Article(id=1325150085016854722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772726400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-06, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793870000365, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793870000365, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793870000365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793870000365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070114-1, endPage=070114-14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325150085201404099, articleId=1325150085016854722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Effect of Interlayer Materials on the Interfacial Microstructure and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 7B53 Aluminum Alloy Composite Plates, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The choice of aluminum alloys used as the interlayers significantly influences the interfacial bonding properties and dynamic impact mechanical properties of 7B53 aluminum alloy composite plates (7A52/interlayer/7A63). In this study, the influence mechanism of different aluminum alloy interlayer materials (7A01, 6061, 2024 aluminum alloy) on the interfacial metallurgical bonding quality and the dynamic mechanical behavior at high strain rates (1700−3200 s−1) was systematically investigated using tensile-shear tests, Charpy impact tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the composite plate with the 6061 interlayer exhibits the optimal interfacial bonding performance, achieving a maximum shear strength of 109.6 MPa, which is 36.5 MPa higher than that of the plate with the 7A01 interlayer (73.1 MPa). This improvement is attributed to the fact that the 6061 alloy promotes the formation of fine and uniform grains at the interface, thereby effectively strengthening the interfacial region. SHPB tests reveal that the inhomogeneous deformation of the interlayer interrupts the penetration of cracks into the 7A52 layer and promotes crack deflection along the interface. The composite plate with the 7A01 interlayer shows low strain rate sensitivity. The plate with the 6061 interlayer, while decreases in flow stress due to thermal softening within the strain rate range of 1700–2700 s−1, maintains stable deformation under high-velocity impact owing to its excellent ductility. Compared to the composite plate with the 2024 interlayer, the plate with the 6061 interlayer achieves higher plastic strain while retaining relatively high yield strength. The 6061 interlayer composite plate successfully achieves an effective integration of the high toughness of 7A52 and the high strength of 7A63, providing an important theoretical basis for the design of impact-resistant protective structures for armored vehicles.

, authors=Yu WAN1, Zejun CHEN1, Xianming CAO1, Yuehui DANG1, Fuguan CONG2, Qiang WANG2, authorsList=Yu WAN, Zejun CHEN, Xianming CAO, Yuehui DANG, Fuguan CONG, Qiang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zejun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325150093954916572, articleId=1325150085016854722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=中间层材料对7B53铝合金复合板界面组织与动态力学性能的影响, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铝合金中间层材料对于7B53铝合金复合板(7A52铝合金/中间层/7A63铝合金)的界面结合性能和动态冲击力学性能的影响显著。采用拉伸剪切实验、夏比冲击实验、分离式霍普金森压杆实验和扫描电子显微镜,系统研究了不同铝合金中间层材料(7A01、6061、2024铝合金)对复合板界面结合质量及高应变率(1700~3200 s−1)下动态力学行为的影响机制。结果表明,6061中间层复合板表现出最优的界面结合性能,最大剪切强度达109.6 MPa,较7A01中间层复合板(73.1 MPa)提升了36.5 MPa,这是由于6061铝合金促进了界面区域细小均匀晶粒的形成,从而有效强化界面区域。霍普金森压杆实验表明,中间层的不均匀变形可有效阻断裂纹向7A52层的贯穿扩展,并促使裂纹沿界面偏转。7A01中间层复合板的应变率敏感性较低,而6061中间层复合板在1700~2700 s−1范围内虽因热软化效应而流变应力下降,但其优异的延展性确保了高速冲击下的稳定变形。与2024中间层复合板相比,6061中间层复合板在保持较高屈服强度的同时,具有更高的塑性应变。6061中间层复合板成功实现了7A52高韧性与7A63高强度的有效融合,为装甲车辆抗冲击防护结构设计提供了重要的理论依据。

, authors=万宇1, 陈泽军1, 曹先铭1, 党岳辉1, 丛福官2, 王强2, authorsList=万宇, 陈泽军, 曹先铭, 党岳辉, 丛福官, 王强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈泽军, authorNote=

万 宇(2001-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事铝合金层状复合板制备与性能研究. E-mail:

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陈泽军(1979-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事金属层状复合板制备与性能研究. E-mail:
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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325150105157902628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325150085016854722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Chemical compositions of aluminum alloy (mass fraction) %, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlloysSiFeCuMnMgCrZnTiAl
7A520.250.300.05−0.200.20−0.502.0−2.80.15−0.254.0−4.80.05−0.18Bal.
7A630.120.150.30−0.600.20−0.602.7−3.10.10−0.167.4−8.10.03−0.06Bal.
7A010.300.300.01 0.0250.030.030.9−1.30.03Bal.
60610.610.250.310.111.070.210.170.03Bal.
20240.500.503.980.611.720.010.300.15Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1325150105254371621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325150085016854722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铝合金的化学成分(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlloysSiFeCuMnMgCrZnTiAl
7A520.250.300.05−0.200.20−0.502.0−2.80.15−0.254.0−4.80.05−0.18Bal.
