Article(id=1325148543081644585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251265, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763654400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-21, revisedDate=1766332800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793869632740, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793869632740, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793869632740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793869632740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070108-1, endPage=070108-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325148544008585770, articleId=1325148543081644585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on the Impact Dynamics Behavior of Ultrathin Carbon Fiber Composites, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), as an advanced composite material, are widely used in engineering applications. However, research on the dynamic mechanical behavior of ultrathin CFRP laminates remains relatively limited. In this study, unidirectional ultrathin prepreg and hot-pressing molding processes were employed to fabricate ultrathin CFRP laminates with a single ply thickness of only 0.1 mm. The strain rate effects on specimens with five different ply orientations—0°, 90°, 0°/90°, 45°, and ±45°—were systematically investigated. Quasi-static compression experiments indicated that the 45° ply orientation enhanced plastic behavior but reduced material strength and modulus, whereas the 90° ply orientation contributed to increased modulus and strength while reducing plastic deformation. Dynamic impact tests revealed that the 90° ply orientation improved both dynamic modulus and strength while decreasing yield strain. Although the 45° ply orientation reduced dynamic yield strength, it significantly increased the sensitivity of dynamic modulus and yield strain to strain rate. Compared with conventional CFRP laminates with a 0°/90° ply layup (ply thickness is 0.295 mm, and dynamic strength and modulus are 900 MPa and 10.12 GPa, respectively), the ultrathin CFRP composites developed in this study exhibited a 66% increase in fiber content per unit thickness; under the 0°/90° ply configuration, dynamic strength and modulus were enhanced by 123% and 926%, respectively. Based on the experimental data, a constitutive model for the ultrathin CFRP composites was established, and corresponding constitutive parameters were provided, offering a basis for predicting the mechanical behavior of CFRPs under different ply orientations and strain rates.

, authors=Changfang ZHAO1, 2, Hao LIU3, Caihua ZHOU2, Zhitan ZHOU4, Liang JI5, authorsList=Changfang ZHAO, Hao LIU, Caihua ZHOU, Zhitan ZHOU, Liang JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Caihua ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325148548613931581, articleId=1325148543081644585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=超薄碳纤维复合材料的冲击动力学行为实验研究, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳纤维增强聚合物(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)作为一种先进复合材料,在工程领域应用广泛。然而,针对超薄CFRP层压复合材料动态力学行为的研究较为有限。采用单向超薄预浸料和热压成型工艺,制备了单层厚度仅为0.1 mm的超薄CFRP层压复合材料,探究了5种铺层角度(0°、90°、0°/90°、45°、±45°)下试件的应变率效应。准静态压缩实验结果表明:45°铺层增强了塑性行为,但削弱了材料强度与模量;而90°铺层有助于提高模量与强度,并减少塑性变形。动态冲击结果表明:90°铺层能够提升动态模量与动态强度,并降低动态屈服应变;45°铺层虽降低了动态屈服强度,但显著增强了动态模量与动态屈服应变对应变率的敏感性。相较于0°/90°铺层的传统CFRP层压复合材料(层厚为0.295 mm,动态强度和动态模量分别为900 MPa和10.12 GPa),所制备的超薄CFRP复合材料在单位厚度内的纤维含量提升了66%,动态强度和动态模量分别提高了123%和926%。基于实验数据,进一步建立了超薄CFRP复合材料的本构模型,并给出了相应的本构参数,为预测材料在不同铺层方式和应变率下的力学行为提供了依据。

, authors=赵昌方1, 2, 刘浩3, 周才华2, 周志坛4, 冀梁5, authorsList=赵昌方, 刘浩, 周才华, 周志坛, 冀梁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周才华, authorNote=

赵昌方(1995-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事复合材料与力学超材料研究. E-mail:

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周才华(1987-),男,博士,教授,主要从事结构强度与轻量化设计研究. E-mail:
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Dynamic mechanical property and failure mechanism of carbon fiber composite laminates [J]. 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DirectionTensile strength/MPaTensile modulus/GPaPoisson’s ratioCompressive strength/MPaCompressive modulus/GPaShear strength/MPa
0°2 397.0122.10.31936.8109.960
90°67.89.00.02165.09.340
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单向单层CFRP复合材料的基本力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DirectionTensile strength/MPaTensile modulus/GPaPoisson’s ratioCompressive strength/MPaCompressive modulus/GPaShear strength/MPa
0°2 397.0122.10.31936.8109.960
90°67.89.00.02165.09.340
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ItemsYoung’s modulus/GPaTangent modulus/GPaStrength/MPaFailure strain
0°3.941.99263.90.10
90°8.55446.40.08
0°/90°8.93620.10.08
45°2.691.01269.50.20
±45°3.681.17371.80.24
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力学参数

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ItemsYoung’s modulus/GPaTangent modulus/GPaStrength/MPaFailure strain
0°3.941.99263.90.10
90°8.55446.40.08
0°/90°8.93620.10.08
45°2.691.01269.50.20
±45°3.681.17371.80.24
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$\mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i} $ $ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i} $/GPa $ \kappa $ $ {m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $ {n}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $\mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i} $ $ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i} $/GPa $ \kappa $ $ {m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $ {n}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $
$ E_{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $3.9410.4601.337 $ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $0.27010.2711.280
$ E_{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $8.5511.682×10−45.491 $ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $0.37210.0741.664
$ E_{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $8.93111.0740.029 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $0.10−19.602−0.929
$ E_{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $2.6912.904×10−2126.594 $ \varepsilon_{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $0.08−13.742−0.428
