Article(id=1325132852093919515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325132844594503961, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20230682, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686844800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-16, revisedDate=1693152000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-28, acceptedDate=1693152000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-28, onlineDate=1793865891717, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1707062400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793865891717, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793865891717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793865891717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325132844594503961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2024', volume='38', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='015202-10', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1707062400000', pubDateStr='2024-02-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793865889929, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793865889929, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=015202-1, endPage=015202-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325132854186877212, articleId=1325132852093919515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Effect of Various Material Obstacles on the Promoting Explosion of Methane-Hydrogen Premixed Gas, columnId=1256186031087411392, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=High Pressure Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three obstacles with different levels of bending strength was selected for experimental research on the impact of hydrogen-methane mixed gas explosions in order to explore the varying environmental hazards of explosion promotion. During the experiment, the images of the flame in the explosion pipeline and the upstream and downstream pressure were collected. Through the analysis of flame images and explosion pressure data, the flow field accelerated by expanding gas after explosion generates eddy currents behind obstacles, and the flow field produces different eddy currents behind obstacles of different materials, which result in the difference of peak flame velocity of gas in the later stage and the difference of explosion overpressure in pipelines. This proves the correlation between the intensity of promoting explosions and the material of obstacles. In the experiments conducted in this paper, there is a proportional relationship between the intensity of promoting explosions and the bending strength of the obstacle. Moreover, after hydrogen was added, the reaction of the gas base was accelerated and the peak explosion pressure in the obstacle pipes of the three materials began to produce obvious differences. It can be concluded that obstacles and rough walls in the environment will affect the gas explosion effect, and the difference is caused by the characteristics of the material itself, and the difference is affected by the combustion rate of the gas itself.

, authors=Yifei JIAO1, Xiaoman XIONG1, Hao REN1, Hongfu MI2, Guoqin HE2, *, Pin LI1, Xin WEI1, authorsList=Yifei JIAO, Xiaoman XIONG, Hao REN, Hongfu MI, Guoqin HE, Pin LI, Xin WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoqin HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2024 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325132874525057337, articleId=1325132852093919515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=多种材质障碍物对甲烷-氢气预混燃气的促爆影响, columnId=1256186031326486722, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压科学应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选取3种不同弯曲强度障碍物进行氢气-甲烷混合气体爆炸影响实验研究,以探究不同环境下的促爆危险性。实验过程中采集爆炸管道内火焰图像以及上下游压力。通过分析火焰图像以及爆炸压力数据后发现,爆炸后膨胀燃气推动流场加速在障碍物后方产生涡流,流场在不同材质障碍物后产生不同的涡流强度,导致燃气后期火焰峰值速度差异以及管道内爆炸超压差异。实验证明了促爆强度与障碍物材质的相关性。在本研究中,促爆强度与障碍物弯曲强度成正比,在氢气加入后,燃气基础反应加快,3种材质障碍物管道内爆炸压力峰值开始产生明显差异。通过上述结果可以得出,环境内障碍物以及粗糙壁面会影响燃气促爆效果,由于材料本身特性影响而产生差异,并且这种差异受燃气自身燃烧速率的影响。

, authors=焦一飞1, 熊晓曼1, 任昊1, 米红甫2, 何国钦2, *, 李品1, 魏鑫1, authorsList=焦一飞, 熊晓曼, 任昊, 米红甫, 何国钦, 李品, 魏鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何国钦, authorNote=

焦一飞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事输变电工程变电土建、消防专项评审及相关研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何国钦(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事油气爆炸动力学研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8wYJvytGYiF3x/BFLkyhLA==, magXml=1bRrpKe9A33q6A8lbpOdWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rZ15GzljtpVH5XWoXITWBw==, pdfFileSize=5239537, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VM137iCqJPaEh9/KKkNPng==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TSvaCAGPPZHWwRIkqcLufQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325132879189123395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yifeijiao@hotmail.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325132879902155077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, authorId=1325132879189123395, language=EN, stringName=Yifei JIAO, firstName=Yifei, middleName=null, lastName=JIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Economic and Technological Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325132880841679174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, authorId=1325132879189123395, language=CN, stringName=焦一飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1国家电网四川省电力公司经济技术研究院, 四川 成都 610041, bio={"content":"

