Article(id=1325148526283465037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772640000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-05, revisedDate=1778688000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793869628734, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793869628734, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793869628734, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793869628734, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070109-1, endPage=070109-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325148527126520142, articleId=1325148526283465037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Formation Mechanism of Ceramic Cones in Boron Carbide Ceramic Composite Targets with Different Backplates under High-Velocity Impact, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of backplate mechanical properties on the formation mechanism of ceramic cones in boron carbide ceramic composite armor, four typical backplate materials, including 6061 aluminum alloy, 7075 aluminum alloy, T300 carbon fiber board, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were selected. A combination of ballistic impact experiments conducted via a one-stage light gas gun and numerical simulations performed with LS-DYNA was adopted to systematically study the effects of backplate yield strength, stiffness, and wave impedance on the morphology and evolution of ceramic cones. The results indicate that: the load transfer from the ceramic cone to the backplate is not solely dependent on a single outer cone but is achieved through the synergistic action of multiple cracks, including the outer and inner cones; the yield strength of the backplate has no significant effect on the crack propagation of the main cone; regarding stiffness, the outer cone angle decreases linearly with increasing elastic modulus, while the inner cone angle increases exponentially; wave impedance alters the internal stress field of the ceramic by modulating stress wave reflection/transmission, resulting in a linear increase in the inner cone angle and an exponential decrease in the outer cone angle with increasing impedance.

, authors=Xinde WANG1, 2, Mingshu LI1, 2, Renjie WANG1, 2, Yonggang WANG1, 2, Zhaoxiu JIANG1, 2, authorsList=Xinde WANG, Mingshu LI, Renjie WANG, Yonggang WANG, Zhaoxiu JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaoxiu JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325148539663294826, articleId=1325148526283465037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高速撞击下不同背板碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板的陶瓷锥形成机制, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

陶瓷锥是轻型陶瓷复合装甲实现抗弹侵彻能量耗散的关键物理机制。为此,针对碳化硼陶瓷复合装甲,选取6061铝合金、7075铝合金、T300碳纤维板及超高分子量聚乙烯板(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE)4种典型背板材料,采用一级轻气炮弹道冲击实验与LS-DYNA数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了背板屈服强度、刚度及波阻抗对陶瓷锥形态及演化的影响规律。结果表明:陶瓷锥对背板的载荷传递并非仅依赖单一外锥,而是通过外锥与内锥等多条裂纹的共同作用实现;背板的屈服强度对主要锥形的裂纹扩展无明显影响;在刚度方面,外锥角随弹性模量的增加而线性减小,内锥角则呈指数增大;波阻抗通过调控应力波反射/透射改变陶瓷内部应力场变化,致使内锥角随着波阻抗的增加呈线性增大,外锥角则随之呈指数减小。

, authors=王新德1, 2, 李明树1, 2, 王仁杰1, 2, 王永刚1, 2, 蒋招绣1, 2, authorsList=王新德, 李明树, 王仁杰, 王永刚, 蒋招绣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒋招绣, authorNote=

王新德(2005-),男,本科,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
蒋招绣(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eNbJXVj/H5tlUcs5vyjOLA==, magXml=hlgE7knT++SsGBks/rq/jg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bodttl5gRBV9egGvvn6Taw==, pdfFileSize=5618427, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uuIMGzaPLJeCsHfgVkJ6TA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=B1DSbD4NFlH37q6iYXmUjA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325148542670610804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangxinhao1999@foxmail.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325148543421391223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, authorId=1325148542670610804, language=EN, stringName=Xinde WANG, firstName=Xinde, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2014, 46(1): 78–86., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325148540875448685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325148540984500590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, companyId=1325148540875448685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325148541294879087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, companyId=1325148540875448685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宁波大学力学与工程科学学院, 浙江 宁波 315211)]), 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tableContent=
Target materialsv0/(m·s−1) $ {\beta }_{1} $/(°) $\varDelta $/(°)Vc/mm3d/mm
B4C/6061Al245.176.71.355942.1195.10
B4C/7075Al249.683.82.141108.1986.88
B4C/CF-T300247.873.82.437152.5974.50
B4C/UHMWPE252.385.11.921263.8564.46
), ArticleFig(id=1325148566116770235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同背板陶瓷靶体的失效特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target materialsv0/(m·s−1) $ {\beta }_{1} $/(°) $\varDelta $/(°)Vc/mm3d/mm
B4C/6061Al245.176.71.355942.1195.10
B4C/7075Al249.683.82.141108.1986.88
B4C/CF-T300247.873.82.437152.5974.50
B4C/UHMWPE252.385.11.921263.8564.46
), ArticleFig(id=1325148567333118396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Material model parameters of the projectile[19], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material $ \rho $/(g·cm−3)E/GPaνA1/MPaB1/MPan1C1C2
CDX2 steel7.850252.30.295354456060.850.0120.086
), ArticleFig(id=1325148569015034301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