$ E_{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $3.6819.392×10−1113.604 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $0.08−10.2740.952
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $0.26410.0812.121 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $0.20−13.355−0.489
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $0.44610.0014.505 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $0.24−197.129−2.357
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $0.62010.1121.816
), ArticleFig(id=1325148573351936653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148543081644585, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同铺层角度下超薄CFRP复合材料的本构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i} $ $ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i} $/GPa $ \kappa $ $ {m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $ {n}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $\mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i} $ $ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i} $/GPa $ \kappa $ $ {m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $ $ {n}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $
$ E_{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $3.9410.4601.337 $ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $0.27010.2711.280
$ E_{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $8.5511.682×10−45.491 $ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $0.37210.0741.664
$ E_{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $8.93111.0740.029 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $0.10−19.602−0.929
$ E_{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $2.6912.904×10−2126.594 $ \varepsilon_{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $0.08−13.742−0.428
$ E_{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $3.6819.392×10−1113.604 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $0.08−10.2740.952
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}} $0.26410.0812.121 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{45\text{°}} $0.20−13.355−0.489
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{90\text{°}} $0.44610.0014.505 $ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{\pm 45\text{°}} $0.24−197.129−2.357
$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{0\text{°}/90\text{°}} $0.62010.1121.816
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超薄碳纤维复合材料的冲击动力学行为实验研究
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赵昌方 1, 2 , 刘浩 3 , 周才华 2 , 周志坛 4 , 冀梁 5
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070108-1-070108-13
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070108-1 -070108-13
超薄碳纤维复合材料的冲击动力学行为实验研究
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赵昌方1, 2 , 刘浩3, 周才华2 , 周志坛4, 冀梁5
作者信息
  • 1合肥工业大学机械工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230009
  • 2大连理工大学力学与航空航天学院, 辽宁 大连 116024
  • 3西安交通大学机械工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
  • 4南昌航空大学动力与能源学院, 江西 南昌 330063
  • 5中国航天科工集团第六研究院210所, 陕西 西安 710065
通讯作者:
周才华(1987-),男,博士,教授,主要从事结构强度与轻量化设计研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

赵昌方(1995-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事复合材料与力学超材料研究. E-mail:

Experimental Study on the Impact Dynamics Behavior of Ultrathin Carbon Fiber Composites
Changfang ZHAO1, 2 , Hao LIU3, Caihua ZHOU2 , Zhitan ZHOU4, Liang JI5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
  • 2School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
  • 4School of Power and Energy, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi, China
  • 5The 210th Institute of the Sixth Academy of CASIC, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251265
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碳纤维增强聚合物(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)作为一种先进复合材料,在工程领域应用广泛。然而,针对超薄CFRP层压复合材料动态力学行为的研究较为有限。采用单向超薄预浸料和热压成型工艺,制备了单层厚度仅为0.1 mm的超薄CFRP层压复合材料,探究了5种铺层角度(0°、90°、0°/90°、45°、±45°)下试件的应变率效应。准静态压缩实验结果表明:45°铺层增强了塑性行为,但削弱了材料强度与模量;而90°铺层有助于提高模量与强度,并减少塑性变形。动态冲击结果表明:90°铺层能够提升动态模量与动态强度,并降低动态屈服应变;45°铺层虽降低了动态屈服强度,但显著增强了动态模量与动态屈服应变对应变率的敏感性。相较于0°/90°铺层的传统CFRP层压复合材料(层厚为0.295 mm,动态强度和动态模量分别为900 MPa和10.12 GPa),所制备的超薄CFRP复合材料在单位厚度内的纤维含量提升了66%,动态强度和动态模量分别提高了123%和926%。基于实验数据,进一步建立了超薄CFRP复合材料的本构模型,并给出了相应的本构参数,为预测材料在不同铺层方式和应变率下的力学行为提供了依据。

碳纤维增强复合材料  /  冲击动力学  /  应变率效应  /  本构模型  /  力学性能  /  铺层方向

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), as an advanced composite material, are widely used in engineering applications. However, research on the dynamic mechanical behavior of ultrathin CFRP laminates remains relatively limited. In this study, unidirectional ultrathin prepreg and hot-pressing molding processes were employed to fabricate ultrathin CFRP laminates with a single ply thickness of only 0.1 mm. The strain rate effects on specimens with five different ply orientations—0°, 90°, 0°/90°, 45°, and ±45°—were systematically investigated. Quasi-static compression experiments indicated that the 45° ply orientation enhanced plastic behavior but reduced material strength and modulus, whereas the 90° ply orientation contributed to increased modulus and strength while reducing plastic deformation. Dynamic impact tests revealed that the 90° ply orientation improved both dynamic modulus and strength while decreasing yield strain. Although the 45° ply orientation reduced dynamic yield strength, it significantly increased the sensitivity of dynamic modulus and yield strain to strain rate. Compared with conventional CFRP laminates with a 0°/90° ply layup (ply thickness is 0.295 mm, and dynamic strength and modulus are 900 MPa and 10.12 GPa, respectively), the ultrathin CFRP composites developed in this study exhibited a 66% increase in fiber content per unit thickness; under the 0°/90° ply configuration, dynamic strength and modulus were enhanced by 123% and 926%, respectively. Based on the experimental data, a constitutive model for the ultrathin CFRP composites was established, and corresponding constitutive parameters were provided, offering a basis for predicting the mechanical behavior of CFRPs under different ply orientations and strain rates.

