Article(id=1243955290660516621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955287984554037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1566144000000, receivedDateStr=2019-08-19, revisedDate=1573920000000, revisedDateStr=2019-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511652865, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1593014400000, pubDateStr=2020-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511652865, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511652865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511652865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955287984554037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511652227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511652227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955291021226770, articleId=1243955290660516621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics of community structure and the dynamic changes of macrobenthos in the Laizhou Bay, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the macrobenthos materials samples collected in August 2009, October 2009, May 2010 and August 2010 in the Laizhou Bay, the present study analyzed species composition, abundance, biomass, community structure and compared with historical data of macrobenthos. The results suggested that 272 species of macrobenthos were identified in the research region, including 122 species of Polychaetea, 64 of Crustacea, 46 of Mullusca, 18 of Echinodermata, 9 of Pisces and 13 of other groups. The total average abundance was (1102.56±216.32) ind./m2, average biomass was (28.16±8.45) g/m2, Polychaetes were the most dominant groups in the abundance and Mollusks were dominant in the biomass. Regarding the spatial influence on macrobenthos, low values of abundance and biomass usually appeared in stations outside of the Huanghe River Estuary in the west of the bay, but high values occurred in the central of Bohai Sea. Regarding the temporal influence on macrobenthos, significant seasonal variations in the abundance and biomass were observed. The dominant species were distinct, the relative important species were Sternaspis sculata, Glycinde gurjanovae and Alvenius ojianus. Compared with the historical data, the species composition and dominant species had showed an obvious miniaturization trend.

, correspAuthors=Jun Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei Yuan, Jun Wang, Tao Zuo, Mingxiang Niu, Qingshan Luan, Yongqiang Shi, Jianqiang Sun), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955292812194645, articleId=1243955290660516621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=莱州湾大型底栖动物群落结构及其动态变化特征, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以莱州湾2009年夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)及2010年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)4个季节大型底栖动物资料为基础,对莱州湾大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种进行了研究,同时与历史资料进行对比,探讨了莱州湾大型底栖动物的群落结构特征及动态变化。4个航次中共鉴定出大型底栖动物272种,其中包括环节动物多毛类122种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物64种,棘皮动物18种,鱼类9种,其他类13种。调查海域平均丰度为(1102.56 ± 216.32) ind./m2, 多毛类在丰度上占绝对优势;平均生物量为(28.16 ± 8.45) g/m2,软体动物占据优势。丰度和生物量空间分布规律具有很强的相似性,低值区位于莱州湾西部黄河口邻近海域,高值区位于渤海中部海域。丰度和生物量季节变化明显,夏季最高,秋季其次,春季最低。多毛类不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys oligobranchia)、紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus)等是莱州湾调查海域的优势种。通过与历史资料的对比发现,莱州湾大型底栖动物种类组成及优势种类出现小型化的趋势。

, correspAuthors=王俊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王俊,研究员,主要从事海洋生物的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=epyq+Qp+AcBH+jM7girPWw==, magXml=ErOY7JzOXNrJJ6vTo9fW7Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=iFfb4U9BpLDFSdByDHug6w==, pdfFileSize=1662304, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NyEo9TM3nXC3nfark8vKPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gRHIfRc/A1iFimpRP8WuBA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

袁伟,(1978-),男,山东省泰安市人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事底栖动物生态研究。E-mail:

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袁伟,(1978-),男,山东省泰安市人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事底栖动物生态研究。E-mail:

