Article(id=1200503476422824126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=1731254400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151933055, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1730390400000, pubDateStr=2024-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151933055, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151933055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151933055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200503474099179701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151932500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764152158172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200503476661899462, articleId=1200503476422824126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The research progress of plant growth-promoting microorganisms in seagrass, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seagrass meadows play a vital role in protecting marine biodiversity, mitigating ocean acidification, and preventing soil erosion in the coastal ecosystem. However, global climate change and human activities seriously affect the life of seagrass, which cause the widespread degradation of the seagrass and threaten the safety of coastal ecosystems. Recently, the vital value of microorganisms in promoting the energy flow of seagrass meadows and their growth and development has gradually gained attention. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms(PGPM) will play their value in seedling cultivation, plant transplantation, seed planting and other techniques of seagrass meadow restoration. This paper reviewed the research on how microorganisms interacts with seagrass to promote the growth of plants and increase the resistance to abiotic stress. We introduced the mechanism of PGPM to enhance plant stress tolerance under high temperature, high salt, and low light. We propsoed that modern molecular biological technique should be used to screen seagrass PGPM, clarify the colonization site of PGPM, and explore the molecular interaction mechanism between PGPM and seagrass in different environmental conditions. This paper is some advice for promoting the application of PGPM in seagrass meadow restoration and seagrass protection.