焦一飞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事输变电工程变电土建、消防专项评审及相关研究. E-mail:

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焦一飞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事输变电工程变电土建、消防专项评审及相关研究. E-mail:

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pipeline, figureFileSmall=UZ1ysCi5dKDeTv69T3dtBg==, figureFileBig=VeDwBDzuJcuXVzVgd5iziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325132927197127059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, language=CN, label=图12, caption=管道内下游的压力峰值-氢气体积分数曲线, figureFileSmall=UZ1ysCi5dKDeTv69T3dtBg==, figureFileBig=VeDwBDzuJcuXVzVgd5iziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325132928086319508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Premixed gas components, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${\varphi _{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}} $/% ${\varPhi _{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}} $/% ${\varPhi _{{{\mathrm{CH}}_4}}} $/% $\varPhi _{{\mathrm{Air}}}$/%
009.5090.50
101.029.1889.80
202.208.8089.00
303.588.5388.07
), ArticleFig(id=1325132928417669525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

预混气体的组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${\varphi _{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}} $/% ${\varPhi _{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}} $/% ${\varPhi _{{{\mathrm{CH}}_4}}} $/% $\varPhi _{{\mathrm{Air}}}$/%
009.5090.50
101.029.1889.80
202.208.8089.00
303.588.5388.07
), ArticleFig(id=1325132930170888601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Obstacle parameter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ObstacleMaterialDimensionsMean density/(g·cm−3)Average elastic modulus/MPa
Rigid obstaclePolymethyl methacrylate100 mm×10 mm×30 mm1.1902800.0
Flexible obstacle AFoamed silicone gel1.92031.3
Flexible obstacle BPolyurethane foam0.6997.4
), ArticleFig(id=1325132930972000666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325132852093919515, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

障碍物参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ObstacleMaterialDimensionsMean density/(g·cm−3)Average elastic modulus/MPa
Rigid obstaclePolymethyl methacrylate100 mm×10 mm×30 mm1.1902800.0
Flexible obstacle AFoamed silicone gel1.92031.3
Flexible obstacle BPolyurethane foam0.6997.4
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多种材质障碍物对甲烷-氢气预混燃气的促爆影响
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焦一飞 1 , 熊晓曼 1 , 任昊 1 , 米红甫 2 , 何国钦 2, * , 李品 1 , 魏鑫 1
高压物理学报 | 高压科学应用 2024,38(1): 015202-1-015202-10
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高压物理学报 |高压科学应用 2024 , 38 (1) : 015202-1 -015202-10
多种材质障碍物对甲烷-氢气预混燃气的促爆影响
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焦一飞1 , 熊晓曼1, 任昊1, 米红甫2, 何国钦2, * , 李品1, 魏鑫1
作者信息
  • 1国家电网四川省电力公司经济技术研究院, 四川 成都 610041
  • 2重庆科技学院安全工程学院, 重庆 401331
通讯作者:
何国钦(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事油气爆炸动力学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

焦一飞(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事输变电工程变电土建、消防专项评审及相关研究. E-mail:

Effect of Various Material Obstacles on the Promoting Explosion of Methane-Hydrogen Premixed Gas
Yifei JIAO1 , Xiaoman XIONG1, Hao REN1, Hongfu MI2, Guoqin HE2, * , Pin LI1, Xin WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Economic and Technological Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
  • 2School of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2024-02-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230682
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选取3种不同弯曲强度障碍物进行氢气-甲烷混合气体爆炸影响实验研究,以探究不同环境下的促爆危险性。实验过程中采集爆炸管道内火焰图像以及上下游压力。通过分析火焰图像以及爆炸压力数据后发现,爆炸后膨胀燃气推动流场加速在障碍物后方产生涡流,流场在不同材质障碍物后产生不同的涡流强度,导致燃气后期火焰峰值速度差异以及管道内爆炸超压差异。实验证明了促爆强度与障碍物材质的相关性。在本研究中,促爆强度与障碍物弯曲强度成正比,在氢气加入后,燃气基础反应加快,3种材质障碍物管道内爆炸压力峰值开始产生明显差异。通过上述结果可以得出,环境内障碍物以及粗糙壁面会影响燃气促爆效果,由于材料本身特性影响而产生差异,并且这种差异受燃气自身燃烧速率的影响。

