Article(id=1212069461440458807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695225600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-21, revisedDate=1698508800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766909478768, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1703952000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766909478768, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766909478768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766909478768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212069458550583325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766909478080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924871391, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212069461675339840, articleId=1212069461440458807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Joint retrieval of wind and current using airborne Doppler scatterometer, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Doppler scatterometer is able to measure radar backscattering coefficient and Doppler frequency over sea surface, such that it can be used to retrieve sea surface wind and sea surface current simultaneously. This paper performs a study on the joint wind and current retrieval based on the observation data from an airborne Doppler scatterometer, which results are compared with those of independent retrieval. The results indicate that the accuracy of sea surface current is significantly improved by introducing the radar backscattering coefficients into the joint inversion method, however, the accuracy of the retrieved wind field from the joint inversion method is slightly lower than that of the independent wind inversion, compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts winds. This implies that the Doppler information has little influence on the wind retrieval, while the radar backscattering coefficients (the wind) have a remarkable impact on the sea surface current retrieval. The joint inversion algorithm can mitigates the effects of sea surface wind for the current retrieval. The results of this study provide a new insight to the interplay between wind inversion and current retrieval, and also provide a reference for the data processing of spaceborne Doppler scatterometer.

, correspAuthors=Wenming Lin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wencheng Zhao, Wenming Lin, Yijun He, Qingliu Bao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212069463587942536, articleId=1212069461440458807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=机载多普勒散射计海风海流联合反演研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多普勒散射计能够获取海面后向散射系数和多普勒频移,从而实现海面风场和海表流场的同步观测。本文基于机载多普勒散射计的观测数据,对多普勒散射计海面风场和海表流场联合反演模型进行研究,并与风场流场独立反演结果进行对比。结果表明,联合反演的流场精度显著优于独立反演结果;然而以欧洲中期天气预报中心的海面风场为参考时,联合反演风场的精度略低于独立反演结果。这说明多普勒频移信息对海面风场反演的贡献不太显著,但雷达后向散射系数信息(即风场)对流场反演有积极的作用,通过联合反演算法能够更有效地消除海面风场对流场反演的影响。研究结果有助于进一步理解海面风场和海表流场反演时的相互影响,并为星载多普勒散射计的数据处理提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=林文明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林文明(1984—),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=G5/oTyYnLAGqbbF5uI1Cbw==, magXml=DuElP5Wu9dNJBrP18rBxjw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Avh14W1BM22CzQvKRY+4hA==, pdfFileSize=3385676, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Nzo/IqZO1i1UXKCDEyGnxg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QTfTAM8IbXeE/cirEU8S8A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵文成(1999—),男,河南省周口市人,研究方向为雷达信号处理和海洋微波遥感。E-mal:

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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069461440458807, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Evaluation of the retrieved sea surface wind, figureFileSmall=YN6GNDT2ZZHNaGjZJF/cdw==, figureFileBig=YU6HNsmkOiIZbl9AFXLJqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337931691180953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069461440458807, language=CN, label=图7, caption=海面风场反演精度评估, figureFileSmall=YN6GNDT2ZZHNaGjZJF/cdw==, figureFileBig=YU6HNsmkOiIZbl9AFXLJqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337931791844254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069461440458807, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Flight situation of each sortie

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架次飞行日期飞行时间海流计数据数据大小/GB
18月6日14:30–17:30166
28月11日14:30–17:10387
38月15日14:00–18:00283
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各架次飞行情况

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架次飞行日期飞行时间海流计数据数据大小/GB
18月6日14:30–17:30166
28月11日14:30–17:10387
38月15日14:00–18:00283
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Technical specifications of airborne Dopplerscatterometer

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项目技术指标
中心频率35.9 GHz
脉冲带宽5 MHz
脉冲时宽4 μs
脉冲间隔4 μs
采样频率56 MHz
极化方式VV
入射角50°
飞行高度3~3.5 km
飞行速度180~200 km/h
发射峰值功率20 W
脉冲重复周期100 μs
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机载多普勒散射计技术指标

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项目技术指标
中心频率35.9 GHz
脉冲带宽5 MHz
脉冲时宽4 μs
脉冲间隔4 μs
采样频率56 MHz
极化方式VV
入射角50°
飞行高度3~3.5 km
飞行速度180~200 km/h
发射峰值功率20 W
脉冲重复周期100 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1215337932211274668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069461440458807, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the inversion results of different retrieval algorithms with respect to the ocean current meter data

