Article(id=1325141459917222831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1779033600000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-18, revisedDate=1781884800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793867943982, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1785859200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793867943982, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793867943982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793867943982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325141422059434771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='080101-1', pageEnd='080111-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785859200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793867934956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793868226120, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=080102-1, endPage=080102-18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325141460701557680, articleId=1325141459917222831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Effects of Impact Velocity and Pulse Duration on Spallation Behavior and Void Evolution of a Metastable Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46 High-Entropy Alloy, columnId=1325141422910878484, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Damage and Failure of Metals and Alloys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metastable high-entropy alloys can exhibit coupled phase transformation, strain localization and damage evolution under shock loading, and their spall responses are governed by both the loading intensity and the duration of the stress pulse. To clarify the distinct roles of impact velocity and pulse duration in spallation behavior and void evolution, plate-impact experiments were conducted on a Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46 metastable high-entropy alloy using a single-stage light-gas gun. The free-surface velocity response, spall parameters, local microstructural evolution and three-dimensional void morphology under different loading conditions were systematically investigated. The results show that, at a fixed specimen thickness, increasing the impact velocity from 282 m/s to 553 m/s markedly raises the peak free-surface response and the peak compressive stress, whereas the spall strength only slightly changes. Meanwhile, internal voids evolve from dispersed nucleation to localized clustering, accompanied by increased fractions of HCP/BCC (hexagonal close-packed/body-centered cubic) phases and a pronounced rise in high-KAM (kernel average misorientation) regions near the voids, suggesting that higher impact velocity promotes local phase transformation, lattice distortion and concentrated damage development. Micro-X-ray computed tomography further reveals that increasing impact velocity drives the voids towards larger volumes, stronger spatial concentration and more complex morphologies. In contrast, under nearly constant impact velocity, as the specimen thickness increases from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm, the pulse duration is prolonged from 0.075 μs to 0.250 μs, and the spall strength correspondingly increases from 1.40 GPa to 1.83 GPa. The spatial distribution of voids gradually changes from dispersed to centrally concentrated, with an enhanced tendency for interconnection, indicating that longer pulse duration demonstrates greater favorability towards damage accumulation and localized coalescence. By combining free-surface velocity histories, two-dimensional microstructural characterization and three-dimensional void statistics, it is shown that the impact velocity mainly controls the instantaneous driving force for the damage during spallation, whereas the pulse duration primarily governs the time window for the damage accumulation and the extent of localization. Together, these two factors determine the nucleation sites, growth paths and final failure mode of spall damage in this metastable high-entropy alloy.

, authors=Zhengyuan LIU1, 2, Tuanwei ZHANG1, 2, Jiawei ZHAO1, 2, Shiyu DU1, 2, Lei ZHANG1, 2, Zhihua WANG1, 2, authorsList=Zhengyuan LIU, Tuanwei ZHANG, Jiawei ZHAO, Shiyu DU, Lei ZHANG, Zhihua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tuanwei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325141471862600661, articleId=1325141459917222831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46亚稳态高熵合金层裂行为和孔洞演化的影响, columnId=1325141423070262038, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用一级轻气炮加载技术,对亚稳态Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46高熵合金进行平板冲击实验,研究了不同冲击速度与脉冲持续时间下合金的相变与动态损伤行为,揭示其层裂响应和孔洞演化规律。结果表明:在脉冲时间相同的条件下,随着冲击速度由282 m/s升高至553 m/s,自由面峰值响应和峰值应力明显升高,而层裂强度的整体变化较小;内部孔洞由分散形核向局部聚集演化,孔洞附近相变与应变局域化增强。在冲击速度相同的条件下,随着试样厚度由1.0 mm增至2.0 mm,脉冲持续时间由0.075 μs延长至0.250 μs,层裂强度由1.40 GPa提高至1.83 GPa,孔洞空间分布由分散转向中部集中。显微X射线计算机断层扫描结果表明,冲击速度升高促进孔洞向大体积、集中化和复杂形貌演化,而脉冲持续时间增加有利于损伤累积和局域贯通。研究表明,冲击速度主要控制瞬态损伤驱动力,脉冲持续时间主要调控损伤累积与局域化程度。

, authors=刘政媛1, 2, 张团卫1, 2, 赵佳伟1, 2, 杜时雨1, 2, 张磊1, 2, 王志华1, 2, authorsList=刘政媛, 张团卫, 赵佳伟, 杜时雨, 张磊, 王志华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张团卫, authorNote=

刘政媛(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事高熵合金的力学行为研究. E-mail:

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张团卫(1990-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6EzNHFazE827C/mMkN8fSQ==, magXml=R62iiP+EEFlPeGbXczAHQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dYa8AjNPek/oNmup8tSDLQ==, pdfFileSize=30998690, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6WQU59hKflChF8xmiJtFJw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5qG+EAGEdNlp5AwtvTgjSQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325141472575632349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liuzhengyuan512@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141472663712736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, authorId=1325141472575632349, language=EN, stringName=Zhengyuan LIU, firstName=Zhengyuan, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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刘政媛(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事高熵合金的力学行为研究. E-mail:

