Article(id=1233907188570312912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1616688000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-26, revisedDate=1621440000000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115998642, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115998642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115998642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115998642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=114, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907189157515499, articleId=1233907188570312912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Arctic super cyclone activity and its atmospheric circulation characteristics, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The extreme cyclones in the Arctic can reflect the characteristics of climate change in the Arctic and have important influence on the regulation of hydrometeorological elements in the Arctic. The characteristics of their activities and atmospheric circulation situation deserve attention. Using the daily reanalysis data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) defines the Arctic Super Cyclone (ASC) processes. Then analyze the activity characteristics of the ASCs and their atmospheric circulation characteristics based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The results show that the 5% threshold of the minimum pressure in the Arctic for identifying ASCs have a significant unimodal seasonal variation characteristic that is low in winter and high in summer, which means the intensity of ASC in winter is much stronger than that in summer. Most of the ASCs are imported from the Atlantic sector to the polar region via the Nordic Sea, Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. Besides, a small part of the ASCs are imported from the original or Pacific sector. Most ASCs are generated on the north side of the jet axis or outlet area of the jet stream on two oceans. A minimal number of ASCs are generated in the continent or the middle and low latitudes. And the vast majority of ASCs disappear in the polar region and cannot return to the middle latitudes. The frequency of polar native ASC accounted for about one-third of the total, and there was no significant trend of increase or decrease overall. However, the frequency of long-life ASCs increased with a 0.49 times/decade trend, indicating their duration increased. There is a strong correlation between ASCs frequency and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in winter. There are low-temperature and low-pressure anomalies in the polar region of the regression of the atmospheric circulation pattern. The upper polar vortex deepens and the two ocean jets turn northward, while the central axis of the mid-latitude jet stream is weak. The formation and development of ASCs are not only conducive to the transition of AO to the positive phase, but also conducive to the enhancement of ASC activity under the positive phase of AO, which is a potential indicator of AO phase change.

, correspAuthors=Fei Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruichang Ding, Fei Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233907191808315754, articleId=1233907188570312912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北极超强气旋活动及其大气环流特征, columnId=1233907182194978940, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地海冰与气候研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

北极极端气旋过程能够反映北极气候变化特征并对北极水文气象要素的调节具有重要影响,其活动及大气环流形势特征值得关注。利用美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)与美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR)提供的逐日再分析资料定义北极超强气旋(Arctic Super Cyclone, ASC)过程,结合美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center, NSIDC)基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料追踪识别的北半球气旋及特征资料,分析了ASC的活动特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明:判别ASC的北极最低气压5%阈值具有显著的冬季低夏季高的单峰型季节变化特征,冬季ASC的强度远强于夏季;ASC多从大西洋扇区经北欧海−巴伦支海−喀拉海输入到极区,也存在少部分极区原生或太平洋扇区输入;ASC多生成于两大洋急流轴或急流出口区北侧,极少数生成于大陆或中低纬度,且绝大多数在极区消亡难以回到中纬度。极区原生ASC频数占总数约1/3,整体没有显著增减趋势,但长生命史ASC频数以0.49次/(10 a)的趋势增多,表明其持续时间增长。ASC频数与北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation, AO)在冬季相关性很好,其大气环流形势回归场中极区海平面出现低压低温异常,高空极涡加深且两大洋急流偏北,中纬度急流主轴偏弱;ASC的生成发展不仅有利于AO向正位相转变,同时AO正位相下也有利于ASC活动的增强,ASC活动是AO位相变化的潜在指标。

, correspAuthors=黄菲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄菲,女,教授,主要研究大尺度海气相互作用、季风与气候变化、非线性大气动力学等。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i5YpNwP6BBze/OEofAPrlQ==, magXml=2dDC3X4QTSRRMA7Soo+oGQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yUVtMrNXRvneHupy0BI8RA==, pdfFileSize=3690607, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=OKfdp2eOxhg3beKS2+nx9g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6HYC+jMwSYcLSNnPjLii6Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

丁瑞昌(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事气候动力学等方向的研究。E-mail:

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丁瑞昌(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事气候动力学等方向的研究。E-mail:

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a. The total frequency distribution of Arctic super cyclone from 1979 to 2016, the magenta contour lines indicate the average position of the 500 hPa storm track; b–e. the distribution of Arctic super cyclone frequencies in winter (JFM), spring (AMJ), summer (JAS) and autumn (OND)

, figureFileSmall=QEqRfGe7R6gG3pM8JqY/8g==, figureFileBig=U+vbojxD77snoaAx7IfEgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113022198199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北半球高纬度(50°N 以北)北极超强气旋频数分布

a. 1979–2016年北极超强气旋总频数分布,洋红色等值线表示500 hPa风暴轴平均位置;b–e. 冬季(JFM)、春季(AMJ)、夏季(JAS)和秋季(OND)北极超强气旋频数分布