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纬度经度海流计
流速/(m·s−1
海流计
流向/(°)
独立反演
流速/(m·s−1
独立反演
流向/(°)
联合反演
流速/(m·s−1
联合反演
流向/(°)
21.770 3°N112.093 7°E0.057 4219.850.086 8178.860.098 4209.83
21.706 7°N112.094 2°E0.246 1176.950.352 5169.550.313 3194.62
21.647 1°N112.098 7°E0.189 483.060.356 398.130.306 385.64
21.515 1°N112.106 2°E0.057 9162.670.125 2178.680.092 3175.32
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不同反演算法下反演结果与海流计数据对比

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纬度经度海流计
流速/(m·s−1
海流计
流向/(°)
独立反演
流速/(m·s−1
独立反演
流向/(°)
联合反演
流速/(m·s−1
联合反演
流向/(°)
21.770 3°N112.093 7°E0.057 4219.850.086 8178.860.098 4209.83
21.706 7°N112.094 2°E0.246 1176.950.352 5169.550.313 3194.62
21.647 1°N112.098 7°E0.189 483.060.356 398.130.306 385.64
21.515 1°N112.106 2°E0.057 9162.670.125 2178.680.092 3175.32
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Retrieval accuracy of sea surface current field under different retrieval algorithms

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反演精度评估BiasSDRMSE
独立反演流速/(m·s–10.090.050.11
独立反演流向/(°)–4.2322.9523.33
联合反演流速/(m·s–10.060.030.07
联合反演流向/(°)5.8110.5812.07
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不同反演算法下海表流场反演精度

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反演精度评估BiasSDRMSE
独立反演流速/(m·s–10.090.050.11
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联合反演流速/(m·s–10.060.030.07
联合反演流向/(°)5.8110.5812.07
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机载多普勒散射计海风海流联合反演研究
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赵文成 1 , 林文明 2, 3, * , 何宜军 2, 3 , 鲍青柳 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(12): 112-120
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(12): 112-120
机载多普勒散射计海风海流联合反演研究
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赵文成1 , 林文明2, 3, * , 何宜军2, 3, 鲍青柳4
作者信息
  • 1 南京信息工程大学 电子与信息工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 3 自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 4 航天宏图信息技术股份有限公司,北京 100195
  • 赵文成(1999—),男,河南省周口市人,研究方向为雷达信号处理和海洋微波遥感。E-mal:

通讯作者:

*林文明(1984—),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:
Joint retrieval of wind and current using airborne Doppler scatterometer
Wencheng Zhao1 , Wenming Lin2, 3, * , Yijun He2, 3, Qingliu Bao4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Bejing 100195, China
出版时间: 2023-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023169
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多普勒散射计能够获取海面后向散射系数和多普勒频移,从而实现海面风场和海表流场的同步观测。本文基于机载多普勒散射计的观测数据,对多普勒散射计海面风场和海表流场联合反演模型进行研究,并与风场流场独立反演结果进行对比。结果表明,联合反演的流场精度显著优于独立反演结果;然而以欧洲中期天气预报中心的海面风场为参考时,联合反演风场的精度略低于独立反演结果。这说明多普勒频移信息对海面风场反演的贡献不太显著,但雷达后向散射系数信息(即风场)对流场反演有积极的作用,通过联合反演算法能够更有效地消除海面风场对流场反演的影响。研究结果有助于进一步理解海面风场和海表流场反演时的相互影响,并为星载多普勒散射计的数据处理提供了参考。

多普勒散射计  /  海面风场  /  海表流场  /  联合反演算法

Doppler scatterometer is able to measure radar backscattering coefficient and Doppler frequency over sea surface, such that it can be used to retrieve sea surface wind and sea surface current simultaneously. This paper performs a study on the joint wind and current retrieval based on the observation data from an airborne Doppler scatterometer, which results are compared with those of independent retrieval. The results indicate that the accuracy of sea surface current is significantly improved by introducing the radar backscattering coefficients into the joint inversion method, however, the accuracy of the retrieved wind field from the joint inversion method is slightly lower than that of the independent wind inversion, compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts winds. This implies that the Doppler information has little influence on the wind retrieval, while the radar backscattering coefficients (the wind) have a remarkable impact on the sea surface current retrieval. The joint inversion algorithm can mitigates the effects of sea surface wind for the current retrieval. The results of this study provide a new insight to the interplay between wind inversion and current retrieval, and also provide a reference for the data processing of spaceborne Doppler scatterometer.

