Article(id=1325123482660504476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1781107200000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-11, revisedDate=1786377600000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-11, acceptedDate=1787500800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-08-24, onlineDate=1793863657870, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793863657870, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793863657870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793863657870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325123175192855060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='090101-1', pageEnd='090114-12', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793863584564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793864402827, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325126607446356730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325126607450551035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=090107-1, endPage=090107-18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325123484317254557, articleId=1325123482660504476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Development of Diamond Semiconductor Materials, columnId=1325123176816050710, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Carbon under High Pressure, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Diamond has emerged as a quintessential representative of next-generation semiconductor materials, owing to its ultra-wide bandgap, exceptional thermal conductivity, high breakdown field strength, and outstanding carrier mobility. It has thus attracted extensive attention from fields such as power electronics, radio-frequency communications, and quantum information technologies. Intrinsic single-crystal diamond serves as the foundational substrate for diamond semiconductor development, requiring impurity concentrations at the parts per billion (ppb) level and extremely low dislocation densities. While the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method yields material of higher purity and superior crystal quality, its utility is limited by small crystal dimensions. Consequently, HPHT-grown diamond is frequently employed as a substrate for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) homoepitaxy, enabling the preparation of large-area, high-quality single crystals. Regarding doping, the boron (B) atom, with a size difference of merely 6.5% compared to carbon (C), readily incorporates into the diamond lattice, facilitating the production of high-performance p-type diamond. Related devices, such as Schottky barrier diodes, have been successfully demonstrated. In contrast, n-type doping presents a fundamental challenge: potential dopants like phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) possess atomic radii 35%–57% larger than carbon, making their incorporation and activation within the lattice exceedingly difficult. The ultra-high pressure and high-temperature diffusion method, which modulates this atomic size disparity under extreme pressures (e.g., about 15 GPa), emerges as a promising new pathway towards achieving shallow-level n-type doping. Concerning surface terminations, hydrogen termination induces a high-mobility two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG), whilst oxygen termination enhances interface stability and provides chemical passivation. However, their thermal stability windows (approximately 400 and 600 ℃, respectively) remain inferior to those of substitutionally doped diamond, limiting their application in high-temperature and high-frequency devices. Therefore, breakthroughs in n-type doping, enhanced thermal stability of surface terminations, and the development of large-area, cost-effective fabrication processes are critical to advancing diamond semiconductor technology towards commercialisation in power electronics, quantum technologies, and high-performance sensing. This review aims to analyse and discuss these pivotal issues, exploring both the prospects and the persistent challenges facing diamond semiconductor development.

, authors=Weiguo DONG1, Jiaqi LIU1, Zhaobin ZHANG1, Xin KONG2, 3, Xihui CUI2, 3, Duanwei HE1, authorsList=Weiguo DONG, Jiaqi LIU, Zhaobin ZHANG, Xin KONG, Xihui CUI, Duanwei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Duanwei HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325123498540139435, articleId=1325123482660504476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=金刚石半导体材料的发展, columnId=1325123177629745688, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压下的碳材料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金刚石因其超宽禁带、高热导率、高击穿场强和优异的载流子迁移率,成为新一代半导体材料的典型代表,受到功率电子、射频通讯、量子信息等领域的广泛关注。本征单晶金刚石是发展金刚石半导体的基石,其杂质浓度需达10−9(parts per billion,ppb)级且位错密度极低。高温高压(high pressure high temperature,HPHT)法可获得更高的纯度与更好的晶体质量,但受限于尺寸,常作为化学气相沉积(chemical vapor deposition,CVD)外延的基底,以实现大尺寸高质量单晶制备。在掺杂方面,B原子因尺寸与C原子相近(差异仅6.5%),易于进入晶格形成性能优异的p型金刚石,相关器件(如肖特基二极管)已获成功。然而,n型掺杂面临根本挑战:P、S等潜在掺杂原子半径远大于C原子(差异35%~57%),难以掺入并激活。超高压高温热扩散法通过调控原子尺寸差异,有望成为实现浅能级n型掺杂的新途径。表面终端中,氢终端可诱导高迁移率二维空穴气,氧终端则提升界面稳定性,但两者的热稳定窗口(分别约为400、600 ℃)仍低于元素掺杂体系,限制了其在高温高频器件中的应用。因此,突破n型掺杂、提升终端热稳定性、发展大尺寸低成本制备工艺,将是推动金刚石半导体在功率电子、量子信息及高性能传感等领域迈向产业化的关键。本综述对上述问题进行了分析与讨论,并探讨了金刚石半导体的发展前景与困境。

, authors=董卫国1, 刘嘉琪1, 张钊斌1, 孔欣2, 3, 崔西会2, 3, 贺端威1, authorsList=董卫国, 刘嘉琪, 张钊斌, 孔欣, 崔西会, 贺端威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贺端威, authorNote=

董卫国(1998-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压科学及n型金刚石半导体研究.E-mail:

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贺端威(1969-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压物理、大腔体静高压技术、超硬材料及金刚石半导体研究. E-mail:
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MethodCrystal quality/typical sizePurityDefect density/cm−2Typical application scenariosRef.
HPHTSingle crystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, up to 15 caratN content 0.1–10−4, Ⅱa <10−6103–105 (Ⅱa, optimized)High-power devices, quantum, cutting tools, CVD seeding[37–39]
MPCVDSingle crystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, up to 30 mm×30 mmImpurities<10−6, N/B/Si well-controlled102–104 (high-quality epitaxy)High-end semiconductors, quantum, optics, epitaxy[40–41]
HFCVDSingle/polycrystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, thick filmsImpurities at 10−6 level, affected by filament104–106Large-area films, composite structures, thermal management, some electronics/optics[42]
Explosion methodPoly/nanocrystalline, micrometer-to-millimeter scaleHigher impurities (N, H, metals, etc.)106–108Abrasives, polishing, thermal interface, large-volume industry[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123550952162286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123482660504476, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同单晶金刚石衬底性能汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodCrystal quality/typical sizePurityDefect density/cm−2Typical application scenariosRef.
HPHTSingle crystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, up to 15 caratN content 0.1–10−4, Ⅱa <10−6103–105 (Ⅱa, optimized)High-power devices, quantum, cutting tools, CVD seeding[37–39]
MPCVDSingle crystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, up to 30 mm×30 mmImpurities<10−6, N/B/Si well-controlled102–104 (high-quality epitaxy)High-end semiconductors, quantum, optics, epitaxy[40–41]
HFCVDSingle/polycrystal, millimeter-to-centimeter scale, thick filmsImpurities at 10−6 level, affected by filament104–106Large-area films, composite structures, thermal management, some electronics/optics[42]
Explosion methodPoly/nanocrystalline, micrometer-to-millimeter scaleHigher impurities (N, H, metals, etc.)106–108Abrasives, polishing, thermal interface, large-volume industry[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123551459673071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123482660504476, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Properties of P-doped diamond, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Doping concentration/(ion·cm−3)Resistivity/(Ω·cm)Mobility/(cm2·V−1·s−1)Carrier concentration/(ion·cm−3)Doping methodsRef.
