Article(id=1325146281215132063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771862400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-24, revisedDate=1776096000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793869093468, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793869093468, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793869093468, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793869093468, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070103-1, endPage=070103-17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325146284943868321, articleId=1325146281215132063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Design Strategies and Mechanical Behaviors of Self-Locking Structure, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The self-locking structure achieves interlocking property through ingenious design of the connection mode between cells, which enables the cells to lock with each other without the need for any additional constraints. The self-locking structure possesses significant advantages, such as light weight, portability, rapid assembly, and disassembly. Therefore, this structure is widely applied in various fields, such as shock resistance and explosion prevention. Self-locking structures exist in many structures in nature. The design concepts of self-locking structures are introduced from three aspects: the inspiration from biomimetic self-locking structures, the energy absorption mechanism of periodic structures, and failure of shear bands in periodic structures. The research progress of two-dimensional unidirectional self-locking structures, three-dimensional multi-directional self-locking structures and curved self-locking structures are then respectively introduced based on the classification of self-locking direction. Among them, the multi-directional self-locking structure withstands more complex loading conditions. Therefore, research progress of three representative multi-directional self-locking structures based on dumbbell-type, bone stitching, and origami design are further introduced. Finally, the research on the self-locking structure is summarized, and its future research prospects are discussed.

, authors=Jian XIONG1, 2, Chengrui YAN1, Zongbing CHEN1, authorsList=Jian XIONG, Chengrui YAN, Zongbing CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325146312638857656, articleId=1325146281215132063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=自锁结构设计及力学性能研究进展, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

自锁结构凭借对单胞连接方式的巧妙设计,使结构内部的单胞无需额外添加约束条件,就能实现彼此相互锁定。自锁结构具备轻质便携、快速组装与拆卸等优势,在抗冲击、防爆等多个领域具有广阔的应用前景。自锁结构在自然界多种生物结构中天然存在,首先,从仿生自锁结构的设计启发、周期性结构的吸能机制以及周期性结构剪切带失效3个方面,阐述自锁结构的设计理念;接着,依据自锁方向对自锁结构进行分类,介绍了二维单向自锁结构、三维多向自锁结构以及曲面自锁结构的研究进展,其中,三维多向自锁结构能够承受更为复杂的多向载荷,介绍了基于哑铃型结构、生物骨缝、褶皱设计的3种代表性多向自锁结构;最后,对自锁结构的研究进行总结,并对其研究前景进行展望。

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闫承瑞(2001-),女,博士研究生,主要从事复合材料自锁结构设计和力学性能研究. E-mail:

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熊 健(1984-),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事先进轻质复合材料结构设计理论及力学机制研究. E-mail:
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Study of the bending properties of variable stiffness chain mail fabrics [J]. Composite Structures, 2023, 322: 117369., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325146399783912012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146281215132063, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU J W, ZHANG Y, HUANG Y J, et al. Dynamic response of chain mail fabrics with variable stiffness [J]. 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自锁结构设计及力学性能研究进展
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熊健 1, 2 , 闫承瑞 1 , 陈宗兵 1
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070103-1-070103-17
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070103-1 -070103-17
自锁结构设计及力学性能研究进展
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熊健1, 2 , 闫承瑞1 , 陈宗兵1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工业大学复合材料与结构研究所特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2二零八研究所瞬态冲击全国重点实验室, 北京 102200
通讯作者:
熊 健(1984-),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事先进轻质复合材料结构设计理论及力学机制研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

闫承瑞(2001-),女,博士研究生,主要从事复合材料自锁结构设计和力学性能研究. E-mail:

Research Progress on Design Strategies and Mechanical Behaviors of Self-Locking Structure
Jian XIONG1, 2 , Chengrui YAN1 , Zongbing CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Transient Impact Research, 208 Research Institute, Beijing 102200, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261028
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自锁结构凭借对单胞连接方式的巧妙设计,使结构内部的单胞无需额外添加约束条件,就能实现彼此相互锁定。自锁结构具备轻质便携、快速组装与拆卸等优势,在抗冲击、防爆等多个领域具有广阔的应用前景。自锁结构在自然界多种生物结构中天然存在,首先,从仿生自锁结构的设计启发、周期性结构的吸能机制以及周期性结构剪切带失效3个方面,阐述自锁结构的设计理念;接着,依据自锁方向对自锁结构进行分类,介绍了二维单向自锁结构、三维多向自锁结构以及曲面自锁结构的研究进展,其中,三维多向自锁结构能够承受更为复杂的多向载荷,介绍了基于哑铃型结构、生物骨缝、褶皱设计的3种代表性多向自锁结构;最后,对自锁结构的研究进行总结,并对其研究前景进行展望。

自锁结构  /  周期性结构  /  仿生结构  /  褶皱  /  能量吸收

The self-locking structure achieves interlocking property through ingenious design of the connection mode between cells, which enables the cells to lock with each other without the need for any additional constraints. The self-locking structure possesses significant advantages, such as light weight, portability, rapid assembly, and disassembly. Therefore, this structure is widely applied in various fields, such as shock resistance and explosion prevention. Self-locking structures exist in many structures in nature. The design concepts of self-locking structures are introduced from three aspects: the inspiration from biomimetic self-locking structures, the energy absorption mechanism of periodic structures, and failure of shear bands in periodic structures. The research progress of two-dimensional unidirectional self-locking structures, three-dimensional multi-directional self-locking structures and curved self-locking structures are then respectively introduced based on the classification of self-locking direction. Among them, the multi-directional self-locking structure withstands more complex loading conditions. Therefore, research progress of three representative multi-directional self-locking structures based on dumbbell-type, bone stitching, and origami design are further introduced. Finally, the research on the self-locking structure is summarized, and its future research prospects are discussed.