, correspAuthors=wenquan Zhen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=meiyu Wang, wenquan Zhen, lina Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200503477244907738, articleId=1200503476422824126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海草促生微生物研究进展, columnId=1189609213333594548, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海草床在保护海洋生物多样性、缓解海水酸化、防止土壤侵蚀等方面发挥着关键作用。但是,全球气候变化以及人类活动严重影响海草的生存,造成海草大面积退化,威胁近岸海域生态系统安全。近年来,微生物促进海草床能量流动和海草生长发育的作用逐渐受到重视,植物促生微生物(Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms,PGPM)有望应用于海草苗种培育、植株移植、种子种植等海草床修复的关键技术中。本文综述了国内外关于微生物与海草相互作用促进植株生长和抵御环境胁迫的研究情况,总结了PGPM在高温、高盐、弱光等环境条件下增强植物胁迫耐受性的作用机制,提出利用现代分子生物学技术筛选海草促生微生物,明确其定植部位,探究不同环境条件下PGPM与海草相互作用的分子机制,为植物促生微生物PGPM应用于海草床修复及海草保护提供参考。

, correspAuthors=甄文全, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*甄文全,副教授,从事海洋生物多样性和环境效应机制研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gBCsBlEPm9dB8XRdhdMY7Q==, magXml=l+Z/iGuvHrHeJkUMiVjPgA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FrFYJiLxE4c0lGqrhzrs/Q==, pdfFileSize=823352, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jCZAswQ/p24xPkgFC2mhHg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3BfsdEa1LSXJ1MjI/8O2mw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王美玉(1993—),女,河北省衡水市人,从事微生物与植物互作机制研究。E-mail:

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王美玉(1993—),女,河北省衡水市人,从事微生物与植物互作机制研究。E-mail:

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王美玉(1993—),女,河北省衡水市人,从事微生物与植物互作机制研究。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=植物促生微生物), Keyword(id=1200862283262981074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200503476422824126, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=海草床修复)], refs=[Reference(id=1200862284076676083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200503476422824126, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lincoln S, Vannoni M, Benson L, et al. 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海草促生微生物研究进展
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王美玉 , 甄文全 * , 张立娜
海洋学报 | 综述 2024,46(11): 125-134
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海洋学报 | 综述 2024, 46(11): 125-134
海草促生微生物研究进展
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王美玉 , 甄文全* , 张立娜
作者信息
  • 唐山师范学院 海洋学院,河北 唐山 063000