2.3×10209.26CVD[87]
1.2×102042CVD[88]
1.2×102070CVD[89]
3.56×106313.275.59×109HPHT[90]
2×10183501×1011CVD[91]
4.8×10161.8×1031×1013CVD[92]
2×10151 0601×1010CVD[93]
7.07×10190.832.782.72×1018HPHT-TD[94]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123552244007920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123482660504476, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

P掺杂金刚石性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Doping concentration/(ion·cm−3)Resistivity/(Ω·cm)Mobility/(cm2·V−1·s−1)Carrier concentration/(ion·cm−3)Doping methodsRef.
2.3×10209.26CVD[87]
1.2×102042CVD[88]
1.2×102070CVD[89]
3.56×106313.275.59×109HPHT[90]
2×10183501×1011CVD[91]
4.8×10161.8×1031×1013CVD[92]
2×10151 0601×1010CVD[93]
7.07×10190.832.782.72×1018HPHT-TD[94]
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金刚石半导体材料的发展
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董卫国 1 , 刘嘉琪 1 , 张钊斌 1 , 孔欣 2, 3 , 崔西会 2, 3 , 贺端威 1
高压物理学报 | 高压下的碳材料 2026,40(9): 090107-1-090107-18
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高压物理学报 |高压下的碳材料 2026 , 40 (9) : 090107-1 -090107-18
金刚石半导体材料的发展
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董卫国1 , 刘嘉琪1, 张钊斌1, 孔欣2, 3, 崔西会2, 3, 贺端威1
作者信息
  • 1四川大学原子与分子物理研究所, 四川 成都 610065
  • 2中国电子科技集团公司第二十九研究所, 四川 成都 610036
  • 3四川省宽带微波电路高密度集成工程研究中心, 四川 成都 610036
通讯作者:
贺端威(1969-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压物理、大腔体静高压技术、超硬材料及金刚石半导体研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

董卫国(1998-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压科学及n型金刚石半导体研究.E-mail:

Development of Diamond Semiconductor Materials
Weiguo DONG1 , Jiaqi LIU1, Zhaobin ZHANG1, Xin KONG2, 3, Xihui CUI2, 3, Duanwei HE1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
  • 2The 29th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China
  • 3Sichuan Engineering Research Center for High-Density Integration of Broadband Microwave Circuits, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261113
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金刚石因其超宽禁带、高热导率、高击穿场强和优异的载流子迁移率,成为新一代半导体材料的典型代表,受到功率电子、射频通讯、量子信息等领域的广泛关注。本征单晶金刚石是发展金刚石半导体的基石,其杂质浓度需达10−9(parts per billion,ppb)级且位错密度极低。高温高压(high pressure high temperature,HPHT)法可获得更高的纯度与更好的晶体质量,但受限于尺寸,常作为化学气相沉积(chemical vapor deposition,CVD)外延的基底,以实现大尺寸高质量单晶制备。在掺杂方面,B原子因尺寸与C原子相近(差异仅6.5%),易于进入晶格形成性能优异的p型金刚石,相关器件(如肖特基二极管)已获成功。然而,n型掺杂面临根本挑战:P、S等潜在掺杂原子半径远大于C原子(差异35%~57%),难以掺入并激活。超高压高温热扩散法通过调控原子尺寸差异,有望成为实现浅能级n型掺杂的新途径。表面终端中,氢终端可诱导高迁移率二维空穴气,氧终端则提升界面稳定性,但两者的热稳定窗口(分别约为400、600 ℃)仍低于元素掺杂体系,限制了其在高温高频器件中的应用。因此,突破n型掺杂、提升终端热稳定性、发展大尺寸低成本制备工艺,将是推动金刚石半导体在功率电子、量子信息及高性能传感等领域迈向产业化的关键。本综述对上述问题进行了分析与讨论,并探讨了金刚石半导体的发展前景与困境。

金刚石半导体  /  化学气相沉积  /  高温高压  /  n型掺杂

Diamond has emerged as a quintessential representative of next-generation semiconductor materials, owing to its ultra-wide bandgap, exceptional thermal conductivity, high breakdown field strength, and outstanding carrier mobility. It has thus attracted extensive attention from fields such as power electronics, radio-frequency communications, and quantum information technologies. Intrinsic single-crystal diamond serves as the foundational substrate for diamond semiconductor development, requiring impurity concentrations at the parts per billion (ppb) level and extremely low dislocation densities. While the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method yields material of higher purity and superior crystal quality, its utility is limited by small crystal dimensions. Consequently, HPHT-grown diamond is frequently employed as a substrate for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) homoepitaxy, enabling the preparation of large-area, high-quality single crystals. Regarding doping, the boron (B) atom, with a size difference of merely 6.5% compared to carbon (C), readily incorporates into the diamond lattice, facilitating the production of high-performance p-type diamond. Related devices, such as Schottky barrier diodes, have been successfully demonstrated. In contrast, n-type doping presents a fundamental challenge: potential dopants like phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) possess atomic radii 35%–57% larger than carbon, making their incorporation and activation within the lattice exceedingly difficult. The ultra-high pressure and high-temperature diffusion method, which modulates this atomic size disparity under extreme pressures (e.g., about 15 GPa), emerges as a promising new pathway towards achieving shallow-level n-type doping. Concerning surface terminations, hydrogen termination induces a high-mobility two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG), whilst oxygen termination enhances interface stability and provides chemical passivation. However, their thermal stability windows (approximately 400 and 600 ℃, respectively) remain inferior to those of substitutionally doped diamond, limiting their application in high-temperature and high-frequency devices. Therefore, breakthroughs in n-type doping, enhanced thermal stability of surface terminations, and the development of large-area, cost-effective fabrication processes are critical to advancing diamond semiconductor technology towards commercialisation in power electronics, quantum technologies, and high-performance sensing. This review aims to analyse and discuss these pivotal issues, exploring both the prospects and the persistent challenges facing diamond semiconductor development.