self-locking structure  /  periodic structure  /  biomimetic structure  /  foldcore  /  energy absorption
熊健, 闫承瑞, 陈宗兵. 自锁结构设计及力学性能研究进展. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070103-1 -070103-17 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261028
Jian XIONG, Chengrui YAN, Zongbing CHEN. Research Progress on Design Strategies and Mechanical Behaviors of Self-Locking Structure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070103-1 -070103-17 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261028
本文所述的自锁,是指结构在不添加额外约束的条件下内部自动锁定的一种连接方式,普遍存在于自然界具有高韧性、高强度的结构中,如成年人的头骨骨缝[1]、鹿角的梯度微观结构[2]、珍珠质的砖泥微观结构[3–4]等。有些生物系统的天然结构虽然组成材料与成分相对薄弱,但整体具有极强的力学性能,这些在进化中形成的生物结构为周期性自锁设计提供了灵感来源。周期性结构通常是由基本单胞按照特定规则有序排列而成,其宏观特性主要依赖于内部单胞的基本性能。目前,国内外学者的研究主要聚焦于如何通过内部单胞的结构拓扑设计来调控周期性结构的宏观力学性能[5–9],而关于单胞之间的连接方式对整体性能影响的研究则相对较少。
实际上,通过增强内部单胞之间的连接强度,能够约束和控制单胞的错位、滑移等失效行为,并有效改善宏观结构性能[10],这对于整体吸能特性提升尤为重要。周期性结构在没有相互连接的情况下,在受到高强度载荷时,可能会产生飞溅、位错、滑移等失效形式,从而导致结构强度的急剧下降。例如,由多个圆管胞元组成的圆管周期性结构在受到压缩或冲击载荷时,如果胞元内部缺乏有效固定和约束方式,会出现严重的内部胞元飞溅现象,极大地降低圆管结构的吸能效率。在实际工程应用中,需对圆管结构进行紧固处理。传统方法如焊接和螺栓连接等虽有效,但在紧急情况下,其复杂繁琐的过程耗时费力,延长了组装时间,降低了圆管结构在紧急缓冲防护中的响应速度。相比之下,当周期性结构内部的单胞之间自发地相互连接、紧密联锁时,结构整体的刚度、强度和能量吸收效率将进一步提高[11–14]。因此,围绕周期性结构内单胞之间的连接方式设计是十分必要的,即精心设计单胞间的连接方式,使结构中的各个单胞相互连接、相互锁定,通过自锁效应有效控制单胞的位错和滑移,并抑制剪切带失效行为,保持结构完整性,从而开发出性能更加卓越的材料。
工程上较常见的连接方式如焊接、螺栓连接等具有一定的局限性,且工作量大、操作困难,额外添加焊接材料或螺栓开孔对于整体结构的力学性能会产生一定影响[15–16]。无论是应用于创新型结构设计,还是投入工程应用,围绕单胞连接方式展开的自锁结构设计都是强效有力的。
与传统依赖附加连接件的装配方式不同,自锁结构通过几何互锁实现单元间的牢固结合,避免了额外连接件的使用,从而简化装配流程。本文将总结近年来自锁结构相关研究进展,探讨自锁结构为结构力学机制带来的优势,展望其在工程设计领域的发展前景。
本节将从自然界生物自锁结构的设计启示、周期性结构在压缩冲击下的吸能机制,以及压缩载荷下剪切带失效3个方面,系统阐述自锁结构的设计理念。首先,通过列举生物材料中常见的自锁构型,揭示自然界为轻质高效自锁结构提供的几何原型与仿生设计准则;在此基础上,聚焦周期性自锁结构在动态压缩下的能量耗散机制以及压缩过程中易诱发的剪切带失效现象,分析周期性结构吸能特性和失效机制,以期为自锁结构研究提供设计策略指导。
在自然界亿万年的演化中,生物体形成了蕴含卓越机械智慧的结构系统。自然界中许多生物材料兼具高强度与高韧性的优异性能,微观与介观研究表明,这类材料的优异特性一部分源于其内部独特的构筑方式,即晶格间的强相互作用或互锁行为。此类生物结构所展现的形态和互锁机制,可被借鉴并应用于人工结构,从而为周期性自锁结构设计开辟新思路。
研究人员在多种生物结构中发现了基于机械互锁的增强与增韧机制。如图1所示,Rivera等[17]通过扫描电镜观察铁甲虫鞘翅的微观结构,发现在连接界面处,拼图式的机械互锁构造对整体增韧起到关键作用,这是这种昆虫甲壳具备抗压和抗冲击性能的原因之一。Lee等[18]发现红腹啄木鸟喙骨具有波纹形自锁骨缝线,在使结构具备自锁效应的同时,能够在纳米尺度上通过局部剪切变形耗散冲击动能。Browning等[19]和Zolotovsky等[20]的研究表明,鱼体表面鱼鳞呈螺旋状排列覆盖,且其螺旋轴线始终与平行轴线呈固定角度,这样的联锁机制使得鱼能够实现较大的双向轴向弯曲变形,同时具备高强度和机械灵活性。天然珍珠层主要由脆性陶瓷质材料构成,但却表现出优异的刚度和能量吸收能力,为此,Espinosa等[21]和Rabiei等[22]揭示了其微观结构构成,发现这主要源于珍珠层内部紧密堆叠的显微矿物片在载荷作用下产生相对滑动,并渐进锁紧,从而实现了增强与增韧的协同提升效果。