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(b) phase map; and (c) XRD pattern, figureFileSmall=bmVIFSxKQTEsNE/CvEQ7Xg==, figureFileBig=6WQU59hKflChF8xmiJtFJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141476920930316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图1, caption=初始微观结构:(a) EBSD反极图,(b) 相图,(c) XRD谱, figureFileSmall=bmVIFSxKQTEsNE/CvEQ7Xg==, figureFileBig=6WQU59hKflChF8xmiJtFJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477105479693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=(a) Engineering stress-strain curve; (b) EBSD IPF-Z map of the deformed microstructure; (c) corresponding phase map, figureFileSmall=G4A4k8GNVgMgmOzqhk2Rxw==, figureFileBig=di0Um3pIhBXVYYBECiAPQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477176782862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a) 工程应力-应变曲线,(b) 变形后组织的EBSD反极图,(c) 对应的相分布图, figureFileSmall=G4A4k8GNVgMgmOzqhk2Rxw==, figureFileBig=di0Um3pIhBXVYYBECiAPQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477252280335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic of the plate-impact experiment and a typical free-surface velocity-time (ufs-t) profile, figureFileSmall=C77Gr1m90yzzXLJYICemyg==, figureFileBig=TPFN0zHfvqYwRcAdDY3OQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477327777808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图3, caption=平板冲击实验原理示意图及典型自由面速度-时间(ufs-t)曲线, figureFileSmall=C77Gr1m90yzzXLJYICemyg==, figureFileBig=TPFN0zHfvqYwRcAdDY3OQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477461995537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Free-surface velocity curves for specimens with (a) different impact velocities and (b) different shock pulse durations, figureFileSmall=1lnc4w/6UxEN1pgVNB3Axg==, figureFileBig=FidD4WZoy3ZxRWg9u4o98Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477541687314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图4, caption=试样自由面速度历程曲线:(a) 不同速度,(b) 不同脉冲持续时间, figureFileSmall=1lnc4w/6UxEN1pgVNB3Axg==, figureFileBig=FidD4WZoy3ZxRWg9u4o98Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477600407571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variations of spall response parameters with (a) impact velocity and (b) sample thickness (pulse duration), figureFileSmall=nug6GT71tWNzDLhRFLA1vg==, figureFileBig=XQaux/USHHQIdsB+RwM4YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477810122772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图5, caption=层裂响应参数随(a)冲击速度及(b)样品厚度(脉冲持续时间)的变化, figureFileSmall=nug6GT71tWNzDLhRFLA1vg==, figureFileBig=XQaux/USHHQIdsB+RwM4YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477894008853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Macroscopic deformation morphologies and local void features of 2 mm samples under different impact velocities: (a) 282 m/s; (b) 480 m/s; (c) 553 m/s, figureFileSmall=/HYrk/oMpVehb3xWOf/Ukg==, figureFileBig=Hsj1WdrItXQ20LuS55ZLJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141477977894934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2 mm试样在不同冲击速度下的宏观变形形貌及局部孔洞特征:(a) 282 m/s,(b) 480 m/s,(c) 553 m/s, figureFileSmall=/HYrk/oMpVehb3xWOf/Ukg==, figureFileBig=Hsj1WdrItXQ20LuS55ZLJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141478049198103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Statistical analysis and definition of the void width-to-length ratio (Wc/Lc) in 2 mm samples under different impact velocities: (a) SEM image of a typical void region; (b) binarized image obtained by threshold segmentation in ImageJ, together with the definition of the void width-to-length ratio; (c) distribution of the void width-to-length ratio (Wc/Lc) under different impact velocities; 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(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.0 mm, figureFileSmall=uP+UNWI6Sf8vmRk81IobGw==, figureFileBig=PsVdF8mZbMYLa+8LWRURPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480020520988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图9, caption=约500 m/s冲击速度下不同厚度样品的宏观形貌及局部孔洞特征:(a) 1.0 mm,(b) 1.5 mm,(c) 2.0 mm, figureFileSmall=uP+UNWI6Sf8vmRk81IobGw==, figureFileBig=PsVdF8mZbMYLa+8LWRURPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480108601373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Statistical characterization of void morphology and area distribution under different pulse durations: (a) distribution of void width-to-length ratio; (b) void area distribution ranked in descending order, figureFileSmall=s+XO34DgBjqveAqxOt9KYg==, figureFileBig=f6LUUQ40d1u6suscGRGe9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480188293150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同脉冲持续时间下孔洞形貌与面积分布统计:(a) 孔洞宽长比分布,(b) 按面积降序排列的孔洞面积分布, figureFileSmall=s+XO34DgBjqveAqxOt9KYg==, figureFileBig=f6LUUQ40d1u6suscGRGe9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480385425439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=EBSD and SEM characterizations of regions near voids in samples with different thicknesses at an impact velocity of about 500 m/s, figureFileSmall=6H4oe9kwsQ8baDskp7HgJg==, figureFileBig=1HYxRhcIGpLsrL72ls+y1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480444145696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图11, caption=约500 m/s冲击速度下不同厚度试样孔洞附近区域的EBSD及SEM表征, figureFileSmall=6H4oe9kwsQ8baDskp7HgJg==, figureFileBig=1HYxRhcIGpLsrL72ls+y1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480771301409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Three-dimensional distributions of pore morphology parameters at different impact velocities: (a) sphericity distribution at 282 m/s; (b) volume distribution at 282 m/s; (c) sphericity distribution at 480 m/s; (e) volume distribution at 480 m/s; (f) sphericity distribution at 553 m/s; (g) volume distribution at 553 m/s, figureFileSmall=5VdjPrOjZqG5s6TcxhkVUA==, figureFileBig=TMRTfchV4lX119VdQyGSPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141480850993186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同冲击速度下孔洞形貌参数三维分布:(a) 282 m/s下球形度分布,(b) 282 m/s下体积分布,(c) 480 m/s下球形度分布,(d) 480 m/s下体积分布,(e) 553 m/s下球形度分布,(f) 553 m/s下体积分布, figureFileSmall=5VdjPrOjZqG5s6TcxhkVUA==, figureFileBig=TMRTfchV4lX119VdQyGSPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141481199120419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Three-dimensional extraction of the two largest voids in samples under different impact velocities: (a) 282 m/s; (b) 480 m/s; (c) 553 m/s, figureFileSmall=mBCdv4d6B79pzlbx8iTAyQ==, figureFileBig=LqCzJ0f1rzQwDx0bF0LkKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141481610162212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同冲击速度下试样中最大的2个孔洞的三维重构结果:(a) 282 m/s,(b) 480 m/s,(c) 553 m/s, figureFileSmall=mBCdv4d6B79pzlbx8iTAyQ==, figureFileBig=LqCzJ0f1rzQwDx0bF0LkKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141482008621093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Statistical distributions of void volume and sphericity in 2.0 mm samples under different impact velocities: (a) volume distribution of voids; 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(b) 1.5 mm; (c) 2.0 