Article(id=1233732364183073781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732360236225173, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1590163200000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-23, revisedDate=1604592000000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074317259, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1614182400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074317259, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074317259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074317259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732360236225173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074316317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074316317, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732364514423800, articleId=1233732364183073781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Algal light-harvesting system: Linkage of structures and functions by using structural biology, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Algae are general term of a large group of photoautotrophic aquatic sporophytes. Along with the long earth history, the algal light-harvesting antenna has evolved special structure and function, to adapt to low-light underwater environment. Since the algal light-harvesting antennas were first discovered 70 years ago, the progress of structural analysis can be divided into four stages. The first stage was from 1950 to 1980, and effects were focused on studying the structural composition of light-harvesting antenna through biochemical and spectral techniques. The second stage was from 1980 to the present, and X-ray crystallization becomes a primary tool to study the partial fine-structure of the complete complex. The third stage was from 1980 to 2010. In this stage, complete contour structure can be studied by using electron microscope (EM). The fourth stage is from 2010 to the present, and the use of cryo-EM technology to studied intact fine-structure has brought the blowout period of structural analysis in recent year. With the rapid development of cryo-EM technology, a variety of complete fine-structures of algal light-harvesting antenna complexes have been analyzed, including cyanobacteria, red algae, green algae, and diatoms. Specifically, in 2019, multiple super-molecular complex structures of algal light-harvesting antenna were resolved. This breakthrough provides us valuable structure information for the study of energy transfer and the unified relationship between structure and function. However, the synthetic understanding of the relationship between the structure, function, environment, and applications of algal light-harvesting antennas is still preliminary, compared to the huge demand of solar energy utilization from bio-materials. Therefore, further research on the light adaptability of light-harvesting proteins has become the focus of the future, and will provide a sufficient scientific basis for the application of algal light-harvesting antenna proteins in the field of photoelectric devices.

, correspAuthors=Song Qin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhanghe Zhen, Wenjun Li, Hanzhi Lin, Song Qin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732368490623082, articleId=1233732364183073781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=藻类捕光天线系统:结构与功能的统一, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

藻类是光合自养的水生孢子植物,为了适应水下弱光的特殊生境,藻类捕光天线历经亿万年的进化,形成了特殊的结构与功能。从发现藻类捕光天线的存在到至今的70多年间,其结构解析技术的发展共经历了4个阶段:首先是利用生化及普通光谱技术研究结构组成(1950−1980年);其次是利用X-ray晶体学技术研究局部精细结构(1980年至今);再次是利用电镜技术研究完整的粗略结构(1980−2010年);最后是近10年来利用冷冻电镜技术研究完整的精细结构(2010年至今)。目前以蓝藻、红藻、绿藻和硅藻为主的藻类捕光天线复合体完整的精细结构均已被解析,仅2019年就有10余种精细结构被发现。藻类捕光天线系统结构生物学的研究,不仅搭建了对结构与功能统一认识的桥梁,而且为深入揭示藻类光合作用高效能量传递机制奠定了坚实的结构基础。将藻类捕光天线系统结构和功能统一起来,进一步研究对光环境的适应性成为未来的重点,并将为藻类捕光天线蛋白在光电器件领域的应用提供充分的科学依据。

, correspAuthors=秦松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
秦松,研究员,主要从事分子藻类学与产品工程相关工作。E-mail:
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甄张赫(1992—),女,辽宁省盖平县人,博士研究生,主要从事藻类捕光蛋白结构及其功能机制研究。E-mail:

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甄张赫(1992—),女,辽宁省盖平县人,博士研究生,主要从事藻类捕光蛋白结构及其功能机制研究。E-mail:

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Physiologia Plantarum, 2001, 112(4): 572−581., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233800605727257495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(419061094,2061134020);广东省科学院实施创新驱动发展能力建设专项(2020GDASYL-20200102015)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233800598458528427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598466917037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598458528427, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598471111342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598458528427, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233800598613717681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598622106291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598613717681, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598630494900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598613717681, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院大学 资源与环境学院,北京 100049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233800598785684152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598798267066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598785684152, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800598915707583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800598785684152, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233800599007982274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800599016370883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800599007982274, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233800599020565188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, companyId=1233800599007982274, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4广东省科学院 广东省生态环境技术研究所 华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心/广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广东 广州 510650)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233800604104061780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Comparison of contour and fine structures of algal light-harvesting complexes

A. The rough structure of PBS from red alga Porphyridium cruentum by using electron microscope (picture quoted from reference [24]); B. the fine-structure of PBS from red alga P. purpureum by using cryo-electron microscope (PDB code is 6KGX); C. the electron microscope structure (rough structure) of C2S2M2-type PSII-LHCII from pea (picture quoted from reference [79]); D. the fine cryo-electron microscope structure of C2S2M2N2-type PSII-LHCII from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (picture quoted from PDB library, PDB code is 6KAF)

, figureFileSmall=4z71Kdc2aD8/jyYL/e/g8A==, figureFileBig=qlfRPwfjmfVzc8odqUicCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604196336473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=图1, caption=捕光复合体粗略结构及精细结构对比