弹体材料的模型参数[19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material $ \rho $/(g·cm−3)E/GPaνA1/MPaB1/MPan1C1C2
CDX2 steel7.850252.30.295354456060.850.0120.086
), ArticleFig(id=1325148569434464702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Material model parameters of the metal backplate[20–21], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Materials $ \rho $/(g·cm−3)G/GPaA/MPaB/MPaCmnTm/K
6061Al2.70426.69256113.80.0021.3500.420877.6
7075Al2.81027.00568327.00.0141.0150.378893.0
MaterialsTr/KD1D2D3D4D5c/(m·s−1)S1
6061Al293−0.7701.450−0.4701.652401.40
7075Al293 0.0590.2460  00  51901.33
), ArticleFig(id=1325148569874866623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

金属背板材料的模型参数[20–21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Materials $ \rho $/(g·cm−3)G/GPaA/MPaB/MPaCmnTm/K
6061Al2.70426.69256113.80.0021.3500.420877.6
7075Al2.81027.00568327.00.0141.0150.378893.0
MaterialsTr/KD1D2D3D4D5c/(m·s−1)S1
6061Al293−0.7701.450−0.4701.652401.40
7075Al293 0.0590.2460  00  51901.33
), ArticleFig(id=1325148570650812864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Material model parameters of T300 carbon fiber board[23], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaν12ν13ν23
1409.09.04.64.63.0820.320.280.21
ρ/(kg·m−3)XT/MPaXC/MPaYT/MPaYC/MPaSxy/MPaSxz/MPaSyz/MPa
17501760110051130706060
), ArticleFig(id=1325148570764059073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

T300碳纤维板的材料模型参数[23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaν12ν13ν23
1409.09.04.64.63.0820.320.280.21
ρ/(kg·m−3)XT/MPaXC/MPaYT/MPaYC/MPaSxy/MPaSxz/MPaSyz/MPa
17501760110051130706060
), ArticleFig(id=1325148571154129346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Material model parameters of UHMWPE fiber board[25], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPa $ {\nu }_{12} $ $ {\nu }_{13} $ $ {\nu }_{23} $
40.640.62.61745485480.0080.0440.044
SN/MPaSC/MPaXT/MPaYT/GPaYC/GPaS23/MPaS13/MPa $ \rho \text{/(kg∙}{\text{m}}^{-3}) $
9000.53.63.63.09009001006
), ArticleFig(id=1325148572001378757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

UHMWPE纤维板的材料模型参数[25]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPa $ {\nu }_{12} $ $ {\nu }_{13} $ $ {\nu }_{23} $
40.640.62.61745485480.0080.0440.044
SN/MPaSC/MPaXT/MPaYT/GPaYC/GPaS23/MPaS13/MPa $ \rho \text{/(kg∙}{\text{m}}^{-3}) $
9000.53.63.63.09009001006
), ArticleFig(id=1325148573607797190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Model parameters of boron carbide material[26], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m−3)G/GPaAiBiCiMN $ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0}/{\rm s}^{-1} $ $ {t}_{\max }\text{/GPa} $
25104620.9270.70.0050.850.6710.26
$ {\sigma }_{\text{HEL}} $/GPa $ {p}_{\text{HEL}} $/GPa $ \beta $ $ {K}_{1} $ $ {K}_{2} $ $ {K}_{3} $ $ {D}_{\text{p1}} $ $ {D}_{\text{p2}} $Fs
15.448.711233−59328000.0010.50.8
), ArticleFig(id=1325148574060782023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

碳化硼材料模型参数[26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m−3)G/GPaAiBiCiMN $ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0}/{\rm s}^{-1} $ $ {t}_{\max }\text{/GPa} $
25104620.9270.70.0050.850.6710.26
$ {\sigma }_{\text{HEL}} $/GPa $ {p}_{\text{HEL}} $/GPa $ \beta $ $ {K}_{1} $ $ {K}_{2} $ $ {K}_{3} $ $ {D}_{\text{p1}} $ $ {D}_{\text{p2}} $Fs
15.448.711233−59328000.0010.50.8
), ArticleFig(id=1325148574513766856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Comparison of experimental and simulated results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Blackplate materialsLrβ1d
Exp./mmSim./mmError/%Exp./(°)Sim./(°)Error/%Exp./mmSim./mmError/%
6061Al34.336.87.376.780.14.495.181.614.1
7075Al31.633.25.183.876.19.286.977.211.1
CF-T30032.734.86.473.868.57.274.570.25.8
UHMWPE38.441.27.385.184.50.768.559.113.7
), ArticleFig(id=1325148574916420041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148526283465037, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

实验与模拟结果的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Blackplate materialsLrβ1d
Exp./mmSim./mmError/%Exp./(°)Sim./(°)Error/%Exp./mmSim./mmError/%
6061Al34.336.87.376.780.14.495.181.614.1
7075Al31.633.25.183.876.19.286.977.211.1
CF-T30032.734.86.473.868.57.274.570.25.8
UHMWPE38.441.27.385.184.50.768.559.113.7
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高速撞击下不同背板碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板的陶瓷锥形成机制
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王新德 1, 2 , 李明树 1, 2 , 王仁杰 1, 2 , 王永刚 1, 2 , 蒋招绣 1, 2
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070109-1-070109-13
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070109-1 -070109-13
高速撞击下不同背板碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板的陶瓷锥形成机制
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王新德(2005-),男,本科,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

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王新德1, 2 , 李明树1, 2, 王仁杰1, 2, 王永刚1, 2, 蒋招绣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学力学与工程科学学院, 浙江 宁波 315211
  • 2宁波大学冲击与安全工程教育部重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315211
通讯作者:
蒋招绣(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