mm, figureFileSmall=U58D8srjy+OVrulejnrKyQ==, figureFileBig=NNtz3NtnFs9pql6ekyK4iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141482688098346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同厚度试样中体积最大的2个孔洞的三维重构结果:(a) 1.0 mm,(b) 1.5 mm,(c) 2.0 mm, figureFileSmall=U58D8srjy+OVrulejnrKyQ==, figureFileBig=NNtz3NtnFs9pql6ekyK4iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141482847481899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Statistical distributions of void volume and sphericity in samples with different thicknesses: (a) volume distribution of voids; (b) sphericity distribution of voids., figureFileSmall=BBw9UkA/oExXs2u/MGpPOA==, figureFileBig=AProYPuMcd1xA9Q6NsT2gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141484529397804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同厚度试样孔洞体积与球形度分布统计结果:(a) 孔洞体积分布,(b) 孔洞球形度分布, figureFileSmall=BBw9UkA/oExXs2u/MGpPOA==, figureFileBig=AProYPuMcd1xA9Q6NsT2gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141484604895277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Experimental parameters and spall response characteristics for the plate-impact tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shot No.uimp/(m·s−1)Lf/mmLs/mm $ \tau $/μsσHEL/GPaσspall/GPa $ \dot{\varepsilon } $/s−1ar/(m·s−2)
A12821.022.030.2500.641.836.63×1053.04×108
A24800.972.010.2610.941.858.35×1053.92×108
A35530.981.980.2451.001.951.01×1064.28×108
B14720.491.030.0750.531.401.10×1068.07×108
B24910.721.480.2250.511.679.32×1053.76×108
), ArticleFig(id=1325141484676198446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141459917222831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

平板冲击实验参数及层裂响应特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shot No.uimp/(m·s−1)Lf/mmLs/mm $ \tau $/μsσHEL/GPaσspall/GPa $ \dot{\varepsilon } $/s−1ar/(m·s−2)
A12821.022.030.2500.641.836.63×1053.04×108
A24800.972.010.2610.941.858.35×1053.92×108
A35530.981.980.2451.001.951.01×1064.28×108
B14720.491.030.0750.531.401.10×1068.07×108
B24910.721.480.2250.511.679.32×1053.76×108
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冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46亚稳态高熵合金层裂行为和孔洞演化的影响
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刘政媛 1, 2 , 张团卫 1, 2 , 赵佳伟 1, 2 , 杜时雨 1, 2 , 张磊 1, 2 , 王志华 1, 2
高压物理学报 | 金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026,40(8): 080102-1-080102-18
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高压物理学报 |金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026 , 40 (8) : 080102-1 -080102-18
冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46亚稳态高熵合金层裂行为和孔洞演化的影响
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刘政媛(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事高熵合金的力学行为研究. E-mail:

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刘政媛1, 2 , 张团卫1, 2 , 赵佳伟1, 2, 杜时雨1, 2, 张磊1, 2, 王志华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
通讯作者:
张团卫(1990-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

刘政媛(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事高熵合金的力学行为研究. E-mail:

Effects of Impact Velocity and Pulse Duration on Spallation Behavior and Void Evolution of a Metastable Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46 High-Entropy Alloy
Zhengyuan LIU1, 2 , Tuanwei ZHANG1, 2 , Jiawei ZHAO1, 2, Shiyu DU1, 2, Lei ZHANG1, 2, Zhihua WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
  • 2Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Shock, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-08-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261102
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采用一级轻气炮加载技术,对亚稳态Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46高熵合金进行平板冲击实验,研究了不同冲击速度与脉冲持续时间下合金的相变与动态损伤行为,揭示其层裂响应和孔洞演化规律。结果表明:在脉冲时间相同的条件下,随着冲击速度由282 m/s升高至553 m/s,自由面峰值响应和峰值应力明显升高,而层裂强度的整体变化较小;内部孔洞由分散形核向局部聚集演化,孔洞附近相变与应变局域化增强。在冲击速度相同的条件下,随着试样厚度由1.0 mm增至2.0 mm,脉冲持续时间由0.075 μs延长至0.250 μs,层裂强度由1.40 GPa提高至1.83 GPa,孔洞空间分布由分散转向中部集中。显微X射线计算机断层扫描结果表明,冲击速度升高促进孔洞向大体积、集中化和复杂形貌演化,而脉冲持续时间增加有利于损伤累积和局域贯通。研究表明,冲击速度主要控制瞬态损伤驱动力,脉冲持续时间主要调控损伤累积与局域化程度。

高熵合金  /  平板冲击  /  层裂  /  孔洞演化  /  相变  /  脉冲持续时间

Metastable high-entropy alloys can exhibit coupled phase transformation, strain localization and damage evolution under shock loading, and their spall responses are governed by both the loading intensity and the duration of the stress pulse. To clarify the distinct roles of impact velocity and pulse duration in spallation behavior and void evolution, plate-impact experiments were conducted on a Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46 metastable high-entropy alloy using a single-stage light-gas gun. The free-surface velocity response, spall parameters, local microstructural evolution and three-dimensional void morphology under different loading conditions were systematically investigated. The results show that, at a fixed specimen thickness, increasing the impact velocity from 282 m/s to 553 m/s markedly raises the peak free-surface response and the peak compressive stress, whereas the spall strength only slightly changes. Meanwhile, internal voids evolve from dispersed nucleation to localized clustering, accompanied by increased fractions of HCP/BCC (hexagonal close-packed/body-centered cubic) phases and a pronounced rise in high-KAM (kernel average misorientation) regions near the voids, suggesting that higher impact velocity promotes local phase transformation, lattice distortion and concentrated damage development. Micro-X-ray computed tomography further reveals that increasing impact velocity drives the voids towards larger volumes, stronger spatial concentration and more complex morphologies. In contrast, under nearly constant impact velocity, as the specimen thickness increases from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm, the pulse duration is prolonged from 0.075 μs to 0.250 μs, and the spall strength correspondingly increases from 1.40 GPa to 1.83 GPa. The spatial distribution of voids gradually changes from dispersed to centrally concentrated, with an enhanced tendency for interconnection, indicating that longer pulse duration demonstrates greater favorability towards damage accumulation and localized coalescence. By combining free-surface velocity histories, two-dimensional microstructural characterization and three-dimensional void statistics, it is shown that the impact velocity mainly controls the instantaneous driving force for the damage during spallation, whereas the pulse duration primarily governs the time window for the damage accumulation and the extent of localization. Together, these two factors determine the nucleation sites, growth paths and final failure mode of spall damage in this metastable high-entropy alloy.