A. 红藻(Porphyridium cruentum)PBS 电镜结构(粗略结构)(图片引自文献[24]);B. 红藻(P. purpureum)PBS 冷冻电镜精细结构(图片源于PDB库,PDB码为6KGX);C. 豌豆C2S2M2-type PSII-LHCII 电镜结构(粗略结构)(图片引自文献[79]);D. 绿藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)C2S2M2N2-type PSII-LHCII 冷冻电镜精细结构(图片源于PDB库,PDB码为6KAF)

, figureFileSmall=4z71Kdc2aD8/jyYL/e/g8A==, figureFileBig=qlfRPwfjmfVzc8odqUicCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604305388383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Computational biology analysis of cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein homologous sequence and structure [90]

A represent alignment of cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein homologous sequences to identify sites with increased non-synonymous substitutions (posterior probabilities>80%); the horizontal axis is amino acid arrangement sites; the vertical axis is posterior probability; A, B, E, F, F’, G, and H represent seven helices, X and Y represent the spiral hairpin domain at the N-terminus of each subunit; the gray lines represent α subunit, the dark gray lines represent β subunit; a-d represent PEC, PC, PE and APC, respectively. B represent three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial phycocyanin; gray spheres represent the residues with increased synonymous frequency/non-synonymous frequency substitution ratio; helixes represent α subunit and β subunit; gray lines represent chromophore

, figureFileSmall=O7IDnGWlH4TW830LrYksPg==, figureFileBig=SXIf99d+SbYAnbdQ9jhnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604406051685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=图2, caption=计算生物学分析蓝藻藻胆蛋白同源序列及结构[90]

A为通过计算生物学比对蓝藻的藻胆蛋白同源序列,识别非同义替换升高的位点(后验概率大于80%);横轴为藻胆蛋白中的氨基酸排列位点;纵轴为后验概率;A、B、E、F、F’、G、H代表7个螺旋,X、Y代表每个亚基N段的螺旋发卡域;浅灰色为α亚基,暗灰色为β亚基;图内部的a−d分支分别为PEC、PC、PE和APC。B为蓝藻藻蓝蛋白三维结构;灰色球状填充为dN/dS(同义频率/非同义频率)替换比例升高的残基;螺旋状条带表示蛋白质的α亚基和β亚基;灰色杆状表示生色团

, figureFileSmall=O7IDnGWlH4TW830LrYksPg==, figureFileBig=SXIf99d+SbYAnbdQ9jhnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604502520678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Monomer structure and pigment composition of FCP [36]

The structure of the FCP monomer from diatom P. tricornutum is provided by PDB database (http://www.rcsb.org/), PDB code is 6A2W

, figureFileSmall=4Fmp9Sg7KL9UrWTjnmf3yA==, figureFileBig=EH3/hEdrXTqvH7E9EGC/Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604632544105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FCP单体结构及其色素组成[36]

硅藻(P. tricornutum)FCP单体的结构信息来自PDB数据库(http://www.rcsb.org/),PDB码为6A2W

, figureFileSmall=4Fmp9Sg7KL9UrWTjnmf3yA==, figureFileBig=EH3/hEdrXTqvH7E9EGC/Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800604745790321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Photoprotective structural model of phycobilisomes

a. The mechanism model of OCP-dependent NPQ in phycobilisomes, picture quoted from reference [103]; b. phycobilisome state transition model, state 1 represents mobile energy transfer mechanism, state 2 represents overflow mechanism, red arrow represents energy transfer path

a. 藻胆体的OCP依赖型NPQ机制模型,图片引自文献[103];b. 藻胆体状态转换模型,状态一为移动传能机制,状态二为能量溢出机制,红色箭头为能量传递路径

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捕光天线类型粗略结构
鉴定方法
结构结果与功能的关系引用文献精细结构
鉴定方法
结构结果与功能的关系引用文献
PBS生理生化+
光谱技术
蛋白凝胶电泳鉴定藻胆体由藻胆蛋白及各种连接多肽组成;光谱测量藻胆体光吸收范围为460~700 nm
揭示捕光范围及可能的
能量传递路径
[29]X-ray藻胆蛋白脱辅基蛋白结构、结合色素类型及色素结合位点
通过结合色素类型
及结合方式预测
能量传递路径
[41]
普通电镜PBS结构具有多样性,如半椭圆形、块状等结合藻类生境,对比多种PBS形状及
粗略结构,可揭示PBS形状与周围
光环境的适应规律
[21]冷冻电镜PBS完整结构及细节结构,如各类连接蛋白组成的骨架形式;色素网络及色素结合位点揭示PBS组装机制及
能量传递途径
[42]
LHC及其与光系统的复合物生理生化+
光谱技术
蛋白凝胶电泳鉴定LHC蛋白大小及部分超分子复合体含有LHC的数量;光谱测量LHC光吸收范围为350~700 nm