更细致的研究发现,在生物体的关键承力部位,其骨骼接缝处的凸起结构往往更为显著,几何形态也更为复杂。例如,海龟龟壳腹侧区域的骨缝相比背部具有更高的几何复杂度,这种复杂的接合方式能够更有效地缓冲外部载荷,抗破坏能力更强,为内部骨骼提供更优异的保护效果[23]。随着时间推移,生物自锁结构呈现出复杂化趋势。以人类颅骨骨缝为例,其在出生时较为平坦光滑,随着年龄增长,逐渐发育为锯齿状且互相交错嵌合的复杂形态[24]。这说明生物体能够通过调控骨缝的嵌合几何形状,主动调节结构的力学性能,骨缝的分布与形貌对生物力学行为具有重要意义。
受生物骨缝结构启发,研究人员从仿生学角度出发,围绕自锁缝线与界面的拓扑形态,设计并发展了多种联锁构型。研究表明,此类自锁机制能够有效限制结构单元的相对错位与滑移,对提升结构整体强度、刚度及韧性均起到关键作用。
从工程应用角度进行分析,机械冲击作为一种瞬时、高强度的非周期性激励,广泛存在于各类工业环境与应用场景中,如汽车撞击[25–26]、船体冲击[27]、爆炸[28]等。出于对受冲击结构的保护需求,研究人员设计了大量周期性吸能结构应用于冲击防护结构中。周期性结构在冲击防护领域的主导地位源于其设计简洁性、制造兼容性、力学可预测性、性能可调控性;而非周期性结构则因设计复杂、制造困难、性能难预测等问题,目前多停留在概念验证或特种定制场景中,很难投入实际应用。在结构设计方面,周期性结构由重复的单胞构成,通过调控单胞即可实现整体性能的定向优化;而非周期性结构缺乏明确的重复单元,设计变量呈指数级增长,难以建立系统的性能预测模型。在吸能方面,周期性结构的吸能性能可通过单胞构型进行系统调控,而非周期性结构由于缺乏可控的几何单元,难以实现上述精细调控。在工程应用方面,在航空航天、轨道交通、军事防护等领域,结构件的力学性能需通过严格的标准化测试。周期性结构的力学响应稳定、批次一致性高,易于建立设计许用值和失效判据;而非周期性结构的性能难以预测,很难满足工程认证的可靠性要求。本节将基于此类防护需求,系统分析冲击防护结构的力学机制与吸能需求。
当前冲击防护吸能结构主要分为刚性结构与柔性多孔结构两大类。刚性吸能结构通常由混凝土、陶瓷或高强度合金等材料制成,其优势在于成本较低,但体积与自重较大,在冲击过程中易发生破碎和飞溅,从而引发二次伤害[29–30]。柔性多孔结构依据维度,可分为二维、三维周期结构,如周期性微桁架、薄壁结构、夹芯板及褶皱结构等。此类结构具有轻质、可设计性强、适用场景广等特点,能够有效耗散冲击能量、降低峰值载荷,且不易形成破坏性破片,因此,在抗爆炸、抗侵彻等防护领域受到广泛关注,并已得到实际应用。
为系统评估周期性吸能结构的防护性能,研究人员从不同维度提出了多项量化指标。其中,能量吸收(energy absorption, EA)定义为冲击过程中作用于被保护物体上的力对位移的积分,直接反映结构的整体吸能能力。进一步引入比吸能(specific energy absorption, SEA),即EA与结构总质量之比,可有效消除质量因素对吸能能力评估的影响,为防护结构设计与选材提供重要依据。从力学机制上分析,理想的周期性吸能结构在承受冲击时应表现出兼具高应力与高应变的特性,其冲击载荷-位移曲线需具备高且长的承载平台,才能在同等质量下实现冲击动能的最大化吸收与耗散。
然而,材料的高刚度(高应力)与高韧性(高应变)往往难以兼得。材料的高刚度往往以牺牲韧性(表现为脆性)为代价,反之亦然。例如,陶瓷和碳纤维等高刚度材料往往呈现出脆性特点,其有效压缩位移较小,可恢复变形能力有限。然而,在微观尺度下,材料的缺陷容忍度得以提升,力学性能呈现出“越小越强”的特点,微纳米单相脆性材料反常地展现出高韧性[31]、高应变、变形可恢复性[32–33]和高吸能效率[34]等特性。一旦将材料尺度提升至宏观层面,这些特性便会迅速减弱,其变形能力亦随之显著下降。
图2展示了理想周期性吸能结构的压缩曲线[35],其中:E为弹性模量,σ为应力,ε为应变,δ为位移,F为载荷,σy为屈服应力,δy为屈服点对应的位移,Fy为屈服力,εy为屈服应变,σpl为平台应力,Fpl为平台力,εD为致密化应变,δD为致密化位移,εcd为平台阶段结束应变,δcd为平台阶段结束位移,EV为体积能量,W为能量吸收。该曲线反映了当前多数周期性吸能结构所追求的核心设计目标。为克服宏观刚性结构难以实现大变形的问题,研究人员通过设计周期性结构单胞,调控和定制其压缩过程中的力学响应趋势[36],从而巧妙地平衡高应力与高应变之间的关系[37–38],以实现更优异的能量吸收性能。如图3所示,Jia等[39]以正弦曲线薄壁为基本承载单元,通过网格框架将其连接,构建了一种全新的冲击防护力学超材料,该结构在受压时展现出准零刚度(quasi-zero stiffness)与准零泊松比(quasi-zero Poisson’s ratio)特性,并且具有较高的致密化应变,表现出优异的缓冲性能。Li等[40]通过晶格混合杂化设计,提升了结构整体力学性能,尤其在抗冲击与能量吸收方面得到了增强,实现了可编程晶格的定制化设计。徐豪等[41]则提出了一种双应力平台星形结构设计策略,建立了相应的理论模型,并通过实验与有限元仿真分析了结构几何参数对两阶段平台应力比值的影响规律,最终基于遗传算法进行了多目标参数优化,在降低结构质量6.0%的同时,使比吸能提升了21.5%。