Doppler scatterometer  /  sea surface wind  /  sea surface current  /  joint inversion
赵文成, 林文明, 何宜军, 鲍青柳. 机载多普勒散射计海风海流联合反演研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (12) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023169
Wencheng Zhao, Wenming Lin, Yijun He, Qingliu Bao. Joint retrieval of wind and current using airborne Doppler scatterometer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (12) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023169
风场和流场是海洋动力学的基本要素,对全球气候变化具有重要的调节作用。它们在全球天气预报、海气相互作用、海洋环流、热带气旋和海洋动力学预测等领域具有重要意义[12]。一方面,校正风场、波浪引起的多普勒频移是准确反演海表流场的关键。另一方面,海流通过调制海面粗糙散射面影响海面风场遥感。因此,对海面风场和海表流场进行同步观测对于高精度获取这两种海洋动力环境要素的遥感信息具有重要意义[3]
自从1978年美国首次发射全球首个星载微波散射计SASS以来,散射计海面风场观测技术经过40多年的发展已逐渐成熟[4]。目前,全球运行业务化的星载微波散射计主要集中在C波段和Ku波段,例如欧洲MetOp卫星搭载的先进散射计(ASCAT)、印度的OceanSat-2卫星搭载的OSCAT[5]以及中国HY-2A/B/C/D卫星的HSCAT[6]和中法海洋卫星(CFOSAT)的CSCAT[7],这些卫星散射计已具备相对成熟的全球海面风场观测能力。近年来,学者们提出了一种新型的遥感雷达—多普勒散射计,以实现同步观测海面风场和海表流场的目标。例如,Fois等[810]提出了一种利用C波段双极化多普勒散射计的方案,该方案可以同时观测雷达后向散射系数和多普勒频移。然而,后续的研究证实该方案无法满足海流遥感指标的精度要求。相比之下,Bao等[1112]通过仿真实验验证了使用Ku波段笔形波束圆锥扫描散射计进行海面表面流测量的可行性,并提出了一种同时测量海面风场和海表流场的系统方案。同时,Rodríguez等[13]也提出了利用Ka波段多普勒散射计进行海面风场和海表流场观测的任务概念。该方案采用了类似于NASA的QuikSCAT[14]微波散射计的笔形波束天线圆锥扫描体制,并可以从至少两个不同的方位角进行观测,从而实现海面风场和海表流场的同步观测。为了进一步提高测量精度,Miao等[15]提出了一种利用Ka-Ku双频笔形波束圆锥扫描多普勒散射计的方案。其中,Ku波段主要用于海面风场观测,而Ka波段则主要用于海表流场观测。仿真结果表明,双频段的测量精度优于单频段测量。此外,Zhang等[16]开展了Ka波段机载多普勒散射计海面风场和海表流场反演的研究,并进一步验证了多普勒散射计实现海面风场和海表流场观测的可行性。
尽管目前尚未成功发射面向海表流场遥感的星载微波传感器,许多国内外研究机构已提出了相应的卫星观测计划。其中,部分卫星任务计划拟采用多普勒散射计进行全球海表流场遥感。NASA确定了未来10年内的首要任务为风和流联合观测计划(WaCM[17]),并于2022年3月开始与法国SKIM[18]团队共同推进该任务。WaCM将采用Ka波段多普勒散射计观测全球海表面的全流场、风矢量。中国科学院国家空间科学中心提出了全球海表流场多尺度结构观测卫星计划(Ocean Surface Current multiscale Observation Mission,OSCOM[19])。该计划将采用Ka-Ku双频多波束圆锥扫描体制的多普勒散射计,主要用于观测全球海表的全流场、海浪谱和风矢量。与NASA的WaCM和法国的SKIM计划(未被欧洲空间局列入科学卫星计划)相比,OSCOM在观测频段、海表流速观测精度和观测范围上具有更大优势。其海表流速的观测精度指标为0.1 m/s,远超过NASA WaCM计划0.25 m/s的精度指标;采用多波束圆锥扫描体制实现1 000 km刈幅范围的观测,优于法国SKIM计划320 km的观测范围[20]
上述海流遥感卫星计划均指出了海面风场和海表流场同步监测的可行性。然而,目前关于多普勒散射计的海风海流联合反演研究仍处于起步阶段,反演模型算法、代价函数优化、海风海流反演时的相互影响等仍面临诸多不确定性。因此,本文使用机载多普勒散射计观测数据对海面风场和海表流场联合反演算法进行研究,通过实测数据分析、反演和比对,厘清海面风场和海表流场反演时的主要影响因素及其相互影响情况。