揭示捕光范围[43]X-ray脱辅基蛋白结构、结合色素类型及色素结合位点
揭示内部能量
传递路径
[36]
普通电镜超分子复合体可能的组成成分,例如观察不同藻类的PSII-LHCII复合体中LHC的排列方式及数量通过LHC与光合反应中心的结合
方式推测可能的能量传递方式
[44]冷冻电镜复合体完整精细结构能量传递途径及
光保护机制
[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800605089723261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=1, caption=

Contour model and fine structures of algal light-harvesting antenna complexes

藻类捕光天线复合体粗略结构及精细结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
捕光天线类型粗略结构
鉴定方法
结构结果与功能的关系引用文献精细结构
鉴定方法
结构结果与功能的关系引用文献
PBS生理生化+
光谱技术
蛋白凝胶电泳鉴定藻胆体由藻胆蛋白及各种连接多肽组成;光谱测量藻胆体光吸收范围为460~700 nm
揭示捕光范围及可能的
能量传递路径
[29]X-ray藻胆蛋白脱辅基蛋白结构、结合色素类型及色素结合位点
通过结合色素类型
及结合方式预测
能量传递路径
[41]
普通电镜PBS结构具有多样性,如半椭圆形、块状等结合藻类生境,对比多种PBS形状及
粗略结构,可揭示PBS形状与周围
光环境的适应规律
[21]冷冻电镜PBS完整结构及细节结构,如各类连接蛋白组成的骨架形式;色素网络及色素结合位点揭示PBS组装机制及
能量传递途径
[42]
LHC及其与光系统的复合物生理生化+
光谱技术
蛋白凝胶电泳鉴定LHC蛋白大小及部分超分子复合体含有LHC的数量;光谱测量LHC光吸收范围为350~700 nm


揭示捕光范围[43]X-ray脱辅基蛋白结构、结合色素类型及色素结合位点
揭示内部能量
传递路径
[36]
普通电镜超分子复合体可能的组成成分,例如观察不同藻类的PSII-LHCII复合体中LHC的排列方式及数量通过LHC与光合反应中心的结合
方式推测可能的能量传递方式
[44]冷冻电镜复合体完整精细结构能量传递途径及
光保护机制
[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800605190386562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Progress in crystal structure analysis of algal light-harvesting antenna complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类PSII主要捕光天线PSI主要捕光天线结合色素文献
蓝藻PBS: APC*, PC*, PE*, PEC (phycoerythrocyanin)*IsiA (Iron-stress-induced protein)PCB, PEB, PUB, PVB, Chl a[26, 4648]
红藻PBS: APC*, PC*, PE*LHCR: LhcrPCB, PEB, PUB, Chl a[5, 21, 4951]
绿藻LHCII: Lhcb1-3, CP24, CP26, CP29*LHCI*: LhcaChl a, Chl b[5254]
隐藻Cr(Cryptophytes)-PBP (phycobiliprotein): Cr-PC*/Cr-PE*; LHC: Lhcr, Lhcz同PSIIPCB, PEB, MBV(mesobiliverdin), DBV(dihydrobiliverdin), bilin 584, bilin 618, Chl a, Chl c, alloxanthin[55]
硅藻FCP*: Lhcf, Lhcx同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx, Dt, Dd[5658]
褐藻FCP: Lhcf, Lhcr, Lhcx, Lhcz同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx,violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, Dt, Dd[43, 5859]
甲藻PCP*;LHC: Lhcr, Lhcf, Lhcx同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx, violaxanthin[6061]
黄藻XLH (Xanthophyceae light-harvesting complex) IIXLHIChl a, Chl c, Dd, Dt[62]
金藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl c, Fx, violaxanthin[6364]
裸藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl b, neoxanthin, Dt, Dd, β-carotene[6567]
轮藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl b, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, lutein, eaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin,[6567]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800605303632776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