7A630.120.150.30−0.600.20−0.602.7−3.10.10−0.167.4−8.10.03−0.06Bal.
7A010.300.300.01 0.0250.030.030.9−1.30.03Bal.
60610.610.250.310.111.070.210.170.03Bal.
20240.500.503.980.611.720.010.300.15Bal.
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中间层材料对7B53铝合金复合板界面组织与动态力学性能的影响
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万宇 1 , 陈泽军 1 , 曹先铭 1 , 党岳辉 1 , 丛福官 2 , 王强 2
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070114-1-070114-14
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070114-1 -070114-14
中间层材料对7B53铝合金复合板界面组织与动态力学性能的影响
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万宇1 , 陈泽军1 , 曹先铭1, 党岳辉1, 丛福官2, 王强2
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400044
  • 2东北轻合金有限公司, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150060
通讯作者:
陈泽军(1979-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事金属层状复合板制备与性能研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

万 宇(2001-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事铝合金层状复合板制备与性能研究. E-mail:

Effect of Interlayer Materials on the Interfacial Microstructure and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 7B53 Aluminum Alloy Composite Plates
Yu WAN1 , Zejun CHEN1 , Xianming CAO1, Yuehui DANG1, Fuguan CONG2, Qiang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2Northeast Light Alloy Co., Ltd., Harbin 150060, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261044
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铝合金中间层材料对于7B53铝合金复合板(7A52铝合金/中间层/7A63铝合金)的界面结合性能和动态冲击力学性能的影响显著。采用拉伸剪切实验、夏比冲击实验、分离式霍普金森压杆实验和扫描电子显微镜,系统研究了不同铝合金中间层材料(7A01、6061、2024铝合金)对复合板界面结合质量及高应变率(1700~3200 s−1)下动态力学行为的影响机制。结果表明,6061中间层复合板表现出最优的界面结合性能,最大剪切强度达109.6 MPa,较7A01中间层复合板(73.1 MPa)提升了36.5 MPa,这是由于6061铝合金促进了界面区域细小均匀晶粒的形成,从而有效强化界面区域。霍普金森压杆实验表明,中间层的不均匀变形可有效阻断裂纹向7A52层的贯穿扩展,并促使裂纹沿界面偏转。7A01中间层复合板的应变率敏感性较低,而6061中间层复合板在1700~2700 s−1范围内虽因热软化效应而流变应力下降,但其优异的延展性确保了高速冲击下的稳定变形。与2024中间层复合板相比,6061中间层复合板在保持较高屈服强度的同时,具有更高的塑性应变。6061中间层复合板成功实现了7A52高韧性与7A63高强度的有效融合,为装甲车辆抗冲击防护结构设计提供了重要的理论依据。

7B53铝合金复合板  /  中间层  /  动态冲击力学性能  /  界面结合性能  /  屈服强度

The choice of aluminum alloys used as the interlayers significantly influences the interfacial bonding properties and dynamic impact mechanical properties of 7B53 aluminum alloy composite plates (7A52/interlayer/7A63). In this study, the influence mechanism of different aluminum alloy interlayer materials (7A01, 6061, 2024 aluminum alloy) on the interfacial metallurgical bonding quality and the dynamic mechanical behavior at high strain rates (1700−3200 s−1) was systematically investigated using tensile-shear tests, Charpy impact tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the composite plate with the 6061 interlayer exhibits the optimal interfacial bonding performance, achieving a maximum shear strength of 109.6 MPa, which is 36.5 MPa higher than that of the plate with the 7A01 interlayer (73.1 MPa). This improvement is attributed to the fact that the 6061 alloy promotes the formation of fine and uniform grains at the interface, thereby effectively strengthening the interfacial region. SHPB tests reveal that the inhomogeneous deformation of the interlayer interrupts the penetration of cracks into the 7A52 layer and promotes crack deflection along the interface. The composite plate with the 7A01 interlayer shows low strain rate sensitivity. The plate with the 6061 interlayer, while decreases in flow stress due to thermal softening within the strain rate range of 1700–2700 s−1, maintains stable deformation under high-velocity impact owing to its excellent ductility. Compared to the composite plate with the 2024 interlayer, the plate with the 6061 interlayer achieves higher plastic strain while retaining relatively high yield strength. The 6061 interlayer composite plate successfully achieves an effective integration of the high toughness of 7A52 and the high strength of 7A63, providing an important theoretical basis for the design of impact-resistant protective structures for armored vehicles.