diamond semiconductors  /  chemical vapor deposition  /  high temperature and high pressure  /  n-type doping
董卫国, 刘嘉琪, 张钊斌, 孔欣, 崔西会, 贺端威. 金刚石半导体材料的发展. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090107-1 -090107-18 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261113
Weiguo DONG, Jiaqi LIU, Zhaobin ZHANG, Xin KONG, Xihui CUI, Duanwei HE. Development of Diamond Semiconductor Materials[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090107-1 -090107-18 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261113
作为第四代半导体材料的代表,金刚石凭借其超宽禁带(5.47 eV)、高热导率(2 200 W/(m·K))、高击穿场强(10 MV/cm)、极高的载流子迁移率(电子迁移率4 500 cm2/(V·s)、空穴迁移率3 800 cm2/(V·s))以及优异的化学稳定性,被视为实现高温、大功率、高频、极端环境电子器件及量子技术的理想材料[1–4]。在全球绿色能源转型、5G/6G通信、人工智能、量子计算与深空探测等领域快速发展的背景下,金刚石半导体材料及其衬底的基础研究与产业化进程正日益加速[5–9]。
单晶本征金刚石衬底的质量是后续制备金刚石半导体的基础,衬底的尺寸、取向、纯度、缺陷密度等参数决定了其在金刚石半导体器件方面的适用性[1–2, 10–12]。当前主流的单晶本征金刚石制备方法主要包括化学气相沉积(chemical vapor deposition,CVD)法、高压高温(high pressure high temperature,HPHT)法、爆轰法、异质外延以及界面诱导生长等[1–2, 13–16]。CVD法因其工艺灵活、杂质可控、尺寸可调的特点,被广泛应用于高端本征单晶金刚石的制备[1–2, 13, 17–18]。采用该方法生长的金刚石单晶尺寸可达10~15 cm甚至更大,同时在纯度、晶体质量及表面处理工艺方面均处于领先水平[1–2, 8, 13, 17–18]。高温高压法获得的单晶金刚石凭借其极高的结晶完整性和极低的杂质含量,成为CVD外延的优质衬底,两者结合推动了金刚石衬底的产业化[8, 13–16]。爆轰法、溶液法等路线则在大面积复合材料、微纳尺度多晶和低成本批量材料领域具有独特价值[15–18]。此外,基于石墨烯/金属界面诱导sp3碳单层等新兴技术为超大尺寸、低杂质本征单晶金刚石外延提供了新思路[3, 18–19]。
半导体p型金刚石主要依赖硼(B)掺杂获得,B原子在金刚石晶格中充当浅受主能级,能有效提供空穴载流子[20]。随着外延工艺的进步,B的掺杂浓度、均匀性、迁移率和热稳定性持续提升,使得p型金刚石肖特基二极管、场效应管等器件的开关比、耐高温和高压性能不断优化。在p型金刚石中,B杂质的激活能、空穴浓度、能级分布、外延层厚度、表面应力等参数共同决定了半导体性能的优劣。反观n型金刚石,仍是当前半导体金刚石领域的一大难题。由于金刚石宽带隙的特殊性,绝大多数潜在掺杂剂(如氮、磷、硫等)的施主能级较深,电离能较高,致使有效电子浓度极低,因此,其载流子迁移率与导电性远不及p型金刚石。半导体n型金刚石中,以磷(P)掺杂最为常见,但其深施主能级(约为0.6 eV)使得在高温下才能实现较强的导电性,且器件在常温下的开关特性与响应速度有限[21–22]。硫、锗、氮等杂质的掺杂研究也取得进展,但普遍存在活化能高、杂质团聚、载流子迁移率低等问题[23]。不同n型元素的电子结构、能带调控、杂质能级、缺陷复合机制直接决定金刚石n型半导体材料的特性和工程可用性[21–24]。当前研究聚焦于掺杂剂源、外延条件、热处理、缺陷工程等多维度调控,从而突破n型金刚石导电性的物理极限,为pn结、功率场效应管、射频集成电路等高端应用奠定基础[21–24]。
除了传统的杂质掺杂外,表面终端工程在金刚石半导体调控中同样扮演着核心角色。氢终端金刚石因其表面形成强共价键,诱导二维空穴气体(two-dimensional hole gas, 2DHG)形成,进而实现高迁移率的表面p型导电,被广泛应用于场效应管、气体传感器、离子传感器等新型器件[25–27]。氢终端层极薄,载流子迁移率高、响应快,但对环境敏感,稳定性有待提升。近年来,氧终端金刚石也成为研究热点。氧终端表面可诱导表面能带向下弯曲,在特定条件下可实现表面n型导电,或提高其表面稳定性和抗化学腐蚀能力[28]。氧终端金刚石不仅可提升器件的长期可靠性,还能在液相传感、电化学检测、环境适应性等领域展现独特优势。氢/氧终端界面工程与环境敏感性的耦合调控,是实现多功能、高集成度金刚石半导体器件的前沿方向[29–30]。
综上所述,作为新一代高性能电子与量子技术的核心材料,金刚石半导体已成为全球学术与产业界共同关注的战略前沿。本文将从本征材料制备、p/n型掺杂调控、氢/氧终端界面等核心问题出发,系统评述该领域的最新进展、关键挑战与未来趋势,旨在为后续研究和技术产业化提供理论依据与方向指引。
作为制备大尺寸、高纯度本征单晶金刚石衬底的主流技术路径,CVD法备受关注。该方法的突出优势在于其工艺的高度可控性:通常在较低的压力和温度环境下运行,通过激发高纯度氢气-甲烷等混合气体形成等离子体,分解产生活性碳物种,最终在单晶种子层上实现高质量的外延生长[1–2, 4–5, 10]。其腔内化学反应如图1所示。过去10年,微波等离子体化学气相沉积(microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, MPCVD)装备和腔体设计已经取得巨大进步,实现了直径从毫米级到10和15 cm甚至更大尺寸的单晶外延,沉积厚度可达毫米甚至厘米级。因此,其生长速率、均匀性和结构完整性均达到现存单晶金刚石制备工艺的领先水平[1–2, 5, 8, 10]。如Bolshakov等[1]通过优化O2气氛,实现了高质量(100)/(111)取向CVD外延,并发现适量O2不仅促进sp3相形成,还能降低表面应力和位错密度,抑制非金刚石相杂质的生成。