carbon fiber reinforced composites  /  impact dynamics  /  strain rate effect  /  constitutive model  /  mechanical properties  /  ply orientation
赵昌方, 刘浩, 周才华, 周志坛, 冀梁. 超薄碳纤维复合材料的冲击动力学行为实验研究. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070108-1 -070108-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251265
Changfang ZHAO, Hao LIU, Caihua ZHOU, Zhitan ZHOU, Liang JI. Experimental Study on the Impact Dynamics Behavior of Ultrathin Carbon Fiber Composites[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070108-1 -070108-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251265
碳纤维增强聚合物(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)具有优异的力学性能、强大的可设计性,同时也具有复杂的各向异性和多尺度特征[1–3],一直以来被工程界广泛关注。CFRP由碳纤维增强相、聚合物基体相、纤维与基体之间的界面相构成,纤维起承载作用,基体则用于固定纤维[4]。根据纤维尺寸和分布方式,常见的CFRP包括短切碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料[5]、单向CFRP[6]、层压CFRP[7]、编织CFRP[8]、针刺CFRP[9]等类型。不同工艺下CFRP的力学性能存在差异,对应的本构模型也各不相同。层压CFRP因其制备工艺成熟且性能优异而被广泛应用。关于其功能应用的研究主要包括冲击吸能[10]、爆炸防护[11]、体育用品[12]、承载部件[13]、材料改性[14]等,例如:C919商用飞机、小米SU7 Ultra新能源汽车、风力发电机叶片SI 122等。其中,关于力学性能的研究集中于应变率效应[1]、温度效应[15]、非线性效应[16]、多尺度效应[17]、疲劳断裂[18–19]、湿热环境[20]等,主要考虑真实物理因素,建立和修正本构模型,以精准、快速地预测结构的复杂响应。
随着科技的发展,高速、高能、高温等极端工况下的材料行为预测问题日益凸显,应变率效应成为关注的焦点。相关研究表明,CFRP的应变率效应源于聚合物基体,归因于微观的链式分子结构,且通常表现为正的应变率敏感性[21]。早些时候,Ochola等[22]明确指出CFRP具有应变率效应。后来,Song等[23]研究了CFRP层压复合材料的面内和面外动态压缩行为及失效模式,指出其具有明显的应变率效应,但未讨论应变率相关的本构模型。Schmack等[24]通过准静态实验和数值模拟研究了CFRP的应变率相关性,并建立了与应变率相关的屈服强度方程,但应变率较低、范围较小。Chocron等[25]通过弹道测试、准静态测试和数值模拟研究了平纹CFRP层压复合材料的力学性能,但静动态行为的耦合本构模型尚未研究。赵昌林等[26]通过手敷工艺制备了环氧树脂及其CFRP复合材料,并进行了低应变率拉伸和压缩测试,指出了环氧树脂的拉压异性。Yamazaki等[27]采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)对CFRP环进行了动态测试,建立了细观力学有限元模型,获得了第一、第二主应力、强度极限与应变速率之间的关系。Ivančević等[28]建立了应变率相关的损伤模型,并开发了用户自定义材料子程序(VUMAT),以模拟小球冲击下CFRP层压板的力学响应。由此可知,CFRP复合材料的应变率效应相当重要,影响着材料的弹性模量、失效强度和断裂性能[29]。通过控制铺层数量控制厚度,Reddy等[30]采用有限元分析方法对单向CFRP进行了准静态拉伸性能研究,指出层厚可能会影响材料的力学性能。Ren等[31]对单层厚度为24、55、75和100 μm的CFRP复合材料进行了准静态拉伸实验(试件厚度约为2.4 mm),结果表明:层厚越小,材料的失效强度越高。Liu等[32]采用0.045和0.105 mm的碳纤维增强尼龙织物制备实验试件,并开展了准静态测试,指出纤维层较薄的试件具有更高的拉伸和弯曲强度。Laux等[33]基于层厚为0.291和0.144 mm的单向织物,制备了厚度和铺层角度均不同的3种层合板试件,并通过准静态拉剪测试发现,具有较薄层厚的试件在极限破坏强度方面表现更优异。然而,针对不同基体材料、纤维尺寸及编织方式的CFRP本构模型尚处于研究阶段,任何一个变量都会改变其力学性能,限制了已有本构模型的适用性。此外,关于CFRP复合材料层厚的研究以准静态力学性能的对比分析为主,在冲击动力学行为方面的研究较少,仍需进一步探索。