燃气爆炸  /  障碍物  /  促爆实验  /  预混燃气

Three obstacles with different levels of bending strength was selected for experimental research on the impact of hydrogen-methane mixed gas explosions in order to explore the varying environmental hazards of explosion promotion. During the experiment, the images of the flame in the explosion pipeline and the upstream and downstream pressure were collected. Through the analysis of flame images and explosion pressure data, the flow field accelerated by expanding gas after explosion generates eddy currents behind obstacles, and the flow field produces different eddy currents behind obstacles of different materials, which result in the difference of peak flame velocity of gas in the later stage and the difference of explosion overpressure in pipelines. This proves the correlation between the intensity of promoting explosions and the material of obstacles. In the experiments conducted in this paper, there is a proportional relationship between the intensity of promoting explosions and the bending strength of the obstacle. Moreover, after hydrogen was added, the reaction of the gas base was accelerated and the peak explosion pressure in the obstacle pipes of the three materials began to produce obvious differences. It can be concluded that obstacles and rough walls in the environment will affect the gas explosion effect, and the difference is caused by the characteristics of the material itself, and the difference is affected by the combustion rate of the gas itself.

gas explosion  /  obstacle  /  promoting explosion experiment  /  premixed gas
焦一飞, 熊晓曼, 任昊, 米红甫, 何国钦, 李品, 魏鑫. 多种材质障碍物对甲烷-氢气预混燃气的促爆影响. 高压物理学报, 2024 , 38 (1) : 015202-1 -015202-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230682
Yifei JIAO, Xiaoman XIONG, Hao REN, Hongfu MI, Guoqin HE, Pin LI, Xin WEI. Effect of Various Material Obstacles on the Promoting Explosion of Methane-Hydrogen Premixed Gas[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2024 , 38 (1) : 015202-1 -015202-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230682