CVD金刚石的晶面取向高度灵活,主流为(100)、(111)面,部分工艺可获得(113)等高指数面。在实际应用中,由于(100)面外延生长速率高、缺陷密度低、表面易于高质量抛光[2, 6, 8],因此,适用于高压、高频、高温功率器件和大规模集成电路。而(111)面适用于色心量子信息、强掺杂结构和特殊定向器件开发,Shimaoka等[12]利用lift-off工艺获得了7 mm×6 mm高品质(111)自支撑衬底,Raman峰宽仅为2 cm−1。此外,针对面外取向、台阶、孪晶等不利生长因素,通过基底预处理、气氛优化、温度场均匀化等工艺可有效抑制缺陷的发生[6, 16, 32]。CVD法本征金刚石在纯度和缺陷控制方面也具有一定优势。采用高纯气体、等离子体净化、石英腔体、反应气流优化等措施,CVD单晶金刚石的N、B等杂质含量最低可至10−9(parts per billion,ppb)级,光致发光测试等表征显示NV色心等缺陷极低,完全满足高端半导体和量子芯片的绝缘性和低载流子需求[2, 6, 8, 12, 17]。CVD层的位错密度可通过优化种片(如HPHT-Ⅱa型)、生长参数和抛光流程进一步降低,典型值为102~103 cm−2。Tallaire等[8]利用高品质HPHT-Ⅱa型衬底外延,显著降低了外延层位错密度和杂质转移。Ashkinazi等[32]通过多面型外延和白光拓扑手段,系统剖析了台阶、孪晶等微观缺陷对器件性能的影响。CVD单晶的表面工程和抛光技术对于高端芯片集成至关重要。传统机械抛光难以实现亚纳米级表面,对此,Liu等[33]尝试通过优化皮秒激光加工工艺,最后获得了粗糙度小于0.5 μm、最大坡度为1.3°的高品质金刚石表面,为微纳加工、芯片键合、金属化等后续工艺提供了理想基础。因此,对于CVD工艺过程中不可避免的表面应力、微裂纹和台阶,通过表面改性、等离子体后处理等手段可进一步优化[14, 16]。
因此,高质量CVD本征单晶金刚石是金刚石半导体行业发展的前提,大尺寸低缺陷衬底是获得高击穿场强、高绝缘性、高热导率金刚石半导体的必要条件[2, 10, 14, 33]。同时,CVD本征金刚石的高纯度和低缺陷特性还可确保金刚石半导体器件在极端环境下的高可靠性和长寿命。
不同于CVD法,HPHT法依赖于高温高压条件。其一般采用5~6 GPa高压、1 300~2 300 ℃高温、金属溶剂(如Fe、Ni、Co等)诱导石墨转化,是批量获取高结构完整性、低杂质、低缺陷大尺寸单晶本征金刚石的经典路线[2, 8, 12–13]。金刚石现代HPHT-Ⅱa型衬底中N、B杂质低至3×10−8,位错密度低于103 cm−2,是高端CVD外延的种子标准[8, 12]。
在制备金刚石单晶的高温高压技术中,温度梯度法是最常用的生长方法。其核心在于利用金属触媒的催化作用,在金刚石热力学稳定区间,使碳源从触媒中析出并外延沉积到晶种上,实现这一过程的关键在于触媒中碳的溶解度受温度精密调控。如图2相图及示意图所示,在合成腔体内,碳源、触媒和金刚石晶种依温度从高到低排列。由于温度梯度的存在,碳在触媒中的溶解度从高温区向低温区递减。这种差异在靠近晶种的低温区形成了碳的过饱和,从而驱动碳原子持续析出并在晶种上外延生长,实现晶体的可控长大。
高温高压法制备的单晶尺寸可达几毫米到几厘米,主流取向为(100)、(111)、(110)面,不同取向的性能与用途存在差异。Ashkinazi等[32]发现,HPHT生成金刚石的(100)面的缺陷更低、更均匀,适用于高端功率芯片和微波器件。Grushko等[11]系统研究了HPHT不同生长区载流子的输运各向异性,发现(100)面载流子的输运各向异性是(111)面的3.5~4.5倍。Shimaoka等[12]利用lift-off工艺实现了HPHT/CVD复合结构,极大地扩展了高品质(111)大尺寸衬底的获取。
目前,主要通过高温高压退火、金属溶剂优化及生长动力学等方法,对高温高压法单晶金刚石的纯度与缺陷进行控制。Zhang等[13]的研究表明,HPHT后退火能有效消除内部应力、提升杂质离子化率,从而提高材料的载流子浓度和电导率。从经济角度看,高温高压法的成本通常略低于CVD法,尤其适用于大批量、小尺寸、高质量金刚石的稳定供应;同时,高温高压法制备的本征单晶金刚石衬底,因其固有的高纯度、低缺陷密度及良好晶向,本身亦是CVD外延生长的理想基底。这一优势能显著提升外延层的结晶质量,并最终改善器件性能[2, 8, 12–13]。Tallaire等[8]的对比研究证实,采用Ⅱa型(而非Ⅰb型)HPHT衬底进行CVD外延,可显著降低外延层中的位错和杂质传递,从而获得更优异的器件表现。
综上所述,HPHT本征金刚石衬底在高频功率电子、量子信息、射频通讯、核探测等高端应用中具有不可替代的地位。HPHT法不仅是高纯度CVD外延的首选种子,也为新型功能器件、量子芯片和极端环境应用提供了高可靠性的基础材料。
除CVD和HPHT法外,热丝化学气相沉积(hot-filament chemical vapor deposition, HFCVD)法、爆轰法、溶液法、异质外延和界面诱导等也在单晶本征金刚石领域具有积极的探索意义。HFCVD法通过高温金属丝裂解气体生成活性碳源,适合大面积、多层结构金刚石膜沉积。其优点为设备简单、成本低、工艺窗口大,适合厚膜和多层复合结构的制造[14–15]。但金属丝带入杂质,气流和温度梯度分布不均,易导致结构完整性和纯度下降[14]。Ohmagari等[14]比较了HFCVD和MPCVD法,发现前者适用于大面积多层膜和柔性电子等领域,而高端单晶仍需采用MPCVD法。
爆轰法与溶液法主要用于纳米或多晶金刚石的规模化制备,其所得单晶金刚石尺寸通常局限于微米到亚毫米级别,且存在取向控制弱、杂质与缺陷密度高等问题。尽管成本较低,但由于晶体质量、纯度与结构完整性不足,这类方法目前仍难以满足半导体级外延材料的性能要求[10, 14, 16, 36]。HFCVD、爆轰法及溶液法在大面积复合结构、功能材料及低成本应用方面具有一定优势,但在高端半导体芯片领域,CVD法和HPHT法依然为主导工艺。未来,随着界面诱导生长、异质外延和复合多层结构等技术的发展,这些方法有望在柔性电子、大面积传感器、新型量子芯片及特种功能材料等领域开拓更广阔的应用空间。
如表1所示,HPHT法制备的单晶金刚石的晶体尺寸大、机械强度高,杂质水平和缺陷密度可通过工艺优化低至半导体级(Ⅱa型),其成本适中,批量性好,适用于高端器件、CVD种晶和批量刀具等场景[37–39]。MPCVD可获得极高纯度和低缺陷密度的单晶,掺杂与色心控制灵活,适用于高端半导体、量子信息和精密光学领域,外延层质量优异,但成本较高,且成品面积逐步放大[40–41]。HFCVD工艺简单、成本低,适用于大面积膜层和复合结构,但其纯度和缺陷密度受限于丝材和工艺,难以满足顶级半导体生产需求[42]。爆轰法成本极低,产量高,但所得多为纳米晶或多晶、杂质高、缺陷多,不适合半导体/外延级应用,仅适用于磨料、研磨、热界面等大宗工业领域[43]。