除了针对单胞构型的设计外,优化单胞之间的连接方式也是提升结构整体能量吸收性能的重要途径。如何利用相邻单胞间的自锁作用在单位质量下实现更高的SEA以及稳定的“长平台”曲线定制,即变形模式的可控定制设计,已成为该领域的关键研究方向之一。对周期性结构吸能机制的理论建立与分析调控将为基于单胞间连接设计的自锁结构优化提供指导。
周期性结构由几何与材料属性一致的单胞按特定方向有序排列而成。然而,这种均质化排布方式存在一个固有失效形式,即在压缩载荷作用下,一旦应力达到材料屈服极限,单胞间容易发生相对错动、滑移等失效行为,从而在结构内部形成局部应力集中区域,即压缩剪切带。该过程会导致结构发生强度骤降与灾难性力学坍塌。这种剪切带失效与金属材料晶格的错位滑移行为类似,被视为导致周期性结构力学性能退化的主要原因之一[42]。
金属微晶格通过原子键来约束晶格之间的相对运动。当裂纹向相邻晶体扩展时,如果它们的排布方向不同,裂纹传播会减缓。受这一微观机制的启发,研究人员通过增强宏观周期性结构中单胞间的连接(类似原子键),丰富晶格排列方向,设计了多晶格材料[10, 43–44]。该类结构在实现高强度、高韧性和高SEA的同时,显著提升了宏观周期性结构的力学性能。
针对周期性结构这一固有的剪切带失效,学者们一方面采用单胞晶格结构设计和排布方向调控等方法对剪切带失效加以利用,引导失效进程,以提高结构整体的力学性能。如图4所示,Bhuwal等[45]通过无序微桁架结构设计,将原本有序微桁架结构的单向剪切带变形(εyy)转变为具有分叉或扭曲的剪切带变形,引导结构实现预期的渐进破坏损伤模式,以获得更高的韧性。Shen等[46]采用遗传算法调控剪切带形状,最终明显改善了微观结构的力学性能。Vangelatos等[47]通过策略性地移除或替换微晶格类型,引入多晶格构型以调控剪切带形貌,最终增强了结构整体力学性能。Liu等[48]研究了硅铝合金体心立方晶格结构支柱形状对剪切带形成的影响,通过调整支柱长径比,实现了对剪切带失效和结构力学性能的调控。
另一方面,研究人员还通过增强胞元之间的连接强度和相互作用[49],约束并控制胞元的错位和滑移行为来控制周期性结构的剪切带失效。尤其当内部胞元之间自发产生相互连接、紧密联锁效应[50]时,结构往往展现出高刚度、高强度和高韧性优势,可以进一步提高能量吸收效率。自锁结构的设计理念正源于此,即通过对胞元间联锁方式的精心设计,开发出具有更优力学性能的结构体系。
根据锁定方向的不同,自锁结构可分为二维单向自锁和三维多向自锁2类。本节聚焦于二维单向自锁结构的研究进展。传统无约束圆管系统在冲击载荷下易发生严重飞溅,不仅降低能量吸收效率,还可能引发结构的二次损伤。因此,工程应用中通常需要对圆管施加结构定位与边界约束,常见的方式有焊接、螺栓连接等。然而,这些传统方法会显著增加额外的人工与时间成本,进而降低圆管结构在应急缓冲防护中的响应速度。为了克服上述连接弱点,提升结构整体吸能效率以及在紧急状况下的防护机动性,Chen等[24]提出了一种新型哑铃型自锁管件概念。该结构通过在相邻圆管之间引入2个连接平台,使单胞呈哑铃状构型。实验表明,在压缩或冲击载荷作用下,这种哑铃型薄壁管结构的内部胞元可实现紧密“啮合”,有效抑制胞元飞溅失效,即使无额外约束,仍能实现稳定的自动锁紧效果。
围绕哑铃型自锁单胞,研究人员针对其在外加载荷下特定的变形区域和变形模式,建立了相应的力学模型,推导出自锁单胞在力-位移关系上的解析表达式[51],从而更进一步地指导结构设计。考虑到哑铃型自锁单胞是一种具有较长纵向轴的结构,其横截面形状和尺寸在纵向轴方向上保持一致,在分析应变时,可以忽略沿着纵向轴的变化,只考虑横截面的应变。基于此,可将其横向压缩问题简化为二维平面应变问题进行分析。
在弹性阶段,哑铃型单胞的压缩可以通过线弹性梁模型进行分析。基于结构的对称性与连续性条件,可建立等效梁弯曲所对应的弹性应变能表达式,并应用卡氏定理,由弹性应变能对力矩的偏导数为零,导出弹性小变形条件下哑铃型单胞的总破碎力Fc的表达式
$ {F}_{\text{c}}=\frac{8}{3}\frac{E{\hat{t}}^{3}L{D}_{\text{m}}\hat{\delta }}{\text{π} -\dfrac{4}{\hat{W}+\text{π} -\arcsin \hat{S}}} $