high-entropy alloy  /  plate impact  /  spallation  /  void evolution  /  phase transformation  /  pulse duration
刘政媛, 张团卫, 赵佳伟, 杜时雨, 张磊, 王志华. 冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46亚稳态高熵合金层裂行为和孔洞演化的影响. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080102-1 -080102-18 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261102
Zhengyuan LIU, Tuanwei ZHANG, Jiawei ZHAO, Shiyu DU, Lei ZHANG, Zhihua WANG. Effects of Impact Velocity and Pulse Duration on Spallation Behavior and Void Evolution of a Metastable Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46 High-Entropy Alloy[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080102-1 -080102-18 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261102
亚稳态高熵合金由于相稳定性较低,在外加载荷作用下更容易激活位错滑移、层错、变形孪晶及形变诱导相变等多种变形机制,因此在强韧协同调控方面展现出独特优势[1–3]。已有研究表明,这类合金在准静态或中低应变率条件下常发生由面心立方(face-centered cubic,FCC)向密排六方(hexagonal close-packed,HCP)、进一步向体心立方(body-centered cubic,BCC)结构演化的相变行为[3–5]。但这类相变通常依赖于塑性变形累积[6]、位错与层错持续演化[2, 7]以及变形过程中局部应变/相间应变分配的持续演化[3],本质上属于典型的应变诱导相变过程[8–9]。相变不仅会改变材料的加工硬化能力[10]和应变分配特征[6],还会通过新相形成[11]、相界增多[11]及局部变形协调性的改变[6, 12]等效应影响损伤萌生与扩展[13–15]。因此,对于亚稳态高熵合金而言,相变与损伤并非彼此独立,而是一个密切耦合、相互影响的过程。
然而,中低应变率条件下获得的相变规律并不能简单外推到高速冲击过程[10, 16–17]。平板冲击是一种典型的高应变率一维应变加载方式,可在微秒尺度内诱发压缩波、卸载波和拉伸波的相互作用,实现105~106 s−1的高应变率,是研究材料动态损伤与层裂行为的重要手段[18–19]。与准静态或常规动态加载不同,在平板冲击尤其是层裂拉伸阶段,材料通常处于高应变率[20]、短脉冲持续时间[21]和瞬态复杂应力状态[22]共同作用下,此时材料可能尚未经历充分的塑性应变积累,而应力水平和应变率已显著提高。因此,该条件下的相变机制很可能不同于传统意义上由应变积累主导的演化路径[11, 17],而更可能受到瞬态应力状态[23]、应力波系传播与相互作用[24–25]以及局部损伤演化过程[26–27]的耦合控制。换言之,亚稳态高熵合金在冲击层裂条件下是否仍遵循准静态变形中的相变规律,以及这种动态相变如何进一步影响孔洞形核、长大与聚合,仍有待深入研究。
近年来,中高熵合金在平板冲击条件下的动态响应研究已逐步展开。已有工作主要围绕单相、双相/多相及异质结构材料,重点考察状态方程、层裂强度、孔洞形核位置以及晶界、相界和组织非均匀性对损伤演化的影响。例如,CoCrFeNi中孔洞优先在晶界尤其三岔晶界处形核[28];Fe40Mn20Cr20Ni20中孔洞形核与聚合受晶界和剪切变形带显著影响[29];AlCoCrFeNi2.1中孔洞主要优先在相界处形核,其次在B2相内形核[30];异质结构CrMnFeCoNi中孔洞更倾向于在细晶再结晶区或异质域边界附近萌生[31]。这些研究表明,相组成、组织尺度及界面特征会显著改变局部塑性变形及孔洞演化路径,从而影响材料的层裂损伤行为。现有关于冲击层裂与动态损伤的研究多集中于相结构相对稳定的体系,而针对亚稳态合金在高应变率拉伸/冲击条件下的相变响应及其对损伤演化影响的系统关注仍显不足。对于亚稳态高熵合金而言,一个关键科学问题在于:其在高应变率层裂拉伸条件下是否会发生区别于准静态变形的动态相变,以及该相变过程将如何进一步影响孔洞形核、长大与聚合。尽管已有少量研究在部分亚稳体系中观察到冲击诱导相变和动态损伤现象[11, 13, 17, 32–33],但关于冲击速度与脉冲持续时间如何共同影响相变与损伤的耦合演化机制,目前仍缺乏系统认识。
基于此,本工作选取Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46(下标为原子百分比)亚稳态高熵合金作为研究对象,利用一级轻气炮开展平板冲击实验,系统研究冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对合金相变与层裂损伤行为的影响。通过光子多普勒测速(photon Doppler velocimetry,PDV)获取材料在冲击加载过程中的自由面速度-时间曲线,并结合扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、电子背散射衍射(electron backscattering diffraction,EBSD)及显微X射线计算机断层扫描(micro computed tomography,μ-CT)三维重构等表征手段,对不同加载条件下的相变行为、层裂损伤特征及孔洞演化规律进行系统分析,旨在揭示亚稳态高熵合金在冲击载荷下的相变-损伤协同演化机制,并为相变敏感结构材料的抗冲击设计提供理论依据。
选取Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46高熵合金作为研究对象。实验材料为锻态棒材,其锻造过程中开锻温度为1 200 ℃,终锻温度为950 ℃,单次变形量控制在5%左右,坯料尺寸由直径135 mm、高度210 mm锻造成直径85 mm、高度500 mm的棒材。随后材料经1 200 ℃保温5 h热处理后使用。热处理后材料(如图1所示)呈FCC单相组织,平均晶粒尺寸约为100 μm。