7B53 aluminum alloy composite plate  /  intermediate layer  /  dynamic impact mechanical properties  /  interfacial bonding performance  /  yield strength
万宇, 陈泽军, 曹先铭, 党岳辉, 丛福官, 王强. 中间层材料对7B53铝合金复合板界面组织与动态力学性能的影响. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070114-1 -070114-14 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261044
Yu WAN, Zejun CHEN, Xianming CAO, Yuehui DANG, Fuguan CONG, Qiang WANG. Effect of Interlayer Materials on the Interfacial Microstructure and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 7B53 Aluminum Alloy Composite Plates[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070114-1 -070114-14 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261044
铝合金因密度低、强度高、焊接性好、成本低、抗腐蚀性能优良等特点,被广泛应用于航空航天、海洋工程、交通运输、军事装备等领域[1–2]。在军事领域,基于铝合金制造的坦克和步兵战车展现出优异的灵活性、机动性及抗冲击性能[3–4]。装甲防护用铝合金叠层材料通常由强度极高和韧性优良的2种或2种以上组元金属按一定顺序堆叠后轧制复合而成。其中,强度和硬度较高的合金作为面板,用于降低高速弹丸碰撞产生的冲击载荷;塑性较好的合金则作为背板,通过塑性变形进一步阻碍板材的破碎。此外,多界面的存在会吸收冲击产生的大部分能量,从而有效提高板材的抗侵彻性能[5–7]。
在层状铝合金复合板的设计与制备中,中间层的材料与结构设计是优化界面性能的重要途径。Yu等[8]在钢/铝合金复合板中加入纯铝中间层,使复合板的界面剪切强度超过68 MPa,断裂发生在纯铝层中。Song等[9]则在AA2024/AA7075层间设计了微米级纯铝中间层,通过中间层产生的应力梯度与位错路径调控实现协同变形,从而反向增强层压铝合金的性能,实现了强度与塑性的同步提升。Dai等[10]在Q235钢基材上预轧一层薄1060铝中间层,同样提高了结合强度,剪切断裂位于1060铝层内。进一步采用6061、5052和7075等高强度铝合金作为中间层时,研究发现,随着中间层强度的增加,剪切强度呈先升后降的变化趋势。
研究人员利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)技术对铝及铝合金的动态冲击力学性能开展了大量研究。例如:Liu等[11]通过对比7B52复合板与7XXX单层的断裂模式,发现7B52复合板为延性断裂,而7XXX单层为脆性断裂,即7B52复合板比7XXX单层具有更好的冲击承载能力和损伤耐受性。Zhu等[12]的研究表明,在进行动态冲击时,合金中的第二相会促进裂纹的形成与扩展,导致7B52叠层铝合金的动态冲击力学性能下降。佟有志等[13]发现:随着应变率增大,7A62铝合金的流变应力先升后降;准静态加载时,其断裂机制为穿晶韧性断裂,而动态加载时则为沿晶脆韧断裂。周古昕等[14]发现,7A62铝合金中的主要强化相为η'相及富Mn-Al(Mg, Zn, Mn)T相,这些强化相有利于合金的动态冲击力学性能提升。冯治建等[15]发现,在0.001~3800 s−1的应变率范围内,6061铝合金表现出显著的应变率强化效应,流动应力随应变率的提高而增大。贾翠玲等[16]的研究表明,7A52铝合金的流变应力对温度的敏感性较大,对应变率的敏感性较小。此外,Ding等[17]研究发现,高速冲击下7A01层可钝化并偏转7A62层和7A01层中的裂纹,从而阻止裂纹向7A52层扩展,表明高速冲击下7B52铝合金复合板存在非均匀变形现象。
铝合金复合板材作为装甲材料服役时,其在冲击载荷下的形变特性与破坏规律是改进和提升防护设计的重要依据,研究其动态力学响应和失效机制尤为必要。中间层作为连接两侧基板的关键连接结构,对界面结合机制、塑性变形协调、载荷传递效率及动态力学响应均具有重要作用。7B53铝合金复合板材由高强高硬7A63、中强高韧7A52和7A01 3种铝合金热轧复合制备,其中,强度较低的7A01铝合金为中间层,具有良好的延展性和成型性。然而,7A01中间层的强度偏低,限制了7B53复合板整体强度的进一步提升。因此,若需提高复合板强度,必须采用更高强度的铝合金中间层。为此,本研究针对7B53铝合金,选择不同铝合金中间层材料(7A01、6061、2024),研究中间层材料对7B53铝合金微观组织及动态冲击力学性能的影响规律。