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袁伟,(1978-),男,山东省泰安市人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事底栖动物生态研究。E-mail:

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Comparison of the biogeochemistry of lakes and estuaries: ecosystem processes, functional groups, hysteresis effects and interactions between macro- and microbiology[J]. Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, 50(8): 791−811., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246537953493798948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Leonard D R P, Robert Clarke K, Somerfield P J, et al. The application of an indicator based on taxonomic distinctness for UK marine biodiversity assessments[J]. 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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of IRI of macrobenthos in Laizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名2009年
8月
种名2009年
10月
种名2010年
5月
种名2010年
8月
不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata1233寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthysoligobranchia1411不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata1756寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
1243
紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
972不倒翁虫
Sternaspis sculata
1256寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
863紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
991
寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
802纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
863细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera814不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata973
细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera730紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus710脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata804脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata882
秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
660细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera496紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
529细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera868
深沟毛虫(Sigambra bassi524寡节甘吻沙蚕
Glycinde gurjanovae
482纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
466中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)567
微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
431中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)428微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
345深沟毛虫(Sigambra bassi538
中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)364秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
356背尾水虱(Cythura sp.242纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
300
脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata246纽虫(Iphinoe tenera206中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)209微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
279
寡节甘吻沙蚕
Glycinde gurjanovae
120日本背棘蛇尾
Amphioplus japonicus
101秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
167纽虫(Iphinoe tenera206
纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
116日本背棘蛇尾
Amphioplus japonicus
156
), ArticleFig(id=1246537950855582713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

莱州湾4个航次大型底栖动物的相对重要性指数(IRI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名2009年
8月
种名2009年
10月
种名2010年
5月
种名2010年
8月
不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata1233寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthysoligobranchia1411不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata1756寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
1243
紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
972不倒翁虫
Sternaspis sculata
1256寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
863紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
991
寡鳃齿吻沙蚕
Nephthys oligobranchia
802纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
863细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera814不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata973
细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera730紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus710脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata804脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata882
秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