  • 王美玉(1993—),女,河北省衡水市人,从事微生物与植物互作机制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*甄文全,副教授,从事海洋生物多样性和环境效应机制研究。E-mail:
The research progress of plant growth-promoting microorganisms in seagrass
meiyu Wang , wenquan Zhen* , lina Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Marine Science, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
出版时间: 2024-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024124
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海草床在保护海洋生物多样性、缓解海水酸化、防止土壤侵蚀等方面发挥着关键作用。但是,全球气候变化以及人类活动严重影响海草的生存,造成海草大面积退化,威胁近岸海域生态系统安全。近年来,微生物促进海草床能量流动和海草生长发育的作用逐渐受到重视,植物促生微生物(Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms,PGPM)有望应用于海草苗种培育、植株移植、种子种植等海草床修复的关键技术中。本文综述了国内外关于微生物与海草相互作用促进植株生长和抵御环境胁迫的研究情况,总结了PGPM在高温、高盐、弱光等环境条件下增强植物胁迫耐受性的作用机制,提出利用现代分子生物学技术筛选海草促生微生物,明确其定植部位,探究不同环境条件下PGPM与海草相互作用的分子机制,为植物促生微生物PGPM应用于海草床修复及海草保护提供参考。

海草  /  植物促生微生物  /  海草床修复

Seagrass meadows play a vital role in protecting marine biodiversity, mitigating ocean acidification, and preventing soil erosion in the coastal ecosystem. However, global climate change and human activities seriously affect the life of seagrass, which cause the widespread degradation of the seagrass and threaten the safety of coastal ecosystems. Recently, the vital value of microorganisms in promoting the energy flow of seagrass meadows and their growth and development has gradually gained attention. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms(PGPM) will play their value in seedling cultivation, plant transplantation, seed planting and other techniques of seagrass meadow restoration. This paper reviewed the research on how microorganisms interacts with seagrass to promote the growth of plants and increase the resistance to abiotic stress. We introduced the mechanism of PGPM to enhance plant stress tolerance under high temperature, high salt, and low light. We propsoed that modern molecular biological technique should be used to screen seagrass PGPM, clarify the colonization site of PGPM, and explore the molecular interaction mechanism between PGPM and seagrass in different environmental conditions. This paper is some advice for promoting the application of PGPM in seagrass meadow restoration and seagrass protection.