7B53复合板是由铝合金7A52、7A63和中间层通过热轧复合制备,表1列出了各材料的化学成分。轧制复合工艺中使用的铝合金板尺寸为100 mm×80 mm,上下组元7A52和7A63的厚度为6 mm,3种不同中间层厚度均为1 mm。
层状铝合金复合板轧制复合制备工艺流程见图1:先用钢丝刷对铝合金基层板的结合界面进行机械打磨,去除铝合金表面的油污和氧化膜,得到具有一定粗糙度的清洁复合表面;用酒精清除待复合板表面的油污,并将清洗后的板材按照7A52/中间层/7A63的顺序进行堆叠,中间层选择3种铝合金(7A01、6061和2024),从而制备出7A01中间层复合板、6061中间层复合板和2024中间层复合板;另外,使用厚度为6.5 mm的7A52和7A63铝合金,制备出不含中间层的铝合金复合板,即无中间层复合板;然后进行铆接,堆叠的铝合金复合板坯在400 ℃下加热30 min,轧制获得6 mm厚的7B53铝合金复合板;待复合板自然冷却至室温后,对热轧板进行475 ℃/1 h固溶处理,在室温下水淬,再进行120 ℃/24 h时效处理[18]。
为了评价复合板的界面结合质量,在平行于复合板的轧制方向切割剪切试样,试样尺寸如图2(a)所示,然后基于AG-X 50 kN试验机,以1 mm/min的恒定速度在室温下进行性能测试,使用ZBC-300自动摆锤冲击试验机进行夏比冲击实验,冲击速度为5.2 m/s,摆锤预升角为150°,每个试样至少重复3次实验,以保证实验结果的可靠性。此外,在垂直于轧制方向切取$\varnothing $6 mm×6 mm冲击试样,进行 SHPB冲击实验。SHPB装置主要由驱动装置、撞击杆、入射杆、透射杆及吸收杆组成,其中:撞击杆长度为300 mm,入射杆和透射杆的长度为1200 mm,直径均为14 mm,杆体材质为18Ni(C350)马氏体不锈钢,弹性模量Eb为210 GPa,泊松比µ 为0.3,密度ρ为7.8 g/cm3。实验时,通过调节高精度气枪的进气气压调控撞击杆速度,实现不同应变率下的动态加载,气压波动控制在±0.02 MPa以内,保证撞击速度的重复性。采用长撞击杆,以获得足够长的加载时间,避免试样未完成塑性变形时入射波已衰减,确保应变率稳定。实验前,依次使用240、400、800、1500、2000目的砂纸打磨样品表面,保证端面平行。基于一维应力波传播理论,采用二波法对SHPB实验数据进行处理[19]。为减少实验误差,每组实验测试3个参数相同的试样,保证数据的可靠性。
沿着铝合金复合板的轧制方向(rolling direction, RD)-法向(normal direction, ND)表面切割试样,研究界面处再结晶和微观组织的差异。样品经砂纸打磨后再进行机械抛光,直至表面光亮无划痕,然后对样品表面进行电解抛光,抛光液为10%高氯酸与90%乙醇混合溶液,在20 V电压下电解抛光15 s。采用带电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction, EBSD)探头的TESCAN MIRA3型扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM),对铝合金复合材料的界面微观结构和断口形貌进行表征。
不同中间层的7B53铝合金复合板RD-ND界面形貌如图3所示。在无中间层复合板的界面处,见图3(a),可观察到尺寸不一的白色第二相颗粒,如A、B所示位置,该颗粒为7A52和7A63中原有的金属间化合物相,由于在界面结合过程中未发生充分扩散和细化,这些颗粒呈随机分布,且部分颗粒尺寸较为粗大。当采用7A01铝合金作为中间层时,如图3(b)所示,在中间层区域仅观察到少量细小的点状颗粒,未见明显的粗大第二相聚集。采用6061铝合金作为中间层时,见图3(c),界面整体较为均匀,仅观察到弥散分布的小尺寸亮点状特征,未见粗大相颗粒,表明中间层6061与上下基体的原子扩散程度适中,界面处形成了成分平缓过渡的结合层,未发生明显的相偏聚或粗大第二相析出。采用2024铝合金作为中间层时,如图3(d)所示,中间层内出现大量密集且细小的亮白色颗粒,呈弥散均匀分布,该类颗粒为中间层内部析出的弥散第二相粒子。