平板冲击实验使用一级轻气炮装置。实验系统主要由高压气室、电磁阀、发射管、弹托-飞片组件、靶室、磁测速装置、PDV测速系统及软回收装置组成。实验中,采用铜飞片,直径为18 mm,样品直径为15 mm;针对不同厚度试样,飞片厚度均设计为试样厚度的一半,以调控加载脉冲持续时间。实验前,先将炮管与靶室抽至真空,以减小空气阻力对飞片加速过程和姿态稳定性的影响,并避免飞片前方残余气体在撞击前对试样产生预加载作用。随后,向高压气室充入氮气,通过调节驱动压力控制飞片撞击速度。飞片撞击试样后,在材料内部产生一维应变压缩波;该压缩波传播至试样自由面后反射为稀疏波,并与后续反射拉伸波相互叠加,在样品内部特定位置形成高幅值拉伸应力区。当局部拉应力超过材料动态抗拉极限时,试样内部发生孔洞形核、长大与聚合,并最终形成层裂损伤。实验中采用磁测速系统测量飞片速度,利用PDV系统实时记录自由面速度历程,以捕捉层裂信号并反演材料在高应变率下的动态响应特性。
如图2(a)所示,该合金的准静态拉伸应力-应变曲线可分为弹性、塑性及失效3个阶段。在弹性阶段,应力与应变呈线性关系;当达到屈服强度(463 MPa)后,材料进入塑性变形阶段,并表现出明显的应变硬化特征,应力持续升高直至达到极限抗拉强度(1 000 MPa)。随后材料进入失稳阶段,应力快速下降,发生颈缩并最终断裂。图2(b)和图2(c)是断裂后标距段样品的反极图及相图。由图2(c)可见,变形后组织发生大面积相变至BCC相,只有少量残余FCC与HCP相,表明拉伸过程中发生了显著且充分的应变诱导相变。
图3给出了平板冲击过程中典型波系传播过程及自由面速度曲线各阶段所对应的物理含义。其中,Ef、Pf和Rf分别为飞片中的弹性前驱波、塑性波和稀疏波;Es、Ps和Rs分别为试样中的弹性前驱波、塑性波和稀疏波;Sra为再压缩波;ufs为自由面速度;$\Delta $u为自由面速度回跳幅值,即卸载阶段D点至层裂起始点E之间的速度变化量;$\Delta $uEF为层裂回跳阶段E点至F点之间的自由面速度变化量。AB段对应弹性前驱波,BC段为弹塑性过渡,CD段为稳定冲击平台,DE段对应稀疏波作用,EF段反映层裂回跳过程。E点对应层裂起始,EF段斜率反映层裂回跳阶段的速度变化特征。基于自由面速度历程曲线,进一步提取Hugoniot弹性极限(Hugoniot elastic limit,HEL)、层裂强度、拉伸应变率及回跳加速度等特征量。
Hugoniot弹性极限σHEL表征材料在冲击加载下由弹性响应向塑性响应转变的临界应力[28, 34],其计算公式为
$ {\sigma }_{\text{HEL}}=\frac{1}{2}{\rho }_{0}{C}_{{{\mathrm{L}}}}{u}_{{\mathrm{HE}}{{\mathrm{L}}}} $
式中:ρ0为靶板材料初始密度,CL为其纵波声速,uHEL为自由面速度曲线上弹性前驱波对应的特征自由面速度。
材料的横波声速CT、纵波声速CL以及体积波速CB可表示为
${C}_{{\mathrm{T}}}=\sqrt{\frac{E}{2\rho \left(1+\nu \right)}} $
${C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}=\sqrt{\frac{E(1-\nu )}{\rho (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}} $
$ {C}_{{\mathrm{B}}}=\sqrt{C_{{\mathrm{L}}}^{2}-\frac{4}{3}C_{{\mathrm{T}}}^{2}} $
式中:靶材的弹性模量E通过拉伸曲线的弹性段(带数字引伸计)获得,为140.8 GPa;密度ρ根据阿基米德测试方法获得,为7.58 g/cm3;泊松比ν根据合金组元的质量分数加权平均获得,为0.29。
层裂强度σspall反映材料抵抗动态拉伸断裂的能力。基于声学近似方法,同时考虑弹塑性变形与层裂分层厚度的影响,σspall[35]可以表示为
$ {\sigma }_{\text{spall}}=\frac{0.5{\rho }_{0}{C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}\Delta u}{1+{C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}/{C}_{{\mathrm{B}}}}+\frac{{L}_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{2}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\sigma }{{\mathrm{d}}t}\left(\frac{1}{{C}_{{\mathrm{B}}}}-\frac{1}{{C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}}\right) $
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\sigma }{{\mathrm{d}}t}=\frac{{\rho }_{0}{C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}\Delta u}{2\Delta t} $
式中:Lf为飞片厚度;Δt为时间增量,这里具体为自由面速度从峰值开始下降点D至回拉谷值点E所经历的时间;$ \text{Δ}u $为对应的速度降幅,如图3所示。$ {\Delta }u $可表示为
$ \Delta u={u}_{{{D}}}-{u}_{{{E}}} $
式中:点D和点E分别为自由面速度曲线卸载段和回跳段的特征点。
拉伸应变率可根据自由面速度曲线卸载阶段(DE段)斜率并结合一维波传播关系进行计算
$ \dot{\varepsilon }=\frac{\Delta u}{2{C}_{{\mathrm{L}}}\Delta t} $
回跳加速度$ {a}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $用于表征层裂断裂过程的快慢,可由自由面速度曲线中层裂回跳段(EF段)的斜率确定
$ {a}_{{\mathrm{r}}}=\frac{\Delta {u}_{{{EF}}}}{\Delta t} $
实际计算中,对EF段数据进行线性拟合,其斜率即为ar,单位通常为m/s2。ar越大,表明层裂断裂过程越迅速,损伤演化越剧烈。