王新德(2005-),男,本科,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

Formation Mechanism of Ceramic Cones in Boron Carbide Ceramic Composite Targets with Different Backplates under High-Velocity Impact
Xinde WANG1, 2 , Mingshu LI1, 2, Renjie WANG1, 2, Yonggang WANG1, 2, Zhaoxiu JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
  • 2MOE Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261037
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陶瓷锥是轻型陶瓷复合装甲实现抗弹侵彻能量耗散的关键物理机制。为此,针对碳化硼陶瓷复合装甲,选取6061铝合金、7075铝合金、T300碳纤维板及超高分子量聚乙烯板(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE)4种典型背板材料,采用一级轻气炮弹道冲击实验与LS-DYNA数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了背板屈服强度、刚度及波阻抗对陶瓷锥形态及演化的影响规律。结果表明:陶瓷锥对背板的载荷传递并非仅依赖单一外锥,而是通过外锥与内锥等多条裂纹的共同作用实现;背板的屈服强度对主要锥形的裂纹扩展无明显影响;在刚度方面,外锥角随弹性模量的增加而线性减小,内锥角则呈指数增大;波阻抗通过调控应力波反射/透射改变陶瓷内部应力场变化,致使内锥角随着波阻抗的增加呈线性增大,外锥角则随之呈指数减小。

陶瓷锥  /  碳化硼  /  陶瓷复合装甲  /  高速撞击  /  侵彻

To investigate the influence of backplate mechanical properties on the formation mechanism of ceramic cones in boron carbide ceramic composite armor, four typical backplate materials, including 6061 aluminum alloy, 7075 aluminum alloy, T300 carbon fiber board, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were selected. A combination of ballistic impact experiments conducted via a one-stage light gas gun and numerical simulations performed with LS-DYNA was adopted to systematically study the effects of backplate yield strength, stiffness, and wave impedance on the morphology and evolution of ceramic cones. The results indicate that: the load transfer from the ceramic cone to the backplate is not solely dependent on a single outer cone but is achieved through the synergistic action of multiple cracks, including the outer and inner cones; the yield strength of the backplate has no significant effect on the crack propagation of the main cone; regarding stiffness, the outer cone angle decreases linearly with increasing elastic modulus, while the inner cone angle increases exponentially; wave impedance alters the internal stress field of the ceramic by modulating stress wave reflection/transmission, resulting in a linear increase in the inner cone angle and an exponential decrease in the outer cone angle with increasing impedance.