式中:Dm为哑铃型单胞两端圆管部分直径;$ \hat{t}=t/{D}_{\mathrm{m}} $、$ \hat{W}=W/{D}_{\mathrm{m}} $、$ \hat{S}=S/{D}_{\mathrm{m}} $分别为单胞的标准化几何参数,t、W0、S分别为单胞壁厚、平台长度、平台厚度;$ \hat{\delta}=\delta_0/D_{\text{m}} $为施力压头的标准化位移,δ0为实际压缩位移;E为材料的弹性模量;L为单胞宽度。
在塑性阶段,基于对哑铃型单胞压缩变形区的观测,其在被压实前的能量吸收主要集中于圆管顶部、底部及中部对称截面位置的塑性变形。为此,采用塑性铰理论,对这3个区域的横向压缩变形进行分析。为简化分析过程,通常忽略塑性阶段的摩擦效应和弹性变形,假设塑性变形仅集中于塑性铰区域,且塑性铰处的弯矩直接由铰的转动量决定。通过对塑性铰弯矩关于转动角度进行积分,可获得各变形区域的能量吸收值,进而累加得到哑铃型自锁单胞在整个压缩历程中的总吸能量。结合几何关系与力矩平衡方程,可以准确推导该类结构在压缩过程中的载荷-位移关系。
具体而言,结合有限元模拟与实验研究,哑铃型管的压缩变形过程可分为3个阶段。第1阶段,外加载荷仅由两端圆柱壳承担,两者逐渐被压平以提供持续增长的支撑力,直至中间平台处的两平板相互接触。假设管材满足各向同性线性硬化的刚塑性本构模型,其应力-应变关系可表示为
$ \sigma (\varepsilon )={\sigma }_{0}+{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\varepsilon $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{0} $为单轴屈服应力,Ep为塑性硬化模量。在该变形阶段,塑性铰分别形成于圆管顶部、底部及中部对称截面位置。通过建立塑性铰处的弯矩表达式,得到力矩平衡方程,结合相应的几何关系,可推导出该阶段哑铃型单胞的破碎力表达式,即
$ {F}_{\text{c}}=\frac{4{\sigma }_{0}{\hat{t}}^{2}L{D}_{\text{m}}}{\alpha \sqrt{1-{\hat{\delta }}^{2}}}\left[1+\frac{{E}_{\text{p}}\hat{t}}{3{\sigma }_{0}}\left(1+\frac{\arcsin \,\hat{\delta }}{\hat{\lambda }}\right)\right]\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;0\leqslant \hat{\delta }\leqslant {\hat{\delta }}_{1} $
式中:$ {\hat{\delta }}_{1} $为第1阶段的临界位移,即$ {\hat{\delta }}_{1}=\hat{S} $;$ \hat{\lambda }=\lambda /{D}_{\text{m}} $ 为归一化有效塑性铰长度,$ \lambda $为有效塑性铰长度。
进入第2阶段后,圆柱壳顶部与底部的压平程度更为明显,管中部的2个平板分别向上、向下发生弯曲变形。这一阶段的塑性铰除了出现在圆管顶部、底部及中部对称截面位置外,还需考虑平台区2个平板弯曲形成的等效塑性铰。采用与前一阶段类似的分析方法,推导得到该阶段哑铃型单胞的破碎力表达式,即
$ {F}_{\text{c}}=\frac{2{\sigma }_{0}{\hat{t}}^{2}L{D}_{\text{m}}}{\alpha \sqrt{1-{\hat{\delta }}^{2}}}\left\{4+\frac{{E}_{\text{p}}\hat{t}}{3{\sigma }_{0}}\left[4+\frac{2}{\hat{W}}\left(\arcsin \, \hat{\delta }-\arcsin \, \hat{S}\right)+\frac{2}{\hat{\lambda }}\arcsin \, \hat{\delta }\right]\right\}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{\hat{\delta }}_{1} \lt \hat{\delta }\leqslant {\hat{\delta }}_{2} $
式中:在Mises屈服条件下,$ \alpha =\sqrt{3} $;$ {\hat{\delta }}_{2} $为第2阶段的临界位移;等效塑性铰长度为W/2。
当平板分别与上方加载板和下方底座接触时,哑铃型自锁单胞的变形进入第3阶段,即最终阶段。此时,圆柱形壳和平板已被完全压平,并在平台中部伴随压缩进程形成一个逐渐向圆柱壳方向移动的塑性铰。该阶段哑铃型单胞的破碎力可表示为多个塑性铰贡献的叠加。