为考察不同加载参数对层裂响应及损伤演化的影响,本研究设计了2组平板冲击实验:一组在试样厚度固定为2 mm条件下,通过改变飞片撞击速度研究冲击速度效应;另一组在冲击速度约为500 m/s条件下,选取1.0、1.5和2.0 mm共3种厚度试样,并保持飞片厚度与试样厚度之比约为1∶2。该设计使不同工况下入射压缩脉冲宽度及其在试样中的传播-反射时序发生变化,从而对应不同的脉冲持续时间;在冲击速度基本一致的前提下,可据此考察脉冲持续时间对层裂响应和损伤演化的影响。实验结束后,采用软回收方式获取冲击后试样,并结合宏观形貌观察、SEM、EBSD及μ-CT三维重构,对试样表面和内部损伤特征进行表征。用于SEM和EBSD观察的样品经线切割沿试样径向剖分为两半,选取对应截面作为观测面。样品经过240~4000目砂纸逐级打磨后,使用抛光膏进行机械抛光。SEM样品经机械抛光后直接进行观察;EBSD样品在机械抛光基础上进一步进行电解抛光,电解液为乙酸/高氯酸混合液(体积分数比92∶8),电解电压为25 V,电解时间为25 s,扫描步长为0.6 μm,温度为室温。KAM(kernel average misorientation)图基于第一近邻计算,错配角截断值设定为5°。物相识别基于Aztec Crystal软件内置的FCC、HCP和BCC晶体结构数据库完成,通过EBSD花样自动索引获得相结构信息,并通过Aztec Crystal分析取向及相分布等结果。为研究层裂区孔洞的三维形貌特征及空间分布,从回收试样中采用线切割法截取尺寸约为1 mm×1 mm的小块样品,厚度保持为原试样厚度。样品使用Xradia 515 Versa型X射线微断层扫描系统(德国蔡司公司)开展实验,扫描空间分辨率约为1.5 μm。重构后的断层图像采用Dragonfly软件进行三维可视化与后处理,并基于阈值分割方法对孔洞进行识别。为降低噪声干扰,在后处理过程中剔除了体积低于设定阈值的孤立小孔洞,进而获得孔洞体积、等效尺寸及空间分布等统计结果。
图4给出了不同加载条件下试样的自由面速度历程曲线。各工况下曲线均表现出典型的层裂响应特征,即自由面速度在冲击波到达后迅速上升,随后在卸载稀疏波作用下明显回落,并伴随回跳及后续振荡。此类自由面速度历程与已有高熵合金平板冲击实验中报道的典型波形特征一致,可划分为弹性前驱、主压缩响应、卸载段以及层裂回跳段。表1列出了各组平板冲击实验的主要加载参数及由自由面速度曲线提取的层裂表征参数,包括飞片冲击速度uimp、飞片厚度Lf、试样厚度Ls、冲击速度$ v $、脉冲持续时间$ \tau $、Hugoniot弹性极限应力σHEL、层裂强度σspall、拉伸应变率$ \dot{\varepsilon } $以及回跳加速度ar等。
对于冲击速度近似相等的试样,厚度由1.03 mm增加至1.48和2.01 mm,对应飞片厚度由0.49 mm增加至0.72和0.97 mm,脉冲持续时间由0.075 μs延长至0.225和0.261 μs。可以看出,3组试样的自由面速度峰值响应整体接近,但峰后卸载和回跳过程存在明显差异。随着脉冲持续时间延长,σspall由1.40 GPa提高至1.67和1.85 GPa,表明在冲击速度近似相同条件下,试样厚度和脉冲持续时间的增加会明显影响层裂响应。与此同时,拉伸应变率$\dot \varepsilon $由1.10×106 s−1下降至9.32×105和8.35×105 s−1,回跳加速度ar由8.07×108 m/s2降低至3.76×108和3.92×108 m/s2。由于$ \dot{\varepsilon } $对应DE段斜率、ar对应EF段斜率,因此,这一结果说明随着脉冲持续时间延长,自由面速度曲线在卸载段和回跳段的局部斜率整体减小,而层裂强度则呈上升趋势。
对于脉冲持续时间相同的试样,厚度分别为2.03、2.01和1.98 mm,飞片厚度分别为1.02、0.97和0.98 mm,脉冲持续时间分别为0.250、0.261和0.245 μs,整体处于相近水平,因此,该组实验主要用于考察冲击速度对层裂响应的影响。随着冲击速度由282 m/s提高至480和553 m/s,自由面速度曲线的峰值响应明显升高,说明冲击速度增加会直接增强自由面速度响应幅值。相比之下,3组工况的σspall分别为1.83、1.85和1.95 GPa,整体波动较小,说明在试样厚度和脉冲持续时间近似一致的条件下,当前冲击速度变化对层裂强度的影响相对有限。与此同时,3组工况下的拉伸应变率分别为6.63×105、8.35×105和1.01×106 s−1,回跳加速度ar分别为3.04×108、3.92×108和4.28×108 m/s2,总体呈上升趋势,表明随着冲击速度提高,层裂回跳段的局部波形趋于更陡。
为更直观地展示加载条件对层裂响应参数的影响,图5给出了HEL、层裂强度σspall及回跳加速度随冲击速度和脉冲持续时间的变化规律。可以看出,在2 mm试样条件下,随着冲击速度由282 m/s提高至553 m/s,HEL、层裂强度σspall及回跳加速度均呈增加趋势;而在相近冲击速度条件下,随着脉冲持续时间增加,HEL和层裂强度逐渐升高,而回跳加速度则有所降低。综合自由面速度曲线和层裂参数可以看出,该亚稳态高熵合金在不同加载条件下表现出2类不同的层裂响应规律:在冲击速度近似相同条件下,随着试样厚度增加、脉冲持续时间延长,σspall整体升高,而$ \dot{\varepsilon } $和ar明显降低;在试样厚度近似相同条件下,随着冲击速度升高,自由面速度峰值响应明显增强,但σspall仅在较小范围内波动。说明对于本研究的亚稳态高熵合金,冲击速度对自由面速度峰值响应的影响更为直接,而脉冲持续时间对层裂参数,尤其是层裂强度σspall的影响更为显著。其内在原因仍需结合后续显微组织和孔洞演化特征进一步分析。
为进一步分析冲击速度对试样表面损伤形貌及局部组织演化的影响,选取试样厚度约为2 mm、冲击速度分别为282、480和553 m/s的回收试样进行表面形貌与微观组织表征,如图5所示。282 m/s条件下,试样整体形貌保持完整,表面仅出现少量分散的微孔;当冲击速度提高至480 m/s时,表面中部损伤加重,孔洞数量和尺寸显著增加,并呈现出聚集趋势;速度提高至553 m/s时,孔洞密度进一步增大,分布也更为集中。这说明随着冲击速度升高,表面损伤由分散形核向局部聚集演化,损伤程度持续加剧。
为定量表征不同冲击速度下孔洞的二维形貌特征,对2 mm试样表面典型孔洞区域进行了统计分析,如图6所示。首先对SEM图像进行阈值分割和二值化处理,并借助ImageJ软件提取每个孔洞的长度Lc和宽度Wc,其中Lc和Wc分别表示孔洞的长轴尺寸和短轴尺寸,如图6(b)所示。进一步采用孔洞宽长比Wc/Lc对孔洞形状进行表征:当Wc/Lc接近1时,孔洞更接近圆形或等轴形貌;当Wc/Lc较小时,则表明孔洞拉长化特征更明显。图6(c)给出了不同冲击速度下2 mm试样孔洞宽长比Wc/Lc的分布特征。冲击速度为282 m/s时,孔洞宽长比分布较分散,高值区间占比显著,说明该条件下部分孔洞更接近圆形或等轴状;当冲击速度提高至480 m/s时,孔洞宽长比主要集中在较低区间,表明孔洞拉长化特征更加明显;553 m/s时,孔洞宽长比分布仍以低值区间为主,但整体分布有所拓宽,说明孔洞在保持非等轴特征的同时,形状离散性有所增加。
图7(d)给出了不同冲击速度条件下孔洞形貌与面积的统计结果。从图7(d)可以看出,随着冲击速度由282 m/s提高至553 m/s,大尺寸孔洞的数量明显增加,最大孔洞面积也显著增大,表明更高的冲击速度促进了孔洞的形核、长大与聚合过程。进一步对面积大于1 000 μm2的孔洞进行统计发现,其平均宽长比由0.34增加至0.58,说明在较高冲击速度下,孔洞不仅尺寸增大,而且趋于更加等轴化。这主要是由于更高的冲击速度对应更大的峰值拉伸应力,使孔洞在多个方向上的扩展能力增强,从而减弱了单一拉伸方向对孔洞形貌的约束作用。