ceramic cone  /  boron carbide  /  ceramic composite armor  /  high-velocity impact  /  penetration
王新德, 李明树, 王仁杰, 王永刚, 蒋招绣. 高速撞击下不同背板碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板的陶瓷锥形成机制. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070109-1 -070109-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261037
Xinde WANG, Mingshu LI, Renjie WANG, Yonggang WANG, Zhaoxiu JIANG. Formation Mechanism of Ceramic Cones in Boron Carbide Ceramic Composite Targets with Different Backplates under High-Velocity Impact[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070109-1 -070109-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261037
现代高技术战争对装备防护性能与机动能力的双重严苛要求,使得传统均质金属装甲因面密度过高而严重制约作战平台效能的问题日益凸显[1–3]。轻型陶瓷复合装甲通过高硬度陶瓷面板的破碎钝化效应与高韧性纤维增强背板的拉伸吸能机制协同耗散弹丸动能,成为实现高效轻量化防护的主流方案[4–5]。在该陶瓷复合装甲体系中,陶瓷层形成的“陶瓷锥”是实现弹体钝化、侵蚀、破碎与能量耗散的关键物理机制[6–7],其形态与演化受材料属性、载荷条件、结构参数以及界面与边界条件等多种因素耦合影响[8–11]。其中,背板作为陶瓷层的直接支撑,其力学特性与界面性质直接影响应力波传播及约束状态,显著影响背板处的反射、透射及能量传递[12]。
当前研究已证实,背板的阻抗匹配特性、刚度及韧性通过影响应力波的传播路径与陶瓷层的约束状态,对陶瓷锥形态产生显著的调控作用[13–14]。例如,高光发等[15–17]研究发现,添加高抗弯强度的碳纤维作为中间过渡层可改善复合装甲的刚度梯度,延长陶瓷锥体形成后与面板脱离的时间,从而抑制拉伸波造成的断裂。除背板材料本身的力学特性外,结构参数的优化匹配同样对陶瓷锥行为起着关键作用。例如,陶瓷层与背板的厚度配比直接影响能量吸收效率,过厚的陶瓷层反而阻碍能量向背板传递[18]。由此可见,背板的动态力学特性(阻抗、刚度等)通过调控应力波传播与界面约束条件,深刻影响碳化硼陶瓷锥的形态演化和能量耗散效率。然而,当前的研究大多关注外锥的演化规律以及背板材料对侵彻过程的影响,对于陶瓷内部其他裂纹的扩展行为以及不同背板材料如何影响陶瓷内锥的几何形态或裂纹扩展路径,尚缺乏深入的机理性认识。
本工作以碳化硼陶瓷为研究对象,选取6061铝合金、7075铝合金、T300碳纤维板、超高分子量聚乙烯(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE)纤维板4种具有不同屈服强度、刚度和波阻抗的典型背板材料,通过弹道冲击实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究不同背板条件下陶瓷锥的形成机制;采用一级轻气炮驱动直径为10.8 mm的高强钢平头弹对陶瓷复合靶板进行撞击实验,运用三维扫描技术表征陶瓷锥的几何形态,同时结合数值模拟分析,研究背板条件对碳化硼陶瓷锥形成的影响。
图1显示了测试中使用的碳化硼陶瓷复合装甲结构,靶板尺寸为200 mm×200 mm,由12 mm厚的碳化硼(B4C)陶瓷与5 mm厚背板构成,有4种不同材料的背板,即6061铝合金、7075铝合金、T300碳纤维板(CF-T300)和UHMWPE。鉴于陶瓷材料的脆性,在运输过程中其与尖锐物体的碰撞可能导致陶瓷砖产生裂纹,为减少此类损伤并保护靶板,在靶板表面整体封装了一层树脂固化的织物材料(单层UHMWPE防撕裂层,厚度约为0.05 mm)。为对比实验结果,采用几乎相同的冲击速度v0对B4C/6061Al、B4C/7075Al、B4C/CF-T300、B4C/UHMWPE靶板进行加载,v0分别为245.1、249.6、247.8、252.3 m/s。
为实现钢弹对陶瓷复合靶板的高速侵彻,采用一级轻气炮作为加载装置,如图2所示。由于钢弹尺寸为$\varnothing $10.8 mm×52 mm,远小于炮管口径,无法直接装填,因此,设计了专用弹托,弹托材料选用聚醚醚酮(polyetherether ketone,PEEK)。为防止弹体在高压气体驱动下从弹托底部逆向穿出,在弹体底部增设钛合金底座,以提供额外支撑,确保弹体在加速过程中保持稳定姿态并顺利通过炮管,组装后的弹体如图2所示。实验时,承载弹体的弹托在高压气体推动下沿发射管加速,当弹体经过磁测速系统时,系统实时记录其出射速度。随后,弹体穿过滤弹孔,弹托被阻挡于靶架之外,确保仅弹体进入靶室,与靶板撞击。靶架内部铺设硅胶垫和木块,以回收弹体和陶瓷碎块,同时避免碎块飞溅造成二次损伤。
回收的陶瓷靶体、背板与剩余弹体的照片如图3所示。在约250 m/s的速度撞击下,4种不同背板材料的陶瓷复合装甲均被弹体穿透,且产生的锥形形貌存在明显的不同。为定量化表征背板条件对陶瓷锥角大小的影响,采用具有高空间分辨率的手持式三维激光扫描仪(型号HSCAN701)进行表征,通过配套软件Geomagic Design X进行分析处理。其中,陶瓷锥角的统计按“米”字形进行采样(共16组采样数据)统计,如图4(a) 所示,将锥角平均值作为最终底锥锥角[7]。
图4(b)和图4(e)为4种不同背板下碳化硼陶瓷靶体的三维椎体断裂面重构与二维切面轮廓图片。可以看出,不同背板材料碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板在250 m/s的冲击速度下均展现出相对完整的几何形状和清晰的断裂边界,形成的陶瓷锥轮廓均较为陡峭,且存在一定的不均匀性,但不同背板材料的锥体呈现出明显不同的形态特征。通过Geomagic Design X软件,获得了锥体的几何参数,包括锥角β1、体积Vc、锥底直径d,统计结果如表1所示,其中,$\varDelta $为锥角的测量不确定度。