不同中间层的7B53铝合金复合板的界面反极图(inverse pole figure, IPF)、晶粒取向扩展(grain orientation spread, GOS)图和晶粒尺寸分布如图4所示。在无中间层复合板中,7A63与7A52层直接结合,两层内均可观察到大量沿轧制方向拉长的变形晶粒。在7A01中间层复合板和6061中间层复合板中,中间层由较为粗大的晶粒构成,其中:7A01中间层以粗大的等轴晶粒为主,而6061中间层则由等轴晶粒与部分粗大晶粒混合组成。经统计,7A01中间层的平均晶粒尺寸为76.5 µm,6061中间层的平均晶粒尺寸为62.8 µm。以2024铝合金为中间层时:中间层内晶粒呈沿轧制方向拉长的条状形态;在2024/7A52界面附近,2024铝合金表现为沿轧制方向拉长的变形晶粒,7A52铝合金则同时存在再结晶晶粒和细长回复晶粒;而在2024/7A63界面附近,2024铝合金出现细小的再结晶晶粒,7A63铝合金以回复晶粒为主。2024铝合金中间层的平均晶粒尺寸为20.2 µm,小于其他2种中间层。
对不同中间层7B53铝合金复合板的再结晶行为进行分析,GOS图表征结果表明,中间层组织主要由再结晶晶粒和回复晶粒构成,变形晶粒所占比例极低。在无中间层复合板中,轧制变形后的再结晶程度极低,晶粒形态仍保持轧制态典型的扁平特征。GOS图中,界面附近及基体内部均存在大量高GOS值(黄、红色)区域,表明界面承受较高的塑性变形。中间层7A01发生了充分的再结晶,而两侧基体的再结晶程度相对有限。7A01铝合金内部的GOS值整体较低,表明其再结晶过程进行得较为完全,亚结构较少,再结晶对于改善结合质量具有显著的积极作用,使复合板中7A52/7A01界面更不易发生分层[20]。中间层6061铝合金的GOS值整体较低,仅在部分界面区域存在少量高GOS值点,再结晶过程较为充分,变形储能有效释放,晶粒尺寸分布相对集中,中等尺寸晶粒占比较高,再结晶均匀性提升。2024铝合金中间层则呈现拉长晶粒与等轴晶粒混合的特征,其平均晶粒尺寸为20.2 µm,该层内同样发生了再结晶过程,并伴随一定程度的晶粒细化。
图5给出了不同中间层7B53铝合金复合板的界面拉伸剪切强度。当中间层为7A01铝合金时,复合板的最大剪切强度达到73.1 MPa,较无中间层复合板提高36.4 MPa。当中间层为2024铝合金时,复合板的最大剪切强度达到69.7 MPa;当采用6061铝合金中间层时,复合板界面的剪切强度最高,最大剪切强度约为109.6 MPa,比7A01中间层复合板的剪切强度高约50%,较无中间层复合板提高近2倍,界面结合强度显著增强。此外,不同中间层对应的剪切断裂特征也存在明显差异。
图6给出了不同中间层7B53铝合金复合板的拉伸剪切7A63面断口形貌。如图6(a)所示,无中间层复合板试样的7A63面断口整体较为平整,仅局部出现少量浅凹坑和断续撕裂棱。断裂以沿晶断裂为主,沿晶断口表面可观察到破碎的析出相粒子,剪切断裂未呈现明显的凹坑特征。粗大组分颗粒成为裂纹萌生点,当拉伸应力垂直于轧制平面时,晶粒间断裂区域面积占比较大,断面上可见断裂的第二相颗粒。结合图3(a)所示的BSE图像可知,无中间层时,7A52与7A63直接结合,界面存在大量高亮、粗大的硬脆第二相粒子,成为应力集中源,且界面无过渡层协调变形。此外,图4所示界面附近较高的晶格畸变储能进一步加剧了局部应力集中程度。在拉伸载荷作用下,应力迅速在硬脆相周围集中,诱使微裂纹萌生并沿弱结合界面发生脆性扩展。整个断裂过程缺乏塑性变形吸能过程,因此,无中间层复合板表现出最低的宏观剪切强度。
当以7A01铝合金为中间层时,复合板试样的7A63面断口整体平整均匀,由图6(b)左图可见,局部区域分布着细小的等轴韧窝,而大部分区域则为沿剪切方向拉长的韧窝,呈现韧性断裂特征。结合图3(b)所示的BSE图像,7A01中间层与两侧7A52、7A63铝合金的界面平直、结合致密,未观察到孔洞、裂纹等缺陷,且粗大第二相粒子较少。图4的分析结果进一步表明,7A01中间层晶粒为粗大等轴晶,GOS以极低蓝色无畸变区为主,表明其发生完全再结晶,晶格畸变程度低,具备优异的塑性变形能力。加载过程中,7A01铝合金作为软质过渡层,通过自身的塑性流变有效协调两侧高强基板的变形失配,松弛界面应力集中,大幅提升断裂吸能,因此,剪切强度较无中间层组提升近1倍。然而,受限于7A01铝合金自身较低的强度水平,界面载荷传递效率不足,中间层易发生整体屈服,从而限制了其承载能力的改善。
以6061铝合金为中间层时,低倍率下,复合板试样的7A63面断口起伏程度最为显著,呈现大面积的塑性撕裂与流变特征;中高倍率下,断口以高密度、深大的等轴韧窝为主要核心特征,韧窝的深度和数量均高于其他试样,伴随着连续撕裂棱,呈现强韧匹配的韧性断裂形貌。结合图3(c),6061中间层内弥散分布大量细小的第二相粒子,界面结合致密无缺陷,未见粗大第二相聚集现象,弥散析出相提供了有效的沉淀强化效果。图4结果显示,6061中间层晶粒为均匀等轴状,组织稳定性良好。加载过程中,6061中间层凭借强度与塑性的协同匹配,实现了载荷传递与变形协调的良好平衡。