本文使用的是中国科学院国家空间科学中心于2020年8月开展的Ka波段机载多普勒散射计校飞试验的观测数据。该机载试验共飞行3个架次,观测区域为广东阳江以南海域。其中,第二架次飞行观测实现了SeaGuard RCM多普勒单点海流计浮标同步观测。具体飞行情况如表1所示。与QuickSCAT和HY-2系列散射计相似,该机载多普勒散射计采用笔形波束旋转扫描的观测方式(图1)。由于试验的主要目的是验证Ka波段多普勒散射计测量海表流场的可行性,该散射计仅配置了垂直极化(收发相同,即VV极化)的天线波束。
机载多普勒散射计的脉冲时序选择为脉冲簇形式,每个脉冲簇包内包含两个脉冲,如图2所示。
为了确保相邻信号之间不会发生混叠,多普勒散射计的脉冲间隔设置为4 μs。接收窗的开窗延时设置在20~50 μs之间,而接收窗的宽度为33 μs。每发送、接收5个簇信号之后,散射计会测量1次参考定标信号,后者由发射脉冲簇直接耦合至接收机得到。脉冲重复周期(PRT)为100 μs,每秒约接收一万个数据包。机载多普勒散射计的具体技术指标如表2所示。
机载多普勒散射计校飞试验数据处理分为数据预处理和数据处理两个阶段。首先是数据预处理,通过对原始的0级(L0)数据进行处理,生成用于数据反演的L1级数据。L1级数据包括经过处理后的干涉相位差(图3)以及与后向散射系数相关的信息[16]。本文使用的数据是机载多普勒散射计第二架次观测的L1级数据,用于进行海面风场和海表流场的遥感反演研究。
此外,本文采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的风场产品作为参考风场,对海面风场反演结果进行精度评估。同时,在飞机飞行区域放置了4个SeaGuard RCM多普勒单点海流计对海表流场进行同步观测。每个观测点的观测时间为10~15 min,观测周期内测量结果的平均值作为真实流场,用于对海表流场反演结果的精度评估。
目前散射计风场反演最常用的方法是最大似然估计法(MLE),通过对比实测${\sigma ^0}$与利用地球物理模式函数(GMF)计算的${\sigma ^0}$,寻找合适的风矢量解[21]。该方法的代价函数为
$ \text{MLE}=\sum _{i\;=\;1}^{N}\frac{{\left({\sigma}^{0}_{m}{}_{i}-{\sigma }_{\text{t}}^{0}\right)}^{2}}{{\left({K}_{\text{p}}\cdot {\sigma }_{i}^{0}\right)}^{2}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {\sigma^0 _m}_i $为散射计第$ i $次观测的后向散射系数;$ \sigma _{\text{t}}^0 $是利用GMF计算的给定风场条件下的后向散射系数;$ {K_{\text{p}}} $是归一化的后向散射系数测量误差。
针对Ka波段GMF的研究较少。本文使用的是Yurovsky等[22]开发的Ka波段GMF(KaDPMod),其模型表达式为
$ \sigma^0=A_0(\theta,U)+A_1(\theta,U)\cos\phi+A_2(\theta,U)\cos2\phi\text{,} $
式中,$ U $表示风速;$ \theta $表示入射角;$ \phi $表示相对方位角;拟合系数$ {A_j} $$ U $$ \theta $的函数,其表示式为
$ A_j=\sum_{m\; =\; 0}^4\sum_{k\; =\; 0}^1C_{mjk}\theta^m(\mathrm{ln}U)^k\text{,} $
式中,$ {C_{mjk}} $按照不同极化方式和其下标$ mjk $进行排列,下标j为0,1,2,以查找表的方式给出[22]
多普勒散射计海表流场反演算法首先利用干涉测量算法对海面径向速度进行估计,然后通过不同方位角下估计的径向速度信息实现海面速度矢量的估计。其中,干涉测量的核心内容是通过脉冲干涉计算雷达回波的多普勒频移[23]。当$t = 0$时,雷达与观测目标之间的距离为$r\left( {t = 0} \right)$$t = \tau $时刻雷达与观测目标的距离为$r\left( {t = \tau } \right)$。观测目标在这两个时刻的距离差为$\Delta r$,雷达回波在这两个时刻的相位差为$\Delta \phi $$\Delta \phi $$\Delta r$之间的关系可以表示为
$ \Delta \phi = 2k\Delta r\text{,} $
式中,$k$为雷达电磁波波数。实际处理时,首先需要将干涉相位差转化为多普勒频移(式(5)),再利用多普勒频移与观测目标的径向速度分量的关系式(式(6))反演海流。
$ {f_d} = \frac{{\Delta \phi }}{{2{\text π} \tau }} \text{,} $