当前,围绕哑铃型自锁结构的研究日趋成熟,研究者基于该经典构型发展出一系列改进二维自锁结构,主要改进策略涵盖嵌套、填充增强及自锁单胞几何重构设计等方面,旨在进一步提升吸能性能。如图5(a)所示,Yang等[51]提出了一种嵌套式哑铃管自锁系统,利用哑铃型单胞壁面与内嵌圆管塑性变形的协同作用,增加系统内转动变形的塑性铰数量,从而显著提升系统的能量吸收能力。同年,Chen等[52]分别在哑铃型钢管和圆形钢管中填充混凝土,发现填充物对哑铃型截面扭转模量的贡献率高达79%~87%,有效抑制管材和平台的局部屈曲,从而充分发挥结构的塑性承载潜力。此后,Pan等[53](见图5(c))进一步拓展了填充材料体系,通过在单胞两端圆柱壳中填充不同密度的泡沫铝,构建了具有正刚度梯度特征的自锁系统,极大地提高了整体动态力学性能。在单胞形状设计方面,Yang等[54–55]对比了多种基于哑铃型构型的改型自锁管,发现椭圆形自锁系统不仅延续了自锁结构抑制飞溅损伤的优势,同时因其在侧向压缩过程中具备更大坍塌冲程以及单位质量/体积的能量耗散能力,表现出更高的吸能效率,见图5(d)。后续,Chen等[56]受波纹几何形状启发,提出波纹形自锁系统,见图5(b),该系统在改变两端圆柱壳形状的基础上,通过缩短连接平台长度提高材料利用率,实现了更高的比吸能指标。
二维单向自锁系统仅在单一方向上具备自锁能力,其承载能力依赖于特定加载路径,难以适应工程环境中普遍存在的多向复杂载荷条件。为突破这一局限,三维多向自锁结构通过构型设计,在多个方向上引入自锁机制,显著提升了系统对多向载荷的适应能力,逐渐成为当前的研究焦点。考虑到自然界广泛存在的自锁结构以及周期性结构对高刚度、高韧性、高吸能性的需求,本节在展开介绍多向自锁结构研究进展的同时,重点聚焦仿生自锁结构设计及吸能机制相关研究。
二维哑铃型自锁结构为发展模块化、吸能可调控的三维多向自锁结构提供了重要设计启示。在二维哑铃型自锁结构的基础上,研究人员进一步将自锁机制拓展至三维空间,通过调控单胞几何构型与胞间连接方式,将单向自锁机制拓展至多个方向,从而在多个受力方向上通过自锁协同增强,实现更优异的力学性能。
如图6所示, Zhao等[57]设计了一种新型3D打印变截面薄壁管,他们分别在结构连接平台的上下表面添加外扩和内缩凹槽,使系统具备了可快速装配的双向自锁特性,且单胞的比吸能相较于单向自锁哑铃型单胞提升了350%。Zhang等[58]提出了一种由4个C形开口截面组装而成的自锁结构,相邻单胞通过C形凹槽彼此嵌合,实现了双向自锁特性,对自锁特性引发的相互作用效应建立了相应的理论模型并进行了定量分析,研究发现,相比于C形单胞,组装后的C形自锁系统在准静态加载和动态加载下的比吸能提升35%~50%。Yang等[59]设计了一种由4个等腰三角形面和2个矩形面组合而成的单胞,每2个相邻单胞之间形成一个凹槽实现自锁,这样组装的多向自锁系统表现出各向同性、方向刚度可调性和缺陷不敏感性特征,适用于复杂的冲击载荷工况。Deng等[60]受榫卯连接启发,提出了一种工字钢薄壁自锁系统,利用工字截面的凹凸特征实现了相邻单胞的牢固互锁,经沿x、y、z 3个方向的系统悬挂试验,验证了其多向自锁特性。Xu等[61]受拼图游戏启发,设计了一种包含凹、凸2种单胞的拼图启发多向自锁系统(jigsaw-inspired multi-directional self-locking system, JMSS),相比于经典的自锁结构,如哑铃型自锁结构、波纹管自锁结构,拼图凹凸多向自锁机制使得JMSS系统在z方向上的SEA和平均压溃力(mean crushing force, MCF)显著提升30%~60%,若在单胞内部填充泡沫或嵌套圆管,还可进一步增强整体吸能能力。
自然界演化形成的自锁机制为工业应用中的自锁结构设计提供了重要的灵感来源,也赋予了这些结构更优异的力学性能。这些天然形成的自锁结构的宏观力学表现往往远超组成材料本身,且其生物界面呈现出高度复杂性和几何规律性,因而引起研究者的广泛关注。如图7所示的一些生物甲壳、骨骼和外保护鞘,具有特殊几何图案的界面彼此接触嵌合,形成的自锁机制可有效抑制错位滑移失效,并显著提升结构韧性[62–64]。
受上述生物结构启发,研究人员发展出多种仿生拓扑刚性自锁结构,并围绕其力学承载、界面载荷传递、结构破坏机制等方面开展研究。Li等[65]受铁甲虫鞘翅中互锁缝合线离散组装特征启发,提出了一种由曲壁凹凸单胞组成的模块化多向自锁薄壁管吸能系统。该系统兼具单管装配缺陷不敏感性和刚度梯度设计可调控性,其轻量化设计有助于提升系统的SEA,并延长有效吸能行程。Wang等[66]受鹦鹉螺和硅藻内部界面构型启发,提出了一种锯齿状缝合线分层自锁设计策略。通过缝合界面载荷传递分析与拉伸试验验证,该类自锁结构界面具备优越的断裂韧性和承载能力;参数化研究进一步揭示了其对齿尖角度、中心线等几何参数的敏感性。之后,Ni等[67]围绕生物缝合线仿生联锁界面开展参数化测试,系统分析了界面力学性能与破坏模式,并给出了通过调整界面几何参数调控界面强度、韧性与破坏机制的方法。在振动与动态响应方面,Li等[68]基于鹿角、啄木鸟鸟喙等生物缝合线特征,研究了不同波长、振幅对三角形及波纹缝合线力学性能和破坏模式的影响,结果表明,与常规线性连接相比,仿生波纹缝合线自锁设计使结构在极限承载能力上提升了1个数量级,在能量吸收方面提升了2个数量级。