综合来看,单晶金刚石衬底的选择应基于以下原则:(1) 明确终端应用对晶体质量、尺寸、缺陷密度、掺杂能力和成本的具体要求;(2) 优先考虑HPHT与MPCVD方法获得的高质量单晶衬底用于高端半导体、量子及精密光学领域,兼顾成本和尺寸时可优选HPHT作CVD外延基底;(3) 对于大面积、厚膜、复合结构和成本敏感型场景,可采用HFCVD法材料;(4) 爆轰法金刚石适合低端大宗应用,不宜用于高端电子与外延级需求;(5) 结合生长工艺的技术成熟度、产业化水平以及后续加工工艺的兼容性,动态优化选型策略。
展望未来,随着材料合成与界面工程的持续进步,基于HPHT与MPCVD的单晶金刚石衬底有望实现更大尺寸、更低成本和更优性能,推动金刚石半导体材料在功率电子、量子信息、光电子及功能材料等领域的广泛应用。选择科学合理的衬底策略,将为金刚石基器件性能提升与产业化进程提供坚实基础。
p型半导体通常指的是以空穴载流子导电为主体的半导体材料。对于p型掺杂金刚石,目前研究最多的是B掺杂金刚石。B作为第Ⅲ主族元素,其最外层有3个电子。以B掺杂金刚石为例,如图3所示,在B掺杂金刚石中,B原子取代晶格中的C原子进入金刚石结构,除了与周围3个最近邻的C原子成键外,还会在晶格中引入一个可接收电子的空穴,从而参与导电[35]。此时,在价带上方会形成一个受主能级(见图3)。价带中的电子容易跃迁至该受主能级,进而引发空穴导电。相比金刚石5.47 eV的宽禁带,受主能级与价带顶之间的距离(约0.37 eV)决定了空穴电离的难易程度。由于B原子半径与C相近,易于以替位方式掺入晶格,形成的受主能级在室温下即可有效激活空穴,实现p型导电。掺杂浓度直接影响空穴浓度和迁移率:在低掺杂时表现为典型的p型半导体;而在高掺杂时,能带结构逐渐趋于金属性,甚至可在低温下呈现超导特性。p型金刚石的空穴迁移率受限于杂质散射、声子散射、界面缺陷等多种因素。高纯度低缺陷金刚石中的理论空穴迁移率可达103 cm2/(V·s),但实际器件的空穴跃迁率常因工艺及材料缺陷而有所下降[44–45]。掺杂过程受表面状态、杂质分布、缺陷类型影响,掺杂均匀性和杂质活化率直接决定电学性能[46]。金刚石的受主能级较深,部分应用场景下空穴激活率有限,因此,降低受主能级、提升掺杂效率和空穴迁移率是p型金刚石研究的核心科学问题[47–48]。
除B外的p型掺杂(如Al、Mg等)理论上可行,但效率和稳定性远不及B。表面氢终端、氧终端、界面工程等调控手段也被证实可进一步优化p型金刚石的电学性质与稳定性[49–50]。因此,目前B掺杂是实现p型金刚石的主流策略。CVD、HPHT、离子注入等多种工艺均被广泛应用,其中CVD因可精确调控掺杂浓度和均匀性成为首选[51]。然而,综合使用多种工艺可能会获得性能更优的p型金刚石半导体。Xia等[52]通过HPHT法热处理了CVD法制备的B掺杂金刚石,获得了1020 cm−3数量级的载流子浓度,电阻率低至0.01 Ω·cm。B掺杂浓度的提升可增强空穴浓度和电导率,但与其他掺杂元素一样,高浓度会引入结构缺陷、杂质团簇,甚至导致材料从半导体转变为金属性[53–54]。B掺杂不仅影响电学性质,还可调控光学、声学和热学等多重物理特性[55–56]。理论模拟表明,B原子进入晶格后形成的受主能级靠近价带顶,能在室温下激活空穴[57]。高掺杂浓度下杂质能带与价带耦合,可能导致超导现象[58]。实际制备中,B掺杂分布、杂质团簇与其他杂质(如N、H)协同作用对材料性能影响显著,因此,需通过多种后处理工艺优化[59–60]。
金刚石p型半导体因其优异的高温、高功率性能和极端环境适应性,成为下一代电子器件的重要材料。在高温高功率领域,p型金刚石p-n结二极管、肖特基二极管等展现出极高击穿电压、低漏电流和优异的散热能力,非常适合电力电子、航空航天、核能、轨道交通等极端应用场景[40, 61–64]。B掺杂金刚石薄膜在紫外光电探测领域应用广泛,其高带隙和低暗电流特性使其成为日盲紫外探测器、深紫外成像、空间遥感等领域的核心材料[63–64]。在电化学传感器应用中,p型金刚石电极因其宽电化学窗口、低本底电流、高化学稳定性和生物兼容性,在环境监测、医疗诊断、微生物检测等领域表现突出[45, 50]。
在高频微波器件、微机电系统传感器以及压力/温度传感器等新兴器件领域,p型金刚石凭借其优异的材料特性,显示出不可替代的优势。通过多元素共掺杂和表面工程技术,研究人员能够有效实现p型金刚石与n型金刚石、本征金刚石乃至其他宽禁带半导体的异质集成。这为p型金刚石在量子信息处理、集成电路以及智能传感系统中的应用开辟更广阔的空间[53, 57]。同时,B掺杂金刚石在能源转换器件、高性能电极、微流控芯片及神经形态电子学等前沿交叉方向,同样具有广阔的应用前景[61, 65–66]。
尽管针对p型金刚石半导体的研究取得了大量突破,但当前仍存在一系列科学与工程难题需解决。首先,B掺杂的受主能级仍然偏深,空穴激活率在低温环境下明显受限,这为器件的实际应用带来了挑战[61–62]。研究显示,过高掺杂浓度虽然增加了空穴浓度,但是可能引入杂质团聚、应力和结构缺陷,导致迁移率下降、材料质量降低、器件一致性变差[44–45]。此外,当前对掺杂均匀性、杂质分布与团簇行为、晶体生长动力学及杂质团簇的调控机制认识仍不够充分,制约了材料性能的优化空间。尽管多元素共掺杂能有效浅化能级、提高空穴浓度,但共掺体系中杂质如何协同作用、掺杂过程涉及怎样的动力学以及缺陷如何精准控制等基础问题仍有待系统研究。特别是杂质之间的复合效率、团簇的形成机理以及杂质与晶格缺陷的相互作用等微观过程,直接决定了材料的导电性与长期稳定性[61]。
在器件集成层面,p型金刚石与n型金刚石、金属电极、绝缘层等的界面物理、热稳定性、长期可靠性、界面反应等问题未完全解决。高温高压下的界面扩散、杂质迁移、界面应力和缺陷演化等对器件性能和寿命有明显影响。特别是在多功能集成、高功率、高频、极端环境应用中,界面工程、器件结构创新与工艺优化尤为关键[60]。
此外,当前p型金刚石器件的工艺成熟度与产业化水平仍有差距,包括高效批量掺杂技术、低缺陷晶体生长、界面工程、集成工艺优化等[61]。未来,p型金刚石的科学与应用核心任务包括:浅受主能级机制解析、高效共掺杂体系设计、低缺陷可控生长、界面物理与工程创新、极端环境下器件可靠性评估等。这些挑战的解决,将全面推动p型金刚石半导体从实验室走向实际应用与大规模产业化,为高温高功率电子、智能传感、量子器件与绿色能源等领域带来新突破。
n型半导体是一类以电子为主要载流子的半导体材料。金刚石中碳原子的最外层电子数为4,因此通常选择最外层电子数大于4的杂质原子(如磷)进行掺杂,以制备n型金刚石。如图4所示,P原子掺入金刚石晶格后,除与最近邻的碳原子形成化学键外,会多出一个未成键电子。该电子在获得足够能量后,能够脱离杂质原子的束缚成为自由电子,从而参与导电。这一过程同时在导带下方引入了一个施主能级,使得电子从价带跃迁至导带所需的能量降低,导电能力得以增强[35]。