图8显示了不同冲击速度下孔洞附近区域的微观组织演化特征。由图8可见,随着冲击速度升高,2 mm试样孔洞附近区域的组织演化逐渐加剧。282 m/s 冲击下,孔洞数量较少且尺寸较小,周围仍以FCC基体相为主,仅在孔洞边缘及局部晶界附近出现少量HCP/BCC相,KAM高值区分布也较为零散。速度提高至480 m/s后,孔洞数量明显增加,部分孔洞沿局部区域呈连续分布,FCC基体被进一步分割,HCP/BCC相增多;同时,KAM高值区开始在孔洞附近局部集中,其空间分布与孔洞集中区域的对应关系更为明显。速度提高至553 m/s时,孔洞周围组织破碎进一步加剧,HCP/BCC相继续增多,KAM高值区更多集中于孔洞分布密集区域附近,说明较高冲击速度促进了孔洞附近局部应变和组织非均匀性的增强。
图9展示了约500 m/s冲击速度不同脉冲持续时间下试样的宏观变形形貌。1.0 mm试样表面分布大量细小分散孔洞;1.5 mm试样中孔洞已开始向局部区域聚集,呈现出一定的连续分布特征;2.0 mm试样中孔洞集中带更为清晰,孔洞间距减小,部分区域表现出明显的连通趋势。这表明在峰值应力相当的条件下,试样厚度增加延长了脉冲持续时间,虽未改变表面损伤的基本形态,但显著调控了损伤的空间分布演化,在较薄试样中孔洞以分散形核为主,而较厚试样中孔洞更易向局部区域聚集并贯通。
由图10可见,在500 m/s冲击速度、不同脉冲持续时间下孔洞宽长比均主要集中在0.3~0.8范围内,但分布形态存在明显差异。1.0 mm试样在0.3~0.8区间内均有一定比例分布,且在较低和较高宽长比区间均存在数据点,说明该条件下孔洞形状差异较大,既存在较为细长的孔洞,也存在部分接近圆形的孔洞。1.5 mm试样则在少数区间内出现较明显峰值,说明该脉冲持续时间下孔洞宽长比更集中,多数孔洞具有较为接近的形貌特征。2.0 mm试样虽然仍以中等宽长比孔洞为主,但不同区间内均保持一定占比,表明孔洞形状组成再次趋于复杂。从图10(d)可以看出,随着样品厚度由1.0 mm增加至2.0 mm,大尺寸孔洞的数量和最大孔洞面积均明显增加,说明更长的拉伸脉冲持续时间有利于孔洞的持续生长和聚合。与此同时,对面积大于1 000 μm2的孔洞进行统计发现,其平均宽长比由0.50降低至0.46,表明大孔洞逐渐呈现出更加细长的形貌特征。这说明脉冲持续时间增加主要延长了孔洞生长和相互连接的时间,使孔洞更容易沿主拉伸方向发生定向聚合,而非在各个方向均匀扩展。因此,虽然脉冲持续时间增加与冲击速度提高均会导致孔洞尺寸增大,但二者对应的孔洞形貌演化路径存在明显差异。总体而言,在冲击速度基本一致的条件下,脉冲持续时间对孔洞二维形貌特征的影响呈现非单调特征。
图11显示了不同脉冲持续时间条件下试样孔洞附近区域的组织演化差异。1.0 mm试样中,孔洞较少且分散,周围仍以FCC基体相为主,仅在局部区域出现少量HCP/BCC相,KAM高值区也较为零散,说明局部组织响应有限。1.5 mm试样中,孔洞密度和尺寸增加,局部呈带状分布,FCC基体连续性降低,BCC相增多,同时,KAM高值区开始在孔洞附近局部集中。2.0 mm试样中,孔洞沿中部形成较连续分布带,尺寸增大、连通趋势增强,BCC相分布更加集中,KAM高值区也主要出现在孔洞聚集区域附近,说明局部取向梯度和晶格畸变进一步增强。总体来看,随着脉冲持续时间延长,孔洞附近的组织响应由分散逐渐转向局部集中,变形局部化特征更加明显。
值得注意的是,尽管冲击加载能够诱发FCC→HCP及FCC→BCC相变,但其相变程度相比准静态相变程度显著降低(参见图2(c))。一方面,动态拉伸过程持续时间较短,相变过程受到时间尺度限制;另一方面,孔洞的快速形核、长大和聚合会导致局部应力释放,使相变驱动力降低。因此,在动态加载条件下,相变强化机制与损伤演化机制之间存在竞争关系,部分变形能优先用于损伤形成和扩展,从而抑制了大规模应变诱导相变的发生。
上述表面及局部区域的二维形貌和组织表征能够反映不同加载条件下孔洞附近的局部变形特征及相变响应,但难以完整捕捉孔洞在材料内部的真实空间构型、三维连通性及体积分布。由于冲击损伤演化具有显著的三维特征,仅凭二维截面信息无法准确统计孔洞的真实尺寸、形状变化及空间聚集规律。为此,本研究进一步采用μ-CT对冲击回收样品进行三维无损重构,从孔洞体积分数、球形度及空间分布等维度,系统揭示不同加载条件下孔洞的三维演化机制及其与宏观层裂损伤的内在关联。需要指出的是,受μ-CT空间分辨率(约1.5 μm)限制,本研究无法直接观测冲击拉伸过程中亚微米甚至纳米尺度的初始孔洞形核行为。三维重构所识别的小体积孔洞均已生长至仪器可分辨尺寸,因此相关统计结果反映的是可分辨尺度孔洞的演化特征,而非孔洞形核的初始状态。尽管如此,由于所有试样均采用相同的扫描条件和重构参数,不同工况之间孔洞尺寸、体积及形貌特征的相对变化规律仍具有较好的可比性。
球形度ψ用于表征孔洞形状与同体积理想球体之间的接近程度,其定义为[36–38]
$ \psi =\frac{{\text{π} }^{\tfrac{1}{3}}(6V{)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}}{{S}_{{\mathrm{v}}}} $
式中:V为孔洞体积,Sv为孔洞表面积。当孔洞为理想球体时,ψ = 1;随着孔洞形状偏离球形,球形度逐渐减小。
图12为2.0 mm试样在不同冲击速度下的三维孔洞重构结果。282 m/s时,试样内部孔洞呈分散分布,未形成明显聚集区,体系分布以小尺寸孔洞为主,仅零星分布少量大尺寸孔洞,表明低冲击速度下孔隙以独立形核为主。当冲击速度提高至480 m/s时,孔洞开始向中部区域集中,呈现带状分布特征,与此同时,较大体积孔洞的比例有所增加,表明部分孔洞在形核后发生了进一步长大。553 m/s时,孔洞高度集中于中部狭窄区域,空间聚集程度进一步增强,较大体积孔洞更多出现在孔洞密集区,表明高冲击速度不仅促进孔洞长大,更加速了孔洞由分散分布向局部聚集发展的过程。
图13进一步给出了不同冲击速度下2个最大孔洞的三维重构结果,其中A~F分别为对应工况下体积最大的2个孔洞。282 m/s时,2个最大孔洞整体尺寸较小,轮廓相对紧凑,形貌演化程度有限,说明此时主孔洞仍处于相对独立的生长阶段。冲击速度提高至480 m/s后,最大孔洞尺寸明显增大,轮廓复杂度增加,沿一定方向展开并出现分支和延伸特征,已非孤立球形。冲击速度提高至553 m/s时,这种复杂化趋势更加明显,最大孔洞不仅整体轮廓更大,而且表面凹凸更加显著,局部延展和连接特征突出。这表明随冲击速度升高,主孔洞由等轴长大向延展性连通转变。
图14给出了不同冲击速度下孔洞体积和球形度的统计结果。尽管各工况下孔洞均以小微孔为主,但随着冲击速度增加,体积分布尾部逐渐向较大体积区间偏移,大孔洞体积分数显著增加。球形度分布(图14(b))统计表明,不同冲击速度下孔洞形貌分布同样存在差异。总体上,随着冲击速度升高,孔洞形状分布呈现出更宽的离散范围:一方面,局部区域中部分孔洞在长大过程中发生形貌调整,表现出较高球形度;另一方面,最大孔洞及孔洞聚集区则表现出更明显的延展、连接和不规则特征。综合图12、图13和图14可以看出,冲击速度升高后,孔洞演化并非简单表现为数量增加,而是同时伴随着空间聚集、体积增大和形貌复杂化。
由自由面速度曲线及微观结果可见,冲击速度升高对该亚稳态高熵合金的影响主要体现在瞬态应力水平提升及其对局部损伤演化的促进作用。随着冲击速度由282 m/s提高至553 m/s,峰值应力明显升高,说明样品在更短时间内承受了更强的压缩加载,并在后续释放过程中形成了更高的瞬态拉伸驱动力。与此同时,回跳段局部波形逐渐变陡,回跳加速度增大,表明层裂起裂后自由面附近的应力松弛和波系调整过程更加迅速。