660细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera496紫壳阿文蛤
Alvenius ojianus
529细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera868
深沟毛虫(Sigambra bassi524寡节甘吻沙蚕
Glycinde gurjanovae
482纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
466中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)567
微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
431中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)428微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
345深沟毛虫(Sigambra bassi538
中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)364秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
356背尾水虱(Cythura sp.242纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
300
脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata246纽虫(Iphinoe tenera206中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp)209微型小海螂
Leptomya minuta
279
寡节甘吻沙蚕
Glycinde gurjanovae
120日本背棘蛇尾
Amphioplus japonicus
101秀丽波纹蛤
Raetellops fortilirata
167纽虫(Iphinoe tenera206
纵肋织纹螺
Nassarius variciferus
116日本背棘蛇尾
Amphioplus japonicus
156
), ArticleFig(id=1246537950977217534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparisons of species, abundance and biomass in the different waters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查海域时间
种类数/种
丰度/ind.·m−2生物量/g·m−2文献
  注:“−”表示无数据
渤海1982年7月3432.76[13]
渤海1997−1999年3062 57542.59[14]
渤海2008年3001094.711.78[15]
黄海北部1999年12月17835744.65[16]
黄海北部2007年1月3221 88338.86[17]
渤海海峡1997年6月至1998年9月3 968103.27[14]
黄海北部近岸1997年6月至1998年7月107511106.1[18]
黄海南部2000−2001年27227219.23[19]
黄河口及其邻近海域1982年5月55735.28[20]
莱州湾2009−2010年2721102.5628.16本文
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951065297920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同海域大型底栖动物种类数、丰度、生物量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查海域时间
种类数/种
丰度/ind.·m−2生物量/g·m−2文献
  注:“−”表示无数据
渤海1982年7月3432.76[13]
渤海1997−1999年3062 57542.59[14]
渤海2008年3001094.711.78[15]
黄海北部1999年12月17835744.65[16]
黄海北部2007年1月3221 88338.86[17]
渤海海峡1997年6月至1998年9月3 968103.27[14]
黄海北部近岸1997年6月至1998年7月107511106.1[18]
黄海南部2000−2001年27227219.23[19]
黄河口及其邻近海域1982年5月55735.28[20]
莱州湾2009−2010年2721102.5628.16本文
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951203708930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison with the historical data in the Laizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间丰度/ind.·m−2平均种数中值粒径/μm优势种文献
1985年5−6月1542446.84心形海胆、凸壳肌蛤[2021]
1997年6月1851476.60紫壳阿文蛤、银白齿缘壳蛞蝓[14]
2006年698415.40不倒翁虫、小亮樱蛤、背尾水虱[12]
2009年1902324.90寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、微型小海螂、紫壳阿文蛤、江户明樱蛤、细长涟虫[6]
2009年123221不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、紫壳阿文蛤、细长涟虫本文
2010年103018不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、细长涟虫本文
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951291789321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

本研究与莱州湾历史数据的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间丰度/ind.·m−2平均种数中值粒径/μm优势种文献
1985年5−6月1542446.84心形海胆、凸壳肌蛤[2021]
1997年6月1851476.60紫壳阿文蛤、银白齿缘壳蛞蝓[14]
2006年698415.40不倒翁虫、小亮樱蛤、背尾水虱[12]
2009年1902324.90寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、微型小海螂、紫壳阿文蛤、江户明樱蛤、细长涟虫[6]
2009年123221不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、紫壳阿文蛤、细长涟虫本文
2010年103018不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、细长涟虫本文
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951379869711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The list of Crustacea species in the Laizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名2009年
8月
2009年
10月
2010年
5月
2010年
8月
  注:+表示该航次采集到该种类,−表示没有采集到该种类。
日本鼓虾 (Alpheus jiaponicus++
安乐虾 (Eualus sp.)++
细鳌虾 (Leptoehela graeili++
长指马尓他钩虾
Melita longidactyla
++++
细长涟虫 (Iphinoe tenera+++
鲜明鼓虾 (Alpheus heterocarpus+++
双斑蟳 (Charybdis bimaculata++++
口虾蛄 (Oratasauilla oratoria+++
日本浪漂水蚤
Cirloana japonensis
+++
博氏双眼钩虾 (Ampelisca bocki+
轮双眼钩虾 (Ampelisca cyclops++++
日本沙钩虾 (Byblis japonicus+
中华蜾赢蜚 (Corophium siense+++
刘氏拟钩虾
Gammaropsis liuruiyui
+
短小拟钩虾 (Gammaropsis nitids+
内海拟钩虾
Gammaropsis utinomii
++
平掌拟钩虾
Gammaropsis laevipalmata
++
长尾亮钩虾 (Photis longicaudata+++
中华拟亮钩虾
Paraphotis sinensis
++
中华利尔钩虾 (Liljeborgia sinica++++
小头弹钩虾
Orchomene breviceps
++
塞切尔泥钩虾
Eriopisella sechellensis
+++
马尔他钩虾 (Melita sp.)++
凹板钩虾 (Caviplaxus sp.)+++