藻类捕光天线复合体晶体结构解析进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类PSII主要捕光天线PSI主要捕光天线结合色素文献
蓝藻PBS: APC*, PC*, PE*, PEC (phycoerythrocyanin)*IsiA (Iron-stress-induced protein)PCB, PEB, PUB, PVB, Chl a[26, 4648]
红藻PBS: APC*, PC*, PE*LHCR: LhcrPCB, PEB, PUB, Chl a[5, 21, 4951]
绿藻LHCII: Lhcb1-3, CP24, CP26, CP29*LHCI*: LhcaChl a, Chl b[5254]
隐藻Cr(Cryptophytes)-PBP (phycobiliprotein): Cr-PC*/Cr-PE*; LHC: Lhcr, Lhcz同PSIIPCB, PEB, MBV(mesobiliverdin), DBV(dihydrobiliverdin), bilin 584, bilin 618, Chl a, Chl c, alloxanthin[55]
硅藻FCP*: Lhcf, Lhcx同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx, Dt, Dd[5658]
褐藻FCP: Lhcf, Lhcr, Lhcx, Lhcz同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx,violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, Dt, Dd[43, 5859]
甲藻PCP*;LHC: Lhcr, Lhcf, Lhcx同PSIIChl a, Chl c, Fx, violaxanthin[6061]
黄藻XLH (Xanthophyceae light-harvesting complex) IIXLHIChl a, Chl c, Dd, Dt[62]
金藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl c, Fx, violaxanthin[6364]
裸藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl b, neoxanthin, Dt, Dd, β-carotene[6567]
轮藻LHCLHCChl a, Chl b, α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, lutein, eaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin,[6567]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800605433656204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Advance in electron microscope analysis of algal light-harvesting complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类捕光天线复合体电镜冷冻电镜解析分辨率(冷冻电镜)引用文献
蓝藻IsiA-PSI3.5 Å[76, 80]
PBS13 Å[25]
PBSrod-PSI[81]
PBS-PSII[8283]
红藻PSI-LHCI3.82 Å[74]
PBS3.5 Å, 2.82 Å[22, 42]
绿藻PSI-LHCI3.49 Å, 2.9 Å[75, 84]
PSII-LHCII3.2 Å[85]
C2S2-type PSII-LHCII2.7 Å[45]
C2S2M2-type PSII-LHCII3.2 Å[86]
C2S2M2N2-type PSII LHCII3.7 Å[74]
C2S2M2L2-type PSII LHCII3.4 Å[45]
PSI-LHCI-LHCII[44]
硅藻PSI-FCPI[8788]
PSII-FCPII3.02 Å, 3.8 Å[78, 89]
隐藻PSI-LHCI[72]
黄藻XLH[71]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800605517542287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732364183073781, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电镜技术解析藻类捕光复合体结构的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类捕光天线复合体电镜冷冻电镜解析分辨率(冷冻电镜)引用文献
蓝藻IsiA-PSI3.5 Å[76, 80]
PBS13 Å[25]
PBSrod-PSI[81]
PBS-PSII[8283]
红藻PSI-LHCI3.82 Å[74]
PBS3.5 Å, 2.82 Å[22, 42]
绿藻PSI-LHCI3.49 Å, 2.9 Å[75, 84]
PSII-LHCII3.2 Å[85]
C2S2-type PSII-LHCII2.7 Å[45]
C2S2M2-type PSII-LHCII3.2 Å[86]
C2S2M2N2-type PSII LHCII3.7 Å[74]
C2S2M2L2-type PSII LHCII3.4 Å[45]
PSI-LHCI-LHCII[44]
硅藻PSI-FCPI[8788]
PSII-FCPII3.02 Å, 3.8 Å[78, 89]
隐藻PSI-LHCI[72]
黄藻XLH[71]
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藻类捕光天线系统:结构与功能的统一
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甄张赫 1, 2 , 李文军 1, 3 , 林瀚智 4 , 秦松 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2021,43(2): 126-138
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2021, 43(2): 126-138
藻类捕光天线系统:结构与功能的统一
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甄张赫1, 2 , 李文军1, 3, 林瀚智4, 秦松1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
  • 2中国科学院大学 资源与环境学院,北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
  • 4广东省科学院 广东省生态环境技术研究所 华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心/广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广东 广州 510650
  • 甄张赫(1992—),女,辽宁省盖平县人,博士研究生,主要从事藻类捕光蛋白结构及其功能机制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

秦松,研究员,主要从事分子藻类学与产品工程相关工作。E-mail:
Algal light-harvesting system: Linkage of structures and functions by using structural biology
Zhanghe Zhen1, 2 , Wenjun Li1, 3, Hanzhi Lin4, Song Qin1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 4National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
出版时间: 2021-02-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021024
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藻类是光合自养的水生孢子植物,为了适应水下弱光的特殊生境,藻类捕光天线历经亿万年的进化,形成了特殊的结构与功能。从发现藻类捕光天线的存在到至今的70多年间,其结构解析技术的发展共经历了4个阶段:首先是利用生化及普通光谱技术研究结构组成(1950−1980年);其次是利用X-ray晶体学技术研究局部精细结构(1980年至今);再次是利用电镜技术研究完整的粗略结构(1980−2010年);最后是近10年来利用冷冻电镜技术研究完整的精细结构(2010年至今)。目前以蓝藻、红藻、绿藻和硅藻为主的藻类捕光天线复合体完整的精细结构均已被解析,仅2019年就有10余种精细结构被发现。藻类捕光天线系统结构生物学的研究,不仅搭建了对结构与功能统一认识的桥梁,而且为深入揭示藻类光合作用高效能量传递机制奠定了坚实的结构基础。将藻类捕光天线系统结构和功能统一起来,进一步研究对光环境的适应性成为未来的重点,并将为藻类捕光天线蛋白在光电器件领域的应用提供充分的科学依据。