从材料组成角度上看,天然自锁结构因其“刚柔相济”的材料复合特征而展现出远超组分宏观力学性能的特性。天然珍珠贝是其中的典型代表,其珍珠质层由高体积分数的硬相与少量软相复合而成,结构整体的韧性较各组分大几百倍,实现了“1+1>2”的强化效应[69]。受珍珠贝刚柔结合机制启发,研究人员开始在刚性自锁构架中引入柔性组分,从而改变结构的失效模式,借助局部延性变形提升力学性能的可调控性。Djumas等[70]首次将珍珠贝拓扑联锁特性与刚柔材料设计策略相结合,在珍珠贝仿生陶瓷刚性自锁结构界面中添加软质橡胶状聚合物,有效增强了结构韧性。类似地,Jaradat等[71]受人类颅骨骨缝和龟壳缝隙启发,设计了一种软硬相结合的仿生机械联锁阻尼装置,其中,硬相采用钢材,软相通过3D打印热塑性聚氨酯(thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU)成形制成,该结构在能量耗散方面表现出优异的性能。与此同时,面向多材料体系的软硬相缝合线理论建模工作亦逐步深入。Alheit等[72]模拟了生物缝合线,综合考虑多材料体系的黏弹性行为以及缝合线自身的超弹性本构,构建了兼顾缝合界面分层联锁与柔性材料黏附特征的理论模型,为联锁结构动态力学行为的预测与定制提供了分析指导。
褶皱结构作为一种基于表面几何调控的新型构型,通过引入周期性或非周期性的褶皱折痕特征,使构件在承载过程中能够产生可调控的变形模式。这类结构通常具有较高的构型自由度,可以通过调节褶皱的几何参数(如形状、长度、折痕分布等),调控其力学响应,进而衍生出多样化的折叠变形模式。无限的设计潜力使得褶皱结构在能量吸收、变形可编程性以及多向承载等方面展现出独特的优势。
实现褶皱结构的自锁特性主要有2种途径。一种途径是通过褶皱结构构型设计,使系统内部单元之间形成相互联锁机制,在维持结构整体性的同时提升宏观力学性能。如图8所示,Kamrava等[73]受三浦折纸启发,提出了一种兼具拉胀特性和双稳态行为的自锁褶皱结构。这种模块化凹凸褶皱单胞在折叠过程中展现出拓扑联锁特性,具有很强的承载能力,为离散化组装的周期性自锁结构设计提供了新思路。Gao等[74]同样基于三浦折纸,设计了一种由中间主体芯子层与上下两层次要边缘层构成的蜂窝自锁结构,系统的自锁特性通过次要边缘层的预先致密化实现,这样的内部联锁特性在有效提升系统整体能量吸收的同时保持了系统较低的初始峰值载荷,其载荷的均匀性始终优于传统蜂窝。
在褶皱结构设计中,研究者引入刚柔耦合设计思想,通过柔性折痕与刚性壁面协同配置,逐渐发展出刚性褶皱自锁结构分支。该类结构兼具连续机械运动能力与刚性无破裂特征,能够同时满足高承载与允许大变形的应用需求,展现出高应力与高应变双重力学优势。Wang等[75]在新型碳纤维增强4D打印褶皱结构研究中,将刚性壁面与可动柔性铰链相结合,成功制备出承载能力强、变形可恢复且状态可重构的新型褶皱结构。之后,Ho等[76]进一步拓展材料体系,围绕高柔性石墨烯褶皱结构开展研究,发现该自锁系统在经历极端拉伸与压缩应变后仍可完全恢复,变形回复能力与承载性能都得到了提升。除褶皱构型设计外,也有研究通过对结构铰链或折痕加以设计,增强自锁效应。Xu等[77]提出了一种具有扩展能力与自锁功能的负泊松比连接器,将其作为储能铰链集成于刚性褶皱结构中,使系统获得双稳态特性,同时改善了结构连通性与整体吸能能力。Cai等[78]在构建刚性自锁褶皱结构力学理论模型时,通过虚拟折痕分配方法,揭示了自锁机制对结构可折叠范围的影响规律,并基于优化算法提出了使自锁折叠结构势能最小的路径设计策略。
另一种途径是通过在刚性折叠过程中引入特定的结构约束,使褶皱结构在特定平面位置被“锁定”而无法继续变形。此时,结构刚度发生突变,呈现明显的“刚度跳跃”现象。目前,基于这一路径实现褶皱结构自锁效应的研究相对较少。Fang等[79]提出了一种可编程自锁褶皱结构,其单胞通过从预锁定到解除锁定的变形模式转换,将结构刚度由单一的折痕扭转刚度扩展为折痕扭转刚度与平面刚度的叠加,从而产生几何限位效应,实现整体刚度的阶跃式提升。Ye等[80]提出了一种厚板自锁褶皱结构设计方法,通过添加刚性限位元件,使结构具备自锁能力,形成了独特的“P2P”变形转换模式,即将系统压缩变形转变为拉伸变形模式。该设计不仅实现了结构在压缩加载下的高承载与大变形响应,还能够达成铰链折叠100次以上、拉伸300%不会失效的循环加载和反复吸能目标。
目前,面向曲面构型(如拱形、圆筒、圆台等)的自锁结构研究相对有限。曲拱结构作为一种典型的曲面承力构型,通过将外部荷载转化为沿拱身轴线方向的压应力,能够充分发挥材料的抗压性能,实现大跨度空间跨越。从古罗马时期的石砌拱到现代建筑中的壳体结构,曲面结构因其优异的承载效率与几何稳定性,始终是建筑与工程领域的重要结构元素。曲面结构优异的承载与抗变形能力使其在建筑、航空航天、海洋工程等领域具有广阔的应用前景。因此,将自锁机制引入曲面构型设计,通过砌块单元间的几何互锁增强结构整体性,设计发展曲面自适应自锁结构日益迫切。