, figureFileSmall=QEqRfGe7R6gG3pM8JqY/8g==, figureFileBig=U+vbojxD77snoaAx7IfEgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113160610241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution locations of Arctic super cyclone generation (a) and extinction (b), and their relationship with the upper-level jet stream

The red coarse (fine) contours indicate areas of the upper-level jet stream where the mean zonal wind at 300 hPa is greater than 30 m/s (20 m/s)

, figureFileSmall=FQqU5qc15uLxt9EvpX9iaA==, figureFileBig=pQpIuTfsDfJYyUTqtmJhmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113252884931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1979–2016年间北极超强气旋生成(a)、消亡(b)分布位置及其与高空急流的关系

红色粗(细)等值线表示300 hPa平均纬向风大于30 m/s(20 m/s)的高空急流区域

, figureFileSmall=FQqU5qc15uLxt9EvpX9iaA==, figureFileBig=pQpIuTfsDfJYyUTqtmJhmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113374519753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of formation or extinction position of Arctic super cyclone in different seasons and their relationship with the upper-level jet stream.

a–d. The Arctic super cyclone formation positions in winter (JFM), spring (AMJ), summer (JAS) and autumn (OND) from 1979 to 2016, respectively; e–h. the Arctic super cyclone extinction positions in winter (JFM), spring (AMJ), summer (JAS) and autumn (OND) from 1979 to 2016, respectively. The red contours represent the areas where the average zonal wind at 300 hPa is greater than 20 m/s

, figureFileSmall=V9k7jjsbNoo7IoLu7hvLKg==, figureFileBig=O6Fxse/WzW/DhprXYki/3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113462600145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同季节北极超强气旋生成、消亡分布位置及其与高空急流的关系

a–d. 分别为1979–2016年间冬季(JFM)、春季(AMJ)、夏季(JAS)和秋季(OND)的北极超强气旋生成位置; e–h. 分别为1979–2016年间冬季(JFM)、春季(AMJ)、夏季(JAS)和秋季(OND)的北极超强气旋消亡位置。其中红色等值线表示300 hPa平均纬向风大于20 m/s的区域

, figureFileSmall=V9k7jjsbNoo7IoLu7hvLKg==, figureFileBig=O6Fxse/WzW/DhprXYki/3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113567457750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The time series and decadal variation trend of the seasonal frequency of Arctic super cyclone

a. The time series and decadal variation trend of seasonal frequency of Arctic super cyclone; b, c. The time series and decadal variation trends of primary and external input Arctic super cyclone frequency; d, e. the time series and decadal variation trend of frequency of long-lived ( with the life span over three days) and short-lived cyclones. The "t" represents the linear trend of frequency, unit: time/decade. The linear trends are marked by "*" if significant at the 95%-level

, figureFileSmall=0bKqkENlutkCIzPqJvfl7A==, figureFileBig=J64TnAGKyCTroWg/Z5a3ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113680703962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图4, caption=北极超强气旋频数年代际变化特征

a. 北极超强气旋各季节频数时间序列及年代际变化趋势;b,c. 原生和外侧输入北极超强气旋频数时间序列及年代际变化趋势;d,e. 长时间(寿命3d以上)与短时间北极超强气旋频数时间序列及年代际变化趋势。 t表示频数线性趋势,单位:次/(10 a),“*”表示通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=0bKqkENlutkCIzPqJvfl7A==, figureFileBig=J64TnAGKyCTroWg/Z5a3ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113781367262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Regression characteristics of atmospheric circulation of Arctic super cyclone

a–d. The normalized frequency sequences of Arctic super cyclone in winter (JFM), spring (AMJ), summer (JAS) and autumn(OND) regress to the sea level pressure (SLP); e–h. 2 m temperature; i–l. 500 hPa geopotential height; m–p. 300 hPa zonal wind. The black contours show the mean zonal wind and the dotted areas indicate that the regression coefficient have passed the 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=BYHjr+5Mi/XC6fdAqZY+Fg==, figureFileBig=IpQqSDBj9kyIMNcNdiXeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113894613476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图5, caption=北极超强气旋大气环流回归场特征

a–d. 冬季(JFM)、春季(AMJ)、夏季(JAS )和秋季(OND)北极超强气旋标准化频数序列回归到标准化海平面气压(SLP)场;e–h. 2 m气温回归场;i–l. 500 hPa位势高度回归场;m–p. 300 hPa纬向风回归场。黑色等值线表示平均纬向风;黑色打点区域表示回归系数通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=BYHjr+5Mi/XC6fdAqZY+Fg==, figureFileBig=IpQqSDBj9kyIMNcNdiXeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047113970110948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index and the Arctic super cyclone (ASC) frequency

a. The AO index and the ASC frequency normalized time series (line) and sliding correlation coefficient (bar) from 1979 to 2016, the sliding correlation coefficient are marked by dark blue if significant at the 95%-level; b-e. the AO index (red solid line) and the ASC frequency (blue dashed line) normalized time series in different season