2024中间层复合板的剪切断口与无中间层复合板类似,其7A63面(见图6(d))断口平整,存在大面积光滑解理平台与局部零星塑性变形区,断裂主要为沿晶断裂,断面出现粗大的第二相颗粒,裂纹沿颗粒扩展。结合图3(d),2024铝合金中间层内存在大量高亮、粗大的硬脆第二相粒子。图4结果显示,因为2024铝合金中间层具有高硬度和高强度,其与两侧7A52和7A63铝合金形成刚性界面,层间变形协调能力差。加载过程中,刚性界面难以通过塑性变形协调层间变形失配,粗大硬脆第二相进一步加剧应力集中,微裂纹在界面处早期形核,并沿刚性界面快速脆性扩展,仅在局部区域发生有限的中间层塑性变形,整个断裂过程吸收的能量较低,因此,宏观剪切强度降低。
材料在弯曲及冲击载荷作用下的断裂过程通常依次经历弹性变形、塑性变形、裂纹形成及裂纹扩展4个阶段。为便于分析,可将该过程划分为2个主要阶段:弹塑性变形阶段(E&P阶段)与裂纹萌生及扩展阶段(C阶段)。设弹塑性变形阶段所消耗的能量为WE&P,裂纹萌生及扩展阶段消耗的能量为WC,则材料断裂全过程的总耗能WT可表示为WT=WE&P+WC。
图7为不同中间层7B53铝合金复合板试样的夏比冲击载荷-位移曲线以及各变形阶段的吸收能量。夏比冲击载荷-位移曲线直观反映了材料在冲击载荷下的变形与断裂行为。对于无中间层复合板试样,其峰值载荷约为2.5 kN,对应的位移约为5 mm,随后载荷快速衰减,断裂位移约为10 mm,曲线下的面积最小,表明其总吸收能量最低。引入中间层7A01铝合金后,峰值载荷提升至约4.2 kN,对应的位移约为3 mm,断裂位移与无中间层复合板相近,曲线下的面积略有增大,韧性有所改善。以6061铝合金为中间层时,复合板试样的峰值载荷进一步提升至4.5 kN,且载荷平台显著延长,断裂位移约为15 mm,曲线下的面积最大,表现出最优的冲击韧性。中间层采用2024铝合金时,复合板试样的峰值载荷与6061中间层复合板相当,但断裂位移缩短至约10 mm,曲线下的面积介于7A01中间层复合板与6061中间层复合板之间,呈现出高强度、低韧性的特征。
无中间层复合板、7A01中间层复合板与6061中间层复合板试样的WE&P相近,表明三者在裂纹萌生前的抗变形能力相当。2024中间层复合板试样的WE&P显著降低,可能与其较低的界面剪切强度有关,2024铝合金中间层与7A52、7A63的界面结合质量较差,剪切强度下降导致裂纹在层间扩展消耗的能量减少。6061中间层复合板试样的WC远高于其他试样,表明其裂纹扩展阻力最大,韧性最优。2024中间层复合板试样的WC次之,7A01中间层复合板试样的WC略高于无中间层复合板。中间层6061通过形成Mg2Si强化相及优化界面结合,有效提升了裂纹扩展阻力。2024中间层复合板虽因7A63层的裂纹扩展贡献了较高的WC,但其峰值载荷提前,导致弹塑性变形阶段的吸收能量下降。中间层7A01作为软质层时,其仅能有限缓解界面应力集中,WC的提升幅度有限。
夏比冲击实验后试样的侧向扫描图像如图8所示。在正面冲击载荷作用下,7B53铝合金复合板完全断裂。裂纹扩展至中间层时发生明显偏转,7A63层内裂纹呈撕裂状,主裂纹附近伴随较多的微裂纹。裂纹路径偏转和微裂纹萌生使裂纹总长度增加。与无中间层铝合金复合板相比,引入中间层的复合板不仅能承受更高的冲击载荷,而且能获得更高的冲击韧性。其主要原因可归结为以下2点:(1) 当裂纹扩展至界面时,沿轧制方向发生水平偏转;(2) 当裂纹沿法向扩展至新组元层时,将形成新的微小裂纹。如图8(i)~图8(l)所示,在外加载荷作用下,裂纹易于在第二相颗粒附近萌生,然后迅速扩展并连接起来,导致7A63铝合金快速断裂,7A63层在许多位置处出现裂纹,这是由于7A63铝合金中含有大量的增强相颗粒,这些颗粒起到裂纹源的作用。此外,微小裂纹数量的增加使材料在断裂过程中吸收更多的冲击能量。相比之下,虽然7A52基体中也有Fe和Cu富集产生的第二相颗粒,但颗粒尺寸较小且分散,对板材断裂性能的影响相对有限[21]。
由图8可见,引入中间层后,复合板中的冲击裂纹在扩展至界面处时发生偏转,但不同中间层试样在裂纹偏转路径上存在明显差异。在6061和2024中间层复合板中,如图8(c)和图8(d)所示,裂纹在7A52/中间层界面处发生一定程度的挠曲后继续向板材深处扩展,并在7A63层内造成较大范围的撕裂。相比之下,在7A01中间层复合板中,裂纹沿界面方向的扩展深度较浅,且7A63层未出现明显的大面积撕裂,这也是该试样冲击载荷较低的主要原因。
对比不同中间层复合板的冲击载荷-位移曲线可知,中间层的引入不仅提高了复合板所能承受的峰值冲击载荷,而且增大了材料完全断裂时所对应的位移,从而显著提升了复合板的冲击韧性。对于不同中间层配置的复合板而言,界面结合强度与裂纹扩展过程中的能量吸收能力是决定其冲击韧性提升的关键因素。
采用SHPB系统,获得了室温下不同中间层7B53铝合金复合板在各应变率下的真应力-应变曲线,如图9所示。可以看出,复合板的流变应力先急剧上升,随后进入基本恒定的平台阶段,最后出现大幅下降。依据真应力-应变曲线变化特征,可将合金的变形过程依次划分为弹性变形、塑性变形、断裂3个阶段。