多组分燃气爆燃的相关研究有利于扩展燃气储运安全及燃烧的适应性,特别是对于氢气和甲烷混合燃料的研究已有了广泛应用。将氢气和甲烷混合后,反应速率加快,爆炸强度和爆炸危险性显著上升。同时,外界环境中障碍物的存在也会导致爆炸事故范围扩大,伤害加重。氢气的加入与障碍物存在具有耦合作用,使得爆炸强度激增。
复杂的外界条件可对燃气爆炸造成重要影响,燃气火焰被点燃后快速蔓延。外界条件干扰下的自生不稳定性使火焰推动未燃燃气,随后产生中湍流,流体不稳定性又导致燃烧反应加速,最终由爆燃转变为爆轰。这一过程中,障碍物及火焰所能接触到的粗糙壁面[1]均会导致火焰蔓延加速,并且缩小爆轰距离[2–3]。因此,障碍物与爆炸火焰的耦合作用成为研究重点,包括障碍物大小[4]、位置以及障碍物形状等条件导致的火焰差异[5]。Fairweather等[6]的实验发现,在通过障碍物时火焰表面会出现“褶皱”,火焰面积快速增大,燃烧反应速率快速上升,导致火焰蔓延速度及爆炸压力上升。Yu等[7]、Wen等[8–9]进行了大量的工作探究最强促爆障碍物工况。Yu等[7]的实验发现,三角形开孔障碍物时爆炸强度最高;Wen等[8–9]在进行障碍物间距对火焰传播影响实验中发现,障碍物交错放置有较强促进爆炸的效果。Masri等[10]通过在管道内横置3种不同形状柱形障碍物发现,火焰在通过方形障碍物时的传播速度最大,通过圆形障碍物时的传播速度最小。
Johansen等[11–12]和Ciccarelli等[13]利用在爆炸过程中注入少量氦气的方式,发现障碍物引起的涡流是导致湍流产生进而导致火焰加速的主要原因,而障碍物导致的湍流并非是唯一导致火焰加速的原因[14]。爆炸过程中,障碍物反射后的激波提高了未燃烧材料的温度、压力和密度[15],使火焰锋面化学反应速率加快,导致燃料的爆轰敏感性上升[16–17],在一定条件下引发火焰前端自燃[18]。激波反射机理被认为是解释火焰面积增大和火焰蔓延加速的主要原因[19],基于此开发了大量计算模型,用以预测火焰加速到爆炸的过程[20]。Coates等[21]的爆炸模拟中,考虑了障碍物形状对火焰蔓延加速机理的影响,其中包括不同障碍物边界层产生的涡流脱落以及障碍物反射压力波对燃烧反应的加速。结果表明,火焰与不同边界障碍物之间产生的压缩导致了不同程度的强压力波反射,这些波在未燃烧的燃料中相互作用。随着对多种障碍物类型的不断细化,障碍物材质所导致的火焰传播差异也受到研究人员的关注。
Leal等[22]通过数值模拟研究了树木对液化石油气(liquefied petroleum gas,LPG)储罐爆炸后果的影响,发现树木高度和间隔距离都会影响爆炸强度。Bakke等[23]模拟了邦泽菲尔德油库(Buncefield tank farm)的爆炸事故,发现油库周边树木对火焰传播起到了促进作用,并通过实验证实了该研究结果。
Li等[24–27]的实验研究发现了柔性障碍物对氢-空气预混火焰传播过程中的燃烧动力学特性和规律。通过稳影仪捕获的影像发现,火焰前方的流场流动受柔性障碍物的影响。柔性障碍物在流场中会发生不同程度的形变,并且形变大小与障碍物自身大小密切相关。同时,相较于刚性障碍物,柔性障碍物衰减了爆炸过程中压力的上升程度。多种迹象表明,障碍物材质不同会导致不同的预混火焰加速机理。
随着对燃烧和安全研究的深入,对爆炸环境多样化的分析更加细致。柔性材质障碍物在受到流场作用力后发生弹性形变,对未燃流场产生的扰流过程更加复杂,使得流场中涡流、湍流强度多变。本研究将通过实验探究多种障碍物的促爆危险性,分析柔性障碍物的促爆规律以及障碍物材质导致的流场中的流固耦合问题。
为获取爆炸过程中的火焰变化过程图像及压力数据,搭建如图1所示的实验平台。选用长度为1000 mm、截面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm的透明PMMA材质管道进行氢气-甲烷预混爆炸实验。利用高速摄像机(Phantom 410)捕捉火焰变化过程,拍摄帧率为4000 s−1。将2个采集频率为50 Hz的PCB压力传感器分别安装在管道点火端和距离底部100 mm处。距离管道底部设有一个直径为30 mm的泄爆口,实验开始前用PVC薄膜将泄爆口密封,保证安全泄压。采用4倍体积配气法通过3台气体流量仪排出管道内的空气[28],将体积分数为99.99%的甲烷、体积分数分别为0、10%、20%和30%的氢气和空气按当量比为1.0通过气体流量计进行混合,形成预混气体通入管道内,通气时间为8 min。通气结束后,同时关闭进、出口阀门,静置15 s使气体混合均匀达到稳定[8]。
混合气体的当量比与燃料中氢气体积分数的关系为
$ \phi=\frac{m_{\mathrm{carb}}/m_{\mathrm{air}}}{(m_{\mathrm{carb}}/m_{\mathrm{air}})_{\mathrm{stioch}}}=\frac{m_{\mathrm{carb}}}{m_{\mathrm{air}}}\frac{\left(2-3\varphi_{\mathrm{H}_2}/2\right)\left(2M_{\mathrm{O}_2}+2\times3.78M_{\mathrm{N}_2}\right)}{\left(1-\varphi_{\mathrm{H}_2}\right)M_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}_4}+\varphi_{\mathrm{H}_2}M_{\mathrm{H}_2}} $