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951493115924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955290660516621, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

甲壳类的种名录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种名2009年
8月
2009年
10月
2010年
5月
2010年
8月
  注:+表示该航次采集到该种类,−表示没有采集到该种类。
日本鼓虾 (Alpheus jiaponicus++
安乐虾 (Eualus sp.)++
细鳌虾 (Leptoehela graeili++
长指马尓他钩虾
Melita longidactyla
++++
细长涟虫 (Iphinoe tenera+++
鲜明鼓虾 (Alpheus heterocarpus+++
双斑蟳 (Charybdis bimaculata++++
口虾蛄 (Oratasauilla oratoria+++
日本浪漂水蚤
Cirloana japonensis
+++
博氏双眼钩虾 (Ampelisca bocki+
轮双眼钩虾 (Ampelisca cyclops++++
日本沙钩虾 (Byblis japonicus+
中华蜾赢蜚 (Corophium siense+++
刘氏拟钩虾
Gammaropsis liuruiyui
+
短小拟钩虾 (Gammaropsis nitids+
内海拟钩虾
Gammaropsis utinomii
++
平掌拟钩虾
Gammaropsis laevipalmata
++
长尾亮钩虾 (Photis longicaudata+++
中华拟亮钩虾
Paraphotis sinensis
++
中华利尔钩虾 (Liljeborgia sinica++++
小头弹钩虾
Orchomene breviceps
++
塞切尔泥钩虾
Eriopisella sechellensis
+++
马尔他钩虾 (Melita sp.)++
凹板钩虾 (Caviplaxus sp.)+++
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莱州湾大型底栖动物群落结构及其动态变化特征
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袁伟 1, 2, 3 , 王俊 1, 2, 3, * , 左涛 1, 2, 3 , 牛明香 1, 2, 3 , 栾青杉 1, 2, 3 , 时永强 1, 2, 3 , 孙坚强 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(6): 52-61
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(6): 52-61
莱州湾大型底栖动物群落结构及其动态变化特征
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袁伟1, 2, 3 , 王俊1, 2, 3, * , 左涛1, 2, 3, 牛明香1, 2, 3, 栾青杉1, 2, 3, 时永强1, 2, 3, 孙坚强1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2 农业部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
  • 3 山东省渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
  • 袁伟,(1978-),男,山东省泰安市人,博士,助理研究员,主要从事底栖动物生态研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王俊,研究员,主要从事海洋生物的研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of community structure and the dynamic changes of macrobenthos in the Laizhou Bay
Wei Yuan1, 2, 3 , Jun Wang1, 2, 3, * , Tao Zuo1, 2, 3, Mingxiang Niu1, 2, 3, Qingshan Luan1, 2, 3, Yongqiang Shi1, 2, 3, Jianqiang Sun1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2020-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.007
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本文以莱州湾2009年夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)及2010年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)4个季节大型底栖动物资料为基础,对莱州湾大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种进行了研究,同时与历史资料进行对比,探讨了莱州湾大型底栖动物的群落结构特征及动态变化。4个航次中共鉴定出大型底栖动物272种,其中包括环节动物多毛类122种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物64种,棘皮动物18种,鱼类9种,其他类13种。调查海域平均丰度为(1102.56 ± 216.32) ind./m2, 多毛类在丰度上占绝对优势;平均生物量为(28.16 ± 8.45) g/m2,软体动物占据优势。丰度和生物量空间分布规律具有很强的相似性,低值区位于莱州湾西部黄河口邻近海域,高值区位于渤海中部海域。丰度和生物量季节变化明显,夏季最高,秋季其次,春季最低。多毛类不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys oligobranchia)、紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus)等是莱州湾调查海域的优势种。通过与历史资料的对比发现,莱州湾大型底栖动物种类组成及优势种类出现小型化的趋势。

黄河口  /  丰度  /  生物量  /  大型底栖动物

Based on the macrobenthos materials samples collected in August 2009, October 2009, May 2010 and August 2010 in the Laizhou Bay, the present study analyzed species composition, abundance, biomass, community structure and compared with historical data of macrobenthos. The results suggested that 272 species of macrobenthos were identified in the research region, including 122 species of Polychaetea, 64 of Crustacea, 46 of Mullusca, 18 of Echinodermata, 9 of Pisces and 13 of other groups. The total average abundance was (1102.56±216.32) ind./m2, average biomass was (28.16±8.45) g/m2, Polychaetes were the most dominant groups in the abundance and Mollusks were dominant in the biomass. Regarding the spatial influence on macrobenthos, low values of abundance and biomass usually appeared in stations outside of the Huanghe River Estuary in the west of the bay, but high values occurred in the central of Bohai Sea. Regarding the temporal influence on macrobenthos, significant seasonal variations in the abundance and biomass were observed. The dominant species were distinct, the relative important species were Sternaspis sculata, Glycinde gurjanovae and Alvenius ojianus. Compared with the historical data, the species composition and dominant species had showed an obvious miniaturization trend.