藻类  /  捕光天线系统  /  结构生物学  /  结构解析技术  /  高效能量传递  /  光适应

Algae are general term of a large group of photoautotrophic aquatic sporophytes. Along with the long earth history, the algal light-harvesting antenna has evolved special structure and function, to adapt to low-light underwater environment. Since the algal light-harvesting antennas were first discovered 70 years ago, the progress of structural analysis can be divided into four stages. The first stage was from 1950 to 1980, and effects were focused on studying the structural composition of light-harvesting antenna through biochemical and spectral techniques. The second stage was from 1980 to the present, and X-ray crystallization becomes a primary tool to study the partial fine-structure of the complete complex. The third stage was from 1980 to 2010. In this stage, complete contour structure can be studied by using electron microscope (EM). The fourth stage is from 2010 to the present, and the use of cryo-EM technology to studied intact fine-structure has brought the blowout period of structural analysis in recent year. With the rapid development of cryo-EM technology, a variety of complete fine-structures of algal light-harvesting antenna complexes have been analyzed, including cyanobacteria, red algae, green algae, and diatoms. Specifically, in 2019, multiple super-molecular complex structures of algal light-harvesting antenna were resolved. This breakthrough provides us valuable structure information for the study of energy transfer and the unified relationship between structure and function. However, the synthetic understanding of the relationship between the structure, function, environment, and applications of algal light-harvesting antennas is still preliminary, compared to the huge demand of solar energy utilization from bio-materials. Therefore, further research on the light adaptability of light-harvesting proteins has become the focus of the future, and will provide a sufficient scientific basis for the application of algal light-harvesting antenna proteins in the field of photoelectric devices.

