元素在珊瑚礁生态系统中的重要地位，珊瑚骨骼有机质中的 δ¹⁵N（CS-δ¹⁵N）被成功用于重建珊瑚礁海域氮元素来源和供应的长时间序列的动态变化记录^{[88, 114-116]}。原始珊瑚礁通过洋流、河流和地下水输入以及大气沉降从周围地区收集包括氮在内的外部营养物质^[117]。由于SGD携带的氮（δ¹⁵N富集）^[118]，生物固定的氮（δ¹⁵N亏损）^[119]，以及深海来源的氮（δ¹⁵N具有定值，如南大洋约为7‰）^[120]均具有鲜明的特征，该方法可以有效地对不同来源的氮进行区别。Erler等^[88]成功地将该方法应用于南太平洋热带岛屿，利用长时间序列的CS-δ¹⁵N重建了过去1个世纪左右与农业有关的SGD氮输入变化历史（图4b）。此外，CS-δ¹⁵N还被成功用于追踪珊瑚礁生态系统中SGD的空间分布^[121-124]。

5 存在问题

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首先，以南海北部为代表的近岸珊瑚礁SGD得到的关注极为有限。在全球范围内，SGD约占淡水入海总量的6%～10%，其中，仅1/3的SGD来自于热带的大型岛屿^[52]。但是，前人的研究却主要聚焦于热带岛屿^{[21, 23, 54, 61, 63, 75, 84, 88, 125]}，而对人为活动更为频繁，同时面临的威胁也更大的近岸珊瑚礁的关注很少。例如，南海北部珊瑚礁分布位于世界珊瑚礁分布的北缘，受到异常气候的影响不是特别显著，逐渐加剧的人类活动是南海北部珊瑚礁退化的主要驱动因素^[1]。目前，该海域珊瑚礁区的SGD研究较为薄弱，少数已有研究主要聚焦于特定时间内珊瑚礁区SGD的通量及其所携带的物质^[17-18]。

其次，极其缺乏直接或间接的SGD长时间序列动态变化的历史记录。由于具有容易现场监测和相关历史数据丰富的特点，地表径流所携带物质对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响以及珊瑚对其记录与响应等相关研究较为充分^{[15, 42-43, 46, 101, 105-106, 126-129]}。值得注意的是，我国生态环境部（2018年之后）/国家海洋局（2018年之前）及其下属机构每年发布的海洋环境状况公报都重点关注入海河流污染物排放的监测，但却从未涉及海底地下水排放^[130-131]。实际上，20世纪60年代以来的旅游业和农业的快速发展已经导致近海含水层受到了人为污染的影响^[132-133]。然而，由于现有的数据资料有限，无法描述SGD所携带物质排放的时间地点的分布模式，进而无法对人为活动造成的影响进行有效评估。总之，我们对南海北部珊瑚礁SGD所携带物质的来源和供应的了解存在严重不足，尤其是极度缺乏SGD长时间序列的动态变化记录。事实上，全球范围内SGD长时间序列的动态变化记录也是极为稀少的。

6 结论与展望

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珊瑚礁在礁体建造的过程（如珊瑚生长）和分解的过程（如生物侵蚀）之间保持平衡^[38]。珊瑚的生长和生物侵蚀都对受到SGD改造的水体化学变化十分敏感，如富营养化^{[15, 74]}和海水酸化^{[74, 134-136]}。虽然评估特定时间内SGD对于理解近海生物地球化学过程具有非常重要的意义^{[21, 60, 137]}，但由于缺乏直接或间接的测量数据，使得评估过去几年到几十年乃至上百年的SGD极为困难。显然，这些不足严重妨碍了我们对SGD对珊瑚礁影响机制及其关键过程的深入理解。因此，开展珊瑚礁区SGD在时间序列上的变化历史及其对珊瑚礁的环境效应方面的研究具有十分重要的科学意义。而珊瑚文石骨骼的地球化学指标则是记录邻近海域SGD的天然理想载体。基于此，可以利用珊瑚礁区的大型滨珊瑚骨骼地球化学指标，重建珊瑚礁区SGD长时间序列动态变化历史记录。一方面能够填补珊瑚礁海域SGD长期动态变化历史的研究空白，理解SGD携带物质对于珊瑚礁生物地球化学过程的影响，并对SGD对珊瑚礁的潜在影响以及人类活动在其中所扮演的角色进行有效评估；另一方面，深入了解珊瑚礁的物质来源与动态，可以进一步掌握珊瑚礁在全球变化背景下的适应能力，并为珊瑚礁生态系统的保护和修复提供科学依据。

基金

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国家自然科学基金项目（41976059，41603091，91428203）；广西自然科学基金项目（2019GXNSFAA185022）。

参考文献

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文献

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2020年第42卷第11期

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.11.001

接收时间：2019-10-31
首发时间：2026-03-27
出版时间：2020-11-25

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收稿日期：2019-10-31
修回日期：2020-02-06

基金

国家自然科学基金项目（41976059，41603091，91428203）；广西自然科学基金项目（2019GXNSFAA185022）。

作者信息

¹ 广西大学海洋学院，广西南宁 530004

² 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室，广西南宁 530004

³ 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)，广东珠海 519080

通讯作者:

^*余克服(1969-)，男，湖北省公安县人，博士，教授，主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail：kefuyu@scsio.ac.cn

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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