Huanghe River Estuary  /  abundance  /  biomass  /  macrobenthos
袁伟, 王俊, 左涛, 牛明香, 栾青杉, 时永强, 孙坚强. 莱州湾大型底栖动物群落结构及其动态变化特征. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (6) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.007
Wei Yuan, Jun Wang, Tao Zuo, Mingxiang Niu, Qingshan Luan, Yongqiang Shi, Jianqiang Sun. Characteristics of community structure and the dynamic changes of macrobenthos in the Laizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (6) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.007
底栖动物是海洋生态系统的重要的组成部分,是海洋食物网中的重要环节。底栖动物在耦合湖泊底层营养与水层营养、水体生物分解(降低有机污染)和加速物质循环等多方面具有重要作用[1],也是海洋生态系统质量评价的重要指示生物类群。不同种类底栖生物对环境条件的适应性及对污染等不利因素的耐受力和敏感程度不同,根据这些特点,利用底栖生物的群落结构、优势种类、数量等参量可以确切反映水体的质量状况[2-4]。底栖动物也是多种渔业生物特别是中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)等放流种类的优质饵料,是提高海洋渔业资源量的重要基础生产力之一。
莱州湾是渤海渔业资源的重要产卵场和栖息地,近几十年来,受陆地及沿岸人类活动的影响(捕捞、养殖、海岸工程建设、石油天然气的开采等),莱州湾的底栖生态系统正在发生深刻的变化。这种现象已经引起国内研究人员的注意,并且陆续开展了相关调查研究[5-9]。但是这些研究只是侧重莱州湾单一季节,鲜见多季节性的观测分析。本文通过分析2009年夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)及2010年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)的多季节调查资料,探讨莱州湾大型底栖动物的生态特点、群落结构变动规律,为该水域渔业生产计划的拟定和水生态系统健康发展的维护提供科学依据。
本文在莱州湾海域进行了15个站位的大型底栖动物定量取样,站位分布见图1。本次研究使用开口面积为0.05 m2箱式采泥器采集未受扰动的沉积物样品。每个站位取2个平行样,使用0.05 mm的网筛分选大型底栖动物。样品的保存、处理、计数和称量等均按《海洋调查规范》[10]进行。管栖多毛类去管称重。软体动物带壳称重。
底栖生物群落中的优势种类根据Pinkas等[11]的相对重要性指数(IRI)确定:
IRI=(N+WF
式中,N为某一种类的密度占总密度的百分率;W为某一种类的生物量占总生物量的百分率;F为某一种类出现的站数占调查总站数的百分率。
IRI包含了生物的个体数、生物量及出现频率3个重要信息,常被用来研究群落中各种类的生态优势度。本文中,IRI>1000定为优势种,IRI在100~1000之间为重要种,IRI在10~100之间的为常见种,IRI<10为少见种。
4个季节共鉴定出大型底栖动物272种,其中包括环节动物多毛类122种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物64种,棘皮动物18种,鱼类9种,其他类13种。2009 年8 月、2009 年10 月、2010 年5 月和2010 年8 月航次大型底栖动物平均分别为21.6、14.9、11.7和16.2种,主要是低温、广盐、暖水种。从每个航次来看,站位间的底栖生物种数存在较大差异,其中物种数最少的为4934站,该站位位于黄河口北侧,渤海湾外。物种数较多的站位位于5151站、5251站、5183站和5274站,这些站位位于莱州湾至渤海中部海域,站位水深较深。在调查海域,由于黄河河口相对莱州湾其他海域沉积物生态环境的复杂多变,底栖动物的分布具有显著的空间异质性。河口附近4934站、5051站、5084站、6183站和6151站种类数相对较少,软体类脆壳理蛤(Thieora lata)、纵肋织纹螺(Nassarius variciferus)、紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus)在这几个站位中出现的个体数相对较多。