与自由面速度曲线特征相对应,冲击速度升高后,内部孔洞由分散形核逐渐转为局部聚集,孔洞附近HCP/BCC相含量和高KAM区明显增加,μ-CT结果也表明孔洞向大体积、集中化和复杂形貌发展。上述现象说明,较高冲击速度不仅提高了宏观应力水平,也增强了孔洞周围的局部应力集中,使局部区域更易发生相变、晶格畸变和应变局域化。对于该亚稳态合金而言,这些局部组织演化并不是独立出现的:相变会改变局部变形协调性,KAM升高反映局部塑性不均和位错积累增强,而二者共同作用又进一步促进孔洞长大与聚集。
图15展示了500 m/s冲击速度下不同厚度试样的孔隙三维形貌。1.0 mm试样中,孔洞球形度分布较宽,低球形度孔洞占有一定比例,说明该条件下仍存在较多被拉长或形状不规则的孔洞;体积分布则以小体积孔洞为主,同时伴有少量较大孔洞。1.5 mm试样中,孔洞球形度整体更接近1,拉长特征减弱,体积分布集中于中小尺寸区间,大孔洞占比降低。2.0 mm试样中,球形度分布再次拓宽,等轴孔洞与不规则孔洞并存,体积分布显示,小孔洞密度最高,但存在少量大体积孔洞。
图16给出了不同厚度试样中体积最大的2个孔洞的三维重构结果,其中A~F分别为对应工况下体积最大的2个孔洞。1.0 mm试样中,2个最大孔洞均位于样品中部孔洞带内,且彼此间距较近,说明主孔洞主要集中在层裂损伤集中的局部区域内。1.5 mm试样中,2个最大孔洞同样位于中部损伤带附近,但分布相对更分散,一个呈狭长片状,另一个相对紧凑,形貌异质性显著。2.0 mm试样中,2个最大孔洞仍主要出现在样品中部区域,但左右分布间隔更小,孔洞整体尺寸较大,均表现出更明显的延展和分支特征,说明较厚试样中主孔洞的扩展程度更高。
图17的统计结果进一步表明,3种脉冲持续时间下试样的孔洞体积均集中于小体积区间,但分布尾部存在差异。1.0 mm试样中,较大体积区间仍保持一定占比,说明除大量小孔洞外,还存在部分继续长大的孔洞;1.5和2.0 mm试样中,大体积孔洞的比例相对较低,体积分布更集中于小体积范围,其中2.0 mm试样中小体积孔洞占比最高,表明该条件下孔洞以数量增加为主。球形度统计显示,脉冲持续时间对孔洞形貌分布的影响更为明显:1.0 mm试样中多数孔洞更接近等轴形态,1.5 mm试样中球形度分布最不均匀,而2.0 mm试样则介于两者之间。综合图14~图16可以看出,脉冲持续时间变化不仅影响孔洞的数量和空间分布,也改变了主孔洞的生长方式及孔洞形貌的组合特征。
由自由面速度曲线及微观结构结果可见,随着试样厚度增加,脉冲持续时间明显延长,材料在层裂拉伸阶段所经历的并非更高的瞬态拉伸速率,而是更长的局部组织演化和损伤扩展时间。自由面速度曲线显示,厚度由1.0 mm增加至2.0 mm时,拉伸应变率整体下降,回跳加速度有所减小,而回跳幅值和层裂强度却持续升高。这表明厚试样在拉伸波作用下并未表现出更剧烈的瞬时失稳,相反,其层裂响应更接近一个演化更充分、失效滞后的过程。结合微观分析结果可见,厚度增加时,孔洞分布连续性和连通倾向增强,局部HCP/BCC相和高KAM区同步扩大,反映出材料在冲击加载下经历了更充分的组织演化和塑性累积。
层裂强度的增加更多可能来源于前驱压缩波的作用[20]。随着试样厚度增加,压缩脉冲持续时间延长,材料在拉伸波到达前经历了更长时间的高压缩应力作用,促进位错累积、孪晶形成及相变演化,从而提高动态承载能力[39–40]。这种机制与孔洞最终形貌变化相互关联,但孔洞长大本身并不能作为层裂强度高低的直接判断依据。由于实验工况数量有限,当前尚无法建立前驱压缩波特征与层裂强度之间的定量关系,因此,将上述分析作为开放性讨论呈现,为后续系统研究提供参考。
利用一级轻气炮平板冲击实验,结合自由面速度测试、表面形貌观察、SEM、EBSD及μ-CT三维重构,系统研究了Si4V5Mn5Cr10Co30Fe46亚稳态高熵合金在不同冲击速度和不同脉冲持续时间条件下的层裂响应、局部组织演化及孔洞三维形貌变化规律,分析了冲击速度和脉冲持续时间对材料动态损伤演化的影响,主要结论如下。
(1) 在2.0 mm试样条件下,随冲击速度由282 m/s提高至553 m/s,自由面峰值响应和峰值应力显著升高,而层裂强度整体变化较小,说明冲击速度升高并未显著改变层裂强度,但会明显提高峰值响应,并促进后续孔洞演化和局部组织响应。对应地,内部孔洞由分散形核向局部集中发展,孔洞形状由近等轴逐渐向拉长化演化,孔洞附近FCC基体被进一步分割,HCP/BCC相增多,局部组织不均匀性增强,表明较高冲击速度更有利于孔洞长大、聚集及局部损伤发展。
(2) 在冲击速度约500 m/s条件下,随试样厚度由1.0 mm增加至2.0 mm,脉冲持续时间由0.075 μs增加至0.261 μs,层裂强度由1.40 GPa提高至1.85 GPa,表明较长脉冲持续时间更有利于微孔洞充分形核与长大,促进损伤累积。微观上,较薄试样中孔洞以分散分布为主,而较厚试样中孔洞更易沿中部区域集中,并表现出更明显的聚集和连通特征;孔洞附近组织响应也由局部、分散逐渐转变为连续、集中,表明脉冲持续时间增加后应力波传播与叠加作用增强,使局部区域更容易形成集中损伤。
(3) μ-CT三维重构结果表明,冲击速度和脉冲持续时间均会显著影响孔洞的空间分布、体积和形貌特征。随冲击速度升高,孔洞由分散的小体积、较规则形态逐渐演化为集中分布的大体积、复杂形态孔洞;随脉冲持续时间增加,主孔洞有更充分的时间聚集和生长,表现出更明显的延展和分支特征。综合自由面速度响应、二维组织表征与三维孔洞统计结果可知,冲击速度主要控制材料在层裂阶段的损伤驱动力,而脉冲持续时间调控损伤累积的时间窗口,二者协同决定了该亚稳态高熵合金中层裂损伤的成核位置、长大路径及最终失效模式。

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2026年第40卷第8期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261102
  • 接收时间:2026-05-18
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-18
  • 修回日期:2026-06-20
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    1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 太原 030024
    2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024

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张团卫(1990-),男,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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