$ \mathbf{\mathit{\boldsymbol{V}}}_r=\frac{f_d}{2\lambda}\text{,} $
式中,$ \lambda $为雷达电磁波波长。通过目标在两个不同方位角观测到的径向速度分量${V_{r1}}$${V_{r2}}$,可以估计出目标的速度矢量。此外,还需要使用Ka波段海面多普勒频移谱模型[16]来消除海面风浪对观测结果的影响,该模型是基于Romeiser和Thompson[24]建立的数值多普勒频移谱模型,用于仿真建立Ka波段海面多普勒频移谱模型。海面多普勒频移谱模型的仿真输入参数包括海浪谱频谱、方向分布函数以及海面风场。图4展示了在入射角为50°、输入海浪谱为Apel谱、海浪谱方向分布函数为Cosine形式的条件下,多普勒频移随着风速和风向的变化情况。其中,色棒颜色深浅变化表示多普勒频移大小变化。
机载多普勒散射计海面风场和海表流场联合反演算法也可以采用MLE算法。与风场或流场独立反演不同的是,联合反演须同时利用海面后向散射系数和多普勒频移,通过搜索兼顾海面风场和海表流场的MLE代价函数的局部最小值或最大值,同时反演风场和流场参数。原理上,联合反演可以充分利用多普勒散射计提供的丰富信息,从模型层面顾及海面风场和海表流场反演的相互影响,从而提高这两种参数的反演精度。
具体地,对式(1)的MLE代价函数进行修正时,一般地假设多普勒散射计的观测条件如下:同一个分辨单元内获取的${\sigma ^0}$和多普勒频移的独立观测样本数分别为NM;在几十秒到几分钟的测量过程中,10 m高度的中性稳定风场矢量$ \left( {{{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{\text{wind}}}},\;{{\boldsymbol{\phi }}_{{\text{wind}}}}} \right) $和海表流场矢量$ \left( {{{\boldsymbol{U}}_{{\text{current}}}},\;{{\boldsymbol{\phi}} _{{\text{current}}}}} \right) $保持不变;测量的误差是独立的。那么,多普勒散射计观测量的联合概率密度函数可表示为[25]
$ \begin{split}p & \left[R_1^{\sigma},\; \cdots,\; R_N^{\sigma},\; R_1^f,\; \cdots,\; R_M^f\mid\left({\boldsymbol{U}}_{\text{wind}},\; {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{\text{wind}},\; {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\text{current}},\; {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{\text{current}}\right)\right] \\ & =\prod_{i\; =\; 1}^Np\left[R_i^{\sigma}\mid\left({\boldsymbol{U}}_{\text{wind}},\; {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{\text{wind}}\right)\right]\cdot\prod_{i\; =\; 1}^Mp\left[R_i^f\mid\left({\boldsymbol{U}}_{\text{wind}},\; {\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{\text{wind}},\; {\boldsymbol{U}}_{\text{current}},\;{\boldsymbol{\phi}}_{\text{current}}\right)\right]\text{,}\end{split} $
式中,$ R_i^\sigma $为后向散射系数的残差;$ R_i^f $为多普勒频移的残差。$ R_i^\sigma $的方差表示为$ {V_{R_i^\sigma }} $$ R_i^f $的方差表示为$ {V_{R_j^f}} $。对式(7)两边取对数,可以得到联合反演的代价函数为[26]