调查海域的平均丰度为(1102.56±216.32) ind./m2,其中环节动物多毛类占绝对优势,达521.54 ind./m2,占总平均丰度的47.30%;软体类为331.88 ind./m2,占30.10 %;甲壳类为104.55 ind./m2,占9.48 %;棘皮动物为88.06 ind./m2,占7.99%;其他类的丰度为56.53 ind./m2,占5.13 %;即由大到小依次为多毛类,软体类,甲壳类,棘皮类,其他类。调查海域平均生物量为(28.16±8.45) g/m2,软体动物占优势,为9.48 g/m2,占总平均生物量的33.67 %;多毛类为6.23 g/m2,占22.12 %;棘皮动物为5.67 g/m2,占20.13 %;甲壳类为3.82 g/m2,占13.57%;其他类的生物量为2.96 g/m2,占10.51%(图2)。
各主要类群丰度所占比例,季节性变动情况不一。多毛类所占比例呈现夏季高于春、秋季的趋势;甲壳类2010年高于2009年;软体类为波谷—波峰—波谷—波峰的变动规律;棘皮类的变动与多毛类相反,为春、秋季高于夏季(图3)。
表1列出了不同年份、季节底栖生物的相对重要性指数大于100的种类。不同年份、不同季节,各种底栖生物的相对重要性指数存在着差异。2009年夏季,不倒翁虫、紫壳阿文蛤、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、细长涟虫、秀丽波纹蛤、深沟毛虫等6种底栖动物的相对重要性指数大于500,包括3种多毛类、1种甲壳类和2种软体类,它们为该航次的重要种类;2009年秋季的优势种为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、不倒翁虫、纵肋织纹螺、紫壳阿文蛤,其中寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、不倒翁虫的重要性指数大于1000,是首要优势种类;2010年春季的优势种类是不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、细长涟虫、脆壳理蛤、紫壳阿文蛤,包括2种多毛类、1种甲壳类和2种软体类,只有不倒翁虫是首要优势种类;2010年夏季的优势种类是寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、紫壳阿文蛤、不倒翁虫、脆壳理蛤、细长涟虫、中蚓虫和深沟毛虫,包括了4种多毛类、1种甲壳类和2种软体类。总体来看,不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、紫壳阿文蛤和细长涟虫是调查海域的优势种类。
多样性指数(基于丰度数据)如图4所示。皮洛均匀度指数、马格列夫丰富度指数和香农−威纳多样性指数(H′)的季节变动规律相似,2009年10月最低,2010年5月其次,8月最高。蔡立哲等[9]根据H大小将污染评价范围分为4级,H值小于1,为重度污染;H′值在1~2之间,为中度污染;H值在2~3之间,为轻度污染;H值大于3,属于清洁。本研究中,2010年8月H′值为3.016±0.883,2009年8月、2009年10月和2010年5月分别为2.894±0.563、2.356±0.748和2.742±0.631。据此,莱州湾调查海域只在2010年8月为清洁,其余3个季节为轻度污染。
莱州湾大型底栖动物丰度的高分布区位于莱州湾外靠近渤海中央海域(图5, 图6),其中5151站、5251站和5274站是该海域的高值站位,4个季节的平均丰度均超过2000 ind./m2,这些站位中多毛类占绝对优势,比如不倒翁虫和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕两者在5183站的丰度值都达到1600 ind./m2
生物量分布特征与丰度具有很强的相似性(图7图8),高值区在莱州湾中央至渤海中部海域,附近站位具有水深、盐度高、颗粒粗、沉积物含砂量高、低有机质含量等特点;在莱州湾西侧黄河口附近海域站位丰度和生物量较低,附近海域具有水浅、低盐、颗粒细、粉砂–黏土含量和有机质含量高等特点[12]
莱州湾大型底栖动物丰度和生物量季节变化明显,并且变动规律相同,夏季最高,秋季其次,春季最低。
本次调查莱州湾大型底栖动物的种类数、平均丰度值和平均生物量与其他海域差异不一(表2),在种类数上,本次调查与渤海(2009年)和黄海南部(2000−2001年)差别不大,远远大于黄海北部近岸(1997年6月至1998年7月)调查结果;在平均丰度上,本航次数值高于黄海北部(1999年12月)、黄海南部(2000−2001年)以及黄河口及其邻近海域(1982年5月)的调查数值,低于渤海(1997−1999年)、渤海海峡(1997年6月至1998年9月)的调查数值,与渤海(2009年)基本相当;在生物量上,本航次数值只高于黄海南部(2000−2001年)和渤海(1982年7月),低于其他航次的调查数值。