与p型金刚石相比,n型金刚石的实现难度极大,目前仅有少数研究机构成功制备出具有实用导电性能的n型金刚石。本征金刚石是不导电的,p/n型金刚石半导体的导电性来源于元素掺杂,然而,相对于p型金刚石半导体,n型金刚石半导体的元素掺杂格外困难。C和B的原子半径分别为77和88 pm,两者之间的原子半径差异仅为6.5%[67]。因此,B元素能够较容易地掺入金刚石的晶格中,从而取代C的位置。然而,对于n型金刚石半导体,其浅能级掺杂元素(如磷、硫、砷等)的原子半径与C的原子半径的差异在35%~57%之间,因此,很难将这些大尺寸的n型掺杂元素放入金刚石的晶格中,即使通过离子注入等方法成功放入,这些元素也难以取代C原子的位置形成有效掺杂。并且在其掺杂过程中,由于大尺寸掺杂元素的引入,金刚石晶格中会产生大量的缺陷。为了消除这些缺陷并且激活掺杂元素,可能需要更高的能量去修复金刚石晶格。但相对于B元素掺杂后的金刚石,这些n型掺杂元素掺杂后通常会引起金刚石晶体更严重的晶格损伤,所需的退火温度将超过金刚石在常压下的石墨化温度。因此,在很多n型金刚石半导体中,n型掺杂元素的浓度很高,但掺杂元素的激活率仅有10−5。同时,n型掺杂元素与C原子的原子半径和化学价不同,导致形成能高、溶解度低,难以高浓度且均匀地掺入金刚石单晶结构。
即使解决了上述问题,P等浅能级掺杂元素在金刚石中形成的施主能级较深(如P约为0.57 eV),远高于硅等半导体材料,导致在室温下有效激活的电子浓度极低,限制了实际器件的导电性。高效n型掺杂通常需要高温高压、高纯度CVD,以及复杂的后处理工艺(如退火、表面氢终端调控等),且易引入应力、缺陷、掺杂不均等问题[68]。根据目前的实验和理论,在金刚石中掺杂锂(Li)、钠(Na)、氮(N)、氧(O)、硫(S)、磷(P)和砷(As)等元素均可获得n型金刚石半导体。其中,位于金刚石间隙的Li、Na容易形成其他杂质,不适合作为n型掺杂剂[69–75]。N与C的原子尺寸相近,容易进入金刚石的晶格中形成有效掺杂,然而N的杂质能级位于导带下1.7 eV,导致N掺杂金刚石在室温下几乎不体现导电性[76–79]。O掺杂金刚石的电子浓度和迁移率较低,且O供体在600 ℃以上退火后会失活,因此,O元素也不适合作为金刚石中的n型掺杂剂[80–82]。S、P、As这3种元素在金刚石中形成的杂质能级相近,然而S在金刚石中的溶解度远远低于P,同时As的原子半径过大,导致S、As也不适合作为n型掺杂剂[83–86]。综上,P元素是目前最合适的金刚石n型掺杂剂。
P掺杂金刚石的研究主要集中于通过CVD或高温高压等工艺,将P原子以替代方式引入金刚石晶格中[31]。P原子进入金刚石格点后,形成浅施主能级(约0.57 eV),理论上能够在高温下热激活电子进入导带,从而实现n型导电。然而,P的原子尺寸较大,且掺杂产生的施主能级较深,室温下激活率极低。
如表2中的数据所示,通过CVD法获得的P掺杂金刚石通常可以具有极高的掺杂浓度,在很多研究中,P掺杂浓度已经达到1020数量级。然而这些研究中,部分样品由于室温载流子浓度太低,无法通过霍尔效应进行检测,即使可以通过霍尔效应检测其室温载流子浓度,最高浓度也仅达到1013数量级。室温激活率更是起伏巨大,在10−6~10−3之间,完全无法与B掺杂的p型金刚石相比拟[87–93]。单纯高温高压法获得的P掺杂n型金刚石的电学性能更差,其室温载流子浓度仅为5.59×109 cm−3,室温电阻率高达3.56×106 Ω·cm,远低于实际应用的标准[90]。针对这一问题,四川大学贺端威课题组[94]提出了高温高压热扩散法,其核心原理是针对P与金刚石体弹模量之间的巨大差异,利用高压条件(15 GPa)缩小P与C原子之间的原子尺寸差异(在15 GPa的高压下,P原子与C原子之间的原子半径差异从原来的62%降低到34%),从而使磷原子更容易地进入金刚石的晶格中。而在之前的研究中,高温高压法的压力仅有5~7 GPa,在此压力下,P与C原子之间的原子尺寸差异为47%,因此,传统的高温高压法难以获得高质量的P掺杂金刚石半导体。并且在高温高压条件下,扩散进入金刚石晶格中的P原子瞬间被激活,同时高温高压环境还可以修复金刚石晶格中由于P原子掺杂所带来的结构缺陷。用这种方法制备的P掺杂金刚石半导体,P原子浓度约为1020 cm−3,接近目前报道的P掺杂金刚石中的最大掺杂浓度;室温电子浓度可以达到约1018 cm−3,室温电阻率仅为2 Ω·cm,是目前P掺杂金刚石报道中的最小值。相对于其他的P掺杂金刚石较低的P激活率(小于10−4),该方法获得的P掺杂金刚石的激活率达到了3.8%。
然而这种方法也存在缺陷,在高温高压环境下,P与金刚石会发生相互扩散,金刚石表面被P腐蚀,造成样品表面形貌不佳。由于极高的P掺杂浓度以及表面形貌的影响,导致其迁移率仅有2.78 cm2/(V·s),几乎失去金刚石高迁移率的特性。其实验结果给予了P掺杂n型金刚石半导体发展极大的启示作用,超高压环境可能是实现高效P掺杂的关键条件。
Katamune等[95]报道了采用HFCVD方法制备了P掺杂n型金刚石单晶薄膜,并系统研究了氢气浓度对掺杂效果和晶体性能的影响。他们通过调节HFCVD过程中的氢气含量和P源流量,实现了P浓度约为1018 cm−3的n型外延薄膜,霍尔效应测量确认薄膜具有n型导电性。该材料展现出良好的结晶取向,杂质分布均匀,适合后续器件开发。其主要优势在于生长效率较高、掺杂浓度易于调控,适合从多角度探索材料物性与工艺条件的关系。其缺点则在于,与所有n型P掺杂金刚石类似,P的实际载流子激活率依然极低,导致有效电子浓度远低于总P掺杂浓度,霍尔测试难以精确获得高载流子密度。如图5所示(${V_{\rm{CH}_4}}/{V_{\rm{H}_2}}$为甲烷与氢气的体积比),在室温状态下,其载流子迁移率仅达到1012~1013 cm−3。同时,氢浓度过高会带来缺陷和非理想发光,影响材料本征性能,需要对工艺窗口进行进一步优化和精细控制。上述HFCVD法制备的磷掺杂n型金刚石可能需要高温高压处理,从而增加P原子的激活效率。
Liao等[96]通过CVD外延生长工艺,精确控制磷源(如磷烷pH值)流量,在高度优化的生长条件下实现了电子级磷掺杂n型金刚石单晶外延层的制备,样品表现出优异的晶体质量和极低的表面缺陷率。此外,他们进一步集成制备了n型金刚石MOSFET器件,实测结果显示,这种器件在高温(573 K)下场效应电子迁移率高达150 cm2/(V·s),刷新了宽禁带半导体材料中n型MOSFET迁移率的纪录,表明其所获得的材料已经足以支撑高性能、高温、高功率电子器件的实际应用需求。该CVD外延方法的主要优势在于能够实现厚度、掺杂浓度及结晶取向高度可控的高质量单晶材料生长,适用于复杂器件的集成开发与规模化推广。同时,该工艺在杂质控制与界面工程方面提供了良好基础,是推动金刚石半导体工艺走向集成电路化的关键技术路径之一。然而,P施主在金刚石中的激活率极低,导致实际载流子浓度远低于总掺杂量,从而制约了材料的本征n型导电性能。此外,该方法对设备及工艺参数要求极为严格,生长速率较慢,生产成本较高,尤其在需要大面积均匀外延及极低界面缺陷的条件下,工艺窗口较为狭窄,容错性较差。尽管如此,该研究仍是对n型金刚石半导体器件的一次较为成功的尝试与验证。如图6所示,在器件设计过程中,掺杂层厚度与浓度匹配、沟道间距、电极材料选取等关键参数对后续n型金刚石半导体器件的制备具有重要的指导意义。