值得注意的是,当前研究多聚焦于传统热压工艺制备的层压CFRP复合材料,其单层厚度通常为0.3 mm左右,而纤维直径为0.007 mm左右,表明单位厚度CFRP中含有大量的树脂基体。由此可知,传统层压CFRP复合材料在追求轻量化时面临厚度与性能权衡的瓶颈。对于CFRP复合材料,薄的铺层设计能有效增加单位体积内的纤维含量和界面密度,是改善材料力学性能、降低材料用量、扩大材料设计空间的一种方式,能在更小尺度上实现材料性能的飞跃,但相关的研究较少。基于薄铺层设计的CFRP复合材料对推动先进结构向极限性能发展至关重要,是突破现有设计极限的必然途径。为此,本研究通过扩展碳纤维丝束制备一种克重低、厚度薄的CFRP层压复合材料,即超薄CFRP复合材料,并采用SHPB实验设备对5种常用铺层方式下的试件进行高应变率冲击测试,以揭示其力学性能的应变率效应。随后,建立弹性模量、屈服强度和屈服应变的相关模型,以供使用。以期为高速冲击等极端工况下超薄CFRP复合材料的动态本构建模和力学响应预测提供基础,为超薄CFRP复合材料的制备-性能-功能一体化提供设计思路。
超薄CFRP复合材料的准静态与动态力学性能通过块状试样进行测试,加载方向为沿长方体的厚度方向。试样采用超薄单向预浸料经高温固化工艺制备(东丽T700丝束),其面密度为0.1 g/mm2,纤维(型号:OTPZA50-12K/100)与树脂(型号:OTR725)的配比为55∶45,均由天津昂林贸烽高新材料有限公司生产。制备工艺流程为先将预浸料通过自动铺带机堆叠于喷涂了脱模剂的钢板模具上,随后用真空袋进行加压封装并放入烘箱固化。固化工艺为:用时30 min从室温加热至80 ℃,保持40 min;再耗时30 min从80 ℃加热至150 ℃,保持45 min;最后耗时30 min从150 ℃冷却至60 ℃,取出并自然冷却至室温。随后,对块状和管状试样进行数控机加工至所需尺寸(截面尺寸为4 mm×4 mm,厚度为2 mm),试样毛刺采用砂轮机打磨。值得注意的是,试样中单层纤维固化后的厚度仅为0.1 mm,而传统纤维层厚度约为0.3 mm[15],这意味着相同厚度下超薄CFRP复合材料层压板包含更多的纤维层(单位厚度内纤维含量可提升约67%)。0°、90°和±45°是纤维复合材料层合板的标准铺层角度,因为这3个方向构成了一个平衡且完备的力学坐标系,能够最有效地覆盖结构在实际服役中可能承受的多轴载荷,并能以最少的铺层种类实现最优化的设计,例如面内各向同性或准各向同性铺层。因此,为充分了解不同铺层状态下的力学性能,基于厚度方向(等价于冲击方向和90°方向),采用相同材料、相同工艺制备了具有0°(20层纤维)、90°(40层纤维)、45°(40层纤维)、±45°(40层纤维)及0°/90°(40层纤维)等5种铺层方式的试样,如图1所示。其中,绿色体积代表基体,灰色短棒代表纤维,红色箭头用于指示纤维方向,渐变箭头用于指示纤维层的堆叠方向。
为了确定单向单层CFRP复合材料的力学参数,基于ASTM标准开展了一系列拉压测试。其中,抗拉强度、拉伸模量和泊松比采用ASTM D3039/D3039M-17标准,抗压强度、压缩模量采用ASTM D6641/D6641M-23标准,剪切强度采用ASTM D2344/2344M-22标准。每种测试重复5次,去掉误差较大的数据组后进行平均处理,计算结果如表1所示。经过测试,CFRP复合材料的密度为1.47 g/cm3。超薄CFRP复合材料的准静态实验采用万能电子材料试验机进行,其型号为Instron5985,量程为250 kN;每类试件测试3次,并取其平均值进行表征。采用SHPB装置测试CFRP复合材料的动态力学性能,杆材为钢,其模量为210 GPa、泊松比为0.3、密度为7.85 g/cm3。撞击杆的长度为200 mm,入射杆和透射杆的长度均为1 200 mm,杆的直径均为14.5 mm,测试系统如图2所示。采用动态信号测试和分析系统(型号为DH8302)采集测试数据,采样频率为1 MHz。为揭示CFRP复合材料的应变率效应,通过调节撞击杆的发射压力,对每类试样进行多次冲击测试,然后取效果较好的数据组进行研究。测试时,需在撞击杆与入射杆之间安装铜片,对波形进行整形;在试件装夹的两端涂抹凡士林,降低波形的弥散效应。
准静态测试的应变率$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{s}} $约为0.001 s−1、加载速率$ {v}_{\text{s}} $约为0.03 µm/s,应变率与加载速率的关系为
$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{s}}=\frac{{v}_{\text{s}}}{d} $
式中:d为试件的初始厚度,下标s表示准静态。