表1所列数据显示,采用金属背板(6061Al和7075Al)的靶板的锥体体积和锥底直径显著大于采用复合材料背板的靶板。其中,B4C/6061Al组合的锥体体积最大,达到55942.11 mm3,锥底直径达到95.10 mm,表明其损伤区域最大,能量吸收可能更多地通过陶瓷破碎来实现。相比之下,B4C/CF-T300组合和B4C/UHMWPE组合的锥体体积和直径显著减小,表明UHMWPE背板的低阻抗和高变形能力有效限制了陶瓷锥体的横向扩展,将损伤集中在更小的区域内。从陶瓷锥角来看,不同背板材料的影响有所不同。总之,在冲击速度相近的条件下,背板材料不仅决定了陶瓷锥的损伤范围,还影响锥体的几何形态,为后续分析背板对靶板抗侵彻机理的影响以及验证数值模拟的可靠性提供了重要的几何特征依据。
为模拟不同背板条件下碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板的抗冲击行为,基于非线性显式动力学有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了二维轴对称有限元模型。如图5所示,在构建的模型中,靶板由0.05 mm厚单层聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)、12 mm厚陶瓷层和5 mm厚背板层组成,陶瓷层为B4C材料,背板分别设置为6061Al、7075Al、CF-T300和UHMWPE 4种材料,各层厚度与实验设置一致。陶瓷层与背板之间采用面面接触算法。弹体按实验尺寸1∶1构建。弹-靶之间采用侵蚀面-面接触。为准确捕捉陶瓷锥形裂纹的萌生与扩展,最小单元尺寸控制在0.1 mm左右,网格总数为182492。在边界条件方面,靶板左侧(对应靶板外缘)施加无反射边界(non-reflecting boundary, NRB),对称轴(右侧)则设置轴对称约束,子弹冲击速度v0设为250 m/s。
在弹体撞击陶瓷靶体实验中,弹体选用的超高强钢材料为脆性材料,是一种率不敏感、拉压不对称材料,在拉伸载荷下呈脆性破坏特征。因此,构建该材料的本构模型时,主要考虑硬化行为,忽略应变率效应和温度软化效应,即采用随动硬化模型[19]对该材料进行描述
$ {\sigma }_{1}={A}_{1}+{B}_{1}{\varepsilon }_{\rm p}^{n_{1}} $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{1} $为等效应力,A1为初始屈服强度,$ {B}_{1} $为强度系数,$ \varepsilon_{\rm p} $为等效塑性应变,$ {n}_{1} $为应变硬化系数。
失效模型则采用同时考虑应力三轴度$ \eta $与Lode角参数$ \xi $的断裂损伤模型[19],其表达式为
$ \varepsilon _{\rm f}^{*}={3}^{-1.5\eta }\left [{C}_{1}-({C}_{1}-{C}_{2}){(1-{{\xi }^{2}})}^{1/2}\right] $
式中:C1、C2为Lode角参数与应力三轴度相关的材料常数,$ \varepsilon _{\text{f}}^{*} $为断裂时的等效塑性应变。本构模型参数取值见表2[19],其中:ρ为密度,E为弹性模量,ν为泊松比。
6061和7075铝合金背板材料模型均采用Johnson-Cook本构模型和失效模型描述。本构模型的表达式为
$ \sigma =\left(A+B\varepsilon _{\text{p}}^{n}\right)\left(1+C\ln \dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{p}}^{*}\right)\left(1-{T}^{*m}\right) $
式中:$ \sigma $为等效流动应力;A为屈服强度参数;B为模型参数;n为硬化指数;$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{p}}^{*}={\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{p}}/{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $为归一化塑性应变率,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\text{p}} $为等效塑性应变率,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $为参考应变率;$ C $为应变率敏感参数; $ {T}^{*}=(T-{T}_{\text{r}})/({T}_{\text{m}}-{T}_{\text{r}}) $为归一化温度,$ T $、$ {T}_{\text{r}} $、$ {T}_{\text{m}} $分别为当前温度、室温和熔点;m为温度软化参数。Johnson-Cook失效模型的表达式为
$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{f}}=\left[{D}_{1}+{D}_{2}\exp \left({D}_{3}\eta \right)\right]\left(1+{D}_{4}\ln \dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{p}}^{*}\right)\left(1+{D}_{5}{T}^{*}\right) $
式中:$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{f}} $为断裂应变,$ {D}_{1} $、$ {D}_{2} $、$ {D}_{3} $、$ {D}_{4} $、$ {D}_{5} $均为模型参数。此外,状态方程采用 Grüneisen 状态方程。6061和7075铝合金的状态方程参数和本构参数如表3[20–21]所示,其中:G为剪切模量,c和S1为冲击波速度-粒子速度曲线的截距和斜率。