为突破单一元素掺杂导致的施主能级较深、激活率低等瓶颈,近年来,多种元素共掺杂策略在n型单晶金刚石领域受到高度关注。这些共掺杂体系主要包括P-S、P-N、P-B等多种组合[88]。理论与实验研究均表明,多元素共掺杂可以通过杂质之间的相互作用调节能带结构,协同调浅施主能级、抑制杂质团聚和补偿效应,从而有望提高电子激活率和材料质量。不过,目前多元素共掺杂体系的实际效果仍然有限,大多数实验还处于探索和基础阶段。杂质之间的相互作用机理、掺杂过程的动力学行为以及缺陷的有效调控,仍是当前需要深入探究的基础科学问题。未来,随着外延生长技术、界面工程以及掺杂工艺的精细化发展,多元素共掺杂有望成为制备高性能n型单晶金刚石的关键技术路径。
由于高质量的n型金刚石半导体难以获得,因此,在目前大部分金刚石半导体的器件中,n型金刚石半导体的应用极少,仅限于部分n-MOS管、金刚石p-n结,但其电学性能较差,还无法达到实际应用水平。因此,高质量的n型金刚石半导体的制备显得尤为重要,将成为这一领域后续的重点攻克难题。
氢终端金刚石半导体作为宽禁带材料的代表,以其优异的电子结构和极端环境适应能力成为前沿研究热点。本征金刚石为绝缘体,通过氢等离子体处理,金刚石表面碳原子与氢形成稳定的C-H键,极大地改变了表面能带结构,使价带顶接近费米能级,并在表面形成2DHG[97–98]。这种二维空穴气是通过氢终端表面与环境中的极性分子(如水、氧)发生电荷转移实现的,从而使得金刚石表面表现出高迁移率的p型导电性[99–101]。C―H键的高热稳定性保障了表面导电性,即使在高温退火后,也可通过再氢化恢复其结构和性能[101]。主流技术路线包括以下4个方面。
(1) 高质量单晶/多晶CVD生长,利用CVD技术获得高纯度金刚石单晶或多晶薄膜,保证表面结构和电学性能的均匀性和可调性。
(2) 氢等离子体表面处理,通过等离子体或热化学方法对金刚石表面进行氢化,形成稳定的C―H键,实现氢终端表面钝化。
(3) 二维空穴气体调控与表征,采用电学测试(霍尔效应、迁移率测量等)、表面分析等手段,系统研究二维空穴气体的形成机制、载流子密度、迁移率以及与外界环境的关系。
(4) 器件集成与应用开发,推进基于H-diamond的场效应晶体管、高频/高温电子器件、化学/生物传感器、微流控芯片等多领域应用。
氢终端金刚石半导体自出现以来,迅速成为国际研究热点,并获得了较大的成功[63, 102–104]。国内外团队在材料制备、器件结构设计与多领域应用等方面均取得了重要进展。国内研究团队采用Ti/TiOx作为栅极材料,开发出氢终端金刚石场效应晶体管。该器件不仅实现了高迁移率和低阈值电压,还因工艺简化而显著提升了环境稳定性与可靠性[61]。通过引入高k氧化物(如ZrO2、Al2O3)界面工程,器件的亚阈值摆幅和静态功耗得到进一步优化,使其在高温、高功率工作条件下表现出优异性能。在国际上,n型金刚石金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的研究也取得突破。借助P掺杂与原子级表面修饰技术,器件在高温下实现了较高的场效应迁移率和良好的可靠性,为极端环境下的高集成度电路应用提供了可能。在传感器领域,通过将氢终端纳米金刚石与石墨烯氧化物等二维材料构建异质结,其对NO2、NH3等气体的检测灵敏度与环境适应性大幅提升。这一进展有力推动了该类传感器在工业安全、环境监测及医疗健康等领域的实际应用。
除此之外,氢终端金刚石在微机电系统传感器、气体传感器、神经形态计算、超宽禁带光电子等领域逐步实现产业化。例如,基于Ti掺杂金刚石的神经形态突触器件使得类脑计算和智能硬件领域获得了全新材料平台[105]。在光电子领域,氢终端金刚石器件作为日盲紫外探测器、深紫外成像材料,表现出高响应速度和高灵敏度[106]。在能源与热管理领域,氢终端金刚石的高热导率和高电流承载能力使其成为功率电子器件热界面材料、散热底板的首选[103]。在全球范围内,氢终端金刚石的研究正呈现多学科融合、应用导向和高端化发展趋势,其主要的研究趋势表现在以下6个方面。
(1) 表面钝化与界面工程创新:为克服表面不稳定性,研究者正在探索多层钝化、原子层沉积、有机分子自组装等先进表面处理手段,提升C―H键的稳定性,降低表面缺陷及环境响应。
(2) 高性能器件结构探索:设计和实现高灵敏、高响应速度的场效应晶体管、量子器件,推动金刚石半导体在高频、高温、放射性、极端环境下的应用。
(3) 多功能集成与新型应用:结合微流控、生物敏感界面、柔性电子等前沿领域,实现氢终端金刚石在化学/生物传感、神经界面等交叉学科中的突破。
(4) 大尺寸单晶和高质量薄膜生长:推进CVD装备升级与生长工艺优化,提升材料尺寸、均匀性和可控性,为产业化应用奠定基础。
(5) 理论模拟与多尺度表征结合:借助第一性原理、分子动力学等数值模拟,结合原子力显微镜、同步辐射等多尺度实验手段,深入揭示二维空穴气体的形成机制和界面物理过程。
(6) n型调控与新型载流子工程:尝试通过共掺杂、外场调控、表面功能分子修饰等途径,实现n型或双极性二维载流子体系,推动金刚石电子学向更高水平发展。
然而,氢终端金刚石在实际应用中仍面临一系列挑战。一方面,大面积高质量单晶金刚石的制备难度较大,工艺复杂、成本高,限制了其规模化产业化进程[103, 107]。器件一致性和集成度有待进一步提升,且相关工艺的环境兼容性和长期可靠性需要大规模实证[101, 103]。此外,氢终端金刚石的界面工程、金属化、异质结设计等工艺环节复杂,可靠性和器件性能需不断优化,尤其是表面导电机制、杂质与缺陷影响的理论与实验研究仍需深入推进[100–103]。
氧终端金刚石是指通过化学或等离子体手段在金刚石表面形成C=O、C―OH等含氧官能团,从而改变其表面能带结构、电学性质及界面物理特性。与传统氢终端金刚石相比,氧终端极大地影响了表面态密度、能带弯曲、载流子类型和器件集成能力[99, 108]。金刚石表面氧化后,表面羰基、羟基等不同化学态的氧基团分布会拉高表面功函数,形成更深的表面能级,显著降低表面空穴迁移率,并将表面由p型转为本征或n型特性[108–110]。其主要技术发展主线具体包括以下4个方面。
(1) 表面处理与终端方法多样化:包括氧等离子体轰击、臭氧/紫外氧化、湿化学氧化(如硝酸处理)等多种方式实现表面氧终端,获得可控的C―O、C=O等官能团。