基于实验测得的数据可以得到工程应力-应变($ {\sigma }_{\text{E}} $-$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{E}} $)关系,本研究采用真实应力-应变($ {\sigma }_{\text{T}} $-$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{T}} $)关系来表征CFRP复合材料的力学行为[26],以更加本质地反映材料在变形过程中的内部物理状态,两者的转换关系分别为
$ \begin{cases}{\sigma }_{\text{E}}=\dfrac{F}{A}\\{\varepsilon }_{\text{E}}=\dfrac{\Delta d}{d}\end{cases} $
$ \begin{cases}{\sigma }_{\text{T}}=\left(1+{\varepsilon }_{\text{E}}\right){\sigma }_{\text{E}}\\{\varepsilon }_{\text{T}}=\mathrm{ln}\left(1+{\varepsilon }_{\text{E}}\right)\end{cases} $
式中:$ \Delta d $为试件受压的变形量,F为载荷,A为试件的横截面积,下标E表示工程值,下标T表示真实值。
5种铺层方向下的准静态测试结果如图3、表2所示,其中,0°、45°和±45°铺层工况的模量分为弹性模量(第1段)和切线模量(第2段)。误差带为同类型试件多次的实验结果,其平均值为工程应力-应变,基于工程值可以得到真实应力-应变。可以看出,0°/90°铺层方式下CFRP复合材料的强度和模量最高,其次是90°铺层工况。对比其失效应变可知,±45°铺层工况的失效应变最大,即断裂伸长率最大,45°铺层工况次之,90°和0°/90°铺层工况的失效应变最低。相较而言,0°/90°铺层工况的强度和模量高于0°和90°铺层工况,但失效应变有所降低。0°铺层时材料具有黏塑性效应,但不如45°和±45°铺层的明显。黏性会导致非线性出现[34],而塑性则会引起切线模量(第2个线性段的弹性模量),具有明显的屈服特征。具有黏塑性行为的3种铺层中:0°的切线模量最大,失效应变最小;45°的切线模量最小;±45°的失效应变最大。总的来说,45°铺层会增加塑性特征,降低强度和模量,而90°铺层能提高模量和强度,降低塑性。因此,通过调控铺层方式,可以调控超薄CFRP复合材料的力学性能,实现按需设计的目标。
SHPB实验是获取材料中高应变率力学性能的常用方法之一,可通过波动力学行为解耦惯性效应和应变率效应。计算动态应力-应变关系的方法包括一波法、两波法和三波法。其中,两波法能在避免计算误差的同时降低计算消耗,因此,采用两波法(入射波和反射波)计算材料的动态力学性能,其前提假设为:试件处于一维应力状态,且应力分布均匀;忽略惯性作用和弥散效应[35]。两波法的计算公式为
$ \begin{cases}{c}_{0}=\sqrt{\dfrac{{E}_{0}}{{\rho }_{0}}}\\{\varepsilon }_{\text{d}}=-\dfrac{2{c}_{0}}{{l}_{0}}\displaystyle\int\nolimits_{0}^{l}\,{\varepsilon }_{\text{r}}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t\\{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{d}}=-\dfrac{2{c}_{0}}{{l}_{0}}{\varepsilon }_{\text{r}}\left(t\right)\\{\sigma }_{\text{d}}=\dfrac{A}{{A}_{\text{s}}}{E}_{0}({\varepsilon }_{\text{i}}(t)+{\varepsilon }_{\text{r}}(t))\end{cases} $
式中:$ {c}_{0} $为应力波在杆中的传播速度,$ {E}_{0} $为杆的弹性模量,$ {\rho }_{0} $为杆的密度,$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{d}} $为试件的一维动态应变,$ {l}_{0} $为试件的原始长度,$ l $为试件的当前长度,$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{r}}(t) $为反射波独立传播过程中的应变,$ t $为时间,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{d}} $为试件的应变率,$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}} $为试件的一维动态应力,$ A $为试件的初始横截面积,$ {A}_{\text{s}} $为试件的当前横截面积,$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{i}}(t) $为入射波独立传播过程中的应变。处理完工程数据后,再结合式(3)可以得到真实应力-应变关系。