seagrass  /  plant growth-promoting microorganisms  /  seagrass meadow remediation
王美玉, 甄文全, 张立娜. 海草促生微生物研究进展. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (11) : 125 -134 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024124
meiyu Wang, wenquan Zhen, lina Zhang. The research progress of plant growth-promoting microorganisms in seagrass[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (11) : 125 -134 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024124
海草床、红树林和珊瑚礁生态系统共称为三大海洋生态系统,是海洋动物重要的食物来源和栖息场所,也是“蓝色碳汇”的主要贡献者[12]。但是,20世纪以来,在全球气候变化和人类活动的影响下,海水温度和盐度发生变化,污废水排海,海水富营养化,以及围填海等问题时刻威胁着海草床生态服务功能[35]。当前,海草床相关研究主要集中在海草床生态修复技术探索、海草生理生态研究[6]、海草床微生物群落结构与功能分析[7]等方面。种子种植法是修复海草床大规模退化的重要方法,海草苗圃培育和植株移植也是海草床修复的主要方法[8]。胡晓珂等综述了微生物在海草床生态系统有机物矿化和营养流动过程中的作用[9],提出从微生物生态角度修复海草床的新思路。微生物作为海草床的重要组成部分,在促进海草生长发育和生态适应中的作用不断被发现。例如,Celdrán等[10]发现大洋波喜荡草内生菌Methylophilus posidonica接种海草萌发的种子后,促进了幼苗发育。Zhou等[11]发现接种植物促生长的根际细菌可提高海草的光合作用性能。一般与植物相互作用、为植物提供营养物质、促进植物生长发育、提高植物抗胁迫能力的一类益生微生物,称为植物促生微生物[12](Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms,PGPM)。
利用微生物手段增强海草的环境适应性以及修复退化的海草床已成为研究热点[1113]。全球气候变化影响下,海草面临的主要挑战是温度升高、盐度胁迫和光照胁迫,严重时将造成海草大面积退化。探讨在多种环境条件下PGPM与海草的互作机制,将有助于提高海草应对未来气候变化的能力。本文通过分析国内外相关文献,全面梳理了海草床微生物与海草相互作用研究现状,包括海草床微生物对海草的促生作用、海草PGPM的筛选方法,以及不同环境胁迫对海草的影响,总结了不同环境条件胁迫下真菌、细菌、藻类和蓝细菌等微生物促进海草生长、增强植物胁迫耐受性和抗性的作用机制,探讨了今后微生物−海草互作的主要研究方向,进一步揭示微生物在环境胁迫下增强海草耐受性促进植株生长的作用机制,旨在挖掘海草促生微生物PGPM。本文将为海草床微生物资源利用和海草床生物修复提供新见解。
微生物参与海草床生态系统中C、N、Fe、S、P元素循环[9],在提供营养物质促进海草生长中发挥作用。Mohr等[14]发现Celerinatantimonas neptuna在海草根组织内定植,通过物质交换与海草形成共生关系,提供氨和氨基酸使海草能够在N含量有限的海域生长。海草根际除了含有丰富的固氮菌之外,也含有能够溶解不溶性无机(矿物)磷、矿化不溶性有机磷的微生物,帮助海草床解除P限制[15]。Fe循环对海草床的恢复也是必不可少的,Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌通过产生Fe(Ⅱ)沉淀成硫铁矿缓解硫化物对海草的毒害,当外源加入Fe时还可以增加碱性磷酸酶的活性,促进海草对P的吸收[1617]。底栖硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)被发现能够连接海草床C、N、S生物化学循环[18],通过还原沉积物中的硫酸盐,驱动海草床S循环。还原过程耦合CH4厌氧氧化,在减少烃类物质对海草的胁迫中也发挥作用[19]。SRB还可以利用CO2作为碳源对硫化物、硫酸盐进行歧化反应固定N2,同时减少海草根际H2S积累。
微生物可通过分泌生长素(吲哚乙酸IAA)、细胞分裂素(CK)、赤霉素等植物激素刺激植物生长发育[12]。Celdrán等[10]发现接种M. posidonica的海草幼苗生长旺盛,M. posidonica可能产生CK促进海草叶片生长。转录组测序分析也表明,海草叶和根内生微生物能够产生植物激素IAA和CK促进海草生长发育,是海草健康生长不可或缺的部分[20]
重金属、硫化物、有机污染物等物质积累会严重影响海草生长,也是造成海草床退化的因素[8],而微生物在减轻上述物质毒害中扮演着重要角色。硫氧化细菌(SOB)[21]与SRB[17]共同参与海草床S元素循环,维持海草根际低硫化物浓度。Shewanella sp. CNZ-1[22]能够向胞外分泌相关蛋白酶,通过氧化还原等反应将高毒性的价态转化为低毒性价态,降低重金属对海草的胁迫。已解析的一系列硝基酚类污染物的微生物代谢途径和分子机制[23],为利用微生物解除各类除草剂及其代谢产物对海草的胁迫提供了参考。