式中:mcarb和mair分别为燃气和空气的质量;(mcarb/mair)stioch为燃气与空气质量比的化学计量;$M_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $、$M_{{\mathrm{N}}_2} $、$M_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4} $和$ M_{\mathrm{H}_2} $分别为氧气、氮气、甲烷和氢气的摩尔质量;$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $为氢气在总燃气(氢气和甲烷的体积之和)中的占比;$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $为氢气在总预混气体(包括空气)中的占比,即氢气的体积分数
$ {\varphi _{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}} = \frac{{{V_{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}}}}{{{V_{{{\mathrm{H}}_2}}}+{V_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{H}}_4}}}}} $
式中:$V_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}$和$V_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4}$分别为混合气体中氢气和甲烷的体积。当改变燃气中氢气的体积分数时,为了保持混合气体的当量比不变,需要对空气体积分数进行相应改变。通过式(1)和式(2)计算得到混合气体各组分的体积分数,见表1。
如图2所示,实验选用阻塞率为0.3的3种障碍物:刚性障碍物、柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B。将障碍物放置在距离点火端300 mm处,3种障碍物大小相同,具体参数见表2。
实验过程中,初始压力和温度分别为101 kPa和298 K。通入管道内的气体混合物由1个高压脉冲火花塞点燃(点火能量约为60 mJ)。高速摄像机和高压脉冲火花塞同时触发,以便采集火焰图像,压力传感器检测到压力变化后自动记录爆炸过程中的动态压力变化。
图3为$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=0时管道内的火焰图像,可以看到,管道内燃气在0 ms时被火花塞点燃,火焰在障碍物前的传播过程中保持了层流。30 ms前的火焰形状为稳定的“手指形”。火焰在刚性障碍物和柔性障碍物A前发生扭曲变形,障碍物使未燃流体的流动范围发生了明显变形,火焰开始压缩、扭曲。随后,在40 ms左右时,火焰沿前端未燃流场被卷入涡流。火焰具有更大的表面积会消耗更多新鲜气体,从而导致热量释放速率增大。涡流内的化学反应加速,导致火焰蔓延速度在管道下游激增。
上述现象在火焰蔓延前期起到重要的加速作用,障碍物或者微观下的粗糙壁面都会导致流场的湍流以及火焰的爆轰距离缩短[16]。在图3中可以看到,刚性障碍物在37 ms时的涡流火焰形状相对于柔性障碍物更加清晰,与刚性障碍物相比,柔性障碍物A的后方呈现的涡流并没有明显差别,并且二者在管道内的火焰几乎在同一时间到达同一位置。随着障碍物弹性模量的减小,火焰在障碍物B管道内出现了相对更明显的变化,与刚性障碍物和柔性障碍物A相比,火焰到达同一位置的时间更久。在图3的第3行图片中可以看到,相较于刚性障碍物与柔性障碍物A,柔性障碍物B的火焰涡流形状明显不同。
随着氢气在管道内燃气占比的上升,火焰发展过程开始加速,相较于图3中无氢气时的火焰蔓延速度,图4~图6中火焰蔓延逐渐加速,氢气体积分数更高时,火焰到达相同位置的用时更短,火焰的燃烧程度也相应增加。在图4~图6中,氢气的化学反应加速以及涡流范围上升都影响着火焰的加速效果。
通过获取的火焰图像可以计算得到火焰蔓延速度与位置的关系,火焰蔓延速度和位置分别为
$ v = \frac{{{l_2} - {l_1}}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} $
$ l = \frac{{{l_1}+{l_2}}}{2} $