algae  /  light-harvesting system  /  structural biology  /  structural analysis technology  /  efficient energy transfer  /  light adaption
甄张赫, 李文军, 林瀚智, 秦松. 藻类捕光天线系统:结构与功能的统一. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (2) : 126 -138 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021024
Zhanghe Zhen, Wenjun Li, Hanzhi Lin, Song Qin. Algal light-harvesting system: Linkage of structures and functions by using structural biology[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (2) : 126 -138 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021024
藻类是光合自养的水生孢子植物,是地球上最原始的进行放氧光合作用的植物,可分为原核藻类及真核藻类。原核藻类的成员主要为蓝藻,它通过内共生进化出各种真核藻类。最初,蓝藻的初级内共生演化出3个分支:灰胞藻、红藻及绿藻[1]。随后,红藻及绿藻通过一系列次内共生产生了其他的真核藻类[2]。按照传统方法,真核藻类通常被分为10个门:绿藻门、轮藻门、裸藻门、红藻门、隐藻门、甲藻门、金藻门、黄藻门、硅藻门及褐藻门[3]
藻类可在各类地球环境中(湖泊、海洋、温泉、高山、极地等)生存,特别是水下弱光环境造就了藻类独特而高效的捕光能力[4]。为了适应各种光环境,藻类进化出了各种捕光天线(色素−蛋白复合体),包括定位于类囊体膜外的水溶性复合体,以及在类囊体膜内的疏水性复合体。这些复合体可通过调整其结合色素的数量、种类及位点,吸收环境中特定波段的光[5]。例如水溶性捕光天线复合体藻胆体(Phycobilisome,PBS),可通过共价结合的各类藻胆素,如藻蓝胆素(Phycocyanobilin,PCB)、藻红胆素(Phycoerythrobilin,PEB)、藻尿胆素(Phycourobilin,PUB)和藻紫胆素(Phycoviolobilin,PVB)等吸收460~670 nm的可见光[6];膜蛋白捕光天线复合体(Light-harvesting Complex,LHC)可通过非共价结合的各类色素如叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl),及各种类胡萝卜素(Carotenoids)如岩藻黄素(Fucoxanthin,Fx)、甲藻黄素(Diadinoxanthin,Dd)和硅藻黄素(Diatoxanthin,Dt)等吸收350~750 nm的光[7-8],这些吸收的光能被捕光天线复合体以大于90%的效率传递至光合反应中心。在此过程中,类胡萝卜素可以通过淬灭激发态叶绿素的方式进行光保护。这些捕光和传能的过程之所以如此的高效,与藻类捕光天线独特的蛋白结构密不可分[9-13]
藻类拥有的独特的捕光天线结构是其行使捕光和传能过程的基础(表1[14-16],研究藻类捕光天线的精细结构具有非常重要的意义。其精细结构的揭示,可以帮助人们了解天线的捕光和传能机制,并为光电仿生器件提供重要的结构和功能基础[17],这对开发太阳能电池甚至人工光合作用的合成都至关重要。
但需要注意的是,藻类捕光天线结构生物学的发展非常依赖于相关的检测及解析技术。这些技术被用来分析藻类捕光天线的成分和结构,是影响结构分辨率的重要因素,因此相关的研究方法学和技术手段的进步至关重要。本文将以研究方法学和技术手段的进步为线索,回顾过去70年藻类捕光天线结构生物学的研究历程,阐明结构生物学揭示的藻类捕光复合体结构与功能的统一性及其科学意义,并展望有关领域未来发展趋势。
生化提取是解析藻类捕光天线结构的第一步,也是后续成分分析的重要基础。自20世纪50年代起,人们开始通过简单易行的生理生化技术,广泛研究藻类捕光天线的组成及结构[18-20]。例如,Gantt和Lipschultz[21]开发了从单细胞红藻紫球藻中分离完整PBS的方法,大大推动了当时甚至后续的PBS结构的研究进展。后续提取完整PBS的方法均由此衍生而来,至今仍延用了其中的经典条件及步骤,例如细胞破碎缓冲液磷酸根浓度为0.6~1.0 mol/L、pH约为7,提取温度在18°C左右,纯化方法选择蔗糖梯度离心法等[22-25]
随后Gingrich等[26-28]通过改进该方法,分离纯化了蓝藻的PBS,例如聚球藻Synechococcus PCC 6301、Synechococcus PCC 7002等,并通过蛋白电泳、吸收光谱及荧光发射光谱,对PBS的蛋白成分及色素成分进行了鉴定(表1)。基于这些研究成果,Glazer[29]构建了聚球藻Synechococcus6701藻胆体结构的初始模型。在完整的藻胆体结构被结构生物学研究技术解析之前,该初始模型的建立对于分析藻胆体能量传递途径具有重要的指导意义。
X-ray晶体学是解析藻类捕光天线复合体精细结构的第一选择[30]表1)。蛋白本身的特性往往决定了其结晶的难易程度,因此水溶性捕光天线和膜蛋白捕光天线的晶体结构解析进展并不对等。大量易结晶的水溶性捕光天线蛋白以及组成PBS的各类藻胆蛋白率先获得了原子分辨率的结构,例如多甲藻素叶绿素蛋白(Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein,PCP)(2 Å)[31]、藻红蛋白(phycoerythrin,PE)(1.85 Å)[32]、藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin,PC)(1.35 Å)[33]和隐藻PE545(0.97 Å、1.63 Å)[34-35]等(表2)。
由于膜蛋白纯化及结晶均较为困难,因此获得LHC家族成员的晶体结构往往需要漫长的摸索过程。幸运的是,目前已经获得了多种LHCII、FCP(Fx and Chl a/c binding protein)的高分辨晶体结构(表2),这些结构清晰地展示了色基类型及结合位点[36-38]。大量晶体结构的成功解析,为后续冷冻电镜三维重构计算奠定了重要的结构基础。