, figureFileSmall=dIF9JiOCq9lTZHrwlXPraA==, figureFileBig=WQPuUnFkHI79F0Z/XZblmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114079162858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=图6, caption=北极涛动(AO)指数与北极超强气旋(ASC)频数的关系

a. 1979–2016年AO指数与ASC频数标准化时间序列(折线图)及其滑动相关系数(柱状图),其中深蓝色表示通过95%显著性检验;b–e. 不同季节AO指数(红色实线)与ASC频数(蓝色虚线)标准化时间序列

, figureFileSmall=dIF9JiOCq9lTZHrwlXPraA==, figureFileBig=WQPuUnFkHI79F0Z/XZblmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114175631851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The statistical characteristic of the lowest sea level pressure in the Arctic (north of 60°N, unit: hPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
最大值1 003.31 002.71 007.91 006.81 006.41 006.51 002.61 002.2999.6999.8998.71 003.1
最小值934.4945.5944.8953.9968.1966972.1970.9959.7947.6942.3933.7
平均值974.3976.4980.3986.7991.1991.1991.2989.1984.5980.7977.5974.2
标准差1010.39.87.66.15.14.55.26.67.98.310.1
5%阈值956.9958.9963.3972.9980982.6983.2979.3972.4966.8962.7957.1
10%阈值961.3962.8967.5977.1983.2984.6985.1982.5975.8970967.1960.2
), ArticleFig(id=1234047114301460978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北极(60°N以北)海平面最低气压统计特征(单位:hPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
最大值1 003.31 002.71 007.91 006.81 006.41 006.51 002.61 002.2999.6999.8998.71 003.1
最小值934.4945.5944.8953.9968.1966972.1970.9959.7947.6942.3933.7
平均值974.3976.4980.3986.7991.1991.1991.2989.1984.5980.7977.5974.2
标准差1010.39.87.66.15.14.55.26.67.98.310.1
5%阈值956.9958.9963.3972.9980982.6983.2979.3972.4966.8962.7957.1
10%阈值961.3962.8967.5977.1983.2984.6985.1982.5975.8970967.1960.2
), ArticleFig(id=1234047114410512885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The correlation coefficient between frequency of Arctic super cyclones/ordinary cyclone and Arctic Oscillation index in the same period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超强气旋常规气旋
总频数原生气旋输入气旋长生命气旋短生命气旋总频数原生气旋输入气旋长生命气旋短生命气旋
  注:*和**分别表示相关系数通过90%和95%显著性检验。
总的AO指数0.64**0.40**0.48**0.40**0.50**0.060.020.07–0.07–0.13
冬季AO指数0.80**0.56**0.69**0.51**0.69**0.10–0.180.27–0.050.13
春季AO指数0.62**0.240.58**0.46**0.45*–0.11–0.05–0.11–0.01–0.12
夏季AO指数0.67**0.57**0.42*0.52**0.43*–0.35*–0.11–0.32*–0.36*–0.13
秋季AO指数0.58**0.41*0.42*0.46**0.46**0.300.270.09–0.150.40*
), ArticleFig(id=1234047114502787576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907188570312912, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各季节北极超强气旋、常规气旋频数与同期北极涛动(AO)指数的相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超强气旋常规气旋
总频数原生气旋输入气旋长生命气旋短生命气旋总频数原生气旋输入气旋长生命气旋短生命气旋
  注:*和**分别表示相关系数通过90%和95%显著性检验。
总的AO指数0.64**0.40**0.48**0.40**0.50**0.060.020.07–0.07–0.13
冬季AO指数0.80**0.56**0.69**0.51**0.69**0.10–0.180.27–0.050.13
春季AO指数0.62**0.240.58**0.46**0.45*–0.11–0.05–0.11–0.01–0.12
夏季AO指数0.67**0.57**0.42*0.52**0.43*–0.35*–0.11–0.32*–0.36*–0.13
秋季AO指数0.58**0.41*0.42*0.46**0.46**0.300.270.09–0.150.40*
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北极超强气旋活动及其大气环流特征
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丁瑞昌 1, 2, 3 , 黄菲 1, 2, 3, 4, *
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 114-124
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 114-124
北极超强气旋活动及其大气环流特征
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丁瑞昌1, 2, 3 , 黄菲1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2中国海洋大学 海洋高等研究院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 4宁波大学 宁波市非线性海洋和大气灾害系统协同创新中心,浙江 宁波 315201
  • 丁瑞昌(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事气候动力学等方向的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