与莱州湾的历史数据相比,本文丰度值除了高于2006年的调查数值(698 ind./m2)外,均低于其他年份(表3);平均种数(2009年为21种,2010年为18种)均远低于其他年份调查数值。总体来看,尽管大型底栖动物丰度与10年前比有所减少,但与20年前基本相当,而种数却与莱州湾呈一致的下降趋势。
甲壳类作为主要的底栖动物群落组成,在生态系统的物质和能量流动环节起着重要作用,大部分种类是中国对虾、三疣梭子蟹等重要渔业生物的饵料生物,其分布和数量变动影响着这些渔业生物的资源量。
在调查海域共获得甲壳类动物24种,占底栖动物总种类数的8.82%,其中端足目种类数最多,为18种,占总甲壳动物总种类数的75%,包括2种双眼钩虾科(Ampeliscidae),1种蜾贏蜚科(Corophiidae)等。优势种类或重要种包括细长涟虫、日本鼓虾、口虾姑及细螯虾(表4),体型较小的种类如长指马耳他钩虾、中华利尔钩虾等出现频率也比较高。调查中2009年夏、秋和2010年春、夏4个季节甲壳类的栖息密度分别为236.22 ind./m2、125.56 ind./m2、189.02 ind./m2和277.30 ind./m2,栖息密度季节变化明显,夏季最高,春季其次,秋季最低。
黄河口作为中国的主要内陆河之一,每年都会给莱州湾带入大量的陆源污染,黄河从黄土高原带来大量的泥沙,在黄河口附近沉降,这极大地改变了莱州湾黄河口附近大型底栖动物的生境,对其生长造成不利的影响。由于黄河上游调水调沙工程的实施,短期内引发入海径流和输沙量等物理环境的大幅波动[22]。近30年的研究显示,黄河口及其邻近海域大型底栖生物群落结构及优势种发生了一系列改变,其中多毛类、甲壳类的占比增加,双壳类动物占比减小的趋势最为明显[12,23]。20世纪80年代莱州湾的生物量很高,在远离河口的低沉积速率区即莱州湾近渤海中部海域,生物扰动占优势,穴居型的双壳类和棘皮动物在数量和生物量上均占明显优势[16],形成以凸壳肌蛤(Musculista senhousia)–心形海胆(Echinocardium cordatum)为优势种的群落[24],到90年代,原先在莱州湾占优势的心形海胆和凸壳肌蛤,被较小的紫壳阿文蛤和银白齿缘壳蛞蝓(Yokoyamaia argentata)取代[17],而2000年以后,优势种进一步被更小的种类小亮樱蛤(Nitidotellina minuta)和脆壳理蛤取代[6,12]。对生物量贡献很大的大型种类已在莱州湾失去优势,小个体的种类逐步取代大个体种类成为底栖动物群落的优势种类。本次调查发现莱州湾底栖动物的优势种为小个体的不倒翁虫和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕等。在胶州湾也观察到类似的变化。毕洪生等[24]在对胶州湾的底栖生物群落进行的为期5年的连续监测中发现,90年代与80年代相比,湾内的生物量和生物多样性相对较低,而栖息密度却一直呈稳步上升的趋势,尤其是小型底泥食性种类。袁伟等[25]对胶州湾西北部海域大型底栖动物群落的研究也发现,胶州湾的优势棘皮动物棘刺海参(Protankyra bidentata)和细雕刻肋海胆(Ternnopleurus toreumaticus)数量明显减少,多毛类种数比例增加,群落结构已发生了变化。
H′是评价大型底栖动物群落稳定性和生境质量的重要指标。莱州湾调查海域大型底栖动物2010年夏季的H′最高,为3.016±0.883,生境质量为清洁等级,高于其他3个调查月份的H′值。莱州湾大型底栖动物H′在1985−1987年处于较高水平(3.82),1998−2010年处于较低水平(范围为1.73~2.87),2011−2014年夏季多样性呈现升高趋势(范围为2.74~3.18),整体来看,目前莱州湾大型底栖动物H′相对1985−1987年数值偏低[26-27]
由上述可见,大型底栖动物的群落结构和优势种类在时间大尺度上发生了显著的变化[28],这种变化的产生原因主要包括:海洋富营养化、底拖网渔业生产、底栖动物捕食者的改变和自然环境的长期变动等[29]。莱州湾为半封闭性海湾,主要的入海河流为黄河和潍河,湾内水深较浅,水交换能力较差。随着近几十年环莱州湾经济的发展,大量的工业和生活污水进入莱州湾,引起海水的富营养化及海洋污染,给莱州湾海洋生态环境造成了极大的危害[30],这种富营养化会长期影响着大型底栖动物的种类组成以及多样性等生态特征,从而引起群落结构的变动。