不同应变率下0°铺层CFRP复合材料的动态冲击应力-应变关系如图4所示。在此铺层方式下,载荷主要由纤维层的横向分担,导致纤维的轴向承载能力未能充分发挥。随着应变率从913 s−1增至3 353 s−1,材料的弹性模量与强度均呈现一定的上升趋势,失效应变也相应前移,但整体变化幅度相对有限,表明其应变率敏感性在该区间内并不显著。需要指出的是,环氧树脂基体固有的黏性效应在材料接近失效时引起明显的非线性响应[36],对力学行为产生重要影响。此外,应变率的提高显著改变了材料的失效模式。在较低应变率下,材料主要表现为不明显的内部开裂(如913 s−1时的试样);随着应变率提高,失效形式逐渐转变为剪切断裂(如1 845 s−1时的试样);而当应变率更高时,材料发生完全碎裂(如3 353 s−1时的试样)。从破坏形貌来看,失效产物由初始的块状结构逐渐演变为片状碎片,这表明随着冲击能量的提升,层间界面损伤程度加剧。片状失效产物通常对应于分层破坏,而块状产物则主要源于基体裂纹扩展与纤维断裂,这一现象揭示了CFRP复合材料失效机制对应变率的显著依赖性。
不同应变率冲击作用下,90°铺层CFRP复合材料的动态应力-应变响应及失效形貌如图5所示。在这种铺层方式中,载荷主要沿纤维轴向传递,使纤维的承载潜力得以充分发挥。在较低应变率(736 s−1)条件下,应力-应变曲线呈现出近似线性的关系,试件表现出典型的脆性断裂特征,失效模式为未发生明显分离的开裂(如736 s−1时的试样)。随着应变率升高,材料的弹性模量与强度均显著提升,且应力-应变曲线在达到峰值后出现明显的拖尾行为,该现象可归因于纤维在动态载荷下的屈曲响应[6]。值得注意的是,在这种铺层情况下,环氧树脂基体黏性所引起的非线性效应相对较弱,表明其力学行为主要由纤维性能主导。随着应变率进一步增大,试样的破坏程度加剧,表现为分离的纤维层数量增加、碎裂程度增大(如3 050 s−1时的试样)。对比0°与90°铺层工况的失效形貌可知,0°铺层中的材料分层主要源于冲击挤压所引起的Ⅱ型法向力,而90°铺层中的层间分离则主要由冲击屈曲导致的Ⅰ型法向力控制;两者在受力模式与失效机理上具有本质区别,反映出铺层方向对复合材料动态失效行为的重要影响。
不同应变率作用下0°/90°正交铺层CFRP复合材料的动态应力-应变响应及失效情况如图6所示。这种铺层方式是0°与90°铺层的结合,既包含了0°铺层时的非线性现象,又出现了90°铺层时的拖尾现象,符合复合材料混杂理论的期望,其本质为不同铺层间的应力再分配和能量耗散机制的协同作用。随着应变率的增大,材料的模量变化并不显著,但强度的升高趋势明显。在失效机制方面,应变率的提升显著改变了材料的破坏模式。在较低应变率下,损伤以基体内部微裂纹扩展为主(如443 s−1时的试样);随着应变率的增大,破坏机制逐渐转变为层间分层与纤维断裂的混合模式(如2 595 s−1时的试样)。由于90°铺层纤维在加载初期优先承担冲击载荷并发生屈曲失稳或脆性断裂,而0°铺层纤维则通过大变形与拔出机制持续耗能,导致失效形貌呈现典型的多模式特征:宏观上表现为分层和剪切断裂的块状产物,微观上则表现为较长的0°纤维层和较短的90°纤维层(如3 728 s−1时的试样),证实了正交铺层复合材料在动态冲击载荷下的应变率依赖性。
在不同应变率冲击载荷作用下,45°铺层CFRP复合材料的动态应力-应变响应及失效特征如图7所示。这种铺层构型下的力学行为表现出显著的应变率敏感性,且其率相关特性主要集中于非线性变形阶段。具体而言,随着应变率的增加,材料的切线模量呈现逐渐增大的趋势,动态强度亦有所提升,而屈服应变则相应提前,表明材料在高速载荷下具有脆化倾向。特别是在高应变率条件下(如3 301与3 921 s−1),应力-应变曲线上的第二线性阶段基本消失,整体力学响应呈现出典型的非线性黏弹性-黏塑性特征,这一行为主要受环氧树脂基体的固有黏性及其在高速变形下的分子链松弛特性所主导。与0°、90°及0°/90°铺层相比,45°铺层在力学响应机制上存在本质区别。在这种纤维取向下,载荷无法沿纤维轴向有效传递,纤维作为主要承载相的高强度、高模量性能难以充分发挥,导致复合材料的整体刚度与强度均低于前述3种铺层构型。在此受力模式下,其失效机制以沿45°方向的剪切滑移为主导,最大剪切应力面成为材料破坏的起始与扩展路径。通过观察不同应变率下的失效形貌可进一步揭示其破坏演化规律:低应变率时材料仅发生微观塑性变形,未见明显宏观失效(如1 026 s−1时的试样);随着冲击能量提升,材料开始出现以基体剪切开裂为主的损伤(如2 335 s−1时的试样);当应变率进一步提高时,失效程度显著加剧,表现为贯穿断面的宏观剪切和纤维-基体界面的大范围脱黏(如3 921 s−1时的试样)。值得注意的是,45°铺层试样的失效产物中未出现如其他铺层中常见的分层碎片,其断口形貌相对平整。这是由于在该铺层方式下,层间界面未受到类似于90°铺层中因纤维屈曲所引起的Ⅰ型法向应力的作用,因而未能激发以层间剥离为特征的分层破坏模式。这些结果表明,45°铺层CFRP复合材料在动态载荷下的力学行为与破坏模式具有独特的率相关机制与破坏模式,需考虑基体黏性效应与面内剪切特性的耦合。