黄菲,女,教授,主要研究大尺度海气相互作用、季风与气候变化、非线性大气动力学等。E-mail:
Arctic super cyclone activity and its atmospheric circulation characteristics
Ruichang Ding1, 2, 3 , Fei Huang1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 4Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Hazard System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315201, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021141
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北极极端气旋过程能够反映北极气候变化特征并对北极水文气象要素的调节具有重要影响,其活动及大气环流形势特征值得关注。利用美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)与美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR)提供的逐日再分析资料定义北极超强气旋(Arctic Super Cyclone, ASC)过程,结合美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center, NSIDC)基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料追踪识别的北半球气旋及特征资料,分析了ASC的活动特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明:判别ASC的北极最低气压5%阈值具有显著的冬季低夏季高的单峰型季节变化特征,冬季ASC的强度远强于夏季;ASC多从大西洋扇区经北欧海−巴伦支海−喀拉海输入到极区,也存在少部分极区原生或太平洋扇区输入;ASC多生成于两大洋急流轴或急流出口区北侧,极少数生成于大陆或中低纬度,且绝大多数在极区消亡难以回到中纬度。极区原生ASC频数占总数约1/3,整体没有显著增减趋势,但长生命史ASC频数以0.49次/(10 a)的趋势增多,表明其持续时间增长。ASC频数与北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation, AO)在冬季相关性很好,其大气环流形势回归场中极区海平面出现低压低温异常,高空极涡加深且两大洋急流偏北,中纬度急流主轴偏弱;ASC的生成发展不仅有利于AO向正位相转变,同时AO正位相下也有利于ASC活动的增强,ASC活动是AO位相变化的潜在指标。

北极超强气旋  /  极端风暴  /  北极涛动

The extreme cyclones in the Arctic can reflect the characteristics of climate change in the Arctic and have important influence on the regulation of hydrometeorological elements in the Arctic. The characteristics of their activities and atmospheric circulation situation deserve attention. Using the daily reanalysis data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) defines the Arctic Super Cyclone (ASC) processes. Then analyze the activity characteristics of the ASCs and their atmospheric circulation characteristics based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The results show that the 5% threshold of the minimum pressure in the Arctic for identifying ASCs have a significant unimodal seasonal variation characteristic that is low in winter and high in summer, which means the intensity of ASC in winter is much stronger than that in summer. Most of the ASCs are imported from the Atlantic sector to the polar region via the Nordic Sea, Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. Besides, a small part of the ASCs are imported from the original or Pacific sector. Most ASCs are generated on the north side of the jet axis or outlet area of the jet stream on two oceans. A minimal number of ASCs are generated in the continent or the middle and low latitudes. And the vast majority of ASCs disappear in the polar region and cannot return to the middle latitudes. The frequency of polar native ASC accounted for about one-third of the total, and there was no significant trend of increase or decrease overall. However, the frequency of long-life ASCs increased with a 0.49 times/decade trend, indicating their duration increased. There is a strong correlation between ASCs frequency and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in winter. There are low-temperature and low-pressure anomalies in the polar region of the regression of the atmospheric circulation pattern. The upper polar vortex deepens and the two ocean jets turn northward, while the central axis of the mid-latitude jet stream is weak. The formation and development of ASCs are not only conducive to the transition of AO to the positive phase, but also conducive to the enhancement of ASC activity under the positive phase of AO, which is a potential indicator of AO phase change.