海草床微生物在提高植物免疫抗性和环境耐受性方面也具有巨大潜力。部分微生物通过分泌抗生素、蛋白酶等物质抑制病原微生物入侵宿主,诱导海草产生有效系统抗性[24]。Tarquinio等发现海草种子内生细菌表现出促进生长的特性、固氮能力和抗病原体潜在活性[25]。微生物因其多样的代谢调节机制和非常灵活的适应性,对促进宿主植物适应环境、生长和生存至关重要[26]
分离培养是传统且可靠的微生物分离纯化方式,也是海草PGPM筛选的基础。可以利用选择性培养基对海草叶片、茎、根和根际微生物进行分离培养,结合促生特性测定从而筛选得到促生功能菌株。林显程等[18]采用固氮、溶磷培养基对海草微生物进行分离培养,通过测定菌株的IAA产量及产铁载体和氨化能力等,最终筛选到5株海草根际促生菌株。
海草组微生物研究可借助近年来高速发展的宏基因组、转录组测序以及代谢组等技术,进行物种丰度分析、基因注释和基因功能富集分析,针对不同功能性菌株结合选择性培养基进行分离培养,从而实现特定功能菌株的精准筛选。大量植物促生功能相关基因已经报道并注释,其功能涉及参与养分循环、植物激素和铁载体合成、抗菌物质以及抗氧化代谢等[27]。高通量测序分析证实海草根际存在高丰度固氮基因(nifHDK),目前已分离到大量固氮成团泛菌和具有较高固氮酶活性的菌株[28]
高通量扩增子测序是快速明确微生物群落结构、筛选高丰度菌株或者不同环境条件下差异菌株的方法,可以用于海草未知功能促生菌的筛选和鉴定。组学技术的应用也能弥补大量微生物不能离体培养以及不能进行功能分析的问题。通过生物信息学分析,结合物种注释,整合环境因素、海草生理状态和发育过程,可以初步分析菌株功能。Tarquinio等[25]通过16S rRNA 基因扩增子测序发现与植物生长促进特性相关的细菌主要存在于生殖组织中。大量测序分析以及分离鉴定都证实海草床根际富含SOB,SOB可以将还原态H2S部分氧化或完全氧化生成亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐、硫酸盐等无毒产物[29]。后期研究发现外源加入SOB对硫化物入侵海草具有缓解作用[16],高效SOB菌株的挖掘和开发将有助于海草抵御环境胁迫。
在不同环境条件胁迫下测试菌株是否促进海草生长发育,是最直接有效筛选海草促生菌的方法。芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)等是国内外广泛报道的陆地植物根际促生菌,真菌哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)也具有抑制病原真菌、增强植物光合作用、缓解植物盐胁迫等方面的功能[2630]。重要的是,陆地植物PGPM中许多来自海草床和海草[3132]。林显程等[18]发现从海草中分离的Bacillus sp. 和Klebsiella sp.具有较强固氮、产铁载体、产IAA能力,但是在环境胁迫下,菌株对海草的促生功能还要进一步研究。
随着全球气候变化,更强烈的极端天气事件更频繁地发生,极端干旱或者降雨都会导致海草床盐度波动[33],而且海洋盐度数据显示海洋“咸变咸、淡变淡”的变化态势加剧[3]。高盐和低盐都严重影响海草细胞渗透压、离子浓度和光系统稳态,干扰光合作用,影响植物组织结构,最终可能导致海草床衰退[6]
高盐度胁迫一方面影响植物渗透压形成生理性干旱,激活防御系统导致活性氧(ROS)在植物中过量积累[34],ROS能够与多种不饱和脂肪酸和亚油酸反应,最终导致脂质过氧化,从而破坏细胞完整性。脂质氧化终产物丙二醛(MDA)在体内过量积累也会引起蛋白质、核酸等生命大分子的交联聚合,且具有细胞毒性;另一方面高盐度胁迫影响细胞离子浓度产生离子毒性,造成膜结构和细胞功能损伤,导致光合作用和糖代谢等过程异常[35]。抵御盐胁迫也是一个能量消耗过程,容易造成海草营养亏缺。大洋波喜荡草对盐度高度敏感,海水淡化厂废水排放造成的部分海域盐度升高,显著影响其PSⅡ的量子产率,威胁海草生长[3536]
海草微生物能够响应盐度胁迫。Martin等[37]发现,海草根际微生物多样性随盐度升高而增加。沉积物中海草微生物参与光合作用、P代谢和DNA代谢相关基因的丰度随盐度升高而增加[38]。微生物可能响应海草根际分泌物诱导参与调控海草盐胁迫抗性。陆地植物中已经证实微生物与植物互作并参与调控宿主植物胁迫抗性。例如,在接种Paenibacillus yonginensis的拟南芥幼苗中,参与ROS解毒的AtRSA1和维持细胞离子稳态的转录因子AtWRKY8基因转录水平显著升高,而负调控AtWRKY8的VQ模序蛋白AtVQ9基因转录下降[39]。根际促生菌Bacillus aquimaris可以使小麦叶片中N、P和K含量显著增加[40],以及Na+含量下降来维持细胞离子稳态,有效改善高盐胁迫下小麦的生长。目前,大量海洋微生物被用于诱导陆地植物盐胁迫抗性和在盐胁迫条件下促进陆地植物生长。例如,从海草床分离的细菌Curtobacterium luteum除了具有高效的磷酸盐溶解性之外,还产生有机酸(酒石酸和苹果酸)、磷酸酶、植酸酶、IAA等,在盐胁迫条件下显著促进水稻、番茄和辣椒的生长[31]。但是,海草微生物促进海草盐度胁迫抗性的研究较少。虽然海草自身调控可以在一定范围内应对盐度胁迫,但是未来全球极端天气可能更加频繁出现,海草抗盐胁迫促生菌的筛选及其调控机制研究可能成为一个重要的研究方向。