碳纤维层合板均满足正交各向异性本构关系,当受到钢弹撞击时,层合板内的纤维损伤模式主要为纤维拉伸断裂、分层、基体压溃以及纤维束之间的劈裂。损伤准则采用基于应力描述的Hashin损伤准则[22],以此作为纤维层合板内部损伤的判断依据,具体表达式如下
$ {\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{\text{T}}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{ xy}}\right)}^{2}\geqslant 1\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\left({\sigma }_{11} \gt 0,\;\text{fiber breakage}\right) $
$ {\sigma }_{11}=-{X}_{\text{C}}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\left({\sigma }_{11}\leqslant 0,\;\text{fiber compression}\right) $
$ \left(\frac{\sigma_{22}}{Y_{\text{T}}}\right)^2+\left(\frac{\tau_{12}}{S_{ xy}}\right)^2=1\; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \left(\sigma_{22} \gt 0,\; \text{matrix crack}\right) $
$ \frac{{\sigma }_{22}}{{Y}_{\text{C}}}\left[{\left(\frac{{Y}_{\text{C}}}{2{S}_{ y\textit{z}}}\right)}^{2}-1\right]+{\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{22}}{2{S}_{ y\textit{z}}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{{\tau }_{12}}{{S}_{ xy}}\right)}^{2}\geqslant 1\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\left({\sigma }_{22}\leqslant 0,\;\text{matrix extrusion}\right) $
式中:σ11、σ22 和τ12 分别为钢球撞击层合板时层合板受到的纵向正应力、横向正应力以及剪切应力,XT、XC、YT、YC 分别为纤维抗拉强度、纤维抗压强度、基体抗拉强度以及基体抗压强度,Sxy和Syz 分别为层合板的面内剪切强度和单层板沿垂直纤维方向的剪切强度。T300碳纤维板的材料参数如表4[23]所示,其中:下标1、2和3分别表示纤维层的纤维轴向、径向和板的面外法向。UHMWPE纤维层合板选用经典层合理论与Chang-Chang失效准则,具体模型见文献[24],相关参数如表5[25]所示,其中: SN和SC分别为法向拉伸强度与压缩强度,Sxz为层合板的面外剪切强度;S23和S13为横向剪切强度,SC为剪切强度。
陶瓷采用JH-2材料本构方程,该方程主要描述材料的强度、压力与损伤之间的关系。通常情况下,陶瓷材料在低于破坏强度时可被视为弹性材料,而当陶瓷材料发生破坏时,可被视为强度随损伤累积变化的完整材料。陶瓷材料的强度包括无损伤材料强度和完全损伤材料强度2种。根据损伤的变化,可以将含损伤陶瓷材料的等效应力$ {\sigma }^{*} $表示为
$ {\sigma }^{*}=\sigma _{\rm i}^{*}-{D(}\sigma _{\rm i}^{*}-\sigma _{\rm f}^{*}) $
式中:$ \sigma _{\text{i}}^{*} $为归一化无损伤材料的等效强度;$ \sigma _{\text{f}}^{*} $为归一化完全损伤材料的等效强度;D为损伤量,$ 0\leqslant D\leqslant 1 $。
归一化无损伤材料(D=0)的等效强度可表示为
$ \sigma _{\text{i}}^{*}={A}_{\text{i}}{({{p}^{*}}+{{t}^{*}})}^{N}(1+{C}_{\text{i}}\ln {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*}) $
归一化完全损伤材料(D=1)的等效强度可表示为
$ \sigma _{\text{f}}^{*}={B}_{\text{i}}{{{p}^{*}}}^{M}(1+{C}_{\text{i}}\ln {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*}) $
材料损伤因子可表示为
$ D=\sum\Delta {\varepsilon }_{\text{p}}/\varepsilon _{\text{p}}^{\text{f}} $
其中
$ \varepsilon _{\text{p}}^{\text{f}}={D}_{\text{p}1}{({{p}^{*}}+{{t}^{*}})}^{{{D}_{\text{p}2}}} $