Arctic super cyclone  /  extreme weather process  /  Arctic Oscillation
丁瑞昌, 黄菲. 北极超强气旋活动及其大气环流特征. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 114 -124 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021141
Ruichang Ding, Fei Huang. Arctic super cyclone activity and its atmospheric circulation characteristics[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 114 -124 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021141
北极气旋在调节北极的能量和水循环方面起着至关重要的作用[1-2],从而影响诸多水文和气象要素,如温度、湿度、风和海冰等参量[3-4]。最近的诸多研究证实无论是通过观测还是再分析资料,北极地区正在发生更强烈和更持久的气旋过程[5-7],从而导致更强的风应力和更高的海冰气能量通量[4];气旋产生的波浪会破坏冰盖,上层海水与下层较暖水混合可能促进海冰底层与侧面的融化[4, 8-9];海冰不断变薄也使得气旋活动导致的海冰减少更为剧烈[4];此外异常的气旋活动也会通过影响大气与海洋环流状态进一步影响海冰变化[10]
通过欧拉方法[11]与拉格朗日追踪识别气旋方法[4, 12]得以分析北极地区的气旋活动特征。空间分布上,北极气旋在冬季主要生成于巴芬湾、加拿大西部、北欧海和巴伦支海,而夏季则生成于欧亚大陆东侧与北太平洋阿拉斯加湾,通过向极输送进入北冰洋与加拿大北极群岛[4, 13-14]。这些向极输送进入极区的温带气旋即广义的北极气旋,主要生成于50°~60°N之间,夏季陆地上生成的气旋更多,秋季到春季气旋在海洋上生成的比例小于陆地[15],而北极气旋数量本身没有季节变化,强度上冬强夏弱[5-6]。从时间趋势来看,北极气旋的频数并没有显著变化,其强度在增强,持续时间在增长,同时气旋路径向极一侧偏移,极区的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure, SLP)呈降低趋势[1, 4, 15-17],在年代际变化尺度上,大尺度环流系统与北极气旋的活动有着密切的联系,北极气旋活动在北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation, AO)正位相期间增强[3]
随着对北极气旋研究的不断深入,人们也注意到近几年在北极出现的极端气旋过程,即北极超强气旋(Arctic Super Cyclone, ASC),例如2012年和2016年夏季北极发生的ASC过程,这些极端事件的个例无论是发生发展过程还是气旋空间结构都符合上述北极气旋的特征,甚至更强[7, 18-21]。ASC与北极放大效应和海冰快速融化关系密切,其更强的热力动力过程对北极海冰的调制作用也更为显著[22-23]。前人对ASC的研究多集中于个例分析,缺少对这一类极端事件的定量分析,探究统计分析与环流特征对理解北极冰–海–气相互作用有着重要意义。本文对1979–2016年ASC活动进行统计分析,旨在揭示极端气旋过程的分布特征及其对应的大气环流形势特征。
Tanaka等[24]通过分析3个典型北极气旋,将北极气旋的定义归纳总结为:北极发生的单一极地气团构成的正压涡旋系统,但在讨论北极超强气旋时则需要考虑气旋自身强度是否达到极端事件的标准。SLP是衡量气旋强度的重要指标之一,通过SLP阈值来定义极端气旋不仅可以考虑某一时刻气旋的峰值强度,还可以观察到其移动演变过程所影响的区域,Vavrus[18]将中心最低气压低于局地月平均气候态40 hPa的气旋定义为极端气旋,这一阈值来源于Chang等[25]通过SLP瞬变波扰动值定义极端气旋的方法。但考虑到极地气旋的强度具有显著的季节变率,冬季气旋强度显著强于夏季[5],因此使用统一的阈值定义各个季节的极端气旋会导致夏季几乎没有极端气旋生成[18],但夏季较薄的冰层、较大的开阔水域和较高的海表面温度与近地面温度使得夏季海冰更容易受到气旋的影响,因此在定义ASC时也应当考虑SLP季节变率对阈值的影响。因此本文使用美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NCEP)与美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR)1979–2019年共31 a的逐日SLP 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料(https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html),统计1979–2016年北极(60°N以北)逐日最低SLP及其统计参量(表1),选取概率密度5%分位数对应的气压值作为该月ASC的定义阈值,若格点SLP低于该值则认为存在ASC影响这一格点。结合表1来看,ASC阈值存在显著的季节变化,冬季(JFM)与秋季(OND)都低于970.0 hPa,最小值为956.9 hPa(1月),春夏季则相对较高,最大值为982.9 hPa(7月)。这也与北极气旋冬季显著强于夏季相符[5]