在空间分布上,莱州湾西侧黄河口海域大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量都比较低,在湾口至渤海中央附近海域存在生物量和丰度的高值区,这与周红等[12]和刘晓收等[6]的报道是一致的。水环境和底质环境是影响大型底栖动物的最重要因素,它们决定了其动物区系和性质,使其呈现生物多样性的差异[31]。黄河口海域底栖生物物种丰富度相对较低,具有显著的空间异质性。丰度及生物量的高值区集中在距黄河口较远的海域,而低值区主要集中在靠近河口的站位。原因可能与黄河口复杂多变的环境密切相关,黄河径流的特点是“水少沙多”,年径流量为301×108 m3/a,输沙率为722×109 kg/a,输沙率远远高于长江和珠江[32];营养物质的大量输入和重金属的污染对底栖动物群落产生负面影响,同时黄河口径流量、输沙量月际变化很大,枯水期经常发生断流,最为严重的1997年断流时间长达266 d[33],这种剧烈的径流变化会严重破坏河口生态系统,进而对底栖生物的分布和群落结构产生较大的影响。
本次调查发现莱州湾底栖甲壳动物的优势种或重要种为细长涟虫、日本鼓虾、口虾姑及细螯虾,体型较小的端足类钩虾出现频率也比较高。与同时期胶州湾的调查结果相比有较大的差别[34],2000−2002年胶州湾甲壳动物的优势种和常见种包括:绒毛细足蟹(Raphidopus ciliatus)、豆型短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides)、异足倒颚蟹(Asthenognathus inaequipes)、拟盲蟹(Typhlocarcinops sp.)等蟹类。本次调查共鉴定甲壳动物24种,远远小于胶州湾的75种。大型底栖甲壳动物群落分布不仅与温度、盐度、底质和植被等因素密切相关[35],还与捕捞活动以及底栖动物捕食者的改变有很大的关系。莱州湾为我国北部重要的渔业经济生物繁育海湾,捕捞压力一直很大,直到1988年底拖网作业才退出莱州湾,这种对底栖生态系统破坏力极大的捕捞造成了渤海鱼类种群结构的变化,鱼类资源不断衰退,许多以大型底栖甲壳动物为食的渔业生物结构也相应发生了变化,这种食物链的改变,必然会造成大型底栖动物群落结构的改变,即大型底栖动物的小型化,以及某些大型甲壳动物(比如底栖蟹类)的缺失或消失[12],这可能是造成莱州湾底栖甲壳动物与胶州湾有较大差异的主要原因。
本研究4个季节共鉴定出大型底栖动物272种,包括环节动物多毛类122种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物64种,棘皮动物18种,鱼类9种,其他类13种。调查海域平均丰度为(1102.56±216.32) ind./m2,平均生物量为(28.16±8.45) g/m2;丰度和生物量的高值区分布在莱州湾口至渤海中央附近海域,低值区分布在莱州湾西侧黄海口附近海域。丰度和生物量在夏季最高,秋季和春季相对较低。
不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、紫壳阿文蛤和细长涟虫是调查海域的优势种类,与历史数据相比,优势种更替明显,并且出现小型化的趋势。
致谢:感谢农业部黄渤海渔业资源环境科学观测实验站资助。
  • 海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201505001);山东省泰山学者专项基金。
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2020年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.007
  • 接收时间:2019-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-08-19
  • 修回日期:2019-11-17
基金
海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201505001);山东省泰山学者专项基金。
作者信息
    1 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
    2 农业部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071
    3 山东省渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266071

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*王俊,研究员,主要从事海洋生物的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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