Bacillus是海草可培养细菌中的优势属[18],崔金香等[41]发现海洋微生物Bacillus subtilis、棘孢木霉、放线菌可以缓解盐胁迫对陆地植物的损伤,接种促生菌的番茄植株渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖,以及叶绿素含量显著提高,MDA含量降低。Xiong等[42]发现B. flexus可以促进沿海盐生植物的叶绿素积累以增强光合作用,并增加渗透调节物质、类黄酮和抗氧化酶含量,调节Na+ /K+稳态,从而减轻盐胁迫伤害。海草也通过产生渗透活性溶质使细胞内保持高渗透势,进而在盐碱环境中可以排出Na+和Cr [43]Bacillus spp.菌株可能在缓解海草渗透胁迫和离子毒性中发挥作用。Vohník等研究发现海草内生真菌主要是子囊菌科真菌,如青霉属(Penicillium[44]Penicillium minioluteum也可以减轻盐胁迫对植物的不利影响,并通过影响植物激素和类黄酮的生物合成来挽救宿主植物的生长[45]。海草内生真菌也包括哈茨木霉T. harzianum。Sabzi-Nojadeh等[26]发现,接种T. harzianum的陆地植物积累了更多的渗透调节剂和萜类化合物,而且抗氧化酶活性增加,减轻了盐度胁迫引起的氧化应激。植物促生真菌可以通过改善宿主植物生理生化性状和次生代谢产物的生物合成来缓解盐胁迫。
丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是被广泛报道的植物耐盐促生菌,与绝大多数陆地植物共生,然而AMF和盐生植物具有更高效的共生系统。在高盐胁迫下,一方面AMF共生体将增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性,保护光系统PSⅡ,同时诱导多种耐盐相关基因表达,增强宿主植物在盐胁迫下的抗氧化代谢[46]。另一方面,AMF促进宿主植物吸收水分和快速吸收钾、钙、镁等离子并积累渗透调节物质,维持植物离子稳态进而增强植物耐盐性[47]。AMF处理后菌根化的盐地碱蓬POD 酶活性显著提高,磷吸收率和生物量也显著升高[48]。转录组分析发现,在高/低盐度胁迫下海草差异表达基因主要富集在运输和分解代谢、环境适应等通路[49],响应渗透压胁迫和盐胁迫的相关离子通道蛋白和转运蛋白在海草的Na+区域化转移中发挥重要作用[5051]。目前,海草微生物研究中尚未分离到AMF菌根共生体。
Vohník等[44]在大洋波喜荡草的根状茎中分离到深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)。DSE可以增加宿主植物的生物量和氮、磷含量,促进植物生长;然而,表明DSE具有介导植物耐盐性潜力的研究很少。Usuki和 Narisawa等[52]发现被一种DSE真菌—Heteroconium chaetospira定植的根组织积累了更多参与渗透调节的可溶性糖(甘露醇和海藻糖)。从盐生植物的根中分离出的一种DSE子囊菌可在水稻幼苗内生定植,在盐胁迫条件下DSE定植的植物更加健康[53]。DSE在海草根系中的生理功能及其作用机制还需要进一步研究。
海洋储存了90%以上的全球变暖热量,自有海洋观测记录以来海水持续升温[3]。夏季海草床海水温度已平均升高4~5℃,导致地中海大洋波喜荡草等一些对高温敏感的海草死亡[4],温度升高也会影响鳗草芽和叶片的存活。高温胁迫导致海草光合系统受损、叶绿体结构被破坏,影响海草光合与呼吸作用,干扰海草生长和代谢平衡[54]。高温环境也引发海草氧化应激反应,ROS过量累积将导致细胞氧化损伤,长时间热胁迫会破坏植物体抗氧化系统造成植物器官不可逆损害,最终导致海草死亡[55]
蓝细菌能够适应强光、高温、低温等极端环境,广泛存在于海草叶面和根际以及水环境中。研究人员在泰来草叶片中检测到大量固氮蓝细菌。当前研究发现,蓝细菌通过提供氮源和其他代谢产物与宿主植物形成稳定高效的共生关系[56]。Kobayashi等[57]研究发现,蓝细菌热激响应信号模块Hik34-Rre1正向调控主要伴侣蛋白和其他基因的热胁迫转录。集胞藻PCC 6803中丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶SpkC也被证实参与响应高温胁迫,SpkG参与高盐胁迫信号的响应[58]。Zhang等[59]发现在高温处理下,海草根际微生物中蓝细菌门和放线菌门占据优势,藻类和光合细菌丰度升高也增加了海草根际溶解氧含量,可能有助于海草抵御硫化物入侵。Sasse等[60]在蓝细菌分布的植物组织内检测到黏液多糖蛋白,可能是防御土壤微生物入侵的屏障。除了提供N素和抵御生物胁迫,蓝细菌与海草之间可能存在更加密切的相互作用,有必要探索海草共生蓝细菌在海草适应温度变化、抵御环境胁迫中的作用。