通过美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center, NSIDC)基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算的北半球气旋及特征资料(https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0423/versions/1),空间分辨率为250 km×250 km,时间格点为每日4次,中心最低气压低于气旋所在月份的气压阈值的气旋定义为ASC,生成位置位于60°N以南的ASC认为是外部输入气旋,生成于60°N以北的则认为是原生气旋。分析北极超强气旋时空分布统计特征,再将频数场回归到NCEP/NCAR月平均海平面气压、气温、500 hPa位势高度和300 hPa纬向风再分析资料以分析ASC的大气环流形势及其与AO的联系。
从1979–2016年ASC频数分布(图1a)来看,主要的高频区域分布在北大西洋、北冰洋大部和太平洋北部,这一结果与Zhang等[5]对北极气旋的分析一致,但极端事件的频数远小于后者;具体来看北大西洋高频区主要分布在伊尔明厄海–格陵兰海–挪威海,最大值位于格陵兰海南侧(257次),高频区向东北侧延伸至斯瓦尔巴群岛南侧和巴伦支海西北侧;北极中央区马克洛夫海盆也存在极大值区域(52次),白令海与阿拉斯加湾也存在极大值(118次),但极值中心在极圈外,对极区影响较小。ASC高频区域具有显著的不对称性,大陆区域ASC频数较小且主要分布在北欧海沿岸、亚欧大陆北岸、加拿大北极群岛及白令海沿岸,洋区分布上大西洋扇区明显强于太平洋扇区,同时大西洋扇区高频区域呈西南–东北向分布指向极区,太平洋扇区则为东西向分布,北极中央区附近高频区则偏向于季节性融冰的亚欧一侧。
分区域和季节来看(图1b图1e),北大西洋各季节都有ASC活动,尤其是冬季(98次)和秋季(83次)的伊尔明厄海与冰岛南侧,这两个季节贡献了该区域70%的ASC活动;北极中央区ASC活动则主要集中在春夏季,秋冬季也有极少数ASC,但位置则更趋向于岸界和大西洋扇区一侧;北太平洋ASC多集中于60°N以南且以东西向分布,在春季(45次)达到最强,而60°N以北的区域ASC活动极少,这表明尽管冬春季阿留申低压附近风暴活动频繁[12],但能够通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海进而影响极区的ASC极少。
为了进一步分析ASC的来源与消亡,通过阈值所筛选出的ASC过程的生成消亡位置如图2所示,ASC主要的生成位置为北美大陆东岸至北欧海西南侧,最大值出现在伊尔明厄海西侧格陵兰沿岸,此外亚欧大陆北部和东部、北美大陆中东部、北太平洋和极区也有生成,即影响北极的ASC过程来源多样复杂,既有沿中纬度风暴轴向北输送进入极区的温带气旋也有极区范围内的原生气旋,此外还可能有北太平洋和北大西洋低纬度由热带气旋变性为温带气旋、极地气旋输入到高纬度的情况(图2a)。ASC的消亡位置则主要分布在伊尔明厄海、北欧海及北极中央区大西洋扇区一侧,其附近的格陵兰岛、加拿大北极群岛、欧亚大陆北岸和太平洋扇区也有分布(图2b),相对于生成位置来说消亡位置更加集中,几乎都在60°N以北,表明进入极区的ASC大多在极区消亡且很难再回到中纬度地区,而太平洋扇区的消亡位置大多数位于阿拉斯加半岛与堪察加半岛南侧,楚科奇海及波弗特海西侧的消亡位置偏少,表明北太平洋强气旋难以通过陆地屏障进入极区[26]
分季节来看(图3),ASC的生成位置在秋冬季更为集中,绝大多数生成自海上,大致沿北大西洋与北太平洋急流轴分布,尽管太平洋急流平均风速远大于大西洋急流平均风速,但ASC的生成位置却更偏向于大西洋一侧;ASC生成位置在春夏季更分散,海陆比例接近,且生成位置可以达到更北的区域。从区域上来看,北美东岸至北欧海全年都有生成点分布,冬季最多秋季次之,北大西洋暖流所产生的海洋锋区强迫大气斜压性增强有利于气旋扰动在这里发展增强,而亚欧大陆北部西伯利亚地区及其北侧的喀拉海至东西伯利亚海的ASC绝大多数在春夏两季生成,这与北极海冰夏季融化、开阔水域增加及极地锋区(Arctic Front Zone, AFZ)的增强有关[14]
消亡位置的分布相对集中,但空间分布随着季节演变逐渐由北极边缘区向中央区延伸,秋冬季消亡点主要分布在伊尔明厄海至北欧海及白令海北部,ASC在秋冬季自身很难进入极区给极区带来直接影响,但可以通过改变大气环流通过更大尺度的海–冰–气耦合过程影响极区海冰冻结融化和漂流过程[27-30];春季消亡位置的分布沿图1的极大值区域自西向东延伸至东西伯利亚海,夏秋季时消亡位置几乎覆盖整个北极区域,但仍以两大洋扇区入口处消亡点居多。