$ \begin{split}J_{\mathrm{MLE}} & \left(\boldsymbol{U}_{\text{wind}},\; \boldsymbol{\phi}_{\text{wind}},\; \boldsymbol{U}_{\text{current}},\; \boldsymbol{\phi}_{\text{current}}\right)=\sum_{i\; =\; 1}^N\left\{\frac{\left[\sigma_i-M_{\text{Sigma}}\left(\boldsymbol{U}_{\text{wind}},\ \boldsymbol{\phi}_{\text{wind}}-\phi_i,\ \theta_i,\ p_i\right)\right]^2}{2V_{R_i^{\sigma}}}+\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{V_{R_i^{\sigma}}}\right\}+ \\ & \sum_{j\; =\; 1}^M\left\{\frac{\left[f_j-M_{\text{Doppler}}\left(\boldsymbol{U}_{\text{wind}},\ \boldsymbol{\phi}_{\text{wind}}-\boldsymbol{\phi}_j,\; \boldsymbol{U}_{\text{current}},\; \boldsymbol{\phi}_{\text{current}}-\phi_j,\; \theta_j,\ p_j\right)\right]^2}{2V_{R_j^f}}+\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{V_{R_j^f}}\right\}\text{,}\end{split} $
式中,$ {\sigma _i} $为实测的后向散射系数;$ {f_j} $为实测的多普勒频移;$ \phi $为相对方位角;$ \theta $为入射角;$ p $为极化方式;$ {M_{{\text{Sigma}}}} $为风场的经验式GMF模型;$ {M_{{\text{Doppler}}}} $为多普勒频移GMF(海表流场GMF)模型;$ {V_{{R^\sigma }}} $为后向散射系数测量方差,表示为
$ {V_{{R^\sigma }}} = K_p^2 \cdot \sigma _0^2 \text{,} $
$ {V_{{R^f}}} $为多普勒频移测量方差,表示为
$ {V_{{R^f}}} = S _{\text{fc}}^2 + S _{{\text{fr}}}^2 + S_{\text{fm}}^2 \text{,} $
式中,$ S _{{\text{fc}}}^{} $为测量误差,由信噪比(SNR)和脉冲重复频率(PRF)和天线尺寸决定;$ S _{\text{fr}}^{} $为校准误差,由飞机姿态和速度测量误差决定;$ {S _{\text{fm}}} $为模型误差,由多普勒频移GMF模型的精度决定。
式(8)可以视为海面风场MLE代价函数与海表流场MLE代价函数之和。预设海面风场和海表流场四维矩阵作为反演结果检索矩阵。其中,风速范围为0~10 m/s,风向范围为0°~360°,流速范围为0~2 m/s,流向范围为0°~360°。海面风场代价函数计算过程与独立反演类似。海表流场代价函数计算过程如下:首先,利用Ka波段海面多普勒频移谱模型(如3.2节所述)以及预设的风场四维矩阵,计算出风浪引起的多普勒频移。然后,根据多普勒频移的变化,得到由风浪引起的海表流场。将该海表流场与预设的海表流场四维矩阵相加,得到“全流场”四维矩阵。最后,将该“全流场”结果与实测多普勒频移的输入进行对比。通过将海面风场代价函数和海表流场代价函数相加,寻找适合的风场和流场矢量,使得式(8)达到最小值。
需要注意的是,目前Ka波段的海面风场GMF和海面多普勒频移谱模型并不成熟。本文海面风场GMF的适用风速范围为3~17 m/s,而海面多普勒频移谱模型的适用风速范围为0~10 m/s(图4)。尽管如此,由于机载校飞试验是在较为平静的海况下(见第4节)进行的,本文使用的GMF具有良好的适用性。
为了减少用于反演的每个观测量的误差,首先需要根据记录的经纬度信息对观测区域进行网格化处理,然后在每个网格内对观测方位角相似(差异不超过20°)的脉冲测量结果进行平均处理。本文使用的网格大小是2 km × 2 km,海面风场和海表流场反演均在该分辨率的网格处理上实现。最后,分别利用ECMWF风场数据和SeaGuard RCM海流计的现场观测数据对反演的风场和流场进行验证,精度指标包括均方根误差(RMSE)、标准差(SD)以及偏差(Bias)。与星载微波散射计业务化的处理类似,这里ECMWF风场通过空间双线性插值和时间样条插值匹配至多普勒散射计的每个网格单元上。
本节通过展示不同反演方法得到的海面风场和海表流场图,定性比较反演算法对结果的影响。图5分别是海面风场和海表流场独立反演的结果。需要的注意的是,流场反演时,首先根据3.2节所述方法得到“全流场”信息,然后利用图5a海面风场和海面多普勒频移谱模型估计风浪的影响,两者相减得到最终的反演流场信息。