由图9(a)可见:在1700~3200 s−1应变率范围内,随应变率的升高,无中间层7B53复合板的流变应力并未呈现明显的上升趋势,表现出较低的应变率敏感性;7A01中间层复合板的流变应力变化趋势与之相似。这一现象可归因于:高速冲击下复合板发生瞬间大变形,导致材料内部大量产热,引发热软化效应[22],在应变率强化效应与热软化效应的共同作用下,材料在宏观上呈现较低的应变率敏感性。对比无中间层复合板与7A01中间层复合板可知,无论是峰值应力,还是断裂应变,后者均高于前者。这是因为7A01中间层在高速冲击过程中发生塑性变形,促使裂纹发生偏转,从而吸收更多的冲击能量。相比之下,无中间层复合板缺乏有效的缓冲层,粗大第二相颗粒在冲击载荷作用下易被压碎,加之界面结合薄弱,导致应力急剧下降并引发界面分离。
由图9(c)可见,在1700~2700 s−1应变率范围内,随着应变率升高,6061中间层复合板的流变应力出现一定程度的下降,低于1700 s−1时的流变应力。其原因在于,相较于7A52和7A63合金,6061铝合金具有更低的屈服强度和更高的延展性,在高速加载条件下更易发生瞬间大变形且不易失效,致使热软化效应超越应变率强化效应而占据主导地位[23]。对比6061中间层复合板与2024中间层复合板可知,前者的峰值应力低于后者,而断裂应变则高于后者。在2200~3200 s−1应变率范围内,随着应变率的升高,两者的断裂应变差值逐渐增大。这表明,在高应变率冲击过程中,6061中间层通过自身塑性变形促使裂纹发生偏转,增大了断裂应变,从而显著提升复合板的变形能力。
图10显示了在1700~3200 s−1应变率范围内不同中间层7B53复合板在室温下的真应力-应变曲线对比。在各应变率下,2024中间层复合板表现出最高的流变应力,其后依次为6061中间层复合板、7A01中间层复合板、无中间层复合板。以1700 s−1应变率为例,2024中间层复合板的峰值流变应力约为624.8 MPa,较无中间层复合板(约542.2 MPa)提高约15%,且这一差距随着应变率的升高而进一步增大。当应变率超过2700 s−1后,真应力-应变曲线后期出现明显的流变软化现象,如图10(c)和图10(d)所示。这一现象源于加工硬化与热软化之间的竞争机制,在高应变率变形过程中,塑性功转化产生的热量因热扩散时间不足而无法及时散逸,引发绝热温升。对于7XXX系铝合金,其绝热温升可达150~200 K,进而引发动态回复与热软化效应[24]。在最高应变率为3200 s−1的条件下,真应力-应变曲线呈现锯齿状流动特征,并伴随应力的突然下降,这是绝热剪切带萌生与扩展的典型标志。无中间层复合板在真应变超过0.35后出现剧烈的应力振荡,这是因为裂纹于7A63层内萌生后,因缺乏中间层的钝化作用,裂纹沿弱结合界面快速扩展,最终发生剪切破坏。2024中间层复合板虽强度最高,但在高应变下同样出现应力突降现象。
图11展示了7A01中间层复合板在不同应变率下的宏观特征。当应变率为1700 s−1时,应力峰值为555.1 MPa,对应的冲击应变为0.215,7A63层保持结构完整,而7A52层仅发生轻微压缩变形。当应变率增至2200 s−1时,应力峰值上升至561.0 MPa,冲击应变为0.293,宏观观察表明,7A63层的形状保持相对完整,而在7A52层中观察到“V”形微裂纹。当应变率达到2700 s−1时,应力峰值降至549.6 MPa,冲击应变为0.376,7A52层中的“V”形微裂纹变为剪切断裂,而7A63层基本不变,当应变率进一步提高到3200 s−1时,应力峰值为567.3 MPa,冲击应变为0.461,7A52层完全断裂。同时,7A63层中没有明显的形状变化。上述结果表明,7B53复合板在高应变率下的塑性变形主要集中于7A52层和中间层。
为便于分析上述宏观变形特征对应的微观机制,图12给出了7B53铝合金复合板在相应条件下的光学显微结构(optical microstructure, OM)图像。当应变率为2200 s−1时,7A01中间层复合板的中间层厚度最小,仅为217.2 µm。与此同时,7A63层外侧开始萌生微裂纹,如图11(a)所示,7A52层沿垂直于冲击方向发生压缩变形。中间层在冲击载荷作用下向试样角部方向延展,7A01层与7A52层的结合良好,但7A01层的变形更显著。6061中间层复合板的形貌与7A01中间层复合板相似,其中间层厚度为242.9 µm,微裂纹逐渐扩展至7A63/7A01界面处。2024中间层复合板表现出不同特征,其中间层厚度最大,达257.4 µm。裂纹于7A63层内萌生后,穿过2024中间层继续向深处扩展,并在7A52层内形成绝热剪切带,最终导致2024中间层与7A52层发生界面分离。