Crawford和Serreze[26]对北极气旋源地进行区分时发现影响北冰洋(包括中央区、巴伦支海、喀拉海、拉普捷夫海和东西伯利亚海)的气旋有35%~40%是极区原生气旋,且这个比例每个季节大致相同,但源地却不尽相同,冬季多来源于北美、大西洋和太平洋扇区,夏季则有一半以上是通过亚欧大陆一侧进入极区的,这样的输入气旋能够经过海陆边界的AFZ进而得到进一步加强。而ASC较广义上的北极气旋的特殊之处在于,由于对其强度设定了阈值,因此要求存在更有利于其强度维持和发展的条件,因此ASC的生成地多位于海上,且主要既位于平均急流轴偏北侧即急流偏北偏强时,又位于急流出口区左侧正涡度平流随高度增强的区域,在这种环流配置下才有可能维持ASC的强度的同时向极区输入,因此极地原生和陆地生成的ASC明显偏少。
Rinke等[31]认为北半球高纬度的海平面气压降低与全球变暖导致的风暴轴向极移动是极端气旋事件增加导致的,尤其是冬季北极原生和向极输送的强气旋数量有所增加[1],但通过设定5%极端阈值筛选出的ASC过程却无法看到这一趋势(图4a),即ASC总体频数并没有显著的年代际线性趋势,但从不同时期和角度来看ASC的年代际变化,仍然有较多特点值得探讨。
全年来看极区原生ASC占比较少,其频数只有外部输入ASC的50.52%,其中这一比例在春季最高(71.24%),夏季次之(59.54%),秋季最少(30.6%),这其中也有较为极端的年份,例如1983年和1992年的春季原生ASC频数分别是外部输入的2倍与5倍,而1994年、2003年、2011年和2016年的夏季原生ASC是外部输入的1.7倍、2.5倍、2倍和1倍;Simmonds和Keay[3]揭示除北冰洋夏季气旋活动与北极夏季海冰的关系为北极9月海冰范围(Sea Ice Extent, SIE)最低值的减小与气旋强度和空间尺度的增加呈正相关,与气旋自身的频率变化关系不大,本文的统计结果中无论是原生ASC还是输入ASC(图4b, 图4c)的频数都没有显著的趋势,而ASC本身作为超强气旋其自身的频数(图4a)也没有显著趋势,但如果区分气旋寿命来看,夏季生命史超过3 d以上的长时间ASC在增加,短时间ASC在减少(图4d图4e),而近些年来尤其是2012年极端ASC[6]和2016年多个气旋合并维持超长时间ASC[1, 27]等持续时间异常偏长ASC的出现也体现了这一趋势。
将1979–2016年各季节ASC频数回归到大气物理量场以分析ASC发生发展同期的大气环流形势(图5),从海平面气压场、气温场、500 hPa位势高度场及300 hPa纬向风急流来看,所有季节都表现为类似AO正位相的环流型。冬季(JFM)极区(60°N以北)出现显著低压异常,中纬度则为高压异常,对应区域的500 hPa位势高度极区极涡偏强、中纬度位势高度正异常,温度场上极区出现不对称的偶极子分布即北极群岛、格陵兰地区冷异常和亚欧大陆暖异常,从300 hPa纬向风上来看副极地(45°~60°N)呈气旋式环流西风增强,中纬度西风急流南侧减弱北侧增强对应其北抬,尤其是在北大西洋急流出口区,西风异常向东延伸至北欧和西伯利亚沿岸,即急流北翘的同时向东进一步延伸。秋季(OND)的回归场几乎与冬季的空间模态相同,但对应的异常值偏小,海平面气压场除了格陵兰附近的低压中心外在白令海峡、西西伯利亚也存在两处负异常,表明秋季ASC能够向东进一步深入极区(图5d),与之对应的两个低压异常区的西侧出现冷异常、东侧出现暖异常,而500 hPa位势高度场副极地地区呈三波分布,这一点与冬季ASC主要在北大西洋活动有明显不同。春夏季极区的SLP负异常仍然很显著,对应高空极涡也偏强,这与北极气旋的正压垂直结构相符,同时急流轴主轴都减弱,其北侧出现纬向西风正异常[21],一方面有利于ASC向极输送,另一方面地面气旋与高空极涡耦合的正压结构也增强了副极地区域的纬向西风。
AO作为北半球秋冬季行星尺度大气环流变率的首要模态在春夏季的表现较弱,因此春夏两季(AMJ/JAS)回归出的空间模态并不显著,但对应的回归场在极区仍具有显著的低压、低温、位势高度负异常和急流偏北、急流主轴偏弱的异常特征(图5),这表明ASC活动与AO存在一定的联系。对ASC各项频数的分析中无论是分析总的频数变化、极区原生/输入ASC还是气旋寿命都似乎能将整体的时间序列看作是双峰分布,ASC频数第一个峰值出现在20世纪90年代早期而第二个峰值出现在21世纪00年代后期(图4),这与AO的年代际转换极为类似,Thompson和Wallace[32]发现AO在90年代早期为正位相,Overland和Wang[33]发现1996–2004年AO接近中性或负位相,从时间序列上来看在AO显著正位相期间AO指数与ASC频数的滑动相关指数都很高(图6a),对应地AO正位相年份ASC频数偏多。分季节来看冬季的正相关性始终较好,90年代后期至00年代正相关性减弱实际上是由其他季节两者的不一致变化贡献的。将ASC频数与同期AO指数做相关(表2)可以看到冬季无论是极区原生、外部输入、长短生命史的ASC频数及总频数与AO指数的关系都很好,但在AO空间模态不显著的春夏季两者的关系则较弱。此外,没有达到ASC强度的常规气旋的频数则不具有这样的关系。