(2) 表面结构与电子特性表征:通过X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、水接触角、电学测量等手段,分析氧终端表面化学状态及其对电子能带结构的影响。
(3) 高绝缘性与界面钝化应用:利用氧终端金刚石表面的极高电阻率,实现场效应晶体管绝缘沟道、器件隔离层,以及高灵敏度化学/生物传感器中的电极钝化。
(4) 器件级集成与界面工程:在器件制作中,氧终端层作为电学及化学钝化层,提升器件可靠性和信噪比。
具体原理为,氧终端的形成会增强金刚石表面能带弯曲,使费米能级远离价带顶,从而抑制表面2DHG的形成,导致表面电导率显著降低,载流子浓度下降,甚至使表面呈现绝缘态[111]。从能带物理来看,氧终端表面形成的C=O、C―OH等官能团可通过极性键提升表面功函数,典型氧终端金刚石的功函数为5.5~6.0 eV,显著高于氢终端(金刚石表面功函数为4.4~4.8 eV)[112]。这使得氧终端金刚石在金属接触、绝缘栅介质沉积、半导体表面钝化等方面表现出独特优势。氧终端还可有效降低表面态密度,减弱界面陷阱和载流子复合,提高器件界面稳定性和长期可靠性[113]。其电子结构与表面物理特性,直接决定了基于其制备的金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管、二极管、传感器等半导体器件的界面行为与整体性能。
氧终端金刚石的优势较为明显,表面具有高功函数、高化学活性,可有效提升与高k介质、金属电极的界面质量,降低界面态密度,提高器件的亚阈值摆幅和长期稳定性[109]。同时,氧化表面极大降低了表面二维空穴气密度,赋予金刚石绝缘或本征特性,便于金刚石场效应晶体管、MIS结构(金属-绝缘体-半导体夹层结构)和高质量绝缘层的集成[112]。除此之外,氧终端工艺简便、可控性强,可用于不同晶向和大面积金刚石单晶表面,适配多种高端器件应用需求[114]。因此,氧终端表面极大提升了金刚石与氧化物介质、金属电极的结合力、黏附性和热稳定性,为高温高功率器件提供了优异的界面工程基础。氧终端金刚石研究正逐步实现从基础材料科学到多功能应用的拓展,其主要研究趋势包括以下6个方面。
(1) 精细化表面结构调控:通过多步氧化、原子层控制等手段,实现不同氧官能团的可控引入,调节表面能带结构和带隙,实现功能化钝化层定制。
(2) 高性能绝缘与钝化层开发:结合原子层沉积、分子自组装等方法,提升氧终端层的均匀性、厚度可控性和界面质量,助力高性能场效应器件和微纳传感器的发展。
(3) 器件集成与大规模应用:推动氧终端金刚石与硅、氮化镓、石墨烯等异质材料的集成,实现多材料、多功能器件微系统开发。
(4) 界面物理与化学机制研究:深入揭示氧终端层的界面带俘获、表面极化、电荷传输等微观机制,指导器件设计与材料优化。
(5) 新型应用拓展:拓展至生物电子接口、化学微环境调控、极端条件下绝缘电极等,不断挖掘氧终端金刚石的新功能和新应用场景。
(6) 与氢终端协同调控:探索氢/氧多终端或局部异质终端结构,开发可编程、可切换的表面导电/绝缘平台,为智能器件和可重构电路提供新思路。
然而,氧终端金刚石的缺点也很明显。其表面由于缺乏2DHG,表面导电性大幅降低,无法直接实现高迁移率p型导电,限制了部分器件结构的性能提升[109]。氧终端表面存在一定的表面吸附、界面缺陷和极化效应,易引入界面陷阱、载流子复合中心,对器件开关速度产生不利影响[115]。氧终端工艺控制窗口窄,不同氧化工艺(臭氧、等离子、湿氧)对表面官能团分布影响大,工艺重现性和大面积均匀性有待优化[114]。在长期高温、强辐射等极端环境下,氧终端表面可能发生解吸、界面退化和失效,影响器件的寿命和可靠性[109, 115]。
因此,需要通过精细化氧化工艺与界面调控,进一步降低表面态密度、提升界面结合力,实现高质量金刚石/氧化物异质结和多功能器件集成,为高端集成电路、微波功率器件、智能传感等领域提供核心材料基础[111, 115]。同时,持续研究氧终端表面及其界面在高温、强电场、强辐射等极端环境下的演化规律,开发新型表面钝化和界面修饰技术,保障器件长期服役[114–115]。
获得杂质浓度达到10–9级别,且位错密度极低、晶体质量极高的本征单晶金刚石是金刚石半导体发展的基础。高温高压法制备的金刚石纯度、晶体质量要高于CVD金刚石,然而其尺寸太小,难以进行后续加工。因此,高温高压法金刚石更适合作为CVD法中的金刚石基底,将2种方法结合(以高温高压晶种进行CVD外延),是制备大尺寸高质量单晶金刚石的有效策略。由于B、C元素的原子尺寸相差仅为6.5%,使得B元素可以轻而易举地进入金刚石的晶格中,从而取代C的位置。因此,以B掺杂为主的p型金刚石半导体更容易制备,且电学性能优异,并已成功制备出肖特基二极管等电子器件。然而,对于n型金刚石半导体,其浅能级掺杂元素如P、S、As等,其原子半径与C原子半径的差异在35%~57%之间,导致大尺寸的n型掺杂元素难以掺入金刚石的晶格中,并被激活从而形成有效掺杂。传统的CVD法与高温高压法的效果不明显,基于超高压(15 GPa)的高温高压热扩散法为未来n型金刚石半导体的发展提供了一个富有前景的新思路。在表面终端方面,氢终端可诱导形成高迁移率二维空穴气,氧终端则显著增强界面稳定性与化学钝化能力。然而,氢/氧终端金刚石半导体的热稳定、化学稳定性与耐辐射均远远低于元素掺杂型金刚石半导体,难以稳定地应用在极端条件中。因此,为实现金刚石半导体的规模应用与产业化,仍需在上述若干方向上深入探索。随着这些关键技术的逐步成熟,金刚石半导体有望在功率电子、量子信息、高性能传感等领域实现更广泛的应用突破。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261113
  • 接收时间:2026-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-11
  • 修回日期:2026-08-11
  • 录用日期:2026-08-24
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    1四川大学原子与分子物理研究所, 四川 成都 610065
    2中国电子科技集团公司第二十九研究所, 四川 成都 610036
    3四川省宽带微波电路高密度集成工程研究中心, 四川 成都 610036

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贺端威(1969-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压物理、大腔体静高压技术、超硬材料及金刚石半导体研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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