如图9所示,Casapulla等[81]针对联锁砖块砌筑的半圆拱桥结构开发了专用数字分析工具,研究表明,相较于普通砖块,自锁设计显著增大了相邻砖块间的滑动阻力,提升了整体结构的稳定性。该模型揭示了砖块联锁几何形态与滑动阻力之间的内在关联,并将极限分析方法拓展至非各向同性滑动阻力求解中。Wang等[82]受传统锁子甲结构启发,设计了一种具有可调弯曲模量的联锁结构织物。该织物由排列成层状链甲构型的三维单胞组成,通过对外包薄膜边界抽真空以施加压力,可诱导单胞间发生互锁行为,使结构整体形成拱形构型。拱形状态的结构刚度较松弛状态提升25倍以上,该设计展现出优异的高承载能力、几何可调性及结构可设计性。Xu等[83–84]受锁子甲启发,设计了3种织物,并对其结构进行了弯曲性能和动态冲击响应研究,揭示了锁子甲联锁织物的力学强化机制。通过三点弯曲试验进行参数化分析,明确了织物在不同外部压力下的力学可调性;通过对单层织物多次冲击、双层织物单次冲击的对比试验,评估了结构的耐冲击性能。结果表明,受约束压力调控的拓扑自锁结构内部互锁度是决定其抗冲击性能的关键因素。该类单胞间紧密互锁的锁子甲结构兼具优异的承载能力与几何适应性,为下一代智能可穿戴防护织物设计提供了新思路。
从单向自锁到适应复杂载荷环境的多向自锁,自锁结构在几何构型、材料体系与力学性能提升等方面经历了长期的设计探索与持续演化。从宏观尺度来看,自锁吸能结构凭借其轻质便携、快速组装及可拆卸等工程优势,在应急防护与吸能领域展现出显著的应用潜力;从细观层面来看,自锁设计理念也为应对周期性结构中固有的单胞错位与滑移问题提供了崭新的解决路径。基于当前研究进展与典型应用场景,自锁结构设计需重点关注以下4个方面。
(1) 如何提升吸能效率。传统自锁结构依赖连接平台实现单胞间的自发联锁,然而,此类平台对整体能量吸收的贡献有限,却在结构质量中占比较高,导致材料的利用率偏低。缩减连接平台长度可有效提升材料利用效率,并增强结构整体的能量吸收能力;但是,过度缩减连接平台会引发新的问题,即平台过短导致接触面积不足、单胞之间的自锁效应减弱、在外加载荷下容易失效。这种结构轻量化与增强自锁特性之间的矛盾是当前研究面临的挑战之一,平台几何特征及几何参数与自锁特性、能量吸收之间的相关理论有待进一步建立和完善,以指导高能量吸收特性自锁结构设计。
(2) 如何适应不同的载荷条件。相较于仅具备单向自锁能力、易发生位错和滑移的结构,面向复杂工程应用场景,研究人员应侧重于发展具备双向及多向自锁能力的三维承载结构,以提升其对多向载荷的适应性与结构稳定性。如何通过结构设计实现多向自锁,阐明不同方向自锁机制的相互作用原理和协同增强机制是当前研究面临的挑战之一。
(3) 如何预测力学机制。从能量吸收机制角度分析,相较于弯曲主导型自锁结构,拉伸主导型结构可以通过塑性大变形实现更优异的平台应力和SEA性能。然而,塑性大变形阶段涉及几何非线性(大转动、接触演化)、材料非线性(应变硬化)和边界非线性(摩擦、自锁失效)的强耦合,现有理论模型多基于小变形假设,难以准确描述压缩过程中接触摩擦系数的动态变化以及自锁单胞从彼此啮合到后期致密化的过程,目前多依赖于经验参数拟合。具有预测能力、可指导结构参数设计的自锁机制理论模型的建立是当前研究面临的挑战之一。
(4) 如何实现可重复承载。实现可重复承载的途径主要有2种:一种是通过结构构型的巧妙设计实现可恢复变形,另一种是依托先进材料体系的开发与应用。传统金属基自锁结构主要依赖不可逆的塑性变形耗散能量,因而仅适用于单次冲击承载。引入具备可逆变形能力的先进复合材料,为实现重复冲击防护与可持续能量吸收提供了可行途径。对此,当前研究面临的挑战是:一方面要考虑如何在保证可逆大变形的条件下,维持自锁界面的长期抗磨损性能,提升循环稳定性;另一方面则是考虑如何将具有形状记忆效应的可恢复材料与自锁设计结合,实现在工程场景中的应用。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261028
  • 接收时间:2026-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-24
  • 修回日期:2026-04-14
基金
作者信息
    1哈尔滨工业大学复合材料与结构研究所特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2二零八研究所瞬态冲击全国重点实验室, 北京 102200

通讯作者:

熊 健(1984-),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事先进轻质复合材料结构设计理论及力学机制研究. E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/10.11858/gywlxb.20261028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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