不同应变率下±45°铺层CFRP复合材料的动态应力-应变关系及失效情况如图8所示。由于纤维未垂直受力,不会产生屈曲内力而发生分层破坏,则材料的力学行为由基体主导,使得高应变率冲击下塑性行为非常明显。随着应变率的升高,材料的模量增大、强度增大、屈服应变提前,但失效应变却发生了迟滞,这归因于环氧树脂基体的弹-黏-塑性性质。与前述4种铺层情况不同,±45°铺层下材料的动态塑性流动阶段明显延长,且失效应变随应变率升高而延后。由于力学行为受聚合物基体主导,高应变率会加速材料进入塑性流动阶段的屈服状态,实现类似于环氧树脂的动态力学行为[1]。观察冲击失效结果可知,所有应变率下试件均未发生断裂、脱落、分层,而是表现为塑性压实的形态(如3463 s−1时的试样)。因此,±45°铺层CFRP复合材料基本上仅体现出基体的性质,纤维的性质体现较少,模量、强度明显降低。
结合上述静动态冲击实验结果可知,基于单向纤维层的5种不同铺层角度的CFRP复合材料具有不同的力学行为,体现了复合材料层合板独特的可设计性、可编程性,其在高应变率状态下依然有效。应变率效应的前提是材料对应变率敏感,在应力-应变关系上主要表现为模量、强度等的规律性变化。其中,正应变率敏感性意味着材料的力学性能随着应变率的增大而增强,负应变率敏感性则反之。应变率效应通常具有幂指数关系,结合静动态实验规律,可定义CFRP复合材料的动态模量$ E_{\text{d}}^{i} $、动态强度$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{i} $和动态屈服应变$ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{i} $的统一本构模型[15],即
$ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i}=\mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i}\left[\kappa +{m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} {\mathrm{\lg }\left(\frac{\dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{d}}^{i}}{\dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{s}}^{i}}\right)}^{{{n}_{\mathit{\Phi }}}}\right] $
式中:$ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{d}}^{i} $为动态统一函数,即$ E_{\text{d}}^{i} $、$ \sigma _{\text{d}}^{i} $和$ \varepsilon _{\text{d}}^{i} $,其上标i表示0°、90°、0°/90°、45°、±45°这5种铺层角度,下标d表示动态情况;$ \mathit{\Phi }_{\text{s}}^{i} $为准静态统一函数,分别表示不同铺层角度下的$ E_{\text{s}}^{i} $、$ \sigma _{\text{s}}^{i} $和$ \varepsilon _{\text{s}}^{i} $等;$ \kappa $为实验常数,当式(5)用于计算动态模量和动态强度时,其值为1,用于动态屈服应变计算时,其值为−1;$ {m}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $和$ {n}_{\mathit{\Phi }} $为对应于参量$ \mathit{\Phi } $的实验常数,通过拟合得到;$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{d}}^{i} $为不同铺层角度下的动态应变率,$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{s}}^{i} $为不同铺层角度下的准静态应变率(此处均为0.001 s−1)。经计算,可得到动态冲击状态下各种铺层情况CFRP复合材料的力学参数,进而拟合得到各类本构参数,如表3所示。
基于本构方程和参数,对一定应变率范围内的动态强度、模量和屈服应变进行预测,并与实验结果进行比较,结果如图9所示。其中,“Exp.”表示实验值,“Pre.”表示预测值,并给出了预测值的置信区间。所有预测结果均与实验结果保持相同趋势,但一些预测结果与实验结果误差较大。图9(a)的预测结果表明,0°/90°铺层时材料的模量最高,且受应变率的影响不明显,预测结果几乎为直线;90°铺层时材料的模量呈缓慢上升趋势,表现为正相关关系,但0°铺层时模量的应变率效应不明显,2种铺层方式的协同作用呈现为0°/90°铺层的结果;45°铺层时材料的模量具有正应变率敏感性,±45°铺层时模量较45°铺层的有所提高,它们在高应变率状态下的模量有可能高于0°铺层。如图9(b)所示,0°/90°铺层的屈服强度最高,90°铺层与之接近,±45°铺层的屈服强度最低。其中,0°铺层、45°铺层和±45°铺层时材料的屈服强度对应变率的依赖性不明显,预测结果趋于水平直线。屈服应变体现着塑性变形的起始位置,关乎着断裂伸长率,其预测结果如图9(c)所示。值得注意的是,除0°/90°铺层情况以外,其他铺层特征下材料均表现为负应变率敏感性,±45°铺层时效果最为明显。0°/90°铺层拥有最小的屈服应变,90°铺层的屈服应变也较小。相较于45°铺层而言,±45°铺层在高低应变率范围内可以充分提高或降低屈服应变。总体而言,90°铺层有益于提升动态模量和强度、降低屈服应变,45°铺层能降低屈服强度、提升模量和屈服应变的应变率敏感性。