然而,由于LHC家族成员的结构多样性,膜蛋白又较难结晶,因此大多数藻类的膜蛋白捕光天线的精细结构尚未通过X-ray晶体学方法获得(表2)。此外,超分子捕光复合体的结构也很难通过X-ray晶体学方法获得。一方面是由于超分子复合体的体积太大,增加了结晶难度,例如PSI(photosystem I)-LHCI,PSII-LHCII等大体积复合物至今未见晶体结构,而其包含的体积小的PSI、PSII以及部分LHC却早已通过结晶法获得精细结构[37, 39-40];另一方面是受限于复合体的体外理化性质,例如PBS不仅体积大,而且在体外易解聚,很难通过结晶获得完整的精细结构。由于X-ray晶体学技术几乎没有机会完成部分藻类捕光天线的结构解析,因此开发更多的结构解析技术变得非常必要。
电镜技术一直是生物分子结构生物学结构解析,特别是超大分子解析的重要手段,只不过早期的解析清晰度远远不如X-ray晶体解析技术,制约了技术的应用范围。早在20世纪80年代起,人们便开始利用各种电镜技术对捕光天线的结构进行观察(表1表3),例如通过透射电子显微镜(Transmission Electron Microscope,TEM)[21,68]、扫描隧道显微镜(Scanning Tunneling Microscope,STM)[69]以及原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope,AFM)[70]观察到了各种不同类型的二维或三维PBS结构。部分膜蛋白捕光天线的结构也可通过电镜观察到,如体积较小的XLH(来源于黄藻)[71]以及大体积的LHC和光系统I的超分子复合物(如隐藻的PSI-LHCI[72]、绿藻的PSI-LHCI-LHCII[44]等),结合已公布的晶体结构,可对这些负染图像进行三维重构计算,获得粗略结构模型。然而,由于这几种电镜技术本身的限制及获得的图像分辨率的限制,这些粗略结构相比于精细结构仅能提供复合体组成成分,丢失了大量的亚基及色基结构细节,例如PBS与PSII-LHCII(图1A图1C)的粗略结构,无法提供确切的亚基类型及空间位置,也无法观察到结合的色基,而精细结构(图1B图1D)却可以提供这些细节。因此,直到冷冻电镜技术发展成熟之前,人们都很难通过电镜获得捕光天线复合体完整的精细结构。
冷冻电镜技术的应用不仅使结构生物学跨入了新时代,也使藻类捕光天线的结构解析得以关键性突破,这得益于冷冻电镜技术相比较X-ray结晶法对样品质量的依赖度更低[73]。仅2019年,便有7个超分子复合体的精细结构通过冷冻电镜技术获得[42, 45, 74-78],包括提高了分辨率的PBS结构(红藻Porphyridium purpureum,2.82 Å)[42]、绿藻的PSI-LHCI以及多种类型的PSII-LHCII等。这些结构清晰的揭示了复合体组件之间的连接与排布方式。目前,冷冻电镜技术在藻类捕光天线复合体结构解析领域的应用还有很大的发展空间。例如,利用冷冻电镜技术解析的藻类捕光天线复合体结构分辨率均未突破2.5 Å(表3)。因此,未来还需要对样品纯化以及冷冻电镜解析技术继续优化提升,以提高结构分辨率。
结构生物学的进步,为深刻理解藻类捕光天线复合体的功能提供了大量结构细节,例如精细结构展示的大量的精准的发色团位置,提示了捕光天线系统内部高效的能量传递发生的可能机制。目前,将结构生物学与捕光天线功能整合为一体的研究方法学如下(图2)。
(1)通过比对分析捕光蛋白的同源基因,结合其三维结构,揭示捕光蛋白结构与功能的进化关系。例如,在2006年,Zhao和Qin[90]对藻胆蛋白同源基因进行了进化分析,发现某些藻胆蛋白中的部分氨基酸位点表现出较高的非同义替换率(图2A),这些位点大多分布在发色团结合结构域和螺旋发夹结构域(X和Y)内或其附近(图2B),并显示出共同进化的特征。将这些位点精确地定位在藻胆蛋白的三级结构上,发现脱辅基蛋白的发色团结合结构域为发色团创造了特定的微环境,以确保高效的能量转移效率[90]。这个研究从计算生物学的角度,证实了发色团与藻胆蛋白之间存在特定的空间环境以有效的进行共振能量转移。
(2)根据藻类捕光天线蛋白精细结构提供的发色团网络,预测能量传递的大概路径,并为利用超快时间分辨光谱研究能量传递提供结构基础。例如,通过硅藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)FCP的结构解析发现,FCP主要以二聚体的形式存在,且该结构揭示的FCP不仅结合了含氧光合作用生物中常见的Chl a,而且结合了Chl c和Fx,使它们能够捕捉蓝绿光以适应水中的光环境(图3[36]。随后通过PSII-FCPII的结构解析,进一步揭示了硅藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)FCPII与PSII的连接方式及可能的能量传递模式。但是由于超分子复合体的结构过于复杂,具体的能量传递路径目前还不清晰[89]。由于复合体体积太大,色素分子较多而导致目前无法仅通过高分辨的复合体结构就准确预测能量传递路径的例子还有很多,例如,2020年解析的来自紫球藻(P. purpureum)的PBS的结构,包含了1598个色素分子,且2.82 Å的分辨率足以使人们看清每个色基的结合位点[42]。然而,由于色素数量庞大,能量传递路径复杂,其中可能涉及到多个激子能量传递,甚至相干共振能量转移。因此,准确的能量传递途径还需要配合各种精确的光谱技术手段进行分析。
(3)光谱学是分析捕光蛋白能量传递的最佳手段,常用的有吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱、圆二色谱[91]以及超快光谱[92]。目前,超快时间分辨光谱被认为是分析捕光蛋白能量传递机制的最佳光谱学手段,超快时间分辨光谱可对飞秒(fs)内的能量传递过程进行监测[93-94]。例如,二维超快时间分辨光谱显示,隐藻捕光蛋白PC645的两组色素分子之间存在振动相干节拍以及部分离域振动,这使得能量转移速率增强[95-96]
除了高效能量传递,藻类捕光天线系统的精细结构,为理解其光适应机制提供了更多的科学依据,例如,藻类捕光天线可通过结构的变化响应来启动各种光保护机制(如非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、状态转换等[97-98]),以保护光合反应中心免受光损伤。例如,发色团网络揭示的各类LHC的类胡萝卜素位置,可辅助理解LHC的NPQ机制。近来,有研究利用时间分辨红外光谱对LHCII的能量淬灭动力学及构象变化进行了分析[99],该研究揭示了高等植物LHCII三聚体对多余激发能的耗散可响应温度和酸度的变化,这可通过类胡萝卜素与叶绿素612之间的动态构象变化来调控。需要说明的是,由于植物LHCII的结构与绿藻LHCII的结构一样,因此,对高等植物LHCII的研究结果均可用来分析绿藻LHCII。此外,对高等植物PSI-LHCI-LHCII的精细结构解析,也可帮助人们深入理解绿藻捕光天线的状态转换机制。通过对比绿藻中发现的各种类型的PSII(photosystem II)-LHCII(C2S2-typePSII-LHCII、C2S2M2-typePSII-LHCII及C2S2M2N2-typePSII-LHCII等)复合体结构差异,有助于深入理解LHCII对不同光条件下的响应机制[45, 74, 77, 86]