Liu等[16]发现,随着温度上升海草根际SRB/SOB值发生变化,高温胁迫对SOB的抑制作用明显高于SRB,这可能导致海草根际微生物群落结构改变加剧硫化物毒害。高浓度H2S是毒性分子,与细胞色素氧化酶、CAT等结合抑制其活性,影响海草光合和呼吸作用;低浓度H2S可作为气体递质,通过诱导抗氧化系统活力的增强、渗透调节物质的积累和热激蛋白的合成等方式提高植物的耐热性[61]。Martin等[37]发现,在海草受硫化物胁迫的早期,根际S循环细菌的丰度明显增加,包括SOB(例如 Candidatus Thiodiazotropha 和 Candidatus Electrothrix)和SRB(例如SEEP-SRB1、DesulfomonileDesulfonema)。然而,Zhang等[59]发现在海洋变暖和海洋酸化的联合作用下,海草和根际细菌共同响应胁迫,微生物群落稳定性增加,根际细菌中SOX相关基因丰度显著增加,可能通过产生硫酸盐和氧化H2S来减弱环境胁迫对海草的影响。硫酸盐经过一系列的还原和同化反应可以产生半胱氨酸,作为合成多种代谢物的前体,与植物的抗逆性直接相关[62]
目前,除了从海草中分离鉴定到大量促生细菌如Bacillus、Klebsiella和放线菌,Petersen等[32]从鳗草中分离到促生真菌T. harzianum,其次生代谢产物具有强烈的抑菌活性,但是其促进海草热胁迫抗性的研究尚无报道。在陆地植物中,施用B. subtilisT. harzianum微生物菌剂能显著提高多年生黑麦草在高温环境下的地上部鲜重/干重、根系活力、净光合速率、SOD和POD活性,能够降低叶片相对质膜透性和MDA含量,而且长时间高温胁迫下,T. harzianum提高植物耐热性的效果最好[63]。在高温胁迫下,接种Bacillus sp.促生菌的宿主植物生物量显著提高,抗性相关的植物激素脱落酸(ABA)含量以及水杨酸(SA)生物合成明显受到影响,植物APX、SOD及GSH抗氧化酶含量提高以应对高温胁迫,而且接种后宿主植物热激蛋白(HSPs)相关基因也明显上调表达(如番茄热激转录因子 SlHsfA1a 和钾转运蛋白SlHKT1基因)[6465]。同陆地植物一致,海草也通过热激转录因子(HSF)激活对高温胁迫的响应。在高温胁迫下,鳗草中HSPs基因上调表达[66],HSPs通过多种机制促进细胞热耐受[67]。除了抗氧化系统和HSP调控外,海草的植物激素、维生素B和海藻糖代谢相关过程也响应热胁迫[68]。DSEs在海草中被分离鉴定,也是高温胁迫下的重要促生菌资源。DSEs广泛存活于高温环境的植物中,能够有效延缓植物根系衰老,提高叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率[69],降低高温对根系和叶片的损伤。DSE也可以促进宿主植物光合产物的积累与转运,有效促进物质能量在不同组织间的分配[70],减少高温对植物生长的影响。
随着海洋开发强度日益增大,人类活动严重影响着海草床的水体浊度[71]。海草的最低光需求高容易受到光限制,导致海草光合速率降低,植株非结构性碳水化合物含量下降从而抑制海草生长。弱光胁迫导致的光合作用受限将影响海草根际泌氧,低氧环境是海草受到硫化氢入侵的关键。随着全球变暖、海水温度升高以及海水富营养化将造成沿海浮游藻类大量增殖[72],容易形成光衰减和水体溶解氧不足,造成海草光合系统活性和电子传递速率下降。海草叶面附生藻类、光合细菌也与海草竞争光照,可能导致海草叶片表层脱落、叶片褪绿和坏死[73]。弱光胁迫严重影响海草的有性生殖,长时间的弱光环境将导致海草死亡、海草床退化。
Martin等[74]研究发现,光照减少会改变海草根部分泌物和海草根部微生物群落组成。植物根系微生物可以根据地上部光照条件对植物生长与防御采取不同的调控策略。Hou等[75]研究发现在弱光条件下,部分细菌−植物共生体优先拯救弱光条件下植物生长缺陷而非防御其他胁迫。光合作用是植物将光能转化为化学能的重要过程,也是植物应对生物/非生物胁迫的物质和能量基础,多种微生物可通过增强植物光合强度协助植物缓解环境胁迫促进植株生长。海草接种促进光合作用的PGPM可能是实现可持续发展的关键策略。
Zhou等[11]研究发现,接种根际促生菌Raoultella terrigena NXT28和Bacillus aryabhattai XT37后,海草生物量明显增加,光合速率显著提高。芽孢杆菌菌株XT37具有高水平的产铁载体、氨、IAA和磷酸盐溶解能力,基因组测序分析也发现该菌株含有许多植物生长促进基因[11],如ipdC(编码参与IAA产生的醇−3−丙酮酸脱羧酶)、yafVrocD(编码参与植物胁迫耐受的鸟氨酸转氨酶)和trpA。这些基因可以通过营养同化直接促进植物生长,或通过减轻植物的非生物和生物胁迫来间接促进植物生长。在陆地植物中,芽孢杆菌B. subtilis的使用也提高了宿主植物黑麦草的叶绿素含量,增强了植株净光合强度[63]
目前,在海草中已经分离得到了大量内生放线菌,其中Nocardiopsis dassonvillei DMS 1具有生产抑制MDR细菌新抗生素的潜力[76]。陆地植物中,放线菌除了具有优良抗菌活性,还可以增加宿主植物叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率[77]。水稻内生放线菌OsiSh-12在诱导水稻免疫防御激活的同时参与调控生长与防御相关代谢途径的响应水平,有效促进水稻叶绿体发育并提高光合作用效率,维持水稻生长和防御平衡[78]。在全球大气候环境下,探索海草内生放线菌促进海草的光合作用维持植物生长和促进植物胁迫抗性的作用机制,对提高海草生产力和海草床修复具有重要意义。