式中:v为火焰锋面蔓延速度;l1、l2为火焰的位置;t1、t2分别为火焰到达l1、l2处所用的时间。图7和图8为火焰锋面蔓延速度曲线。火焰锋面在障碍物前方呈现匀速发育,随着锋面接近障碍物,火焰蔓延速度开始因火焰形变而增大,而后由于障碍物的阻挡,火焰转变为涡流形态,导致火焰速度在障碍物后方出现短暂减速。涡流中燃气快速燃烧,推动火焰蔓延速度达到峰值。达到峰值后的火焰形状向“平面”及“郁金香”转变,湍流开始主导火焰形状演变,导致火焰蔓延速度快速振荡。
火焰遇到刚性障碍物时的速度峰值高于柔性障碍物,在$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=0时,火焰遇到刚性障碍物时的速度峰值达到57.60 m/s,而遇到柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B时的速度峰值分别为56.10和43.42 m/s,柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B的速度峰值相较于刚性障碍物分别降低了2.6%和24.6%。可以看到,刚性障碍物对火焰的干扰强于柔性障碍物,并且随着柔性障碍物的弯曲强度变小,柔性障碍物在管道内的速度峰值开始逐渐降低。
在氢气加入后,整体火焰的速度峰值呈上升趋势,随着氢气占比由零增大至30%,火焰遇到刚性障碍物时的速度峰值上升到76.97 m/s,遇到柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B时的速度峰值分别上升到72.95和68.42 m/s。在$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=30%时,刚性障碍物、柔性障碍物A及柔性障碍物B相对于$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=0时的速度峰值分别增大了33.6%、30.0%和57.6%。在图7和图8中可以发现,柔性障碍物A和刚性障碍物的速度峰值更加接近,并且高于柔性障碍物B。因此可以推测,障碍物在爆炸场中的促爆能力与障碍物材质以及材质所带来的形变有着密切关系。而在本研究中,更高弯曲强度的障碍物有着更强的加速火焰蔓延的能力,同时刚性障碍物加速和干扰火焰的能力最大。
图9为爆炸过程中采集到的管道内上、下游的压力数据。由于压力传感器较为接近点火源,因此,压缩波在0 s左右出现,然后快速向前传播,而在压力传感器中的记录则以稀疏波为前期主导。在图9中可以看到,实验开始时压力记录为负压。随着火焰由层流向涡流以及湍流转变,管道中的燃气快速燃烧膨胀,而后向两端传播,压缩波向点火端传播导致压力峰值出现。
压力峰值作为评估爆炸强度的重要依据,是爆炸分析过程中的重要环节。在图9中,3种障碍物呈现的压力曲线几乎贴合。刚性障碍物的压力峰值以极微弱的优势高于其他两种障碍物,压力峰值从大到小依次为:55.78 kPa(刚性障碍物)、54.50 kPa(柔性障碍物A)和54.24 kPa(柔性障碍物B),柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B的压力峰值相对于刚性障碍物分别降低了2.3%和2.8%。压力峰值的变化规律与速度峰值的变化规律一致,但相较于$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=0时的速度峰值差距,压力峰值的差距并不明显。
图10为爆炸管道的下游压力曲线,前期层流火焰推动的压缩波在0~30 ms时呈现缓慢的线性上升趋势。涡流快速燃烧后,火焰蔓延加速导致压力波陡然上升,达到压力峰值。由于前期和后期的压缩波重叠,导致管道下游的压力峰值大于上游。上、下游的压力曲线和压力峰值均存在明显差异。而分析爆炸管道下游的压力曲线可以发现,刚性障碍物、柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B的压力峰值依次为69.24、68.75和58.21 kPa,柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B相对于刚性障碍物分别降低了0.7%和15.9%。
在前期层流传播过程中,爆炸管道内的压力并未产生显著差异。可以看到,在30 ms后,压力上升与压力峰值的出现主要是由涡流快速燃烧导致。同样的规律在图7和图8的速度曲线中同样存在。可以推测,障碍物管道中的爆炸差异主要由后方产生的涡流导致,涡流差异主要由不同障碍物类型导致,因此,障碍物后方的涡流强度从大到小依次是:刚性障碍物、柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B。
在图11和图12中,横向对比了不同氢气体积分数时的压力峰值。随着氢气体积分数的增大,遇到不同障碍物时,管道内上下游的压力峰值均呈现增大趋势。结合火焰蔓延速度的变化,随着氢气体积分数的增大,管道内的燃料化学能更高。同时,爆燃反应开始后,氢气体积分数上升使得管道内化学反应加快,火焰蔓延速度和压力随之增大。