藻类捕光天线的结构尽管可根据生活的光环境进行变化,但是决定其结构类型的根本因素在于进化所决定的基因。因此,尽管有一些藻类生活在相似的环境中,但是其捕光天线结构却有差别,例如都生活在海表面的单细胞蓝藻和红藻,其具备的捕光天线结构并不相同。红藻的藻胆体较蓝藻藻胆体体积更大,且红藻还具有膜蛋白LHC[23, 42, 74]。因此,藻类捕光天线的结构与功能的统一是建立在进化的基础上的,解析不同藻类的捕光天线结构有助于理解藻类进化。
冷冻电镜技术与超快时间分辨光谱技术的结合,初步实现了对藻类捕光天线系统结构与能量传递功能的统一认识,为深刻理解水生植物藻类为何具有高效的弱光捕获能力,极高的传能效率以及灵活的光适应能力等,奠定了坚实的结构基础。然而,清晰绘制一幅特殊水环境如何塑造了特殊的捕光结构,又如何获得高效而精准的捕光功能的系统画卷,仍旧任重道远。
捕光天线结构中复杂的发色团网络结合各类光谱技术可揭示其高效的传能过程,其中可用于解释两个相干量子系统引起的周期性振动过程的CRET机制引起了广泛的关注和争议。CRET过程可使能量在几百飞秒内分布在整个系统(大于分子的直径)内[100],因此部分观点认为相干共振能量转移是藻类捕光天线高效捕光的真正原因。然而,也有部分观点认为该过程的相互作用时间太短暂,在光合作用能量转移中没有任何功能意义[101]。而且,通用的物理计算模型无法可靠的解释捕光天线内复杂的能量传递过程,例如关于隐藻PC645中量子节拍的解释仍然备受争议,因为原子振动也可呈现出相似的观测结果,而这种观测结果很难区分是由哪种机制导致的[96]。因此,需要开发更合理的计算模型(如非微扰计算模型)[102],才能清楚地阐释相干能量传递机制是否是藻类捕光天线高效捕光的“杀手锏”。另外,需要注意的是,现今发现的捕光天线内的量子节拍大多数测量于77 K,而考虑到藻类生存的温度及温度升高对量子退相干过程的加剧作用,在常温下测量量子相干的意义重大。
关于PBS光保护机制的研究还需要依赖相关复合物的结构解析。一方面,PBS可通过橙色类胡萝卜素蛋白(water-soluble orange carotenoid protein,OCP)依赖型NPQ过程将多余的激发能进行热耗散(图4a)。但关于OCP的结合位点仍存在争议,虽然普遍认为活性OCP可以结合PBS的核心结构[103],但至今没有相关的结构被解析,无法直观的验证该观点。另一方面,PBS可通过状态转换机制进行光保护,其机制不同于膜蛋白LHC(图4)。为了避免PSII能量过强导致光损伤,通常PBS可通过移动传能机制(图4b,状态一)和溢出机制(图4b,状态二)两种途径实现多余能量在光系统之间的重新分配[104]。遗憾的是,至今,两种机制的结构仅局限于结构模型,直观的结构解析将寄希望于未来原位结构生物学技术的进步及动态结构研究方法的开发。
目前,仍有许多藻类捕光天线的精细结构未被解析,其中不乏有一些藻类拥有特殊结构的捕光天线。例如,极端环境中的藻类为了在多变的光环境或不寻常的温度条件下,依然能维持捕光天线的结构稳定性和捕光效率,进化出了独特的捕光天线结构。已发现嗜热蓝藻的捕光天线核结构中,含有结构特殊的PC(PC612),可使藻胆体在高温条件结构依然稳定[105];南极红藻可通过转换不同的藻胆体类型来适应长期的光照环境和长期的黑暗环境[106]。但这些没有细节的粗略结构只是提供了理解适应机制的可能方向,并不能辅助人们理解其特殊的捕光及传能机制。例如,嗜热蓝藻中特殊结构的PC在藻胆体传能过程中的具体作用还不清楚;驱动南极红藻两种藻胆体转换的具体机制以及两种藻胆体与光系统的联系仍未见报道。这些科学问题都需要通过解析精细结构,甚至是动态光环境下的精细结构来解释。
现阶段,藻类捕光天线系统结构生物学的研究已为深入揭示藻类光合作用高效能量传递机制奠定了坚实的结构基础,验证了结构生物学揭示的藻类捕光复合体结构与其功能的统一性。此外,通过特殊的捕光天线结构及其动态结构变化,进一步研究捕光天线对光环境的适应性,成为了未来的研究重点,这将为藻类捕光天线蛋白在光电器件领域的应用提供科学依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(419061094,2061134020);广东省科学院实施创新驱动发展能力建设专项(2020GDASYL-20200102015)。
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2021年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021024
  • 接收时间:2020-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-23
  • 修回日期:2020-11-06
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国家自然科学基金(419061094,2061134020);广东省科学院实施创新驱动发展能力建设专项(2020GDASYL-20200102015)。
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    1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
    2中国科学院大学 资源与环境学院,北京 100049
    3中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
    4广东省科学院 广东省生态环境技术研究所 华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心/广东省农业环境综合治理重点实验室,广东 广州 510650

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秦松,研究员,主要从事分子藻类学与产品工程相关工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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