光合细菌除了与海草竞争光照,也可以促进动植物快速生长,在低氮弱光条件下复合光合菌剂的优势菌为Pseudomonas [79]。光合细菌富含辅酶Q10、叶酸、生物素、天然抗氧化性营养素等活性物质,而且能够降解环境中有害氮素、H2S等有害物质。易军等[80]研究发现,光合菌剂Rhodopseudomonas palustris不仅可以提高宿主植物的耐盐性,在弱光环境下明显增加小麦旗叶叶宽和叶面积,提升植物叶绿素含量显著,小麦净光合速率也明显增加。转录组测序结果表明,鳗草微生物组产生可能导致藻类表观生物疾病和死亡的琼脂酶[20]从而抑制藻类附着,而包括藻类在内的真核生物通过释放化学引诱剂或阻滞剂来塑造鳗草叶上的原核生物群落[81]。真核生物和细菌附生生物互作在一定程度上驱动了鳗草表面的群落组装和协同进化,间接影响鳗草的生长。
黄志等[82]研究发现,陆地植物丛枝菌根真菌AMF能够提高弱光及盐胁迫复合逆境下植株的净光合速率,通过促进植物光合色素形成,维持光合色素浓度,进而维持植株在弱光和盐双重胁迫下的耐受性。弱光条件下AMF促进宿主植物生长,一方面可能通过提高植物根系活力促进对营养元素和水分的吸收,以维持植物生长代谢;另一方面可能是通过增加植物叶绿素含量、增强净光合速率,以及调控一些植物激素如SA、ABA等合成或降解,增强植物弱光耐受性。DSEs共生体不仅可以促进植物叶片的叶绿素合成,而且有助于叶片形态改变、优化根系形态特征,通过增大植物叶面积来捕获更多光能,从而增加有机干物质的积累,有效提高植物的光合作用[6983]。海草也通过调整叶片形态[84]、生物量、非结构性碳水化合物和元素含量等在叶片或根系组织的分配与利用来适应弱光环境[85]。目前已经在海草中分离鉴定到一种共生真菌DSEs,内生真菌可能在海草适应性生长中发挥作用。
植物促生微生物PGPM通过缓解胁迫引发的氧化应激、蛋白质变性、生物膜系统损伤、渗透胁迫,增加植物叶绿素含量增强光合作用,以及提高植物胁迫抗性相关基因表达等机制,增强植物对盐度、温度和光照胁迫的耐受性和抗性(图1)。在海草床中,PGPM通过与海草相互作用增强海草的环境胁迫耐受性(图1),可能在促进海草适应未来气候变化中发挥重要作用,海草PGPM的筛选与作用机制研究将成为海草床生态修复以及海草保护研究的重点。
(1)海草促生真菌的筛选是需要深入研究的方向之一。真菌不仅是造成海草病害的主要病原体,也是抗生素和具有不同生物活性的次级代谢产物的生产者。在陆地植物中,哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)是众所周知的生防菌,具有较强的促生作用。AMF及DSE类真菌与陆地植物形成菌根共生体,除了促进宿主植物生长、提高抗逆性和改善光合生理外,在改变植物对重金属的吸收累积、提高抗病性方面也发挥重要作用。研究人员从鳗草中也分离到T. harzianum和DSE,未来可能用于规模化的海草苗圃培育及幼苗定植,使PGPM与海草床修复技术融合,更好地促进海草的生长和环境适应性。DSEs与海草之间潜在的共生关系尚需要进一步挖掘。
(2)需要加强借助分子生物学技术、生物信息学分析手段,通过转录组、蛋白组以及代谢组学分析,探究非生物胁迫下PGPM与海草之间的分子互作机制。例如,利用GFP标记探究PGPM的定植部位,为解析促生菌的作用机制提供参考。Zhou等[11]通过16S rRNA扩增子测序以及数据生信分析发现,海草促生菌株XT37可以在海草根际成功定植,通过富集和抑制铁循环和硫循环细菌类群的丰度,诱导根际微生物群的特异性变化。大量研究发现,植物通过重塑微生物群落来增强对生物和非生物胁迫的抵抗力[86]。未来可借助组学技术分析面对不同环境胁迫时,海草如何调控PGPM富集,并揭示PGPM增强海草胁迫耐受的分子机制,为海草PGPM精确有效地应用于海草床生态保护和修复提供参考。
  • 唐山师范学院科学研究基金项目(2023B19)
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024124
  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
  • 修回日期:2024-11-11
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唐山师范学院科学研究基金项目(2023B19)
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    唐山师范学院 海洋学院,河北 唐山 063000

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*甄文全,副教授,从事海洋生物多样性和环境效应机制研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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