在图11和图12的横向对比中,遇到3种障碍物时的上下游压力曲线均呈现上升趋势。刚性障碍物的促爆能力最强,因此,刚性障碍物的压力峰值在4种氢气体积分数下均超过两种柔性障碍物。当$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=30%时,刚性障碍物、柔性障碍物A和柔性障碍物B的压力峰值分别为67.65、63.99和56.16 kPa。值得注意的是,随着氢气体积分数由零增大至30%,遇到刚性障碍物的压力峰值上升了21.3%,遇到柔性障碍物A时的压力峰值上升了17.4%,遇到柔性障碍物B时的压力峰值上升了3.5%。3种情况下的压力峰值差距被扩大,说明氢气体积分数上升导致的化学反应加快在不同管道内有着不同的效果。不同反应速率差异与不同障碍物导致了不同的涡流燃烧和湍流强度,这是导致3种障碍物管道内速度和压力差异的主要原因。
同时,在下游压力峰值变化曲线中,$\varphi_{{\mathrm{H}}_2} $=30%时刚性、柔性障碍物A及柔性障碍物B的压力峰值分别为91.34、89.64和72.11 kPa。氢气体积分数由零上升至30%后,遇到刚性障碍物的压力峰值上升了31.9%,遇到柔性障碍物A时的压力峰值上升了30.4%,而遇到柔性障碍物B时的压力峰值上升了23.9%。刚性障碍物与柔性障碍物A的压力峰值氢气体积分数由零上升至30%时的差值分别为0.49、3.59 kPa和2.20、1.88 kPa;而刚性障碍物与柔性障碍物B的峰值差值分别为11.03、14.22 kPa和16.65、19.23 kPa。可以明显发现,3种情况下的压力峰值差距也有所扩大,相对于柔性障碍物B,柔性障碍物A的障碍物下游压力峰值更加接近刚性障碍物。柔性障碍物受流固耦合推动,在流场中发生形变[29],导致对流场及火焰的干扰存在差异。而在前期火焰速度接近的情况下,不同弯曲强度的障碍物会在爆炸发生过程中产生不同程度的形变,而形变后的有效阻塞率与促爆程度有着密切联系。因此,有着较强弯曲强度的柔性障碍物A获得了接近刚性障碍物的促爆效果。
本研究通过爆炸实验平台进行了不同氢气体积分数下3种不同材料障碍物的甲烷混氢促爆实验。通过采集到的管道内火焰图像可以发现,障碍物在管道内干扰燃气流场在后方产生涡流,加速了流场向湍流的转变。涡流中心快速爆燃,产生高压燃气,推动火焰快速前进。这一过程在遇到不同材质障碍物时呈现了不同的效果。
(1) 柔性障碍物A相较柔性障碍物B的材质弯曲强度更高,在对管道内流场与爆炸火焰影响过程中,柔性障碍物A的火焰形状与蔓延速度较柔性障碍物B更接近刚性障碍物。在氢气体积分数为零时,火焰速度峰值相较于刚性障碍物减少了1.50 m/s,而柔性障碍物B在实验过程中的促爆强度明显低于刚性障碍物,其火焰速度峰值减少了14.18 m/s,说明在促爆过程中,障碍物材质对爆炸后果存在显著影响。
(2) 在爆炸管道的上下游进行爆炸压力采集,前期的层流火焰使得管道内上游出现负压区,并且使得下游压力缓慢上升。在涡流燃烧发生后,涡流中心产生的高压燃烧产物向管道两端扩散,同时推动压缩波向两端前进,使得上下游达到压力峰值。3种不同障碍物管道内的压力峰值存在明显差异,即刚性障碍物管道内的压力峰值大于柔性障碍物,柔性障碍物A的压力峰值大于柔性障碍物B。随着氢气体积分数的增加,3种障碍物下的压力峰值差距变大。

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2024年第38卷第1期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230682
  • 接收时间:2023-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2024-02-05
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-16
  • 修回日期:2023-08-28
  • 录用日期:2023-08-28
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    1国家电网四川省电力公司经济技术研究院, 四川 成都 610041
    2重庆科技学院安全工程学院, 重庆 401331

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何国钦(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事油气爆炸动力学研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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