已有研究表明,锻造复合材料在978~1 977 s−1应变率范围内的最高强度约为200 MPa、模量约为3.302 GPa[1];0°/90°铺层的传统CFRP层压复合材料(T300级别,层厚0.295 mm)在272~893 s−1应变率范围内的面内最高强度约为900 MPa、模量约为10.12 GPa[7, 15];[−45°/90°/45°/0°]铺层的传统CFRP层压复合材料(T300级别,层厚0.25 mm)在284~820 s−1应变率范围内的面内最高强度约为460 MPa、模量约为14.71 GPa[37]。然而,0°/90°铺层的超薄CFRP复合材料在443~3 728 s−1应变率范围内的面内强度高于2 008 MPa、模量大于103.87 GPa,分别是锻造CFRP复合材料的10.04和31.46倍,为0°/90°传统CFRP层压复合材料的2.23和10.26倍,为[−45°/90°/45°/0°]铺层CFRP的4.37和7.06倍,展示了超薄CFRP复合材料的优越性。相应地,图9(d)展示了应变率与模量和强度的Ashby关系。相比之下,超薄CFRP的准静态模量适中、强度较高,动态模量和强度均远高于传统材料,具有非常显著的动态力学响应。
针对超薄CFRP复合材料开展了动态冲击实验研究,分析了不同铺层情况下材料力学性能的应变率效应,并给出了统一的本构模型,得到以下主要结论:
(1) 采用单向CFRP预浸料,通过模压固化工艺,制备了单层厚度仅为0.1 mm的超薄CFRP层压复合材料,使得单位厚度内层压板的纤维含量提升了66%以上;
(2) 0°、90°、0°/90°、45°、±45° 5种铺层角度下,超薄CFRP复合材料在弹性模量、屈服强度和应变方面的应变率效应不同,屈服应变具有负的应变率敏感性;
(3) 超薄CFRP复合材料中,90°铺层有利于增大模量和强度、降低屈服应变,45°铺层则有利于增强塑性、降低强度、提升模量和屈服应变的应变率敏感性;
(4) 在0°/90°铺层状态下,相较于传统CFRP层压复合材料(层厚为0.295 mm),超薄CFRP复合材料的动态强度和模量分别提高了123%和926%,具有明显优势。
基于实验结果给出了超薄CFRP复合材料的本构模型及参数,为预测常见铺层情况下材料的应变率效应提供了参考。这些研究结果表明,超薄CFRP复合材料具有优于传统复合材料的力学性能,且其力学性能和应变率敏感性可通过对其铺层方式进行编程来调控,进而实现按需设计的工程目标。通过优化铺层角度与顺序,可在特定体积内协同调控刚度、强度与能量吸收等目标性能,在传统结构减重极限的基础上实现再次减重,有望解决航空航天、精密仪器等领域对多功能集成的苛刻要求。此外,基于超薄、轻质、高强等固有特性,该型CFRP在智能材料复合方面还存在巨大潜力,可实现增强、导电、改性、赋形等功能。当前开展的初步研究旨在揭示超薄CFRP的基本力学性能,未来将进一步建立和开发应变率相关各向异性本构模型和损伤模型,并与传统材料进行更多的指标对比,为大尺度结构设计和响应预测提供基础。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251265
  • 接收时间:2025-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-21
  • 修回日期:2025-12-22
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    1合肥工业大学机械工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230009
    2大连理工大学力学与航空航天学院, 辽宁 大连 116024
    3西安交通大学机械工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
    4南昌航空大学动力与能源学院, 江西 南昌 330063
    5中国航天科工集团第六研究院210所, 陕西 西安 710065

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周才华(1987-),男,博士,教授,主要从事结构强度与轻量化设计研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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