对于采用7A01及6061作为中间层的复合板,由于7A63层与中间层的强度差异较大,两层之间易产生不均匀塑性变形。当扩展裂纹抵达韧性中间层时,可能导致裂纹钝化和裂纹偏转。这促使中间层发生不均匀变形,从而阻碍裂纹向7A52层内贯穿扩展。随后,裂纹沿7A63/中间层界面继续延伸,裂纹扩展路径延长消耗更多的冲击能量,进而提升7B53复合板的整体抗冲击性能。与之形成对比的是,当采用2024铝合金作为中间层时,由于该合金的强度较高而韧性不足,中间层自身难以发生充分的塑性变形,吸能效果有限。因此,7A63层内萌生的裂纹扩展至2024中间层界面时,既未发生有效钝化,也未出现明显偏转,裂纹直接穿过中间层进入7A52层,并在其中诱发绝热剪切带,导致2024中间层复合板的断裂应变降低。
对比中低速夏比冲击与高速SHPB动态冲击条件下7B53铝合金复合板的力学性能可知,7A01中间层复合板与无中间层复合板在中低速冲击时均表现出较差的冲击韧性,其主要原因在于,裂纹易于沿结合薄弱的界面扩展,裂纹扩展阶段吸收的能量较低。在高速SHPB冲击条件下,两者性能同样不佳。然而,7A01中间层复合板中的中间层在高速冲击过程中发生塑性变形,促使裂纹偏转,从而吸收更多能量。相比之下,无中间层复合板中的粗大第二相颗粒在冲击载荷作用下被压碎,并且界面结合薄弱,最终导致材料提前失效。
在夏比冲击实验中,材料的冲击韧性主要由其断裂韧性决定。对于2024中间层复合板,尽管裂纹扩展阶段吸收的能量较高,但是由于2024中间层厚度较大,导致7A52基体层相对较薄,因而峰值载荷较小。同时,该复合板的界面结合质量较差,界面处存在的脆性金属间化合物引发应力集中,促使裂纹易于沿界面扩展,致使裂纹在层间扩展过程中吸收的能量相对有限。相比之下,6061中间层复合板的界面结合强度较高,裂纹沿层间扩展时吸收大量能量,因此,其总冲击吸收功最高。在SHPB动态冲击实验中,材料的动态力学性能主要取决于其动态屈服强度与塑性流动的稳定性。在高应变率条件下,材料内部存在“热软化”与“应变率硬化”两种效应的竞争。2024中间层内弥散分布的强化相显著增强了应变率硬化效应,有效抑制了热软化引发的失稳倾向,因此,其流变应力高于6061中间层复合板[25]。在高速冲击下,当7A63层产生的冲击裂纹扩展至界面时,6061层通过自身塑性变形使裂纹尖端钝化,迫使裂纹沿层间界面水平偏转,实现了高于2024中间层复合板的宏观断裂应变。
(1) 与无中间层复合板相比,中间层的引入显著提升了7B53复合板的界面结合强度,其中,6061中间层复合板的界面结合质量最优,最大剪切强度达到109.6 MPa。该中间层通过塑性变形有效吸收冲击能量,缓解界面处的应力集中。同时,6061中间层对界面附近的再结晶行为具有调控作用,能够促进细小、均匀晶粒的形成,抑制粗大晶粒在界面区域的异常长大,从而强化界面区域,提升界面结合强度。
(2) 相较于其他中间层复合板,采用6061铝合金作为中间层时,复合板展现出更优异的能量吸收能力,这是因为:6061铝合金具有适中的强度水平,在保证承载能力的同时具备良好的塑性变形能力;另外,其较高的界面结合强度使裂纹沿界面扩展时消耗更多能量,且界面方向裂纹总长度的增加进一步促进了复合板整体韧性的提升。
(3) SHPB高速冲击实验及动态力学行为分析表明,不同中间层对7B53铝合金复合板在高应变率下的力学行为与失效机制具有显著的调控作用。中间层为7A01铝合金的复合板在1700~3200 s−1范围内的应变率敏感性较低,但其峰值应力与应变均优于无中间层复合板,这是因为其不均匀变形特征有效阻断了裂纹向7A52层贯穿扩展,促使裂纹沿界面偏转延伸,从而提高抗冲击性能。6061中间层复合板在1700~2700 s−1范围内因热软化效应主导,流变应力呈下降趋势,但其优异的延展性促使裂纹偏转,增强了变形能力。与2024中间层复合板相比,6061中间层复合板虽峰值应力略低,但应变更高,且随应变率升高差距扩大,表明6061中间层在高速冲击下通过塑性变形有效提升了复合板的整体韧性。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261044
  • 接收时间:2026-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-06
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    1重庆大学材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400044
    2东北轻合金有限公司, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150060

通讯作者:

陈泽军(1979-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事金属层状复合板制备与性能研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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