将1979–2016年共891个ASC过程前后1周的日AO指数挑选后进一步分析表明,几乎所有的ASC(94.6%)在其达到中心气压最低时刻前后1周内AO指数极大值都为正,其中546个(61.3%)ASC对应AO指数极大值超过1倍标准差达到AO正位相,546个中有336个(61.5%)的AO指数极大值滞后于ASC中心气压发展到最低时刻,其余的则是在AO正位相已经建立的前提下发展达到最强。综上所述,尽管ASC是偶发的极端天气尺度过程,但仍能一定程度上反映同期季节尺度的大气环流形势甚至能够反映AO在年代际尺度上的正负位相突变,极端ASC过程本身就可以作为一种衡量气候变化的指标,同时它自身也将会对北极的海–冰–气耦合过程造成深远的影响。
本文通过NCEP/NCAR的SLP再分析资料,使用极区最低气压概率密度谱5%分位数作为阈值定义了北极地区超强气旋过程,结合了NSIDC基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料追踪识别的北半球气旋及特征资料分析了ASC空间分布、生成消亡位置、年代际变化趋势等活动特征,发现用于判别ASC的极区最低气压概率密度谱5%分位数阈值具有冬季低夏季高的单峰型季节变化特征,表明ASC在冬季远强于夏季;ASC的路径分析表明其主要通过大西洋扇区经北欧海–巴伦支海–喀拉海输送进入极区,也存在少部分从太平洋扇区输入或在极区生成;ASC大多数生成于两大洋急流轴或急流出口区北侧,极少数生成于大陆或低纬度,绝大多数ASC在极区消亡很难回到中低纬度。此外,极区原生ASC频数占总数约1/3,外部输入和极区原生ASC的频数没有显著增多趋势,但长时间生命史ASC频数以0.49次/(10 a)的速率增长,表明ASC的持续时间在增长。
ASC频数与AO指数的相关性很好,尤其是在冬季,当ASC频数偏高时,极区出现显著低压和冷异常,中纬度–副极地地区出现高压和暖异常,北欧海东西两侧温度梯度增加斜压位能增强;高空极涡加深偏向北美一侧,与ASC中高纬向极输送的主要路径北大西洋扇区一致;北大西洋急流轴南北摆动增加,北美一侧急流呈西南–东北走向深入极区,而北太平洋急流主轴减弱,北侧副极地西伯利亚急流偏强。在这种环流型的配置下,有利于气旋的发生发展并引导气旋沿北大西洋扇区深入极区东部。Wallace[34]与Thompson等[35]从波流相互作用角度认为AO的位相变化是大气内部过程即大气纬向流和天气尺度波之间的相互作用所激发的,尤其在北大西洋区域天气尺度波与纬向流发生剧烈相互作用时会发生波破碎过程并伴有AO指数的极值出现,Benedict等[36]认为北大西洋反气旋式波破碎有利于AO正位相的建立,对应AO正位相时北大西洋急流轴与风暴轴偏北[37]。而向极输送的ASC很可能在波破碎过程中发挥着重要作用,其通过波流相互作用调制AO位相,AO正位相反馈增强ASC生成发展的相互作用机制值得进一步探究。随着北极放大背景下北极海冰快速融化、海冰厚度快速变薄及开阔水域增加,北极海冰越来越容易受到ASC过程的热力与动力强迫,ASC过程与极区气候、海冰快速变化的联系也值得进一步探究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0607004);国家自然科学基金(42075024)
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2021年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021141
  • 接收时间:2021-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-26
  • 修回日期:2021-05-20
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国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0607004);国家自然科学基金(42075024)
作者信息
    1物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2中国海洋大学 海洋高等研究院,山东 青岛 266100
    3中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    4宁波大学 宁波市非线性海洋和大气灾害系统协同创新中心,浙江 宁波 315201

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黄菲,女,教授,主要研究大尺度海气相互作用、季风与气候变化、非线性大气动力学等。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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