式中:Ai、Bi、Ci、M、N为材料常数,Dp1、Dp2为损伤常数;$ {p}^{*} $和$ {t}^{*} $分别为归一化静水压力和归一化最大拉伸静水压力,$ {p}^{*} $=$ p/{p}_{\text{HEL}} $,$ {t}^{*} $=$ {t}_{\max }/{p}_{\text{HEL}} $,其中,$ {t}_{\max } $为最大拉伸静水压力,$ {p}_{\text{HEL}} $为Mises准则中由Hugoniot弹性极限(Hugoniot elastic limit,HEL)$ {\sigma }_{\text{HEL}} $得到的静水压力;$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*} $为归一化等效应变率;$ \varepsilon_{\rm p}^{\rm f} $为静水压p下的损伤塑性应变,Δεp为每一次积分循环中的等效塑性应变,且$ p={K}_{1}\mu +{K}_{2}{\mu }^{2}+{K}_{3}{\mu }^{3} $,其中,$ {K}_{1} $为体积模量,$ {K}_{2} $、$ {K}_{3} $为拟合模量参数,$ \mu $为体应变。碳化硼陶瓷的材料模型参数如表6[26]所示,其中,$ \beta $为弹性能量损失转化为静水压能的比例,$ {F}_{\text{s}} $为断裂判据,因为$F_{\rm s} $>0,所以当单元累积的塑性应变大于设定值时,删除该单元。
为验证数值模拟方法的可靠性,将仿真计算结果与弹道冲击实验获得的陶瓷复合靶板损伤形貌及关键几何参数进行对比分析。图6展示了4种不同背板条件下实验回收的陶瓷面板剖面与模拟所得损伤轮廓及背板的对比。从图6可以直观地看出,模拟结果较好地再现了陶瓷锥的主体形态,包括主裂纹扩展路径、陶瓷锥的边界轮廓以及粉碎区的分布范围。两者在宏观损伤模式上表现出高度的一致性,验证了有限元模型在捕捉陶瓷动态断裂与锥形损伤演化方面的有效性。同时,测量了回收弹体的残余长度,并与模拟结果进行对比。可见,模拟得到的弹体侵蚀形态与实验观测吻合良好。
为进一步定量评估模拟精度,选取了3个关键几何特征参数进行对比,包括弹体残余长度Lr、陶瓷锥角β1以及陶瓷锥底直径d,对比结果如表7所示。从统计误差来看,子弹残余长度的模拟误差均在10%以内,整体较为稳定。值得注意的是,针对陶瓷的损伤破坏行为,如锥底直径,6061铝合金背板和UHMWPE背板的实验与模拟结果的相对偏差较大,可能受2种背板材料大变形迭代计算误差累计所致[27]。总体而言,数值模拟结果与实验数据在变化趋势上保持一致,且定量误差较小,表明本研究所建立的有限元模型及材料参数能够较为准确地描述钢弹高速侵彻陶瓷复合靶板的动态响应过程,可用于后续的机理分析与参数讨论。
陶瓷锥作为弹体侵彻过程中陶瓷面板内部形成的锥形破碎区,在成形后充当载荷传递与能量分配的中间载体,其锥顶承接弹体冲击,锥底则通过界面将压力传递至背板,迫使背板发生变形或破坏等响应。首先,以6061铝合金为背板的碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板数值模拟结果为例,研究弹-靶作用过程中的裂纹扩展行为与陶瓷锥体对背板载荷的传递作用。图7展示了以6061铝合金为背板的碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板在弹道冲击下的动态响应,包含3个关键子图:弹体-陶瓷界面与陶瓷-背板界面的压力演化曲线、背板能量吸收百分比随时间的变化曲线,以及不同时刻陶瓷材料内部损伤状态的可视化图像。基于数值模拟数据与陶瓷锥演化机制分析,6061铝合金背板的碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板在冲击响应过程中呈现显著的阶段性特征,且陶瓷锥对背板的载荷传递作用由多条裂纹共同主导。
如图7所示,冲击前期(0~15 μs),受卸载波影响,陶瓷内部形成层裂裂纹和初始锥形裂纹,背板吸能效率较低:其中,9 μs时,子弹-陶瓷接触压力达到峰值,标志着子弹开始侵蚀靶板并推动陶瓷锥形成;11 μs时,背板附近的陶瓷发生层裂,导致陶瓷-背板接触力瞬时卸载,但背板吸能效率处于恒定的增长阶段。随着时间推移,锥形裂纹向背板持续扩展,在36 μs时,外锥裂纹(锥角为$ {\beta }_{1} $)抵达背板表面,此时子弹侵蚀进入第2条锥形裂纹(锥角为$ {\beta }_{2} $)区域,背板吸能效率进入恒定增长阶段。此后,外锥(实验中获得的陶瓷锥)裂纹张开位移接近于停滞状态,而在77 μs时则明显观察到内锥(第2条锥形裂纹)裂纹显著张开,之后弹体与背板直接接触,背板进入快速变形阶段,陶瓷内部损伤演化不再发生明显变化。由此可知,陶瓷锥对背板的载荷传递并非仅依赖单一外锥,而是通过外锥与内锥等多条裂纹的协同作用实现:外锥初期承担载荷扩散功能,将点接触转化为环向分布载荷,降低背板局部应力峰值;内锥后期通过自身张开位移持续传递压力,迫使背板发生塑性变形,并延长吸能时间。因此,陶瓷锥作为动态演化的中间载体,通过裂纹网络逐步将冲击载荷分散至背板,既避免了背板早期局部失效,又为后续塑性吸能创造了条件。
在陶瓷复合靶板的抗侵彻过程中,背板不仅起到结构支撑作用,更是影响陶瓷锥生成与演化的关键因素。背板通过其力学属性(强度、刚度、波阻抗)直接控制应力波在陶瓷/背板界面的传播与反射,同时通过自身的变形与失效改变陶瓷底部的边界条件,从而决定锥形裂纹的起裂位置、扩展路径以及最终形态。下面将从屈服强度、刚度和波阻抗3个维度,结合实验数据与模拟结果展开分析。
图8对比了6061和7075 2种铝合金背板对碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板破坏行为的影响。两者的弹性模量与波阻抗基本相同,但7075铝合金的屈服强度(568 MPa)高于6061铝合金(256 MPa)。图8显示,不论在初始时刻,还是在弹体与背板接触时刻,陶瓷锥的内外锥角基本一致,正如11 μs时刻的裂纹扩展行为,表明陶瓷锥体的形成与背板屈服强度无直接关联。然而,背板的抗塑性变形能力直接决定了对陶瓷层的支撑效果。对于6061铝合金,其屈服强度较低,在冲击下易发生局部塑性变形,不仅吸收了部分侵彻能量,更削弱了对陶瓷锥底部的刚性支撑,导致锥形裂纹因支撑不足而提前“塌陷”。相比之下,高屈服强度的7075铝合金背板在锥形裂纹形成前能提供更强的刚性支撑,迫使弹体动能更集中地作用于陶瓷板,加剧了陶瓷的碎裂程度,正如图8中77 μs时刻,在内、外锥区间,7075铝合金的裂纹密集程度明显高于6061铝合金材料。因此,尽管2种铝合金背板内外锥角较为接近,但7075铝合金陶瓷内部损伤程度明显更剧烈。该现象在能量分配方面有着明显的体现,7075铝合金因变形小缩短了弹靶接触时间,导致背板吸收能量占比较低,即弹体总动能更多地转化为陶瓷碎块的飞溅动能与陶瓷内部的断裂能,使得7075铝合金背板的吸能明显低于6061铝合金背板,正如图9拓展计算结果所示,铝合金背板的吸能占比随着屈服强度的增加呈线性递减趋势。