图6展示了利用式(8)联合反演的海面风场和海表流场。与独立反演不同的是,联合反演方法通过构建一个统一的代价函数,综合考虑风场和流场的信息,实现更一致、更准确的反演结果。在流场去除方面,联合反演方法直接将海面多普勒频移谱模型纳入代价函数中,能够更准确地去除风浪引起的流场影响,相比独立反演能更精确地捕捉和去除风浪影响。此外,联合反演方法能够减少误差传播,通过在一个统一的代价函数中处理风场和流场,降低误差传播和累积的风险,提高反演结果的准确性。独立反演算法在未消除风浪影响时反演流速误差较大,需剔除不符合流速指标范围(0.5~1.25 m/s)要求的流场信息,而联合反演则不需要进行类似的操作。因此,联合反演的海表流场覆盖范围比独立反演更加完整一些。
为了更加客观地对比反演算法对风场和流场结果的影响,精度定量评估时须确保参与评估的样本是相同的,因此仅选用图5图6共同覆盖的网格点进行对比。图7a图7b展示了风场独立反演结果与ECMWF风速和风向的散点密度,图7c图7d则是联合反演得到的风场与ECMWF的对比结果。可以看出,两者总体而言具有良好的一致性。观测区域的海面风场风速主要集中在5~7 m/s范围内,风向分布在170°~200°之间。风速分布峰值约为7 m/s,风向分布峰值约为190°。然而相比于独立反演,联合反演的风场(包括风速和风向)与ECMWF风场的一致性均略有降低,说明引入多普勒频移一定程度上增加了风场反演结果的不确定性。其主要的原因可能在于目前Ka波段的海表流场GMF尚不成熟,模型中风场与多普勒频移的对应关系的不确定性可能大于海面风场GMF模型中风场与后向散射系数的对应关系。反之,这也从另一方面说明了当前海面风场独立反演技术已经具有了很高的精度,为未来星载多普勒散射计的数据处理提供了参考。
本节使用SeaGuard RCM海洋卫士多普勒单点海流计在观测海域的同步观测获取的流速和流向作为参考流场数据,用于评估海表流场反演的精度。表3展示了SeaGuard RCM海洋卫士多普勒单点海流计的投放位置,以及观测到的流速和流向结果。同时,该表还呈现了机载多普勒散射计在两种不同反演算法下的海表流场反演结果。
尽管海流计现场观测的数据量十分有限,但是其精度评估结果仍具有一定的代表性。表4给出了不同反演算法对应的海表流场精度。独立反演和联合反演的流速SD分别约为0.05 m/s和0.03 m/s,流速RMSE分别约为0.11 m/s和0.07 m/s;流向SD分别约为22.95°和10.58°,流向RMSE分别约为23.33°和12.07°。可见,联合反演方法的海表流速和流向精度均优于独立反演方法,更加接近海流计的实测结果。这说明,海流反演时兼顾海面风场的影响,能够更有效地消除海面风场对海表流场反演结果的影响,实现更精准的流场反演。
本文利用机载多普勒散射计获取的后向散射系数和多普勒频移信息,开展了海面风场和海表流场的独立反演和联合反演,并对比了两种反演方式下的观测区域覆盖范围完整性、风向与流向的相关性以及精度。实验结果表明,在海表流场反演方面,联合反演方法显著优于独立反演方法;而在风场反演方面,联合反演的风场相对于ECMWF参考风场的精度略逊于独立反演。由此推测:一方面,现有海面风场GMF中风场和后向散射系数对应关系的不确定性要小于海表流场GMF中风场与多普勒频移对应关系的不确定性,仍需持续改进当前的海表流场GMF;另一方面,海面风场对海表流场的作用十分显著,有必要将其考虑到流场反演的代价函数中,以期有效地消除海面风场对海表流场反演的影响、改进流场反演的结果。
研究结果对于深入理解海面风场和海表流场反演时的互相影响具有重要意义,并为未来星载多普勒散射计的数据反演处理提供了有益的参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(42027805)。
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2023年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023169
  • 接收时间:2023-09-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-21
  • 修回日期:2023-10-29
基金
国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(42027805)。
作者信息
    1 南京信息工程大学 电子与信息工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    3 自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
    4 航天宏图信息技术股份有限公司,北京 100195

通讯作者:

*林文明(1984—),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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