在厚度不变的情况下,背板刚度大小主要取决于材料的弹性模量。如图10所示,陶瓷锥的形成机制受背板刚度调控显著,外锥与内锥呈现相反的演化趋势,其中:外锥角随着弹性模量E的增加呈线性减小,$ {\beta }_{1}=89.7-0.16E $;而内锥角随着弹性模量的增加呈指数增长,$ {\beta }_{2}=88.9-817{\text{e}}^{-E/13.6} $。由此可见,外锥的扩展主要取决于背板对陶瓷底部的横向支撑能力,低刚度背板(如UHMWPE)在冲击下易发生挠曲变形,对陶瓷底部的横向约束较弱,使得陶瓷锥在形成过程中充分向外扩展,锥底直径增大,外锥母线相对于靶面更平缓,致使外锥角显著增大;随着背板刚度提升,背板的抗弯能力增强,对陶瓷底部的横向约束增强,导致陶瓷锥难以充分向外扩展,锥底直径较小,外锥母线相对于靶面更陡峭,外锥角减小。内锥随刚度的变化呈相反的趋势,其形成过程更依赖于背板在冲击过程的刚性支撑强度,低刚度背板(如UHMWPE)因挠曲显著,对陶瓷底部的支撑不足,导致内锥裂纹在形成过程中缺乏足够的径向约束,裂纹母线相对于靶面更陡峭,内锥角显著减小。高刚度背板(如碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP)、铝合金)能有效抑制背板挠曲,为陶瓷底部提供强有力的瞬时刚性支撑,迫使内锥裂纹沿更平缓的方向发展,内锥角随之增大。
在厚度不变的条件下,背板刚度虽主导陶瓷内、外锥的演化趋势,但波阻抗通过调控应力波在陶瓷/背板界面的反射和透射行为,从应力场层面进一步强化或修正这一调控机制,两者共同决定了陶瓷锥的最终形态,如图11($ {W}_{\text{r}} $为背板波阻抗与陶瓷波阻抗的比值)中波阻抗对外锥和内锥的影响所示,两者同样与波阻抗呈现相反的变化趋势:$ {\beta }_{1}=84.7-0.003\,8{\text{e}}^{-{{W}_{\text{r}}}/0.055} $,$ {\beta }_{2}=15.4+164.3{W}_{\text{r}} $。对于外锥而言,其扩展依赖的横向约束能力不仅与背板刚度相关,还受界面应力波传递效率的影响。当背板的波阻抗远低于陶瓷的波阻抗时,大部分冲击应力波在界面处反射,形成的拉应力波向陶瓷内部传播,削弱了陶瓷底部的结构稳定性。同时,透射至背板的应力波能量不足,难以有效激发背板的承载能力,进一步加剧了低刚度背板的挠曲变形,使得外锥的横向扩展受到双重限制,外锥角显著增大。反之,当背板的波阻抗与陶瓷更匹配时,应力波透射系数显著提升,更多冲击能量被有效传递至背板,增强了其瞬时承载能力,与高刚度带来的强约束效应形成协同,迫使外锥裂纹沿着原来的方向充分扩展,锥角减小。对于内锥来说,其形成所依赖的刚性支撑强度同样受到波阻抗的调控。低波阻抗背板(如 UHMWPE)在界面处反射的拉应力波会削弱陶瓷底部的支撑基础,使得在内锥裂纹缺乏有效径向约束的条件下裂纹扩展母线较为陡峭,锥角进一步减小;而高波阻抗背板(如铝合金、CFRP)则通过高效的应力波传递,为陶瓷底部提供更强的瞬时刚性支撑,与高刚度的抑制挠曲效应协同作用,强化对内锥裂纹的径向约束,迫使裂纹沿更平缓的方向发展,内锥角随之显著增大。综上,波阻抗通过调控界面应力波的反射和透射,与背板刚度形成协同调控机制:低波阻抗会放大低刚度的不利影响,加剧外锥扩展受限与内锥支撑不足;而高波阻抗则强化高刚度的积极效应,促进外锥的充分扩展与内锥的陡峭发展。
通过弹道冲击实验与LS-DYNA数值模拟,系统研究了6061铝合金、7075铝合金、T300碳纤维板及UHMWPE 4种典型背板材料对碳化硼陶瓷复合装甲陶瓷锥形成机制的影响,得到以下主要结论:
(1) 陶瓷锥对背板的载荷传递并非仅依赖单一外锥裂纹,而是通过外锥与内锥等多条裂纹的共同作用实现,外锥在冲击前期承担载荷扩散功能,将弹体的点接触转化为环向分布载荷,降低背板局部应力峰值,内锥在冲击后期通过自身张开位移持续传递压力,迫使背板发生塑性变形并延长吸能时间;
(2) 背板的屈服强度对陶瓷主锥形裂纹的扩展角度无明显影响,但显著影响陶瓷的碎裂程度与能量分配,高强度背板(如7075铝合金)提供更强的刚性支撑,加剧陶瓷碎裂,而低强度背板(6061铝合金)通过塑性变形吸收更多能量,但削弱了对陶瓷底部的支撑;
(3) 背板刚度是调控陶瓷锥角的关键因素,且对外锥和内锥的影响相反,外锥角随背板弹性模量的增加呈线性减小,内锥角则呈指数增大,低刚度背板(如UHMWPE)因挠曲变形显著,横向约束较弱,导致外锥角增大、内锥角减小,而高刚度背板(如CFRP、铝合金)能有效抑制挠曲,增强径向约束,促使外锥角减小、内锥角增大。
(4) 背板波阻抗通过调控界面应力波的反射和透射,与刚度形成协同调控机制,内锥角随波阻抗比增加呈线性增大,外锥角呈指数减小,低波阻抗会放大低刚度的不利影响,加剧外锥扩展受限与内锥支撑不足,而高波阻抗则强化高刚度的积极效应,促进外锥充分扩展与内锥陡峭发展。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261037
  • 接收时间:2026-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-05
  • 修回日期:2026-05-14
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    1宁波大学力学与工程科学学院, 浙江 宁波 315211
    2宁波大学冲击与安全工程教育部重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315211

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蒋招绣(1986-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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